TWI394582B - 抗體調配物 - Google Patents
抗體調配物 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI394582B TWI394582B TW094136752A TW94136752A TWI394582B TW I394582 B TWI394582 B TW I394582B TW 094136752 A TW094136752 A TW 094136752A TW 94136752 A TW94136752 A TW 94136752A TW I394582 B TWI394582 B TW I394582B
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Description
本發明係關於抗體調配物,包括在組胺酸-乙酸鹽緩衝溶液中調配的單株抗體,以及包括與HER2之功能部位II結合的抗體(例如普托珠單抗)的調配物,和包括與DR5結合之抗體(例如阿普單抗)的調配物。
在最近10年中,在生物技術上的進步,使得利用重組DNA技術產生各種醫藥應用的蛋白質成為可能的。因為蛋白質比傳統的有機和無機藥物更大且更複雜(即除了三維結構之外還具有多個官能基),故這類蛋白質引起特別的問題。為了使蛋白質仍保留生物活性,至少在蛋白質胺基酸之核心序列的構形完整性上,該調配物必須保持完整,同時保護蛋白質之多個官能基免於降解。蛋白質之降解路徑可能涉及化學不穩定性(即任何涉及藉著鍵結形成或切開來修改蛋白質的過程,結果產生新的化學實體),或物理不穩定性(即改變蛋白質較高級的結構)。化學不穩定性可能起因於脫醯胺作用、外消旋作用、水解、氧化作用、β消去作用或二硫交換。物理不穩定性可能起因於例如變性作用、聚集作用、沉澱或吸附作用。三種最常見的蛋白質降解路徑是蛋白質聚集、脫醯胺作用和氧化作用。Cleland等人Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems 10(4):307-377(1993)。
在蛋白質中用於醫藥應用上的是抗體。可用於治療之抗體的實例是與HER2抗原的抗體,如普托珠單抗。
美國專利第6,339,142號描述了HER2抗體組合物,包括抗-HER2抗體及其一或多個酸性變體的混合物,其中酸性變體(們)的量低於大約25%。曲妥珠單抗(Trastuzumab)是代表性的HER2抗體。
美國專利第6,267,958號和6,685,940號(Andya等人)描述了冷凍乾燥的抗體調配物,包括HER2和IgE抗體調配物。WO97/04807和美國2004/0197326A1(Fick等人)描述了利用IgE抗體治療過敏性氣喘的方法。WO99/01556(Lowman等人)係關於帶有有異構化傾向之天冬胺醯基殘基的IgE抗體,及其改良變體。美國2002/0045571(Liu等人)提供了降低黏性的濃縮蛋白質調配物,例如人類化的IgE抗體調配物rhuMAb E25和E26。WO02/096457和美國2004/0170623(Arvinte等人)描述了穩定的液態調配物,包括抗-IgE抗體E25。亦參見美國2004/0197324A1(Liu和Shire),係關於高濃度的抗-IgE調配物。
美國專利第6,171,586號(Lam等人)描述了穩定含水的抗體調配物。在乙酸鈉和組胺酸-HC1緩衝溶液中調配F(ab2
)2rhuMAb CD18抗體。較佳的rhuMAb CD18調配物是10 mM乙酸鈉,8%海藻糖,0.01%吐溫20T M
,pH 5.0。將rhuMAb CD20的乙酸鹽(pH 5.0)調配物儲存在40℃下一個月,證實比在組胺酸(pH 5.0或6.0)中調配的那些試樣更大的穩定性。
美國2003/0190316(Kakuta等人)係關於經過調配的抗體hPM-1,一種人類化的IL-6受體抗體。在檸檬酸鈉(pH 6.7)中的單體喪失是最大的,接著由大至小為磷酸鈉(pH 6.8)、Trus-HCl(pH 7.2)、組胺酸-HCl(pH 7.2)和甘胺酸(pH 7.6)。評估磷酸-Na(pH 6.5)、磷酸-組胺酸(pH 6.0或6.5)、組胺酸-HCl(pH 6.5)和磷酸-Na(pH 6.0)對hPM-1之穩定性的影響。
WO2004/071439(Burke等人)陳述在調配那他珠單抗(natalizumab)(抗-α4整合素的人類化單株抗體)時,因多乙氧基醚80之降解產生雜質,似乎是經由涉及金屬離子和組胺酸的氧化反應。因此,選擇磷酸緩衝溶液。
WO2000/066160(英語副本歐洲專利1 174 148A1)(Okada等人)提及人類化C4G1抗體的調配物,其與人類血小板膜糖蛋白GPIIb/IIIa的血纖維蛋白原受體結合,在磷酸鈉或檸檬酸鈉緩衝溶液中。
WO2004/019861(Johnson等人)係關於CDP870,一種聚乙二醇化的抗-TNF α Fab片段,以200毫克/毫升在50 mM乙酸鈉(pH 5.5)和125 mM氯化鈉中調配。
WO2004/004639(Nesta,P.)提及在50 mM琥珀酸緩衝溶液(pH 6.0)和蔗糖(5%重量/體積)中調配huC242-DM1,是一種腫瘤-激活的免疫毒素。
WO03/039485(Kaisheva等人)發現達利珠單抗(Daclizumab)(一種人類化的IL-2受體抗體),在pH 6.0之檸檬酸鈉緩衝溶液中,具有最高的穩定性,並在組胺酸中因為緩衝溶液氧化而迅速地喪失效力。
WO2004/001007係關於在組胺酸-HCl、乙酸鈉或檸檬酸鈉緩衝溶液中的CD80單株抗體。
美國專利第6,252,055號(Relton,J.)提及在順丁烯二酸鹽、琥珀酸鹽、乙酸鈉或磷酸緩衝溶液中調配抗-CD4和抗-CD23抗體,其中確認磷酸鹽是較佳的緩衝溶液。
美國專利第5,608,038號(Eibl等人)提及高度濃縮的多株免疫球蛋白製備物,其中帶有免疫球蛋白、葡萄糖或蔗糖,以及氯化鈉。
WO03/015894(Oliver等人)提及100毫克/毫升賽納吉(SYNAGIS)的含水調配物,其含有25 mM組胺酸-HC1,1.6 mM甘胺酸,pH 6.0和冷凍乾燥的賽納吉,當在調配它時(在冷凍乾燥之前),其含有25 mM組胺酸,1.6 mM甘胺酸和3%重量/體積的甘露糖醇,pH 6.0。
美國2004/0191243 A1(Chen等人)報告了ABX-IL8,一種人類IgG2抗體的調配物。
美國2003/0113316 A1(Kaisheva等人)提及冷凍乾燥之抗-IL2受體抗體的調配物。
受體酪胺酸激酶的HER家族,是細胞生長、分化和存活的重要介體。該受體家族包括四個不同的成員,包括上皮生長因子受體(EGFR、ErbB1或HER1)、HER2(ErbB2或p185n e u
)、HER3(ErbB3)和HER4(ErbB4或tyro2)。
EGFR,由erbB1基因編碼,成為涉及人類惡性的原因。特定而言,已經在乳房、膀胱、肺、頭、頸部和胃癌,以及神經膠質母細胞瘤中觀察到EGFR的增加表現。增加EGFR受體表現通常與藉著相同腫瘤細胞增加EGFR配體,轉形生長因子α(TGF-α)的產生有關,結果經由自體分泌(autocrine)刺激路徑激活受體。Baselga和Mendelsohn Pharmac.Ther.64:127-154(1994)。已經在這類惡性的治療上,評估針對EGFR或其配體,TGF-α和EGF的單株抗體作為治療劑的效力。參見,例如Baselga和Mendelsohn,在前;Masui等人Cancer Research 44:1002-1007(1984);以及Wu等人J.Clin.Invest.95:1897-1905(1995)。
HER家族的第二個成員,p185n e u
,最初確認為得自以化學方式處理之大鼠的神經胚細胞瘤之轉化基因的產物。neu原-致癌基因的激活形式,起因於在編碼蛋白質之穿透膜區中的點突變(纈胺酸至穀胺酸)。在乳房和卵巢癌中觀察到neu之人類同系物的擴大,並與不良預後有關(Slamon等人,Science,236:177-182(1987);Slamon等人,Science,244:707-712(1989);以及美國專利第4,968,603)。到目前為止,對於人類腫瘤已經報告沒有類似在neu原-致癌基因中的點突變。在其他癌中亦已經觀察到HER2的過度表現(經常但不是均等的,歸因於基因擴大),包括胃、子宮內膜、唾液腺、肺、腎臟、結腸、甲狀腺、胰臟和膀胱癌。參見其中King等人,Science,229:974(1985);Yokota等人,Lancet:1:765-767(1986);Fukushige等人,Mol Cell Biol.,6:955-958(1986);Guerin等人,Oncogene Res.,3:21-31(1988);Cohen等人,Oncogene,4:81-88(1989);Yonemura等人,Cancer Res.,51:1034(1991);Borst等人,Gynecol.Oncol.,38:364(1990);Weiner等人,Cancer Res.,50:421-425(1990);Kern等人,Cancer Res.,50:5184(1990);Park等人,Cancer Res.,49:6605(1989);Zhau等人,Mol.Carcinog.,3:254-257(1990);Asaland等人Br.J.Cancer 57:358-363(1988);Williams等人Pathobiology 59:46-52(1991);以及McCann等人,Cancer,65:88-92(1990)。在前列腺癌中可能過度表現HER2(Gu等人Cancer Lett.99:185-9(1996);Ross等人Hum.Pathol.28:827-33(1997);Ross等人Cancer 79:2162-70(1997);以及Sadasivan等人J.Urol.150:126-31(1993))。
已經描述了針對大鼠p185n e u
和人類HER2蛋白質產物的抗體。Drebin和同事已經建立對抗大鼠neu基因產物p185n e u
的抗體。參見,例如Drebin等人,Cell 41:695-706(1985);Myers等人,Meth.Enzym.198:277-290(1991);以及WO94/22478。Drebin等人Oncogene 2:273-277(1988)報告了與p185n e u
之兩種不同區域起反應的抗體混合物,結果對移植到裸鼠內的neu-轉化之NIH-3T3細胞產生了協同的抗-腫瘤影響。亦參見1998年10月20日發證之美國專利第5,824,311號。
Hudziak等人,Mol.Cell.Biol.9(3):1165-1172(1989)描述HER2抗體小組的產製,其特徵在於使用人類乳房腫瘤細胞株SK-BR-3。在暴露在抗體下之後,藉著在72小時之後單層的結晶紫染色,判定SK-BR-3的相對細胞增殖。使用該測定,在叫做4D5的抗體中觀察到最大抑制,其抑制細胞增殖56%。在小組中的其他抗體,在本測定中降低細胞增殖達較少的程度。更發現抗體4D5敏化了過度表現-HER2之乳房腫瘤細胞株對TNF-α的細胞毒性影響。亦參見1997年10月14日發證之美國專利第5,677,171號。在Fendly等人Cancer Research 50:1550-1558(1990);Kotts等人In Vitro 26(3):59A(1990);Sarup等人Growth Regulation 1:72-82(1991);Shepard等人J.Clin.Immunol.11(3):117-127(1991);Kumar等人Mol.Cell.Biol.11(2):979-986(1991);Lewis等人Cancer Immunol.Immunother.37:255-263(1993);Pietras等人Oncogene 9:1829-1838(1994);Vitetta等人Cancer Research 54:5301-5309(1994);Sliwkowski等人J.Biol.Chem.269(20):14661-14665(1994);Scott等人J.Biol.Chem.266:14300-5(1991);D'souza等人Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.91:7202-7206(1994);Lewis等人Cancer Research 56:1457-1465(1996);和Schaefer等人Oncogene 15:1385-1394(1997)中,更進一步描述了在Hudziak等人中討論之HER2抗體的特徵。
老鼠HER2抗體4D5之重組人類化版本(huMAb4D5-8、rhuMAb HER2、曲妥珠單抗或賀癌平(HERCEPTIN);美國專利第5,821,337號),在之前已經接受廣泛抗-癌療法之患有過度表現HER2之轉移乳癌的患者中,是具有臨床活性的(Baselga等人,J.Clin.Oncol.14:737-744(1996))。曲妥珠單抗於1998年9月25日,從食品與藥物管理局收到上市核准,用來治療患有轉移乳癌,且其腫瘤過度表現HER2蛋白質的患者。
已經在Tagliabue等人Int.J.Cancer 47:933-937(1991);McKenzie等人Oncogene 4:543-548(1989);Maier等人Cancer Res.51:5361-5369(1991);Bacus等人Molecular Carcinogenesis 3:350-362(1990);Stancovski等人PNAS(USA)88:8691-8695(1991);Bacus等人Cancer Research 52:2580-2589(1992);Xu等人Int.J.Cancer 53:401-408(1993);WO94/00136;Kasprzyk等人Cancer Research 52:2771-2776(1992);Hancock等人Cancer Res.51:4575-4580(1991);Shawver等人Cancer Res.54:1367-1373(1994);Arteaga等人Cancer Res.54:3758-3765(1994);Harwerth等人J.Biol.Chem.267:15160-15167(1992);美國專利第5,783,186號;以及Klapper等人Oncogene 14:2099-2109(1997)中描述了其他具有各種特性的HER2抗體。
同種性篩選結果確認了兩個其他的HER受體家族成員;HER3(美國專利第5,183,884號和5,480,968號,以及Kraus等人PNAS(USA)86:9193-9197(1989))和HER4(歐洲專利申請案第599,274號;Plowman等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,90:1746-1750(1993);和Plowman等人,Nature,366:473-475(1993))。這些受體兩者均在至少某些乳癌細胞株上展現出增加的表現。
HER受體通常在細胞中以各種組合找到,並認為異種二聚作用增加了對各種HER配體的細胞反應之多樣性(Earp等人Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 35:115-132(1995))。EGFR被六個不同的配體結合;上皮生長因子(EGF)、轉形生長因子α(TGF-α)、人雙調蛋白(amphiregulin)、肝素結合上皮生長因子(HB-EGF)、β細胞素(betacellulin)和表皮調節素(epiregulin)(Groenen等人Growth Factors 11:235-257(1994))。起因於單一基因之另類接合的海若格林(heregulin)蛋白質家族,是HER3和HER4的配體。海若格林家族包括α、β和γ海若格林(Holmes等人,Science,256:1205-1210(1992);美國專利第5,641,869號;和Schaefer等人Oncogene 15:1385-1394(1997));neu分化因子(NDFs)、神經膠質生長因子(GGFs);乙醯膽鹼受體誘導活性(ARIA);以及感覺和運動神經元衍生因子(SMDF)。關於回顧,參見Groenen等人Growth Factors 11:235-257(1994);Lemke,G.Molec.& Cell.Neurosci.7:247-262(1996)和Lee等人Pharm.Rev.47:51-85(1995)。最近確認出三種額外的HER配體;神經調節蛋白(neuregulin)-2(NRG-2),報告它與HER3或HER4結合(Chang等人Nature 387:509-512(1997);和Carraway等人Nature 387:512-516(1997));神經調節蛋白-3,其結合HER4(Zhang等人PNAS(USA)94(18):9562-7(1997));以及神經調節蛋白-4,其結合HER4(Harari等人Oncogene 18:2681-89(1999)),HB-EGF、β細胞素和表皮調節素亦與HER4結合。
雖然EGF和TGFα不與HER2結合,但EGF刺激EGFR和HER2形成異種二聚體,其激活EGFR,結果在異種二聚體中產生HER2的轉磷酸作用。二聚作用及/或轉磷酸作用似乎激活HER2酪胺酸激酶。參見Earp等人,在前。同樣地,當HER3與HER2共同-表現時,形成有發送信號活性的複合物,而對抗HER2之抗體能夠破壞該複合物(Sliwkowski等人,J.Biol.Chem.,269(20):14661-14665(1994))。此外,當與HER2共同-表現時,HER3對海若格林(HRG)的親和力增加至較高的親合力狀態。亦參見Levi等人,Journal of Neuroscience 15:1329-1340(1995);Morrissey等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 92:1431-1435(1995);以及Lewis等人,Cancer Res.,56:1457-1465(1996),關於HER2-HER3的蛋白質複合物。HER4,像HER3一樣,與HER2一起形成有發送信號活性的複合物(Carraway和Cantley,Cell 78:5-8(1994))。
欲瞄準HER發送信號之路徑,發展人類化抗體形式的rhuMAb 2C4(普托珠單抗,奧密塔克(OMNITARG)T M
),其抑制HER2與其他HER受體的二聚作用,藉此抑制配體-駕馭的磷酸化和激活作用,以及RAS和AKT路徑的下游激活作用。在普托珠單抗作為治療固體腫瘤之單一製劑的第I階段試驗中,以普托珠單抗治療3個患有進行性卵巢癌的受驗者。一個有持久的部分反應,而另一個受驗者有穩定的疾病,持續15週。Agus等人Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 22:192,摘要771(2003)。
在此項技藝中已經確認了屬於腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)超級家族的各種配體和受體。包括在這類配體中的有腫瘤壞死因子-α("TNF-α")、腫瘤壞死因子-β("TNF-β"或"淋巴毒素-α")、淋巴毒素-β("LT-β")、CD30配體、CD27配體、CD40配體、OX-40配體、4-1BB配體、LIGHT、Apo-1配體(亦稱為Fas配體或CD95配體)、Apo-2配體(亦稱為Apo2L或TRAIL)、Apo-3配體(亦稱為TWEAK)、APRIL、OPG配體(亦稱為RANK配體、ODF或TRANCE)和TALL-1(亦稱為BlyS、BAFF或THANK)(參見,例如Ashkenazi,Nature Review,2:420-430(2002);Ashkenazi和Dixit,Science,281:1305-1308(1998);Ashkenazi和Dixit,Curr.Opin.Cell Biol.,11:255-260(2000);Golstein,Curr.Biol.,7:750-753(1997);Wallach,Cytokine Reference,Academic Press,2000,第377-411頁;Locksley等人,Cell,104:487-501(2001);Gruss和Dower,Blood,85:3378-3404(1995);Schmid等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.,83:1881(1986);Dealtry等人,Eur.J.Immunol.,17:689(1987);Pitti等人,J.Biol.Chem.,271:12687-12690(1996);Wiley等人,Immunity,3:673-682(1995);Browning等人,Cell,72:847-856(1993);Armitage等人,Nature,357:80-82(1992),1997年1月16日公告的WO97/01633;1997年7月17日公告的WO97/25428;Marsters等人,Curr.Biol.,8:525-528(1998);Chicheportiche等人,Biol.Chem.,272:32401-32410(1997);Hahne等人,J.Exp.Med.,188:1185-1190(1998);1998年7月2日公告的WO98/28426;1998年10月22日公告的WO98/46751;1998年5月7日公告的WO98/18921;Moore等人,Science,285:260-263(1999);Shu等人,J.Leukocyte Biol.,65:680(1999);Schneider等人,J.Exp.Med.,189:1747-1756(1999);Mukhopadhyay等人,J.Biol.Chem.,274:15978-15981(1999))。
由這類TNF家族配體調解之各種細胞反應的誘導,通常藉著其與特定細胞受體的結合而發動。某些,但並非全部的TNF家族配體,結合細胞表面的"死亡受體",激活卡斯蛋白酶或執行細胞死亡或細胞凋零路徑的酵素,並經由其誘導各種生物活性(Salvesen等人,Cell,91:443-446(1997))。目前確認在TNF受體超級家族的成員中包括了TNFR1、TNFR2、TACI、GITR、CD27、OX-40、CD30、CD40、HVEM、Fas(亦稱為Apo-1或CD95)、DR4(亦稱為TRAIL-R1)、DR5(亦稱為Apo-2或TRAIL-R2)、DcR1、DcR2、蝕骨抑制蛋白(Osteoprotegerin)(OPG)、RANK和Apo-3(亦稱為DR3或TRAMP)。
這些TNF受體家族成員,大多數共享細胞表面受體的典型結構,包括細胞外、穿透膜和細胞內的區域,而其他天然發現的則是可溶性蛋白質,缺少穿透膜和細胞內功能部位。典型的TNFRs的細胞外部分,從NH2
-終端開始,含有多個富含半胱胺酸功能部位(CRDs)的重複胺基酸序列圖案。
在數年前,確認叫做Apo-2L或TRAIL的配體,是細胞激動素之TNF家族的成員(參見,例如Wiley等人,Immunity,3:673-682(1995);Pitti等人,J.Biol.Chem.,271:12697-12690(1996);WO97/01633;WO97/25428;1998年6月9日發證的美國專利第5,763,223號;2001年9月4日發證的美國專利第6,284,236號)。人類Apo2L/TRAIL多肽的全長天然序列,長度是281個胺基酸,第II型穿透膜蛋白質。某些細胞可經由多肽之細胞外區域的酵素切開,產生多肽的天然可溶形式(Mariani等人,J.Cell.Biol.,137:221-229(1997))。Apo2L/TRAIL之可溶形式的結晶學研究,顯示三同聚體結構類似TNF及其他相關蛋白質的結構(Hymowitz等人,Molec.Cell,4:563-571(1999);Cha等人,Immunity,11:253-261(1999);Mongkolsapaya等人,Nature Structural Biology,6:1048(1999);Hymowitz等人,Biochemistry,39:633-644(2000))。然而,發現Apo2L/TRAIL不像其他的TNF家族成員,具有獨特的結構特徵,其中三個半胱胺酸殘基(在三同聚體中每個次單元的位置230處)一起配位一個鋅原子,而鋅的結合對於三聚體穩定性和生物活性是很重要的。(Hymowitz等人,在前;Bodmer等人,J.Biol.Chem.,275:20632-20637(2000))。
已經在文獻中報告了Apo2L/TRAIL可在免疫系統調節上扮演某種角色,包括自體免疫疾病,如風濕性關節炎(參見,例如Thomas等人,J.Immunol.,161:2195-2200(1998);Johnsen等人,Cytokine,11:664-672(1999);Griffith等人,J.Exp.Med.,189:1343-1353(1999);Song等人,J.Exp.Med.,191:1095-1103(2000))。
亦已經報告了Apo2L/TRAIL的可溶形式,在各種癌症細胞中誘導細胞凋零,包括結腸、肺、乳房、前列腺、膀胱、腎臟、卵巢和腦腫瘤,以及黑色素瘤、白血病和多發性骨髓瘤(參見,例如Wiley等人,在前;Pitti等人,在前;2000年2月29日發證之美國專利第6,030,945號;2004年6月8日發證之美國專利第6,746,668號;Rieger等人,FEBS Letters,427:124-128(1998);Ashkenazi等人,J.Clin.Invest.,104:155-162(1999);Walczak等人,Nature Med.,5:157-163(1999);Keane等人,Cancer Research,59:734-741(1999);Mizutani等人,Clin.Cancer Res.,5:2605-2612(1999);Gazitt,Leukemia,13:1817-1824(1999);Yu等人,Cancer Res.,60:2384-2389(2000);Chinnaiyan等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.,97:1754-1759(2000))。在老鼠腫瘤模式中,在活體內的研究更暗示Apo2L/TRAIL,單獨或與化學療法或輻射療法倂用,可發揮實質上的抗-腫瘤效力(參見,例如Ashkenazi等人,在前;Walzcak等人,在前;Gliniak等人,Cancer Res.,59:6153-6158(1999);Chinnaiyan等人,在前;Roth等人,Biochem.Biophys.Res.Comm.,265:1999(1999);PCT申請案US/00/15512;PCT申請案US/01/23691)。與許多類型的腫瘤細胞對照之下,大多數正常的人類細胞類型似乎對於由Apo2L/TRAIL之某些重組形式誘導的細胞凋零是有抵抗力的(Ashkenazi等人,在前;Walzcak等人,在前)。Jo等人已經報告了附貼聚組胺酸標籤之Apo2L/TRAIL的可溶形式,在活體外在正常的經過分離之人類肝細胞中誘導細胞凋零,但在非人類的則否(Jo等人,Nature Med.,6:564-567(2000);亦參見Nagata,Nature Med.,6:502-503(2000))。咸相信某些重組的Apo2L/TRAIL製備物,在生病對正常細胞上的生化特性和生物活性有變化,視例如有或無標籤分子、鋅內含量和三聚體內含量的%而定(參見Lawrence等人,Nature Med.,給編輯的信,7:383-385(2001);Qin等人,Nature Med.,給編輯的信,7:385-386(2001))。
已經發現Apo2L/TRAIL與至少5個不同的受體結合。與Apo2L/TRAIL結合之受體中,至少有兩個含有有功能的細胞質死亡功能部位。已經將一種這類的受體稱為"DR4"(或者稱為TR4或TRAIL-R1)(Pan等人,Science,276:111-113(1997);亦參見1998年7月30日公告的WO98/32856;1999年7月29日公告的WO99/37684;2000年12月7日公告的WO00/73349;2002年8月13日發證之美國專利第6,433,147號;2002年10月8日發證之美國專利第6,461,823號,和2002年1月29日發證之美國專利第6,342,383號)。
已經將Apo2L/TRAIL的其他這類受體稱為DR5(亦已經另行稱為Apo-2;TRAIL-R或TRAIL-R2、TR6、Tango-63、hAPO8、TRICK2或KILLER)(參見,例如Sheridan等人,Science,277:818-821(1997),Pan等人,Science,277:815-818(1997),1998年11月19日公告的WO98/51793;1998年9月24日公告的WO98/41629;Screaton等人,Curr.Biol.,7:693-696(1997);Walczak等人,EMBO J.,16:5386-5387(1997);Wu等人,Nature Genetics,17:141-143(1997);1998年8月20日公告的WO98/35986;1998年10月14日公告的歐洲專利870,827;1998年10月22日公告的WO98/46643;1999年1月21日公告的WO99/02653;1999年2月25日公告的WO99/09165;1999年3月11日公告的WO99/11791;2002年8月13日公告的美國2002/0072091;2001年12月7日公告的美國2002/0098550;2001年12月6日發證的美國專利第6,313,269號;2001年8月2日公告的美國2001/0010924;2003年7月3日公告的美國2003/01255540;2002年10月31日公告的美國2002/0160446;2002年4月25日公告的美國2002/0048785;2002年2月發證的美國專利第6,342,369號;2003年5月27日發證之美國專利第6,569,642號;2000年6月6日發證之美國專利第6,072,047號;2003年11月4日發證之美國專利第6,642,358號;2004年6月1日發證之美國專利第6,743,625號)。像DR4一樣,報告了DR5含有細胞質死亡功能部位,並在配體結合時(或在結合某個分子時,如激動劑抗體,其模仿配體之活性),能夠發送細胞凋零的信號。在Hymowitz等人,Molecular Cell,4:563-571(1999)中描述了在Apo-2L/TRAIL和DR5之間形成之複合物的結晶結構。
當配體結合時,DR4和DR5兩者均可藉著動員並激活細胞凋零起始因子,卡斯蛋白酶-8,經由叫做FADD/Mortl的含有死亡-功能部位之接合體分子,獨立地誘發細胞凋零(Kischkel等人,Immunity,12:611-620(2000);Sprick等人,Immunity,12:599-609(2000);Bodmer等人,Nature Cell Biol.,2:241-243(2000))。
已經報告了Apo2L/TRAIL亦結合叫做DcR1、DcR2和OPG的那些受體,相信它們有抑制劑的功能,而不是發送信號的轉導物(參見,例如DcR1(亦稱為TRID、LIT或TRAIL-R3)(Pan等人,Science,276:111-113(1997);Sheridan等人,Science,277:818-821(1997);McFarlane等人,J.Biol.CHem.,272:25417-25420(1997);Schneider等人,FEBS Letters,416:329-334(1997);Degli-Esposti等人,J.Exp.Med.,186:1165-1170(1997);和Mongkolsapaya等人,J.Immunol.,160:3-6(1998));DcR2(亦稱為TRUNDD或TRAIL-R4)(Marsters等人,Curr.Biol.,7:1003-1006(1997);Pan等人,FEBS Letters,424:41-45(1998);Degli-Esposti等人,Immunity,7:813-820(1997)),以及OPG。與DR4和DR5相對照,DcR1和DcR2受體不發送細胞凋零的信號。
已經在文獻中報告了與DR4及/或DR5受體結合的某些抗體。例如,在例如1999年7月29日公告的WO99/37684;2000年7月12日公告的WO00/73349;2003年8月14日公告的WO03/066661中描述了針對DR4受體,並在某些哺乳動物細胞中具有激動或細胞凋零活性的抗-DR4抗體。亦參見Griffith等人,J.Immunol.,162:2597-2605(1999);Chuntharapai等人,J.Immunol.,166:4891-4898(2001);2002年12月2日公告的WO02/097033;2003年5月22日公告的WO03/042367;2003年5月8日公告的WO03/038043;2003年5月8日公告的WO03/037913。同樣也已經描述了某些抗-DR5抗體,參見,例如1998年11月8日公告的WO98/51793;Griffith等人,J.Immunol.,162:2597-2605(1999);Ichikawa等人,Nature Med.,7:954-960(2001);Hylander等人,"對DR5(TRAIL-受體2)之抗體,抑制了在SCID老鼠中生長之患者衍生之胃腸腫瘤的生長(An Antibody to DR5(TRAIL-Receptor 2)Suppresses the Growth of Patient Derived Gastrointestinal Tumors Grown in SCID mice)",摘要,2dInternational Congress on Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancers,2002年8月29日-9月1日,Banff,Alberta,Canada;2003年5月8日公告的WO03/038043;2003年5月8日公告的WO03/037913。此外,亦已經報告了對DR4和DR5受體兩者具有交叉-反應性的某些抗體(參見,例如2001年6月26日發證之美國專利第6,252,050號)。
本發明在本文中,至少一部分係關於確認組胺酸-乙酸鹽,pH 5.5至6.5,在調配單株抗體,尤其是易受脫醯胺及/或聚集作用影響的全長IgG1抗體上,是特別有用的緩衝溶液。該調配物延遲了其中抗體產物的降解。
因此,在第一項觀點中,本發明係關於穩定的醫藥調配物,包括在組胺酸-乙酸鹽緩衝溶液,pH 5.5至6.5中的單株抗體。該單株抗體最好與選自HER2、CD20、DR5、BR3、IgE和VEGF所組成之群的抗原結合。
此外,本發明亦關於在個體中治療疾病或病症的方法,包括對該個體投與有效治療疾病或病症之含量的調配物。
在其他方面,本發明係關於醫藥調配物,其包括(a)易受脫醯胺或聚集作用影響的全長IgG1抗體,以從大約10毫克/毫升到大約250毫克/毫升的量;(b)組胺酸-乙酸鹽緩衝溶液,pH 5.5至6.5;(c)選自海藻糖和蔗糖所組成之群的醣,以從大約60 mM到大約250 mM的量;以及(d)多乙氧基醚20,以從大約0.01%到大約0.1%的量。
本發明亦提供降低治療用之單株抗體之脫醯胺或聚集作用的方法,包括在組胺酸-乙酸鹽緩衝溶液,pH 5.5至6.5中調配該抗體。
另一方面,本發明係關於醫藥調配物,包括在組胺酸緩衝溶液中,在從大約5.5到大約6.5之pH值,醣和界面活性劑中,與HER2之功能部位II結合的抗體。
本發明亦關於醫藥調配物,包括普托珠單抗,以從大約20毫克/毫升到大約40毫克/毫升的量,組胺酸-乙酸鹽緩衝溶液,蔗糖和多乙氧基醚20,其中該調配物的pH值是從大約5.5到大約6.5。
本發明亦關於醫藥調配物,包括在pH值從大約5.5到大約6.5之組胺酸緩衝溶液,醣和界面活性劑中的DR5抗體。
另一方面,本發明係關於醫藥調配物,包括阿普單抗,以從大約10毫克/毫升到大約30毫克/毫升的量,組胺酸-乙酸鹽緩衝溶液,海藻糖和多乙氧基醚20,其中該調配物的pH值是從大約5.5到大約6.5。
另一方面,本發明提供在個體中治療癌症的方法,包括對該個體投與有效治療癌症之含量的醫藥調配物。
本發明亦關於具有可被注射筒刺穿之塞子的小瓶或不鏽鋼罐,在該小瓶或罐中裝有調配物,可視需要以冷凍的形式。
此外,本發明提供製造醫藥調配物的方法,包括:(a)製備單株抗體調配物;並(b)評估在該調配物中之單株抗體的物理學穩定性、化學穩定性或生物活性。
"醫藥調配物"一詞,意指一製備物,以這樣的形式,容許活性成分之生物活性是有效的,且其不含對將投與該調配物之個體有不可接受之毒性的額外組份。這類調配物是無菌的。
"無菌的"調配物是無菌的或不含所有活的微生物及其孢子。
其中,"冷凍"調配物是指在0℃以下之溫度下的調配物。通常,冷凍調配物不是冷凍乾燥的,在之前或之後也沒有經歷冷凍乾燥。冷凍調配物最好包括儲存用的冷凍藥物物質(例如不鏽鋼罐)或冷凍藥物產品(最後的小瓶構型)。
"穩定的"調配物是其中在儲存時,其中的蛋白質基本上維持其物理穩定性及/或化學穩定性及/或生物活性的調配物。在儲存時,調配物基本上最好維持其物理和化學穩定性,以及其生物活性。通常以想要的調配物之儲存壽命為基礎,選擇儲存期間。在此項技藝中可利用各種測量蛋白質穩定性的分析技術,並在例如肽和蛋白質的藥物遞送(Peptide and Protein Drug Delivery),247-301,Vincent Lee編輯,Marcel Dekker Inc.,New York,New York,Pubs.(1991),以及Jones,A.Adv.Drug Delivery Rev.10:29-90(1993)中回顧。可在選出的溫度下測量穩定性一段選擇的時間。調配物最好在40℃下是穩定的,持續大約2-4週,並/或在大約5℃及/或15℃下是穩定的,持續至少3個月,並/或在大約-20℃下是穩定的,持續至少3個月或至少1年。此外,調配物在調配物的冷凍(例如到-70℃)和融解之後最好是穩定的,例如在冷凍和融解1、2或3次之後。可以各種不同的方式,定性及/或定量地評估穩定性,包括聚集體形成的評估(例如使用尺寸排阻層析法,藉著測量濁度及/或目視檢查);藉著使用陽離子交換層析法或毛細管區帶電泳評估電荷異質性;胺基-終端或羧基-終端的序列分析;質譜分析;SDS-PAGE分析,比較還原的和完整的抗體;肽作圖(例如胰蛋白酶或LYS-C)分析;評估抗體的生物活性或抗原結合功能;等等。不穩定性可能涉及下列的任一或多項:聚集作用、脫醯胺作用(例如Asn脫醯胺作用)、氧化作用(例如Met氧化作用)、異構化作用(例如Asp異構化作用)、剪取/水解/碎裂(例如絞鏈區碎裂)、琥珀醯亞胺形成、不成對的半胱胺酸(們)、N-終端延伸、C-終端加工、糖基化作用差異等等。
在本文中,"脫醯胺的"單株抗體是它的一或多個天冬醯胺殘基已經衍生,例如成為天冬胺酸或異-天冬胺酸的單株抗體。
"易感受脫醯胺作用"的抗體,是包括一或多個已經發現有脫醯胺傾向之殘基的抗體。
"易感受聚集作用"的抗體,是已經發現它與其他抗體分子(們)聚集的抗體,尤其是在冷凍及/或攪動時。
"易感受碎裂"的抗體,是已經發現它被切成二或多片的抗體,例如在其絞鏈區。
"降低脫醯胺、聚集作用或碎裂",是相對於在不同的pH值下或在不同的緩衝溶液中調配單株抗體時,企圖防止或減少脫醯胺、聚集作用或碎裂的量。
在本文中,單株抗體的"生物活性"意指該抗體與抗原結合,結果產生可在活體外或在活體內測量之可測量的生物學反應的能力。這類活性可以是拮抗的(例如該抗體為HER2抗體)或激動的(例如該抗體與DR5結合)。在普托珠單抗的案例中,在一個具體實施例中,生物活性意指經過調配之抗體抑制人類乳癌細胞株MDA-MB-175-Ⅶ增殖的能力。在該抗體為阿普單抗之處,該生物活性可能意指例如經過調配之抗體殺死結腸癌Colo205細胞的能力。
"等滲的"意指感興趣的調配物,基本上具有與人類血液相同的滲透壓。等滲的調配物通常將具有從大約250至350mOsm的滲透壓。可使用例如蒸氣壓或冰-凍型的滲透壓計來測量等滲性。
當在本文中使用時,"緩衝溶液"意指藉著其酸-鹼共軛組份的作用,對抗pH值改變的緩衝溶液。本發明的緩衝溶液最好具有範圍從大約5.0到大約7.0的pH值,較佳的是從大約5.5到大約6.5,例如從大約5.8到大約6.2,而最佳的是具有大約6.0之pH值。將pH值控制在該範圍內的緩衝溶液之實例,包括乙酸鹽、琥珀酸鹽、葡糖酸鹽、組胺酸、檸檬酸、甘胺醯甘胺酸及其他有機酸緩衝溶液。在本文中較佳的緩衝溶液是組胺酸緩衝溶液。
"組胺酸緩衝溶液"是包括組胺酸離子的緩衝溶液。組胺酸緩衝溶液的實例包括組胺酸氯化物、組胺酸乙酸鹽、組胺酸磷酸鹽、組胺酸硫酸鹽。發現在本文實例中確認的較佳組胺酸緩衝溶液是組胺酸乙酸鹽。在較佳的具體實施例中,藉著以乙酸(液體)滴定L-組胺酸(自由鹼,固體)來製備組胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝溶液。較佳的是,該組胺酸緩衝溶液或組胺酸-乙酸鹽緩衝溶液是在pH 5.5至6.5,較佳的是pH 5.8至6.2。
在本文中,"醣"包括普通組成(CH2
O)n
及其衍生物,包括單醣類、二醣類、三醣類、多醣類、糖醇類、還原糖、非還原糖等等。在本文中,醣類的實例包括葡萄糖、蔗糖、海藻糖、乳糖、果糖、麥芽糖、葡聚糖、甘油、赤蘚糖醇、甘油、阿拉伯膠醇、木糖醇、山梨糖醇、甘露糖醇、蜜二糖、松三糖、蜜三糖、甘露三糖、菜豆糖、麥芽糖、乳果糖(lactulose)、甘露果糖(maltulose)、葡萄糖醇(glucitol)、麥芽糖醇(maltitol)、乳糖醇(lactitol)、異-甘露果糖等等。在本文中較佳的醣是非還原二醣,如海藻糖或蔗糖。
在本文中,"界面活性劑"意指界面-活性劑,較佳的是非離子性的界面活性劑。在本文中,界面活性劑的實例包括多乙氧基醚(例如,多乙氧基醚20和多乙氧基醚80);普洛沙姆(poloxamer)(例如普洛沙姆188);三通;硫酸十二酯鈉(SDS);硫酸月桂酯鈉;辛基糖苷鈉;月桂基-、肉荳蔻基-、亞油基-或硬脂醯基-磺酸內銨鹽(sulfobetaine);月桂基-、肉荳蔻基-、亞油基-或硬脂醯基-肌胺酸;亞油基、肉荳蔻基或鯨蠟基-甜菜鹼;月桂醯胺丙基(lauroamidopropyl)-、椰子醯胺丙基(cocamidopropyl)-、亞油醯胺丙基(linoleamidopropyl)-、肉荳蔻醯胺丙基(myristamidopropyl)-、棕櫚醯胺丙基(palmidopropyl)-或異硬脂醯胺丙基(isostearamidopropyl)-甜菜鹼(例如月桂醯胺丙基);肉荳蔻醯胺丙基-、棕櫚醯胺丙基或異硬脂醯胺丙基-二甲胺;甲基椰油基(cocoyl)牛磺酸鈉或甲基油醯牛磺酸二鈉;以及MONAQUATT M
系列(Mona Industries,Inc.,Paterson,New Jersey);聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇和乙二醇與丙二醇的共聚物(例如普魯尼克PF68等等);等等。在本文中,較佳的界面活性劑是聚乙氧基醚20。
"HER受體"是受體蛋白質酪胺酸激酶,其屬於HER受體家族,並包括EGFR、HER2、HER3和HER4受體,以及在未來確認為該家族的其他成員。HER受體通常將包括細胞外功能部位,其可結合HER配體;親脂性穿透膜功能部位;保留的細胞內酪胺酸激酶功能部位;以及羧基-終端發送信號的功能部位,藏有數個可被磷酸化的酪胺酸殘基。該HER受體最好是人類HER受體的天然序列。
HER2的細胞外功能部位包括四個功能部位,功能部位I(胺基酸殘基從大約1-195),功能部位II(胺基酸殘基從大約196-320),功能部位III(胺基酸殘基從大約321-488),以及功能部位Ⅳ(胺基酸殘基從大約489-632)(殘基編號不含信號肽)。參見Garrett等人Mol.Cell.,11:495-505(2003),Cho等人Nature 421:756-760(2003),Franklin等人Cancer Cell 5:317-328(2004),或Plowman等人Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.90:1746-1750(1993)。亦參見本文中的圖1。
在本文中可交替使用"ErbB1"、"HER1"、"上皮生長因子受體"和"EGFR",並意指EGFR,如同在例如Carpenter等人Ann.Rev.Biochem.56:881-914(1987)中揭示的,包括其天然存在的突變形式(例如刪除突變種EGFR,如同在Humphrey等人PANS(USA)87:4207-4211(1990)中的)。erbB1意指編碼EGFR蛋白質產物的基因。
在本文中可交替使用"ErbB2"和"HER2",並意指人類HER2蛋白質,在例如Semba等人,PNAS(USA)82:6497-6501(1985)和Yamamoto等人Nature319:230-234(1986)(Genebank登錄編號X03363)中描述的。"erbB2"意指編碼人類ErbB2的基因,而"neu"意指編碼大鼠p185n e u
的基因。較佳的HER2是人類HER2的天然序列。
"ErbB3"和"HER3"意指受體多肽,如同在例如美國專利第5,183,884號和5,480,968號,以及Kraus等人PNAS(USA)86:9193-9197(1989)中揭示的。
在本文中,"ErbB4"和"HER4"意指受體多肽,如同在例如歐洲專利申請案第599,274號;Plowman等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,90:1746-1750(1993);以及Plowman等人,Nature,366:473-475(1993)中揭示的,包括其同功型,例如如同在1999年4月22日公告之WO99/19488中揭示的。
"HER配體"意指與HER受體結合並/或激活它的多狀。在本文中特別感興趣的HER受體是人類HER配體的天然序列,如上皮生長因子(EGF)(Savage等人,J.Biol.Chem.247:7612-7621(1972));轉形生長因子α(TNF-α)(Marquardt等人,Science 223:1079-1082(1984));人雙調蛋白,亦稱為許旺細胞瘤或角化細胞自體分泌生長因子(Shoyab等人Science 243:1074-1076(1989);Kimura等人Nature 348:257-260(1990);和Cook等人Mol.Cell.Biol.11:2547-2557(1991));β細胞素(Shing等人,Science 259:1604-1607(1993);以及Sasada等人Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun.190:1173(1993));肝素-結合上皮生長因子(HB-EGF)(Higashiyama等人,Science 251:936-939(1991));表皮調節素(Toyaoda等人,J.Biol.Chem.270:7495-7500(1995);以及Komurasaki等人Oncogene 15:2841-2848(1997));海若格林(參見下文);神經調節蛋白-2(NRG-2)(Carraway等人,Nature 387:512-516(1997));神經調節蛋白-3(NRG-3)(Zhang等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.94:9562-9567(1997));神經調節蛋白-4(NRG-4)(Harari等人Oncogene 18:2681-89(1999))或cripto(CR-1)(Kannan等人J.Biol.Chem.272(6):3330-3335(1997))。結合EGFR的HER配體包括EGF、TGF-α、人雙調蛋白、β細胞素、HB-EGF和表皮調節素。與HER3結合的HER配體包括海若格林。能夠結合HER4的HER配體包括β細胞素、表皮調節素、HB-EGF、NRG-2、NRG-3、NRG-4和海若格林。
當在本文中使用時,"海若格林"(HRG)意指由海若格林基因產物編碼的多肽,如同在美國專利第5,641,869號或Marchionni等人,Nature,362:312-318(1993)中描述的。海若格林的實例包括海若格林-α、海若格林-β1、海若格林-β2和海若格林-β3(Holmes等人,Science,256:1205-1210(1992);以及美國專利第5,641,869號);neu分化因子(NDF)(Peles等人,Cell 69:205-216(1992));乙醯膽鹼受體-誘導活性(ARIA)(Falls等人Cell 72:801-815(1993));神經膠質生長因子(GGFs)(Marchionni等人,Nature,362:312-318(1993));感覺和運動神經元衍生因子(SMDF)(Ho等人J.Biol.Chem.270:14553-14532(1995));γ-海若格林(Schaefer等人Oncogene 15:1385-1394(1997))。該名詞包括天然序列HRG多肽之具有生物活性的片段及/或胺基酸序列變體,如其類-EGF功能部位片段(例如HRGβ11 7 7 - 2 4 4
)。
在本文中,"HER二聚體"是非共軛結合的二聚體,包括至少兩個不同的HER受體。當表現二或多個HER受體之細胞暴露在HER配體下時,可能形成這類複合物,並可藉著免疫沉澱分離,並藉著SDS-PAGE分析,如同在例如Sliwkowski等人,J.Biol.Chem.,269(20):14661-14665(1994)中描述的。這類HER二聚體的實例包括EGFR-HER2、HER2-HER3和HER3-HER4異種二聚體。此外,HER二聚體亦可包括二或多個與不同HER受體混合的HER2受體,如HER3、HER4或EGFR。其他的蛋白質,如細胞激動素受體次單元(例如gp130)亦可與該二聚體結合。
在HER2上的"異種二聚體結合位置",意指當與其形成二聚體時,在HER2之細胞外功能部位中,與EGFR、HER3或HER4之細胞外功能部位中的區域接觸,或產生介面的區域。在HER2之功能部位II中找到該區域。Franklin等人Cancer Cell 5:317-328(2004)。
"HER激活作用"或"HER2激活作用"意指任一或多個HER受體或HER2受體的激活作用或磷酸化作用。通常,HER激活作用結果產生信號轉導(例如藉著HER受體的細胞內激酶功能部位將在HER受體或受質多肽中之酪胺酸殘基磷酸化而引起)。可藉著HER配體與包括感興趣之HER受體的HER二聚體結合,調解HER激活作用。HER配體與HER二聚體結合,可激活在該二聚體中之一或多個HER受體的激酶功能部位,並藉此導致在一或多個HER受體中之酪胺酸殘基的磷酸化作用,及/或導致在額外的受質多肽(們),如Akt或MAPK細胞內激酶中之酪胺酸殘基的磷酸化作用。
在本文中,以最廣泛的意義來使用"抗體"一詞,且特別涵蓋全長的單株抗體、多株抗體、從至少兩個全長抗體形成的多重專一性抗體(例如雙重專一性的抗體),以及抗體片段,只要它們顯示出想要的生物活性即可。
當在本文中使用時,"單株抗體"一詞意指獲自實質上均質之抗體族群的抗體,即包括在該族群中之個別抗體是相同的,及/或與相同的抗原決定位結合,除了在產製該單株抗體期間可能產生的變體,這類變體通常以極少的量出現。與多株抗體製備物相對照,其通常包含對抗不同決定位(抗原決定位)的不同抗體,每個單株抗體對抗在抗原上的一個決定位。除了它們的專一性之外,單株抗體的優點是它們未被其他的免疫球蛋白污染。"單株"這個修飾語指出獲自實質上均質之抗體族群的抗體的特徵,不應解釋為必須以任何特定的方法來產生抗體。例如,根據本發明來使用的單株抗體,可藉著首先由Kohler等人,Nature,256:495(1975)描述的融合瘤方法來製造,或可藉著重組DNA方法來製造(參見,例如美國專利第4,816,567號)。亦可從噬菌體抗體庫中分離"單株抗體",例如使用在Clackson等人,Nature,352:624-628(1991)和Marks等人,J.Mol.Biol.,222:581-597(1991)中描述的技術。
在本文中,單株抗體特別包括"嵌合型"抗體,其中重及/或輕鏈的部分是與在從特定物種衍生,或屬於特殊抗體種類或亞類之抗體中相對應的序列相同或同種的,而鏈(們)的剩餘部分則是與衍生自其他物種,或屬於其他抗體種類或亞類之抗體中相對應的序列相同或同種的,以及這類抗體的片段,只要它們顯示出想要的生物活性即可(美國專利第4,816,567號;以及Morrison等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,81:6851-6855(1984))。在本文中,感興趣的嵌合型抗體包括"靈長類化的"抗體,包括衍生自非-人類靈長類(例如舊大陸猴、猿等等)的可變功能部位抗原-結合序列,以及人類恆定區序列。
"抗體片段"包括全長抗體的一部分,最好包括其抗原-結合或可變區。抗體片段的實例包括Fab、Fab'、F(ab')2
和Fv片段;微型雙功能抗體(diabodies);直線抗體;單鏈抗體分子;以及由抗體片段(們)形成的多重專一性抗體。
"全長的抗體"是包括抗原-結合可變區,以及輕鏈恆定功能部位(CL
)和重鏈恆定功能部位CH
1、CH
2和CH
3的抗體。恆定功能部位可以是天然序列的恆定功能部位(例如人類天然序列的恆定功能部位)或其胺基酸序列變體。較佳的是,該全長抗體具有一或多個效應物功能。
在本文中,"主要物種抗體"一詞意指在組合物中的抗體結構,是在組合物中在數量上佔優勢的抗體分子。在一個具體實施例中,主要物種抗體是HER2抗體,如與HER2之功能部位II結合的抗體,抑制HER二聚作用比曲妥珠單抗更有效的抗體,及/或與HER2之異種二聚結合位置結合的抗體。主要物種HER2抗體在本文中較佳的具體實施例是包括在SEQ ID NO:3和4中之可變輕和可變重胺基酸序列,且最好包括在SEQ ID NO:15和16之輕鏈和重鏈胺基酸序列的HER2抗體(普托珠單抗)。
在本文中,"胺基酸序列變體"抗體是具有與主要物種抗體不同之胺基酸序列的抗體。通常,胺基酸序列變體與主要物種抗體將具有至少大約70%同種性,而較佳的是它們與主要物種抗體將是至少大約80%,更佳的是至少大約90%同種的。胺基酸序列變體在主要物種抗體之胺基酸序列內或附近的某些位置處具有取代、刪除及/或添加。在本文中,胺基酸序列變體的實例包括酸性變體(例如脫醯胺了的抗體變體)、鹼性變體、在其一或兩個輕鏈上具有胺基-終端之前導延伸(例如VHS-)的抗體、在其一或兩個重鏈上具有C-終端離胺酸殘基的抗體等等,並包括改變重及/或輕鏈之胺基酸序列的組合。在本文中,特別感興趣的抗體變體是在其一或兩個輕鏈上包括胺基-終端前導延伸的抗體,可視需要進一步包括與主要物種抗體有差異的其他胺基酸序列及/或糖基化作用。
"治療用的單株抗體"是用來治療人類個體的抗體。在本文揭示的治療用之單株抗體包括:癌症和各種非-惡性疾病或病症用的HER2抗體;治療B細胞惡性、自體免疫疾病、移植排斥或阻斷對外來抗原之免疫反應的CD20或BR3抗體;治療IgE-調解之病症的IgE抗體;癌症療法用的DR5或VEGF抗體。
在本文中,"糖基化作用變體"抗體是有一或多個碳水化合物部分與其附接的抗體,其與附接主要物種抗體的一或多個碳水化合物部分有所不同。在本文中,糖基化作用變體的實例包括帶有G1或G2寡醣結構,代替附接於其Fc區之G0寡醣結構的抗體,帶有一或兩個與其一或兩個輕鏈附接之碳水化合物部分的抗體,沒有與該抗體之一或兩個重鏈附接之碳水化合物的抗體,等等,以及糖基化作用變化的組合。
在抗體具有Fc區之處,可將如在本文之圖16中所示的寡醣結構附接到抗體的一或兩個重鏈上,例如殘基299(298,殘基的Eu編號)。關於普托珠單抗,G0是主要的寡醣結構,在普托珠單抗組合物中,發現較少量的其他寡醣結構,如G0-F、G1、Man5、Man6、G1-1、G1(1-6)、G1(1-3)和G2。
除非另行指定,在本文中,"G1寡醣結構"包括G-1、G1-1、G1(1-6)和G1(1-3)結構。
在本文中,"胺基-終端前導延伸"意指一或多個胺基-終端前導序列的胺基酸殘基,其出現在抗體的任一或多個重或輕鏈之胺基-終端。代表性的胺基-終端前導延伸包括或由三個胺基酸殘基,VHS組成,出現在抗體變體的一或兩個輕鏈上。
將"同種性"定義為在將序列排成一直線,若需要並導入間隙,以便達到最大百分比同一性之後,在胺基酸序列變體中相同殘基的百分比。排列的方法和電腦程式為此項技藝中已熟知的。一種這類的電腦程式為Genentech,Inc.所作的"Align 2",其於1991年12月10日由使用者引證在the United States Copyright Office,Washington,DC 20559中建檔。
抗體的"效應物功能"意指可歸因於抗體之Fc區(天然序列Fc區或胺基酸序列變體Fc區)的那些生物活性。抗體效應物功能的實例包括Clq結合;補體依賴性細胞毒性;Fc受體結合;抗體-依賴性細胞-調解之細胞毒性(ADCC);吞噬作用;細胞表面受體(例如B細胞受體;BCR)的向下調節等等。
依據其重鏈恆定功能部位的胺基酸序列,可將全長抗體分成不同的"種類"。全長抗體有五大類:IgA、IgD、IgE、IgG和IgM,這些之中又有數類可進一步細分成"亞類"(同型物),例如IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4、IgA和IgA2。分別將符合不同種類抗體的重鏈恆定功能部位稱為α、δ、ε、γ和μ。不同種類之免疫球蛋白的次單元結構和三維組態是已熟知的。
"抗體-依賴性細胞-調解之細胞毒性"和"ADCC"意指細胞-調解的反應,其中非專一性的胞毒細胞表現Fc受體(FcRs)(例如自然殺手(NK)細胞、嗜中性白血球和巨噬細胞)認出在標靶細胞上已結合的抗體,並接著引起該標靶細胞的溶解。調解ADCC的主要細胞,NK細胞僅表現FcγRIII,而單核細胞則表現FcγRI、FcγRII和FcγRIII。在Racetch和Kinet,Annu.Rev.Immunol 9:457-92(1991)第464頁中的表3,概述了在造血細胞上的FcR表現。欲評估感興趣之分子的ADCC活性,可進行在活體外的ADCC測定,如在美國專利第5,500,362號或5,821,337號中描述的。對於這類測定,有用的效應物細胞包括周圍血液單核細胞(PBMC)和自然殺手(NK)細胞。或者,或另外,可在活體內評估感興趣之分子的ADCC活性,例如在動物模式中,如在Clynes等人PNAS(USA)95:652-656(1998)中揭示的。
"人類效應物細胞"是白血球,其表現一或多個FcRs並執行效應物功能。較佳的是,該細胞至少表現FcγRIII,並完成ADCC效應物功能。調解ADCC之人類白血球的實例包括周圍血液單核細胞(PBMC)、自然殺手(NK)細胞、單核細胞、細胞毒性T細胞和嗜中性;其中PBMCs和NK細胞是較佳的。可按照本文描述的,從其天然來源中分離效應物細胞,例如從血液或PBMCs。
使用"Fc受體"或"FcR"來描述與抗體之Fc區結合的受體。較佳的FcR是天然序列的人類FcR。此外,較佳的FcR是與IgG抗體結合的(γ受體),並包括FcγRI、FcγRII和FcγRIII亞類,包括對偶基因變體,或這些受體的接合形式。FcγRII受體包括FcγRIIA("激活受體")和FcγRIIB("抑制受體"),其具有類似的胺基酸序列,主要是在其細胞質功能部位中有差異。激活受體FcγRIIA,在其細胞質功能部位中含有以免疫受體酪胺酸為基礎的激活基序(ITAM)。抑制受體FcγRIIB,在其細胞質功能部位中含有以免疫受體酪胺酸為基礎的抑制基序(ITIM)。(參見回顧M.in Daron,Annu.Rev.Immunol.15:203-234(1997))。在Ravetch和Kinet,Annu.Rev.Immunol 9:457-92(1991);Capel等人,Immunomethods 4:25-34(1994);和de Haas等人,J.Lab.Clin.Med.126:330-41(1995)中回顧了FcRs。其他的FcRs,包括在未來確認的那些,亦納入本文中"FcR"一詞內。該名詞亦包括新生兒受體FcRn,其負責將母親的IgGs運送至胎兒(Guyer等人,J.Immunol.117:587(1976)和Kim等人,J.Immunol.24:249(1994))。
"補體依賴性細胞毒性"或"CDC"意指在補體的存在下,分子溶解標靶的能力。藉著補體系統的第一個補體(Clq)與與關聯抗原複合之分子(例如抗體)結合,發動補體激活路徑。欲評估補體激活作用,可進行CDC測定,例如像是在Gazzano-Santoro等人,J.Immunol.Methods 202:163(1996)中描述的。
"天然抗體"通常是大約150,000道爾吞之異種四聚的糖蛋白,由兩個相同的輕(L)鏈和兩個相同的重(H)鏈組成。每個輕鏈藉著共價二硫鍵結與重鏈連接,而在不同的免疫球蛋白同型物之重鏈中,二硫鍵結的數目是多變的。每個重和輕鏈亦具有規律隔開的鏈內二硫橋。每個重鏈在一端均有可變功能部位(VH
),接著是一些恆定功能部位。每個輕鏈在一端均有可變功能部位(VL
),並在另一端有恆定功能部位。輕鏈的恆定功能部位與重鏈的第一個恆定功能部位排在一起,而輕鏈可變功能部位則與重鏈可變功能部位排在一起。咸相信特殊的胺基酸殘基在輕鏈和重鏈可變功能部位之間形成介面。
"可變的"一詞意指在抗體之中,可變功能部位的某些部分在序列中是極為不同的事實,並使用在每個特殊抗體與其特定抗原的結合和專一性上。然而,變異性並不是均等地經由抗體的可變功能部位分配。它集中在三個稱為高變區的斷片中,在輕鏈和重鏈兩者的可變功能部位。可變功能部位中較高度保留的部分,稱為架構區(FRs)。天然重和輕鏈的可變功能部位分別包括四個FRs,主要採用β-片的構型,藉著三個高變區連接,其形成環狀連接,而在一些案例中,形成β-片結構的部分。在每個鏈中,高變區藉著FRs緊密地結合在一起,並與得自其他鏈的高變區,促成抗體之抗原-結合位置的形成(參見Kabat等人,免疫學上感興趣之蛋白質的序列(Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest),第5版Public Health Service,National Institutes of Health,Bethesda,MD.(1991))。恆定功能部位未直接涉及抗體與抗原的結合,但顯示各種效應物功能,如使抗體參與抗體依賴性細胞之細胞毒性(ADCC)。
當在本文中使用時,"高變區"一詞意指抗體負責抗原-結合的胺基酸殘基。高變區通常包括來自"互補性決定區"或"CDR"的胺基酸殘基(例如在輕鏈可變功能部位中的殘基24-34(L1)、50-56(L2)和89-97(L3),以及在重鏈可變功能部位中的殘基31-35(H1)、50-65(H2)和95-102(H3);Kabat等人,免疫學上感興趣之蛋白質的序列(Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest),第5版Public Health Service,National Institutes of Health,Bethesda,MD.(1991)),及/或得自"高變環"的那些殘基(例如在輕鏈可變功能部位中的殘基26-32(L1)、50-52(L2)和91-96(L3),以及在重鏈可變功能部位中的殘基26-32(H1)、53-55(H2)和96-101(H3);Chothia和Lesk J.Mol.Biol.196:901-907(1987))。"架構區"或"FR"殘基是那些與在本文中定義之高變區殘基不同的可變功能部位殘基。
抗體的木瓜蛋白酶消化,產生兩個相同的抗原-結合片段,叫做"Fab"片段,各帶有單一的抗原-結合位置,以及剩下的"Fc"片段,它的名字反映其迅速形成結晶的能力。胃蛋白酶處理產生F(ab')2
片段,其具有兩個抗原-結合位置,並仍然能夠交聯抗原。
"Fv"是最小的抗體片段,其含有完整的抗原-認知和抗原-結合位置。該區域由一個重鏈和一個輕鏈可變功能部位的二聚體,以牢固的非共價結合而組成。以這樣的構型,每個可變功能部位的三個高變區產生交互作用,定義在VH
-VL
二聚體之表面上的抗原-結合位置。六個高變區集體地賦與抗體抗原-結合專一性。然而,即使單一的可變功能部位(或僅包括三個對抗原專一之高變區的半個Fv),仍具有認出並與抗原結合的能力,雖然是以比整個結合位置更低的親和力。
Fab片段亦含有輕鏈的恆定功能部位,以及重鏈的第一個恆定功能部位(CH1)。Fab'片段與Fab片段不同之處在於在重鏈CH1功能部位的羧基終端加上數個殘基,包括得自抗體絞鏈區的一或多個半胱胺酸。Fab'-SH是在本文中替Fab'設計的,其中恆定功能部位的半胱胺酸殘基(們)攜帶至少一個自由的硫醇基團。F(ab')2
抗體片段最初是以一對Fab'片段的形式產生,在它們之間具有絞鏈半胱胺酸。抗體片段的其他化學偶聯亦是已知的。
可將得自任何脊椎動物物種之抗體的"輕鏈",清楚地指派為兩種明顯不同的類型之一,叫做卡巴(κ)和蘭達(λ),係以其恆定功能部位的胺基酸序列為基礎。"單鏈Fv"或"scFv"抗體片段包括抗體的VH
和VL
功能部位,其中這些功能部位以單一多肽鏈出現。較佳的是,Fv多肽在VH
和VL
功能部位之間更包括多肽交聯劑,使scFv能夠形成抗原結合想要的結構。關於scFv的回顧,參見Plckthun在(The Pharmacology of Monoclonal Antibodies),第113冊,Rosenburg和Moore編輯,Springer-Verlag,New York,第269-315頁(1994)中的。在WO 93/16185;美國專利第5,571,894號和美國專利第5,587,458號中描述了HER2抗體scFv片段。
"微型雙功能抗體"一詞意指具有兩個抗原-結合位置的小抗體片段,該片段在相同的多肽鏈(VH
-VL
)中,包括與可變輕功能部位(VL
)連接的可變重功能部位(VH
)。藉著使用交聯劑,其短得不容許在相同鏈上兩個功能部位之間配對,迫使該功能部位與另一個鏈的互補功能部位配對,並創造兩個抗原-結合位置。在例如歐洲專利404,097;WO93/11161;以及Hollinger等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,90:6444-6448(1993)中更充分地描述了微型雙功能抗體。
非人類(例如囓齒動物)抗體的"人類化"形式為嵌合型抗體,其含有衍生自非-人類免疫球蛋白的最少序列。大體上,人類化抗體是人類免疫球蛋白(接受者抗體),其中得自接受者之高變區的殘基,被得自具有想要專一性、親和力和能力之非-人類物種(捐贈者抗體),如老鼠、大鼠、兔子或非人類的靈長類之高變區的殘基置換。在一些案例中,人類免疫球蛋白的架構區(FR)殘基被相對應的非-人類殘基置換。此外,人類化抗體可包括不是在接受者抗體或在捐贈者抗體中發現的殘基。進行這些修改,以便進一步改進抗體的性能。通常,人類化抗體實質上均將包括至少一個,通常是兩個可變功能部位,其中全部或實質上全部的高變環,與非-人類免疫球蛋白的那些一致,且全部或實質上全部的FRs都是人類免疫球蛋白序列的那些。人類化抗體亦可視需要包括至少一部分的免疫球蛋白恆定區(Fc),通常是人類免疫球蛋白的。關於更多的細節,參見Jones等人,Nature 321:522-525(1986);Riechmann等人,Nature332:323-329(1988);和Presta,Curr.Op.Struct.Biol.2:593-596(1992)。
人類化的HER2抗體包括huMAb4D5-1、huMAb4D5-2、huMAb4D5-3、huMAb4D5-4、huMAb4D5-5、huMAb4D5-6、huMAb4D5-7和huMAb4D5-8,或如同在美國專利第5,821,337號之表3中描述的曲妥珠單抗(賀癌平),特別以引用的方式併入本文中;人類化的520C9(WO93/21319)和人類化的2C4抗體,如同在本文中描述的。
為了在本文中之目的,"曲妥珠單抗"、"賀癌平"和"huMAb4D5-8"意指包括分別在SEQ ID NO:13和14中之輕和重鏈胺基酸序列的抗體。
在本文中,"普托珠單抗"、"huMAb 2C4"和"奧密塔克T M
"意指包括分別在SEQ ID NO:3和4中之可變輕和可變重胺基酸序列的抗體。在普托珠單抗為全長抗體之處,最好包括分別在SEQ ID NO:15和16中之輕鏈和重鏈胺基酸序列。
"裸露的抗體"是未與異種分子,如細胞毒性部分或放射性標記共軛的抗體(如同在本文中定義的)。
"親和力成熟的"抗體,是在其一或多個高變區具有一或多個改變的抗體,結果與不具有這些改變(們)的親代抗體相比較,改善了抗體對抗原的親和力。較佳的親和力突變抗體對標靶抗原將具有毫微莫耳濃度或甚至微微莫耳濃度的親和力。藉著在此項技藝中已知的程序產生親和力突變抗體。Marks等人Bio/Technology 10:779-783(1992)描述了藉著VH和VL功能部位洗牌的親和力突變。由:Barbas等人Proc Nat.Acad.Sci,USA 91:3809-3813(1994);Schier等人Gene 169:147-155(1995);Yelton等人J.Immunol.155:1994-2004(1995);Jackson等人,J.Immunol.154(7):3310-9(1995);和Hawkins等人,J.Mol.Biol.226:889-896(1992)描述了CDR及/或架構殘基的隨機突變。
"激動劑抗體"是與受體結合並激活其之抗體。通常,激動劑抗體之受體激活能力,至少在性質上類似(並可能基本上在數量上類似)該受體的天然激動劑配體。激動劑抗體的實例是與在TNF受體超級家族中之受體,如DR5結合,並誘導表現TNF受體(例如DR5)之細胞之細胞凋零的抗體。在WO98/51793和WO99/37684中描述了判定細胞凋零之誘導的測定,特別將兩者以引用的方式倂入本文中。
"經過分離的"抗體是已經確認並從其天然環境之組份中分離及/或回收的抗體。其天然環境的污染組份是將干擾該抗體之診斷或治療用途的材料,並可包括酵素、激素及其他蛋白質的或非蛋白質的溶質。在較佳的具體實施例中,將該抗體純化(1)至超過該抗體的95重量%,藉著Lowry法來判定,且最好是超過99重量%,(2)至足以獲得至少15個N-終端之殘基或內部胺基酸序列的程度,藉著使用旋轉杯定序器,或(3)至均一性,藉著SDS-PAGE在還原或非還原的條件下,使用考馬斯藍,或較佳的是鍍銀染色。經過分離的抗體包括在重組細胞內就地產生的抗體,因為至少將缺少一個該抗體之天然環境的組份。然而,通常經過分離的抗體將藉著至少一個純化步驟來製備。
HER2抗體,其"抑制HER二聚作用比曲妥珠單抗更有效",是比曲妥珠單抗更有效地降低或排除HER二聚體的抗體(例如至少更有效大約2-倍)。這類抗體最好抑制HER2二聚作用至少大約像選自老鼠單株抗體2C4、老鼠單株抗體2C4之Fab片段、普托珠單抗和普托珠單抗之Fab片段所組成之群的抗體一樣有效。可藉著直接研究HER二聚體或藉著評估HER激活作用或起因於HER二聚作用之下游的信號發送,及/或藉著評估抗體-HER2結合位置等等,來評估HER二聚作用的抑制作用。在Agus等人Cancer Cell 2:127-137(2002)和WO01/00245(Adams等人)中,描述了篩選具有比曲妥珠單抗更有效抑制HER二聚作用之能力抗體的測定。舉例來說,可藉著評估例如HER二聚體形成的抑制作用(參見,例如Agus等人Cancer Cell 2:127-137(2002)的圖1A-B和WO01/00245);在表現HER二聚體之細胞的HER配體激活上的降低(例如WO01/00245和Agus等人Cancer Cell 2:127-137(2002)的圖2A-B);阻斷HER配體與表現HER二聚體之細胞的結合(例如WO01/00245和Agus等人Cancer Cell 2:127-137(2002)的圖2E);在HER配體的存在(或缺乏)下,表現HER二聚體之癌細胞的細胞生長抑制(例如MCF7、MDA-MD-134、ZR-75-1、MD-MB-175、T-47D細胞)(例如WO01/00245和Agus等人Cancer Cell 2:127-137(2002)的圖3A-D);下游信號發送的抑制(例如抑制HRG-依賴性AKT磷酸化作用或抑制HRG-或TGFα-依賴性MAPK磷酸化作用)(參見WO01/00245和Agus等人Cancer Cell 2:127-137(2002)的圖2C-D),來測定HER二聚作用的抑制。亦可藉著研究抗體-HER2結合位置,例如藉著評估抗體結合HER2之結構或模式,如結晶結構,評估該抗體是否抑制HER二聚作用(參見,例如Franklin等人Cancer Cell 5:317-328(2004))。
HER2抗體可比曲妥珠單抗更有效地"抑制HRG-依賴性AKT磷酸化作用"及/或抑制"HRG-或TGFα-依賴性MAPK磷酸化作用"(例如更有效至少2-倍)(例如,參見Agus等人Cancer Cell 2:127-137(2002)和WO01/00245)。
HER2抗體可以是"不抑制HER2外功能部位切開"的抗體(Molina等人Cancer Res.61:4744-4749(2001))。
"與HER2之異種二聚結合位置結合"的HER2抗體,與在功能部位II中之殘基結合(並可視需要與在HER2之細胞外功能部位的其他功能部位,如功能部位I和III中的殘基結合),並可在空間上妨礙HER2-EGRF、HER2-HER3或HER2-HER4異種二聚體的形成,達到至少某種程度。Franklin等人Cancer Cell 5:317-328(2004)定出HER2-普托珠單抗結晶結構的特徵,存放在RCSB Protein Data Bank中(ID密碼IS78),解釋了與HER2之異種二聚結合位置結合的代表性抗體。
"與HER2之功能部位II結合的"抗體,與在功能部位II中之殘基結合,並可視需要與在HER2之其他功能部位(們),如功能部位I和III中的殘基結合。與功能部位II結合的抗體,最好與在HER2之功能部位I、II和III之間的接合點結合。
當在本文中使用時,"生長抑制劑"意指抑制細胞生長的化合物或組合物,尤其是在活體外或在活體內表現HER的癌細胞。因此,生長抑制劑可以是在S階段明顯降低表現HER細胞之百分比的製劑。生長抑制劑的實例包括阻斷細胞週期進行(在S期以外的地方)的製劑,如誘導G1停止和M-期停止的製劑。典型的M-階段阻斷劑包括長春花生物鹼(長春新鹼和長春花鹼)、紫杉醇,以及拓樸(topo)II抑制劑,如阿黴素(doxorubicin)、表柔比星(epirubicin)、道諾紅菌素、依托泊苷(etoposide)和博菜黴素。這些製劑阻止了G1,也導致S-期停止,例如DNA烷基化製劑,如他莫昔芬(tamoxifen)、潑尼松(prednisone)、甲嗪咪唑胺(dacarbazine)、氮芥、順氯氨鉑(cisplatin)、胺甲碟呤、5-氟尿嘧啶和ara-C。可在癌症的分子基礎(The Molecular Basis of Cancer),Mendelsohn和Israel編輯,第1章,Murakami等人的標題為"細胞週期調節、致癌基因和抗贅生物的藥物(Cell cycle regulation,oncogenes,and antineoplastic drugs)"(WB Saunders:Philadelphia,1995),特別是在第13頁中找到更多的資訊。
"生長抑制性"抗體的實例,是與HER2結合並抑制過度表現HER2之癌細胞生長的那些。較佳的生長抑制性HER2抗體,在細胞培養中,在大約0.5到30微克/毫升的抗體濃度下,抑制了SK-BR-3乳房腫瘤細胞的生長超過20%,且最好超過50%(例如從大約50%到大約100%),其中在SK-BR-3細胞暴露在抗體下之後6天,判定生長的抑制作用(參見1997年10月14日發證之美國專利第5,677,171號)。在專利和後文中更詳細地描述了SK-BR-3細胞生長抑制測定。較佳的生長抑制性抗體為老鼠單株抗體4D5的人類化變體,例如曲妥珠單抗。
"誘導細胞凋零的"抗體是誘導程式化之細胞死亡的抗體,係藉著磷脂結合蛋白(annexin)V的結合、DNA斷裂、細胞收縮、內質網擴張、細胞斷裂及/或膜囊泡(稱為細胞凋零體)的形成來判定。該細胞通常是表現被抗體結合之抗原的細胞。該細胞最好是癌細胞。例如,可藉著磷脂結合蛋白的結合來測量磷脂醯絲胺酸(PS)移位作用;可經由DNA梯子來評估DNA斷裂;並藉著低二倍性(hypodiploid)細胞的任何增加來評估隨同DNA斷裂的核/染色質凝聚。誘導細胞凋零的抗體是相對於未處理細胞,在磷脂結合蛋白的結合測定中,使用表現與該抗體結合之抗原的細胞,結果誘導大約2至50倍,較佳的是大約5至50倍,而最佳的是大約10到50倍的磷脂結合蛋白結合。誘導細胞凋零之抗體的實例是HER2抗體7C2和7F3,以及某些DR5抗體。
"抗原決定位2C4"是在HER2之細胞外功能部位中,與抗體2C4結合的區域。為了篩選與2C4抗原決定位結合的抗體,可進行例行的交叉-阻斷測定,如同在抗體,實驗室手冊(Antibodies,A Laboratory Manual),Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,編輯Harlow和David Lane(1988)中描述的。或者,可進行抗原決定位作圖,評估該抗體是否與HER2的2C4抗原決定位結合。抗原決定位2C4包括得自在HER2之細胞外功能部位中之功能部位II的殘基。2C4和普托珠單抗在功能部位I、II和III的接合點與HER2之細胞外功能部位結合。Franklin等人Cancer Cell 5:317-328(2004)。
"抗原決定位4D5"是在HER2之細胞外功能部位中,與抗體4D5(ATCC CRL 10463)和曲妥珠單抗結合的區域。該抗原決定位靠近HER2的穿透膜功能部位,並在HER2的功能部位Ⅳ內。欲篩選與4D5抗原決定位結合的抗體,可進行例行的交叉-阻斷測定,如同在抗體,實驗室手冊(Antibodies,A Laboratory Manual),Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,編輯Harlow和David Lane(1988)中描述的。或者,可進行抗原決定位作圖,評估該抗體是否與HER2的4D5抗原決定位結合(例如,在得自包含HER2之大約殘基529到大約殘基625之區域中的任一或多個殘基)。
"抗原決定位7C2/7F3"是在胺基終端,在HER2之細胞外功能部位的功能部位I內,與7C2及/或7F3抗體(分別存放在ATCC,參見下文)結合的區域。欲篩選與7C2/7F3抗原決定位結合的抗體,可進行例行的交叉-阻斷測定,如同在抗體,實驗室手冊(Antibodies,A Laboratory Manual),Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,編輯Harlow和David Lane(1988)中描述的。或者,可進行抗原決定位作圖,建立該抗體是否與在HER2上的7C2/7F3抗原決定位結合(例如,在得自HER2之大約殘基22到大約殘基53之區域中的任一或多個殘基)。
"治療"意指治療性治療和預防性或預防性測量。需要治療的那些包括業已罹病的那些,以及其中欲防止該疾病的那些。因此,在本文中待治療之患者可能已經診斷出患有疾病,或可能易染患或易受該疾病影響的。
"癌症"和"癌症的"一詞意指或描述哺乳動物的生理學狀況,通常其特徵在於不受調節的細胞生長。癌症的實例包括,但不限於癌、淋巴瘤、真性瘤(包括神經管胚細胞瘤和視網膜胚細胞瘤)、肉瘤(包括脂肉瘤和滑膜細胞肉瘤)、神經內分泌腫瘤(包括類癌瘤、胃泌素瘤和胰島細胞瘤)、間皮瘤、許旺細胞瘤(包括聽神經瘤)、腦膜瘤、腺癌、黑色素瘤和白血病,或淋巴惡性。這類癌症更特定的實例包括鱗狀細胞癌(例如上皮鱗狀細胞癌)、肺癌,包括小細胞肺癌、非-小細胞肺癌、肺腺癌和肺的鱗狀癌、腹膜的癌症、肝細胞癌、胃或胃癌,包括胃腸癌、胰臟癌、神經膠質母細胞瘤、子宮頸癌、卵巢癌、肝癌、膀胱癌、肝腫瘤、乳癌、結腸癌、直腸癌、結直腸癌、子宮內膜癌、唾液腺癌、腎臟或腎癌、前列腺癌、外陰癌、甲狀腺癌、肝癌、肛門癌、陰莖癌、睪丸癌、食道癌、膽道的腫瘤,以及頭和頸部的癌症。
"有效含量"一詞意指藥物的含量在患者中對疾病是有效的。在該疾病為癌症之處,藥物的有效含量可降低癌細胞的數目;降低腫瘤尺寸;抑制(即減緩至某種程度而更較佳的是中止)癌細胞浸潤至周圍組織內;抑制(即減緩至某種程度而更佳的是中止)腫瘤轉移;抑制腫瘤生長至某種程度;及/或減輕一或多個與癌症有關之症狀至某種程度。欲達到藥物可阻礙生長及/或殺死現存癌細胞的程度,它可能是細胞穩定及/或細胞毒性的。有效含量可延長無疾病進展之存活率,結果產生客觀反應(包括部分反應PR或完全反應CR),增加整體存活時間,及/或改善一或多個癌症症狀。"表現HER2之癌症"是包括在其細胞表面出現HER2蛋白質之細胞的癌症。
"過度表現"HER受體的癌症是與相同組織類型之非癌症細胞相比較,在其細胞表面具有明顯較高含量之HER受體,如HER2的癌症。這類過度表現可能起因於基因擴大,或藉著增加轉錄或轉譯。可在診斷或預後測定中,藉著評估HER蛋白質出現在細胞表面的增加程度(例如經由免疫組織化學測定;IHC),來判定HER受體的過度表現。或者,或另外,可測量在細胞中編碼HER之核酸的量,例如經由螢光就地雜交作用(FISH;參見1998年10月公告的WO98/45479)、南方墨點法或聚合酶連鎖反應(PCR)技術,如即時定量PCR(RT-PCR)。亦可藉著測量在生物流體,如血清中脫落的抗原(例如HER細胞外功能部位)(參見,例如1990年6月12日發證之美國專利第4,933,294號;1991年4月18日公告之WO91/05264;1995年3月28日發證之美國專利第5,401,638號;以及Sias等人J.Immunol.Methods 132:73-80(1990)),來研究HER受體的過度表現。撇開以上的測定不提,熟諳此藝者可利用各種在活體內的測定。例如,可使在患者體內的細胞暴露在可視需要以可檢測標記,例如放射性同位素標示的抗體下,並可評估抗體與在患者中之細胞的結合,例如藉著放射性的外部掃描,或藉著分析在暴露於抗體下之前,取自患者的生檢。
相反的,"不過度表現HER2受體"之癌症是與相同組織類型之非癌症細胞相比較,不表現高於正常HER2受體含量的癌症。
"過度表現"HER配體的癌症是與相同組織類型之非癌症細胞相比較,產生明顯較高含量之該配體的癌症。這類過度表現可能起因於基因擴大,或藉著增加轉錄或轉譯。可藉著評估在患者中,例如在腫瘤生檢中該配體(或編碼它的核酸)的量,或藉著各種診斷測定,如IHC、FISH、南方墨點法、PCR或上述的活體內測定,在診斷上判定HER配體的過度表現。
當在本文中使用時,"細胞毒性製劑"一詞意指抑制或妨礙細胞功能及/或引起細胞破壞的物質。該名詞企圖包括放射性同位素(例如At2 1 1
、I1 3 1
、I1 2 5
、Y9 0
、Re1 8 6
、Re1 8 8
、Sm1 5 3
、Bi2 1 2
、P3 2
和Lu的放射性同位素)、化學治療劑和毒素,如小分子毒素,或細菌、真菌、植物或動物來源之具有酵素活性的毒素,包括其片段及/或變體。
"化學治療劑"是可用來治療癌症的化學化合物。化學治療劑的實例包括烷基化製劑,如塞替哌(thiotepa)和環磷醯胺(癌得星(CYTOXAN));磺酸烷基酯,如白消安(busulfan)、英丙舒凡(improsulfan)和哌泊舒凡(piposulfan);氮丙啶,如苯佐替派(benzodopa)、卡波醌(carboquone)、美妥替哌(meturedopa)和烏瑞替哌(uredopa);氮丙啶和甲基蜜胺(methylamelamines),包括六甲蜜胺(altretamine)、曲他胺(triethylenemelamine)、三亞乙基磷醯胺(triethylenephosphoramide)、噻替派(triethiylenethiophosphoramide)和三甲魯蜜胺(trimethylolomelamine);乙醯格萘(acetogenins)(特別是布拉他辛(bullatacin)和布拉他辛酮(bullatacinone));δ-9-四氫大麻酚(屈大麻酚(dronabinol),屈大麻酚(MARINOL));β-拉伯酮(lapachone);拉伯醇(lapachol);秋水仙素;樺木酸;喜樹鹼(包括合成的類似物,拓撲太肯(topotecan)(癌康定(HYCAMTIN))、CPT-11(伊立替康(irinotecan),伊立替康(CAMPTOSAR))、乙醯喜樹鹼、東莨菪亭(scopolectin)和9-胺基喜樹鹼);苔蘚蟲抑素(bryostatin);賽萊抑素(callystatin);CC-1065(包括其合成的類似物,阿多來新(adozelesin)、卡折來新(carzelesin)和比折來新(bizelesin));鬼臼毒素(podophyllotoxin);鬼臼酸(podophyllinic acid);替尼泊苷(teniposide);隱藻素(cryptophycins)(特別是隱藻素1和隱藻素8);海兔毒肽(dolastatin);杜卡黴素(duocarmycin)(包括其合成的類似物,KW-2189和CB1-TM1);伊留蘇比(eleutherobin);胰抑素(pancratistatin);薩可迪泰(sarcodictyin);海綿素(spongistatin);氮芥,如苯丁酸氮芥、萘氮芥(chlornaphazine)、環磷醯胺、雌莫司汀(estramustine)、異環磷醯胺(ifosfamide)、氮芥、氧氮芥鹽酸鹽、苯丙胺酸氮芥(melphalan)、新氮芥(novembichin)、苯芥膽固醇(phenesterine)、潑尼氮芥(prednimustine)、曲磷胺(trofosfamide)、尿嘧啶氮芥;亞硝基脲,如卡莫司汀(carmustine)、氯脲菌素(chlorozotocin)、福莫司汀(fotemustine)、洛莫司汀(lomustine)、尼莫司汀(nimustine)和雷莫司汀(ranimnustine);抗生素,如烯二炔(enediyne)抗生素(例如卡奇黴素(calicheamicin),特別是卡奇黴素γ1I和卡奇黴素ωI1(參見,例如Agnew,Chem Intl.Ed Engl.,33:183-186(1994));代尼黴素(dynemicin),包括代尼黴素A;愛司帕黴素(esperamicin);以及新卡利諾坦(neocarzinostain)發色團,及相關的色蛋白質烯二炔抗生素發色團)、阿克拉黴素(aclacinomysins)、放線菌素、奧炫黴素(authramycin)、重氮絲胺酸(azaserine)、博菜黴素、放線菌素C(cactinomycin)、卡拉比辛(carabicin)、洋紅黴素(carminomycin)、嗜癌素(carzinophilin)、色黴素(chromomycinis)、更生黴素(dactinomycin)、道諾紅菌素、地托比星(detorubicin)、6-重氮-5-氧基-L-去甲亮胺酸、阿黴素(包括亞德里亞黴素、嗎啉代-阿黴素、氰基嗎啉代-阿黴素、2-吡咯啉-阿黴素、阿黴素HCl脂質體注射劑(阿黴素脂質體(DOXIL))、脂質體阿黴素TLCD-99(脂質體阿黴素(MYOCET))、聚乙二醇化的脂質體阿黴素(阿黴素脂質體(CAELYX))和脫氧阿黴素)、表柔比星、依索比星(esorubicin)、伊達比星(idarubicin)、麻西羅黴素(marcellomycin)、絲裂黴素,如絲裂黴素C、黴酚酸、諾拉黴素(nogalamycin)、橄欖黴素(olivomycins)、培洛黴素(peplomycin)、普菲洛黴素(potfiromycin)、嘌羅黴素(puromycin)、三鐵阿黴素(quelamycin)、羅多比星(rodorubicin)、絳色黴素(streptonigrin)、鏈佐星(streptozocin)、殺結核菌素(tubercidin)、烏苯美司(ubenimex)、淨司他丁(zinostatin)、佐柔比星(zorubicin);抗-代謝產物,如胺甲碟呤、吉西他濱(gemcitabine)(健擇(GEMZAR))、替加氟(tegafur)(優氟羅(UFTORAL))、截瘤達(capecitabine)(截瘤達(XELODA))、埃博黴素(epothilone)和5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU);葉酸類似物,如二甲葉酸(denopterin)、胺甲碟呤、蝶羅呤(pteropterin)、三甲曲沙(trimetrexate);嘌呤類似物,如氟達拉濱(fludarabine)、6-巰基嘌呤、巰咪嘌呤(thiamiprine)、硫代鳥嘌呤(thioguanine);嘧啶類似物,如環胞苷(ancitabine)、阿扎胞苷(azacitidine)、6-氮尿苷(azauridine)、卡莫氟(carmofur)、阿糖胞苷(cytarabine)、二脫氧尿嘧啶、去氧氟尿苷(doxifluridine)、依諾他濱(enocitabine)、氟尿苷(floxuridine);抗-腎上腺素能製劑,如氨魯米特(aminoglutethimide)、米托坦(mitotane)、曲洛司坦(trilostane);葉酸加強劑,如氟林酸(frolinic acid);醋葡醛內酯(aceglatone)、醛磷醯胺糖苷(aldophosphamide glycoside);氨基乙醯丙酸(aminolevulinic acid);乙炔尿嘧啶(eniluracil);安吖啶(amsacrine);貝司佐布(bestrabucil);比生群(bisantrene);依達曲沙(edatraxate);芥磷胺(defofamine);地美可辛(demecolcine);地吖醌(diaziquone);依氟尼塞(elfornithine);依利醋銨(elliptinium acetate);依托格魯(etoglucid);硝酸鎵;羥基脲;蘑菇多糖(lentinan);氯尼達明(lonidamine);類美登素(maytansinoids),如美登素和安絲菌素(ansamitocins);米托胍腙(mitoguazone);米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone);莫哌達醇(mopidanmol);二胺硝吖啶(nitraerine);噴司他丁(pentostatin);非那麥特(phenamet);吡柔比星(pirarubicin);洛索蒽醌(losoxantrone);2-乙基;丙卡巴(procarbazine);PSK多醣複合物(JHS Natural Products,Eugene,OR);雷佐生(razoxane);利索新(rhizoxin);西佐喃(sizofiran);鍺螺胺(spirogermanium);細格孢氮雜酸(tenuazonic acid);三亞胺醌(triaziquone);2,2',2"-三氯三乙胺;單端孢菌素(trichothecenes)(特別是T-2毒素、菲雷可林(verracurin)A、桿孢菌素(roridin)A和蛇形菌毒素(anguidine));烏拉坦(urethan);甲嗪咪唑胺;甘露莫司汀(mannomustine);米托伯尼醇(mitobronitol);二溴衛矛醇(mitolactol);哌泊溴烷(pipobroman);加塞托新(gacytosine);阿拉伯糖苷(arabinoside)("Ara-C");塞替哌;紫杉類,例如紫杉醇(paclitaxel)(紫杉醇(TAXOL))、白蛋白-紫杉醇之經過設計的奈米顆粒調配物(阿布散(ABRAXANE)T M
)和多舍他昔(docetaxel)(剋癌易(TAXOTERE));氯安布希(chloranbucil);6-硫代鳥嘌呤;巰基嘌呤;胺甲碟呤;鉑製劑,如順氯氨鉑、奧沙利鉑(oxaliplatin)和卡鉑(carboplatin);長春花生物鹼,其阻止微管蛋白聚合形成微管,包括長春花鹼(長春花鹼(VELBAN))、長春新鹼(安可平(ONCOVIN))、長春地辛(vindesine)(癌的散(ELDISINE),菲德辛(FILDESIN))和長春瑞賓(vinorelbine)(諾維本(NAVELBINE));依托泊苷(VP-16);異環磷醯胺;米托蒽醌;甲醯四氫葉酸(leucovovin);諾凡特龍(novantrone);依達曲沙(edatrexate);道諾黴素;胺基蝶呤;伊班膦酸鹽(ibandronate);拓樸異構酶抑制劑RFS 2000;二氟甲基鳥胺酸(DMFO);維生素A(retinoids),如視黃酸,包括蓓薩羅丁(bexarotene)(蓓薩羅丁(TARGRETIN));二膦酸鹽,如氯屈膦酸鹽(clodronate)(例如骨膦(BONEFOS)或奧斯塔(OSTAC))、羥乙磷酸鹽(etidronate)(依替膦酸鹽(DIDROCAL))、NE-58095、唑來膦酸(zoledronic acid)/唑來膦酸鹽(zoledronate)(佐侖膦酸(ZOMETA))、阿侖酸鹽(alendronate)(福善美錠(FOSAMAX))、帕米酸鹽(pamidronate)(雷狄亞(AREDIA))、替魯酸鹽(tiludronate)(史格理(SKELID))或利倔酸鹽(risedronate)(阿西托尼(ACTONEL));曲沙他濱(troxacitabine)(1,3-二氧戊環核苷胞嘧啶類似物);反義寡核苷酸,特別是抑制在涉及反常之細胞增殖的發送信號路徑中之基因表現的那些,像是例如PKC-α、Raf、H-Ras和上皮生長因子受體(EGF-R);疫苗,如舍瑞托(THERATOPE)疫苗和基因療法疫苗,例如阿羅菲丁(ALLOVECTIN)疫苗、留菲汀(LEUVECTIN)疫苗和維克得(VAXID)疫苗;拓樸異構酶1抑制劑(例如洛托替康(LURTOTECAN));rmRH(例如亞伯瑞克(ABARELIX));BAY439006(索拉非尼(sorafenib);Bayer);SU-11248(Pfizer);哌立福新(perifosine),COX-2抑制劑(例如塞來考昔(celecoxib)或依託考昔(etoricoxib)),蛋白質解體(proteosome)抑制劑(例如PS341);保特佐米(bortezomib)(萬珂(VELCADE));CCI-779;提比法尼(tipifarnib)(R11577);奧雷菲尼(orafenib),ABT510;Bcl-2抑制劑,如奧利默森鈉(oblimersen sodium)(格納森(GENASENSE));匹薩蒽醌(pixantrone);EGFR抑制劑(參見下文定義);酪胺酸激酶抑制劑(參見下文定義);以及任何上述的在醫藥上可接受之鹽類、酸類或衍生物;以及二或多個上述的組合,如CHOP,環磷醯胺、阿黴素、長春新鹼和脫氫皮甾醇之組合療法的縮寫,以及FOLFOX,奧沙利鉑(樂沙定(ELOXATIN)T M
)與5-FU和甲醯四氫葉酸混合之治療攝生法的縮寫。
在該定義中亦包括抗-激素製劑,其作用為調節或抑制激素對腫瘤之作用,如抗-雌激素,具有混合的激動劑/拮抗劑輪廓,包括他莫昔芬(諾瓦得士(NOLVADEX))、4-羥基他莫昔芬、托瑞米芬(toremifene)(法樂通(FARESTON))、艾多昔芬(idoxifene)、屈洛昔芬(droloxifene)、雷洛昔芬(raloxifene)(易維特(EVISTA))、曲沃昔芬(trioxifene)、雷洛昔芬(keoxifene),以及選擇性雌激素受體抑揚調節劑(SERMs),如SERM3;無激動劑性質的純抗-雌激素,如氟維司群(fulvestrant)(法洛德司(FASLODEX))和EM800(這類製劑可阻斷雌激素受體(ER)二聚作用,抑制DNA結合,增加ER周轉率及/或壓抑ER含量);芳香酶(aromatase)抑制劑,包括類固醇的芳香酶抑制劑,如阿那曲唑(anastrazole)(安美達(ARIMIDEX))、來托唑(letrozole)(富馬樂(FEMARA))和氨魯米特,以及其他的芳香酶抑制劑,包括伏氯唑(vorozole)(理必思(RIVISOR))、醋酸甲地孕酮(megestrol acetate)(美可治(MEGASE))、法倔唑(fadrozole)、咪唑;促黃體激素釋放激素激動劑,包括亮丙里德(leuprolide)(醋酸亮丙瑞林(LUPRON)和醋酸亮丙瑞林(ELIGARD))、戈舍瑞林(goserelin)、布舍瑞林(buserelin)和曲普瑞林(tripterelin);性類固醇,包括孕甾酮,如醋酸甲地孕酮和醋酸甲羥孕酮(medroxyprogesterone),雌激素,如己烯雌酚(diethylstilbestrol)和普力馬林(premarin),以及雄激素/維生素A,如氟甲睪酮(fluoxymesterone),全反式視黃酸(all transretinoic acid)和芬維A胺(fenretinide);奧納司酮(onapristone);抗-黃體酮;雌激素受體向下-調節劑(ERDs);抗-雄激素,如氟他胺(flutamide)、尼魯米特(nilutamide)和比卡魯米(bicalutamide);睪內酯(testolactone);以及任何上述的在醫藥上可接受之鹽類、酸類或衍生物;以及二或多個上述的組合。
當在本文中使用時,"EGFR-標靶藥物"意指與EGFR結合,並可視需要抑制EGFR激活作用的治療劑。這類製劑的實例包括抗體和與EGFR結合的小分子。與EGFR結合之抗體的實例包括MAb 579(ATCC CRL HB 8506)、MAb 455(ATCC CRL HB 8507)、MAb 225(ATCC CRL 8508)、MAb 528(ATCC CRL 8509)(參見,美國專利第4,943,533號,Mendelsohn等人)及其變體,如嵌合型的225(C225或西妥昔單抗(Cetuximab);艾比特思(ERBUTIX)),和改造的人類225(H225)(參見WO 96/40210,Imclone SystemsInc.);與第II型突變EGFR結合的抗體(美國專利第5,212,290號);與EGFR結合之人類化和嵌合型的抗體,如同在美國專利第5,891,996號中描述的;以及與EGFR結合的人類抗體,如ABX-EGF(參見WO98/50433,Abgenix)。抗-EGFR抗體可與細胞毒素製劑共軛,藉此產生免疫共軛物(參見,例如歐洲專利659,439A2,Merck專利GmbH)。與EGFR結合之小分子的實例包括ZD1839或吉非替尼(Gefitinib)(艾瑞莎(IRESSA)T M
;Astra Zeneca)、CP-358774或埃羅替尼(Erlotinib)HCL(它賽瓦(TARCEVA)T M
;Genentech/OSI)和AG1478、AG1571(SU 5271;Sugen)。
"酪胺酸激酶抑制劑"是抑制酪胺酸激酶之酪胺酸激酶活性至某種程度的分子,如HER受體。這類抑制劑的實例包括在前一段提及之EGFR-標靶藥物,以及小分子HER2酪胺酸激酶抑制劑,如可獲自Takeda的TAK165,雙重-HER抑制劑,如EKB-569(可獲自Wyeth),其優先結合EGFR但抑制過度表現HER2和EGFR兩者的細胞,GW572016(可獲自Glaxo),一種口服的HER2和EGFR酪胺酸激酶抑制劑,以及PKI-166(可獲自Novartis);泛-HER抑制劑,如凱能替尼(canertinib)(CI-1033;Pharmacia);Raf-1抑制劑,如反義製劑ISIS-5132,可獲自ISIS Pharmaceuticals,其抑制Raf-1發送信號;非-HER標靶TK抑制劑,如可獲自Glaxo的伊馬替尼(Imatinib)甲磺酸鹽(格里非克(Gleevac)T M
);MAPK細胞外調節激酶I抑制劑CI-1040(可獲自Pharmacia);喹唑啉,如PD 153035、4-(3-氯苯胺基)喹唑啉;吡啶并嘧啶;嘧啶并嘧啶;吡咯并嘧啶,如CGP 59326、CGP 60261和CGP 62706;吡唑并嘧啶、4-(苯胺基)-7H-吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶;薑黃素(curcumin)(二阿魏醯基甲烷,4,5-雙(4-氟苯胺基)鄰苯二甲醯亞胺);含有硝基噻吩部分的泰福司汀(tyrphostines);PD-0183805(Warner-Lamber);反義分子(例如與編碼HER之核酸結合的那些);喹喏啉(美國專利第5,804,396號);崔福斯汀(tryphostins)(美國專利第5,804,396號);ZD6474(Astra Zeneca);PTK-787(Novartis/Schering AG);泛-HER抑制劑,如CI-1033(Pfizer);阿菲尼克(Affinitac)(ISIS 3521;Isis/Lilly);伊馬替尼甲磺酸鹽(格里非克;Novartis);PKI 166(Novartis);GW2016(Glaxo SmithKline);CI-1033(Pfizer);EKB-569(Wyeth);伸馬西尼(Semaxinib)(Sugen);ZD6474(Astra Zeneca);PTK-787(Novartis/Schering AG);INC-1C11(Imclone);或如同在任何下列之專利公開案中描述的;美國專利第5,804,396號;WO99/09016(American Cyanimid);WO98/43960(American Cyanamid);WO97/38983(Warner Lambert);WO99/06378(Warner Lambert);WO99/06396(Warner Lambert);WO96/30347(Pfizer,Inc);WO96/33978(Zeneca);WO96/3397(Zeneca);以及WO96/33980(Zeneca)。
"抗-血管生成劑"意指阻斷或干擾血管發育至某種程度的化合物。抗-血管生成劑可以是例如與涉及促進血管生成之生長因子或生長因子受體結合的小分子或抗體。在本文中,較佳的抗-血管生成因子是與血管內皮生長因子(VEGF)結合的抗體,如貝瓦西單抗(Bevacizumab)(阿瓦斯丁(AVASTIN))。
"細胞激動素"一詞是由一種細胞族群釋放,作用在另一種細胞上,作為細胞間介體之蛋白質的總稱。這類細胞激動素的實例為淋巴細胞活素、單核因子(monokines)和傳統的多肽激素。在細胞激動素中,包括生長激素,如人類生長激素、N-甲硫胺醯基人類生長激素和牛生長激素;副甲狀腺激素;甲狀腺素;胰島素;胰島素原;恥骨鬆弛激素;恥骨鬆弛激素原;糖蛋白激素,如促濾泡激素(FSH)、促甲狀腺激素(TSH)和促黃體生成激素(LH);肝生長因子;纖維母細胞生長因子;催乳激素;胎盤催乳激素;腫瘤壞死因子-α和-β;謬勒氏(mullerian)抑制物質;老鼠促性腺激素-結合肽;抑制素;激活素(activin);血管內皮生長因子;整合素;血小板生成素(TPO);神經生長因子,如NGF-β;血小板-生長因子;轉形生長因子(TGFs),如TGF-α和TGF-β;類胰島素生長因子-I和-II;紅血球生成素(EPO);骨誘導因子;干擾素,如干擾素-α、-β和-γ;菌落刺激因子(CSFs),如巨噬細胞-CSF(M-CSF);粒性細胞-巨噬細胞-CSF(GM-CSF);以及粒性細胞-CSF(G-CSF);介白素(ILs),如IL-1、IL-1α、IL-2、IL-3、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-7、IL-8、IL-9、IL-10、IL-11、IL-12;腫瘤壞死因子,如TNF-α或TNF-β;以及其弛多狀因子,包括LIF和套組配體(KL)。當在本文中使用時,細胞激動素一詞包括得自天然來源或得自重組細胞培養務的蛋白質,以及天然序列之細胞激動素的具有生物活性之相等物。
所調配之抗體最好基本上是純的,並希望基本上是均質的(即不含污染的蛋白質等等)。"基本上純的"抗體,意指以組合物的總重量為基礎,該組合物包括至少大約90重量%的抗體,較佳的是至少大約95重量%。"基本上均質的"抗體意指以組合物的總重量為基礎,該組合物包括至少大約99重量%的抗體。
在本文中,"B-細胞表面標記"或"B-細胞表面抗原"是在B細胞表面上表現的抗原,可利用與其結合的抗體來瞄準它。代表性的B-細胞表面標記包括CD10、CD19、CD20、CD21、CD22、CD23、CD24、CD37、CD40、CD53、CD72、CD73、CD74、CDw75、CDw76、CD77、CDw78、CD79a、CD79b、CD80、CD81、CD82、CD83、CDw84、CD85和CD86白血球表面標記(關於說明,參見白血球抗原真相書(The Leukocyte Antigen Facts Book),第2版1997,編輯Barclay等人Academic Press,Harcount Brace & Co.,New York)。其他的B-細胞表面標記包括RP105、FcRH2、B-細胞CR2、CCR6、P2X5、HLA-DOB、CXCR5、FCER2、BR3、Btig、NAG14、SLGC16270、FcRH1、IRTA2、ATWD578、FcRH3、IRTA1、FcRH6、BCMA和239287。在本文中,特別感興趣的B-細胞表面標記是與在哺乳動物之其他非-B細胞組織相比較,在B細胞上優先表現的,並可在前驅B細胞和成熟B細胞兩者上表現的。在本文中,較佳的B-細胞表面標記是CD20或BR3。
"CD20"抗原或"CD20"是在超過90%的得自周圍血液或淋巴器官之B細胞表面上找到,大約35-kDa之未經糖基化的磷蛋白。CD20出現在正常B細胞以及惡性B細胞兩者上,但並未在幹細胞上表現。在文獻中,CD20的其他名字包括"B-淋巴細胞-限制抗原"和"Bp35"。在例如Clark等人Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.(USA)82:1766(1985)中描述了CD20抗原。
純粹為了本文之目的,"人類化的2H7"意指2H7抗體的人類化變體,在美國專利第5,500,362號(圖5和6)中揭示了其CDR序列,特別以引用的方式倂入本文中。在本文中,人類化2H7抗體的實例包括在WO2004/056312中描述的變體,亦特別以引用的方式倂入本文中,以及其他變體,包括但不限於:2H7v16、2H7v31、2H7v73、2H7v75、2H7v96、2H7v114、2H7v115、2H7v116、2H7v138、2H7v477、2H7v375等等。
在一個具體實施例中,人類化的2H7抗體包括一、二、三、四、五或六個下列的CDR序列:CDRL1序列RASSSVSYXH,其中X為M或L(SEQ ID NO:67),例如SEQ ID NO:57(圖18A),CDR L2序列,SEQ ID NO:58(圖18A),CDRL3序列QQWXFNPPT,其中X為S或A(SEQ ID NO:68),例如SEQ ID NO:59(圖18A),CDR H1序列,SEQ ID NO:60(圖18B),CDR H2序列AIYPGNGXTSYNQKFKG,其中X為D或A(SEQ ID NO:69),例如SEQ ID NO:61(圖18B),以及CDRH3序列VVYYSXXYWYFDV,其中在位置6的X為N、A、Y、W或D,且在位置7的X為S或R(SEQ ID NO:70),例如SEQ ID NO:62(圖18B)。
上文的CDR序列通常出現在人類可變輕和可變重架構序列內,如實質上人類輕鏈κ亞組I的人類一致FR殘基(VL
6I),以及實質上人類重鏈亞組III的人類一致FR殘基(VH
III)。亦參見WO2004/056312(Lowman等人)。
可變重區可能與人類IgG鏈恆定區連接,其中該區域可能是例如IgG1或IgG3,包括天然序列和變體恆定區。
在較佳的具體實施例中,這類抗體包括SEQ ID NO:29的可變重功能部位序列(v16,如同在圖18A中所示),亦可視需要包括SEQ ID NO:26的可變輕功能部位序列(v16,如同在圖18A中所示),其可視需要在可變重功能部位的位置56、100及/或100a處包括一或多個胺基酸取代,例如D56A、N100A或N100Y,及/或S100aR,並在可變輕功能部位的位置32及/或92處包括一或多個胺基酸取代,例如M32L及/或S92A。較佳的是,該抗體是包括SEQ ID NO:63或64之輕鏈胺基酸序列和SEQ ID NO:65、66、71或72之重鏈胺基酸序列的完整抗體。
較佳的人類化2H7抗體是歐可利珠單抗(ocrelizumab)(Genentech)。
在本文中,抗體可進一步在Fc區域包括一個胺基酸取代,其改善ADCC活性,如在位置298、333和334處的胺基酸取代,最好是S298A、E333A和K334A,使用重鏈殘基的Eu編號。亦參見美國專利第6,737,056B1號,Presta。
這些抗體均可在Fc區域包括至少一個取代,其改善FcRn結合或血清半衰期,例如在重鏈位置434處的取代,如N434W。亦參見美國專利第6,737,056B1號,PreSta。
這些抗體均可在Fc區域包括至少一個取代,其增加CDC活性,例如在位置326處包括至少一個取代,較佳的是K326A或K326W。亦參見美國專利第6,528,624B1號(Idusogie等人)。
一些較佳的人類化2H7變體,是包括SEQ ID NO:26之可變輕功能部位和SEQ ID NO:29之可變重功能部位的那些,包括在Fc區域有或無取代的那些(若需要),以及包括在SEQ ID NO:29中有N100A;或D56A和N100A;或D56A、N100Y和S100aR之改變的可變重功能部位;以及在SEQ ID NO:26中有M32L;或S92A;或M32L和S92A之改變的可變輕功能部位的那些。
已經確認在2H7v16之可變重鏈中的M34是抗體穩定性的可能來源,並為另一個可能的取代候選者。
在本發明之某些各種較佳具體實施例的概述中,以2H7v16為基礎之變體的可變區包括v16的胺基酸序列,除了在下表中指出之胺基酸取代的位置之外。除分另行指定,2H7變體將具有與v16相同的輕鏈。
一種較佳的人類化2H7包括2H7v16可變輕功能部位序列:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASSSVSYMHWYQQKPGKAPKPLIYAPSNLASGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQWSFNPPTFGQGTKVEIKR(SEQ ID NO:26);和2H7v16可變重功能部位序列:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGYTFTSYNMHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGAIYPGNGDTSYNQKFKGRFTISVDKSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARVVYYSNSYWYFDVWGQGTLVTVSS(SEQ ID NO:29);其中該人類化2H7v16抗體是完整抗體,其可包括輕鏈胺基酸序列:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASSSVSYMHWYQQKPGKAPKPLIYAPSNLASGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQWSFNPPTFGQGTKVEIKRTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC(SEQ ID NO:63);以及SEQ ID NO:65或下列的重鏈胺基酸序列:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGYTFTSYNMHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGAIYPGNGDTSYNQKFKGRFTISVDKSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARVVYYSNSYWYFDVWGQGTLVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDYVLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPKEPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPG(SEQ ID NO:71)。
另一個較佳的人類化2H7抗體包括2H7v511可變輕功能部位序列:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASSSVSYLHWYQQKPGKAPKPLIYAPSNLASGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQWAFNPPTFGQGTKVEIKR(SEQ ID NO:73);以及2H7v511可變重功能部位序列:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGYTFTSYNMHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGAlYPGNGATSYNQKFKGRFTISVDKSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARVVYYSYRYWYFDVWGQGTLVTVSS(SEQ ID NO:74)。
其中人類化2H7v511抗體是完整抗體,其可包括輕鏈胺基酸序列:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASSSVSYLHWYQQKPGKAPKPLIYAPSNLASGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQWAFNPPTFGQGTKVEIKRTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC(SEQ ID NO:64);以及SEQ ID NO:66或下列的重鏈胺基酸序列:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGYTFTSYNMHWVRQAPGKGLEWVGAIYPGNGATSYNQKFKGRFTISVDKSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARVVYYSYRYWYFDVWGQGTLVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNATYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNAALPAPIAATISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPG(SEQ ID NO:72)。
在本文中"B-細胞惡性"包括非-何杰金氏淋巴瘤(NHL),包括低級/濾泡性NHL、小淋巴細胞性(SL)NHL、中級/濾泡性NHL、中級瀰漫性NHL、高級免疫母細胞性NHL、高級淋巴母細胞性NHL、高級小型無裂隙細胞性NHL、巨大腫塊NHL、被套細胞淋巴瘤、與AIDS有關的淋巴瘤,以及瓦登斯壯氏(Waldenstrom's)巨球蛋白血症;白血病,包括急性淋巴母細胞性白血病(ALL)、慢性淋巴細胞性白血病(CLL)、毛細胞性白血病和慢性骨髓母細胞性白血病;以及其他血液學的惡性。可利用對抗B-細胞表面標記,如CD20的抗體來治療這類惡性。
當在本文中使用時,"非-何杰金氏淋巴瘤"或"NHL"一詞意指何杰金氏淋巴瘤以外的淋巴系統癌症。通常可藉著出現在何杰金氏淋巴瘤中的RS(Reed-Sternberg)細胞,區別何杰金氏淋巴瘤和非-何杰金氏淋巴瘤,在非-何杰金氏淋巴瘤中缺少該細胞。當在本文中使用該名詞時,非-何杰金氏淋巴瘤的實例包括任何由熟諳此藝者(例如腫瘤學專家或病理學家),根據此項技藝中已知的分類計畫確認的,如在臨床血液學彩色圖譜(Color Atlas of Clinical Hematology),第3版;A.Victor Hoffbrand和John E.Pettit(編輯)(Harcourt Publishers Limited 2000)中描述的修訂之歐洲-美洲淋巴瘤(the Revised European-American Lymphoma)(REAL)計畫(特別參見圖11.57、11.58及/或11.59)。更特定的實例包括,但不限於復發或難醫治的NHL、前線低級NHL、第III/Ⅳ期的NHL、對化療有抵抗力的NHL、前驅B淋巴母細胞性白血病及/或淋巴瘤、小型淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤、B細胞慢性淋巴細胞性白血病及/或原淋巴細胞性白血病及/或小型淋巴細胞性白血病、B-細胞原淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤、免疫細胞瘤及/或淋巴漿細胞性淋巴瘤、邊緣區B細胞淋巴瘤、脾臟邊緣區淋巴瘤、結節外邊緣區-MALT淋巴瘤、結節邊緣區淋巴瘤、毛細胞性白血病、漿細胞瘤及/或漿細胞骨髓瘤、低級/濾泡性淋巴瘤、中級/濾泡性NHL、被套細胞淋巴瘤、濾泡中心淋巴瘤(濾泡性的)、中級瀰漫性NHL、瀰漫性大型B-細胞淋巴瘤、侵犯性NHL(包括侵犯性前線NHL和侵犯性復發的NHL)、在自體幹細胞移植之後復發或對其無反應的NHL、原發性縱隔大型B-細胞性淋巴瘤、原發性滲漏性淋巴瘤、高級免疫母細胞性NHL、高級淋巴母細胞性NHL、高級小型無裂隙細胞性NHL、巨大腫塊NHL、伯基特氏(Burkitt's)淋巴瘤、前驅(周圍)T-細胞淋巴母細胞性白血病及/或淋巴瘤、成人T-細胞性淋巴瘤及/或白血病、T細胞慢性淋巴細胞性白血病及/或原淋巴細胞性白血病、大顆粒淋巴細胞性白血病、蕈狀肉芽腫及/或瑟勒雷(Sezary)徵候群(紅皮病)、結節外自然殺手/T-細胞(鼻型)淋巴瘤、腸病型T-細胞淋巴瘤、肝脾的T-細胞淋巴瘤、皮下脂膜炎類T-細胞淋巴瘤、皮膚(皮膚的)淋巴瘤、退行發育之大細胞淋巴瘤、血管中心性淋巴瘤、腸道的T細胞淋巴瘤、周圍T-細胞(未另行指定)淋巴瘤,以及血管免疫母細胞性T-細胞淋巴瘤。
在本文中,"自體免疫疾病"是產生並直接對抗個體自己的組織的疾病或病症,或其共分離(co-segregate)或徵候,或從其產生的結果狀況。自體免疫疾病或病症的實例包括,但不限於關節炎(風濕性關節炎、青少年風濕性關節炎、骨關節炎、牛皮癬性關節炎和強直性脊椎炎)、牛皮癬、皮膚炎,包括異位性皮膚炎、慢性特發性蕁麻疹,包括慢性自體免疫性蕁麻疹、多肌炎/皮肌炎、毒性表皮壞死溶脫、硬皮病(包括系統性硬皮病)、硬化症,如進行性系統性硬化症、炎症性腸病(IBD)(例如克隆氏症、潰瘍性結腸炎、自體免疫炎症性腸病)、壞疽性膿皮病、結節性紅斑、原發性硬化性膽管炎、鞏膜表層炎、呼吸緊迫徵候群,包括成人呼吸緊迫徵候群(ARDS)、腦膜炎、IgE-調解之疾病,如過敏性反應和過敏與異位性鼻炎、腦炎,如羅斯默森氏(Rasmussen's)腦炎、葡萄膜炎或自體免疫葡萄膜炎、結腸炎,如顯微鏡下結腸炎和膠原性結腸炎、絲球體性腎炎(GN),如膜性GN(膜性腎病)、特發性膜性GN、膜性增殖性GN(MPGN),包括第I型和第II型,以及快速進行的GN、過敏狀況、過敏反應、濕疹、氣喘、涉及T細胞浸潤和慢性炎症反應的狀況、動脈粥樣硬化、自體免疫心肌炎、白血球黏著缺陷、系統性紅斑性狼瘡(SLE),如皮膚性SLE、亞急性皮膚紅斑性狼瘡、狼瘡(包括腎炎、大腦炎、小兒科的、非-腎的、盤狀的、禿髮的)、青少年(第I型)糖尿病,包括小兒科的胰島素-依賴性糖尿病(IDDM)、成年發生的糖尿病(第II型糖尿病)、多發性硬化症(MS),如脊髓-眼的MS、與由細胞激動素和T-淋巴細胞調解之急性和遲發型過敏反應有關的免疫反應、結核病、類肉瘤病、肉芽腫病,包括淋巴瘤樣肉芽腫病、維格納氏(Wegener's)肉芽腫病、非粒性白血球病、脈管炎(包括大血管脈管炎(包括風濕性多肌炎和巨細胞(高安氏(Takayasu's))動脈炎)、中血管脈管炎(包括川崎氏(Kawasaki's)症和結節性多動脈炎)、CNS脈管炎、系統性壞死性脈管炎,以及ANCA-有關的脈管炎,如裘格-斯壯(Churg-Strauss)脈管炎或徵候群(CSS))、顯動脈炎、再生障礙性貧血、庫姆斯(Coombs)陽性貧血、先天性再生障礙性貧血、溶血性貧血或免疫溶血性貧血,包括自體免疫溶血性貧血(AIHA)、惡性貧血、單純紅血球發育不全(PRCA)、因子VIII缺陷、血友病A、自體免疫嗜中性白血球減少症、全血細胞減少、白血球減少症、涉及白血球滲出的疾病、CNS炎症性病症、多器官傷害徵候群、抗原-抗體複合物調解之疾病、抗-腎小球基底膜疾病、抗-磷脂抗體徵候群、過敏性神經炎、貝巧特氏(Bechet's)或貝賽特氏(Behcet's)症、卡斯托曼氏(Castleman's)徵候群、古帕斯托氏(Goodpasture's)徵候群、雷諾氏(Reynaud's)徵候群、修格瑞氏(Sjogren's)徵候群、史蒂芬-強生(Stevens-Johnson)徵候群、類天疱瘡,如大泡性類天疱瘡、天疱瘡(包括尋常性、落葉性天疱瘡和黏膜類天疱瘡)、自體免疫多內分泌腺病、萊特氏(Reiter's)症、免疫複合物腎炎、慢性神經病變,如IgM多神經病變或IgM調解之神經病變、血小板減少症(例如心肌梗塞患者發展出的),包括血栓性血小板減少性紫斑(TTP)和自體免疫或免疫-調解之血小板減少症,如特發性血小板減少性紫斑(ITP),包括慢性或急性ITP、睪丸和卵巢的的自體免疫疾病,包括自體免疫睪丸炎和卵巢炎、原發性甲狀腺功能減退、副甲狀腺功能減退、自體免疫內分泌疾病,包括甲狀腺炎,如自體免疫甲狀腺炎、慢性甲狀腺炎(橋本氏(Hashimoto's)甲狀腺炎)或亞急性甲狀腺炎、自體免疫甲狀腺疾病、特發性甲狀腺功能減退、艾迪森氏(Addison's)症、格瑞福氏(Grave's)症、多腺體徵候群,如自體免疫多腺體徵候群(或多腺體內分泌腺病徵候群)、腫瘤伴隨徵候群,包括神經學的腫瘤伴隨徵候群,如蘭伯-艾東(Lambert-Eaton)肌無力徵候群、僵體徵候群、腦脊髓炎,如過敏性腦脊髓炎、重症肌無力症、大腦退化、邊緣及/或腦幹腦炎、神經肌、肌強直、斜眼陣攣或斜眼陣攣肌陣攣徵候群(OMS),以及感覺神經病變、許漢氏(Sheehan's)徵候群、自體免疫肝炎、慢性肝炎、狼瘡樣肝炎、慢性主動性肝炎或自體免疫慢性主動性肝炎、淋巴樣間質性肺炎、阻塞性細支氣管炎(非-移植物)對NSIP、格林-巴里(Guillain-Barr)徵候群、伯格氏(Berger's)症(IgA腎病變)、原發性膽汁性肝硬化、乳糜瀉(麩質腸病)、頑固性口炎性腹瀉、疱疹樣皮炎、冷凝球蛋白血症、肌萎縮性側索硬化(ALS;盧格里格氏(Lou Gehrig's)症)、冠狀動脈疾病、自體免疫內耳疾病(AIED)或自體免疫聽力喪失、斜眼陣攣肌陣攣徵候群(OMS)、多軟骨炎,如頑固性多軟骨炎、肺泡蛋白沉積症、澱粉樣變性、巨細胞性肝炎、鞏膜炎、非-癌症的淋巴細胞增多症、原發性淋巴細胞增多症,其包括單株B細胞淋巴細胞增多症(例如良性單株γ-球蛋白病和意義不明的單株γ-球蛋白病,MGUS)、周圍神經病變、腫瘤伴隨的徵候群、通道病變,如癲癇、偏頭痛、心律不整、肌肉病症、聾、瞎、週期性麻痺和CNS的通道病變、自閉症、炎症性肌肉病變、局竈性節段性腎小球硬化症(FSGS)、內分泌性眼病、葡萄膜視網膜炎、自體免疫肝臟學病症、纖維肌痛、多發性內分泌衰竭、許密特氏(Schmidt's)徵候群、腎上腺炎、胃萎縮、早老性痴呆、脫髓鞘疾病、崔斯勒氏(Dressler's)徵候群、簇狀禿髮、CREST徵候群(鈣質沉著症、雷諾氏現象、食道運動障礙、指(趾)硬皮病和微血管擴張)、男性和女性的自體免疫不孕、強直性脊椎炎、混合性結締組織病、查格斯氏(Chagas')症、風濕熱、習慣性流產、農夫肺、多形紅斑、心切開術後的徵候群、庫辛氏(Cushing's)徵候群、飼鳥者肺、亞伯特氏(Alport's)徵候群、肺泡炎,如過敏性肺泡炎和纖維性肺泡炎、間質性肺病、輸血反應、痲瘋、瘧疾、利什曼氏病、錐蟲病、住血吸蟲病、蛔蟲病、麴菌病、參普特氏(Sampter's)徵候群、卡普蘭(Caplan's)徵候群、登革熱、心內膜炎、心肌心內膜纖維化、眼內炎、硬結性紅斑、胎兒紅血球母細胞增多症、嗜曙紅細胞性筋膜炎、許爾曼氏(Shulman's)徵候群、費提氏(Felty's)徵候群、絲蟲病、睫狀體炎,如慢性睫狀體炎、異時發生的睫狀體炎或福曲氏(Fuch's)睫狀體炎、漢諾屈-秋蘭(Henoch-Schonlein)紫斑、人類免疫不全病毒(HIV)感染、埃可病毒感染、心肌病、阿茲海默氏症、微小病毒感染、風疹病毒感染、接種疫苗之後的徵候群、先天性風疹感染、愛氏頓病毒感染、流行性腮腺炎、伊凡氏(Evan's)徵候群、自體免疫性腺衰竭、西登漢氏(Sydenham's)舞蹈病、鏈球菌感染後的腎炎、血栓閉塞性脈管炎、甲狀腺毒症、脊髓癆和巨細胞多肌痛。
在本文中,"腫瘤壞死因子受體超級家族"或"TNF受體超級家族"意指被在TNF家族中之細胞激動素結合的受體多肽。通常這些受體是第I型穿透膜受體,在其細胞外功能部位中具有一或多個富含半胱胺酸的重複序列。可將TNF受體超級家族再細分成(1)死亡受體;(2)誘餌受體;和(3)缺乏死亡功能部位的發送信號受體。"死亡受體"在其細胞質或細胞內區域中含有"死亡功能部位",即在細胞中用以轉導信號的區域或序列,其可導致細胞凋零或誘導某些基因。"誘餌受體"缺乏具有功能的死亡功能部位,且不能轉導導致細胞凋零的信號。在TNF基因家族中之細胞激動素的實例包括腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、腫瘤壞死因子-β(TNF-β或淋巴細胞毒素)、CD30配體、CD27配體、CD40配體、OX-40配體、4-1BB配體、Apo-1配體(亦稱為Fas配體或CD95配體)、Apo-2配體(亦稱為TRAIL)、Apo-3配體(亦稱為TWEAK)、蝕骨抑制蛋白(OPG)、APRIL、RANK配體(亦稱為TRANCE)和TALL-1(亦稱為BlyS、BAFF或THANK)。在TNF受體超級家族中之受體的實例,包括:第1型腫瘤壞死因子受體(TNFR1)、第2型腫瘤壞死因子受體(TNFR2)、p75神經生長因子受體(NGFR)、B細胞表面抗原CD40、T細胞抗原OX-40、Apo-1受體(亦稱為Fas或CD95)、Apo-3受體(亦稱為DR3、sw1-1、TRAMP和LARD)、叫做"穿透膜活化劑和CAML-互動者(interactor)"或"TACI"的受體、BCMA蛋白質、DR4、DR5(或稱為Apo-2;TRAIL-R2、TR6、Tango-63、hAPO8、TRICK2或KILLER)、DR6、DcR1(亦稱為TRID、LIT或TRAIL-R3)、DcR2(亦稱為TRAIL-R4或TRUNDD)、OPG、DcR3(亦稱為TR6或M68)、CAR1、HVEM(亦稱為ATAR或TR2)、GITR、ZTNFR-5、NTR-1、TNFL1、CD30、淋巴細胞毒素β受體(LTBr)、4-1BB受體和TR9(歐洲專利988,371A1)。
在本文中交替使用的名詞"Apo-2配體"、"Apo-2L"、"Apo2L"、"Apo-2配體/TRAIL"和"TRAIL"意指包含在圖24中出示之胺基酸序列(SEQ ID NO:46)之胺基酸殘基114-281,包括95-281,包括殘基92-281,包括殘基91-281,包括殘基41-281,包括殘基39-281,包括殘基15-281,或包括殘基1-281,以及上述序列之具有生物活性的片段、刪除、插入及/或取代變體。在一個具體實施例中,該多肽序列包括圖24(SEQ ID NO:46)的殘基114-281。該多肽序列可視需要包括圖24(SEQ ID NO:46)的殘基92-281或殘基91-281。Apo-2L多肽可由在圖24中出示之天然核苷酸序列(SEQ ID NO:45)編碼。編碼殘基Pro119的密碼子(圖24;SEQ ID NO:45)可視需要為"CCT"或"CCG"。該片段或變體可視需要是具有生物活性的,並對上述的任一序列,具有至少大約80%的胺基酸序列同一性,或至少大約90%的序列同一性,或至少95%、96%、97%、98%或99%的序列同一性。該定義包括Apo-2配體的取代變體,其中至少一個它的天然胺基酸被另一個胺基酸取代,如丙胺酸殘基。該定義亦包括分離自Apo-2配體來源的天然序列之Apo-2配體,或藉著重組及/或合成方法製備的。本發明之Apo-2配體包括在1997年1月16日公告之WO97/01633,1997年7月17日公告之WO97/25428,1999年7月22日公告之WO99/36535,2001年1月4日公告之WO01/00832,2002年2月7日公告之WO02/09755,2000年12月14日公告之WO00/75191和2000年2月29日發證之美國專利第6,030,945號中揭示,稱為Apo-2配體或TRAIL的多肽。通常使用該名詞來提及Apo-2配體的形式,其包括多肽的單體、二聚體、三聚體、六聚體或低聚物形式。除非特別另行陳述,在Apo-2L序列中提及之胺基酸殘基的所有編號,均使用根據圖24之編號(SEQ ID NO:46)。
"Apo-2配體受體"包括在此項技藝中稱為"DR4"和"DR5"的受體。Pan等人已經描述了稱為"DR4"之TNF受體家族成員(Pan等人,Science,276:111-113(1997);亦參見1998年7月30日公告之WO98/32856;1999年7月29日公告之WO99/37684;2000年12月7日公告之WO00/73349;2002年8月13日發證之美國專利第6,433,147號;2002年10月8日發證之美國專利第6,461,823號和2002年1月29日發證之美國專利第6,342,383號)。Sheridan等人,Science,277:818-821(1997)和Pan等人,Science,277:815-818(1997)描述了Apo2L/TRAIL的其他受體(亦參見1998年11月19日公告之WO98/51793;1998年9月24日公告之WO98/41629)。將該受體稱為DR5(亦已經將該受體另行叫做Apo-2;TRAIL-R、TR6、Tango-63、hAPO8、TRICK2或KILLER;Screaton等人,Curr.Biol.,7:693-696(1997);Walczak等人,EMBO J.,16:5386-5387(1997);Wu等人,Nature Genetics,17:141-143(1997);1998年8月20日公告之WO98/35986;1998年10月14日公告之歐洲專利870,827;1998年10月22日公告之WO98/46643;1999年1月21日公告之WO99/02653;1999年2月25日公告之WO99/09165;1999年3月11日公告之WO99/11791;2002年8月13日公告之US 2002/0072091;2001年12月7日公告之US 2002/0098550;2001年12月6日發證之美國專利第6,313,269號;2001年8月2日公告之US 2001/0010924;2003年7月3日公告之US 2003/01255540;2002年10月31日公告之US 2002/0160446;2002年4月25日公告之US 2002/0048785;2003年5月27日發證之美國專利第6,569,642號;2000年6月6日發證之美國專利第6,072,047號;2003年11月4日發證之美國專利第6,642,358號)。如同上述,Apo-2L的其他受體包括DcR1、DcR2和OPG。當在本文中使用時,"Apo-2L受體"一詞包括天然序列的受體和受體變體。這些名詞包括在各種哺乳動物中表現的Apo-2L受體,包括人類。Apo-2L受體可內源地表現,像是在各種人類組織系統中天然存在的,或可藉著重組或合成方法來表現。"天然序列的Apo-2L受體"包括具有與衍生自自然界之Apo-2L受體相同之胺基酸序列的多肽。因此,天然序列的Apo-2L受體可能具有得自任何哺乳動物,包括人類之天然存在的Apo-2L受體的胺基酸序列。可從自然界中分離,或可藉著重組或合成方法產製這類天然序列的Apo-2L受體。"天然序列的Apo-2L受體"特別包括該受體之天然存在的截短或分泌形式(例如可溶形式,含有例如細胞外功能部位序列)、天然存在的變體形式(例如以另類方式接合的形式),以及天然存在的對偶基因變體。受體變體可包括天然序列之Apo-2L受體的片段或刪除突變種。圖25A-C顯示人類DR5受體的411個胺基酸序列,連同其核苷酸序列(SEQ ID NO:47和48),如同在1998年11月19日在WO98/51793中公告的。人類DR5受體的轉錄接合變體為此項技藝中已知的。該接合變體編碼人類DR5受體的440個胺基酸序列,如同在圖26A-C中所示,連同其核苷酸序列(SEQ ID NO:49和50),並如同在1998年8月20日在WO98/35986中公告的。
當在本文中使用時,"死亡受體抗體"通常意指針對在腫瘤壞死因子受體超級家族中之受體,且含有死亡功能部位,能夠發出細胞凋零信號的抗體或抗體們,且這類抗體包括DR5抗體和DR4抗體。
以廣泛的意義使用"DR5受體抗體"、"DR5抗體"或"抗-DR5抗體",意指與至少一種形式之DR5受體或其細胞外功能部位結合的抗體。DR5抗體可視需要融合或連接異種序列或分子。該異種序列最好容許或幫助該抗體形成較高等級或低聚的複合物。DR5抗體可視需要與DR5受體結合,但不與任何額外的Apo-2L受體(例如DR4、DcR1或DcR2)結合或產生交叉-反應。該抗體可視需要為DR5發送信號活性的激動劑。
可視需要,在BIAcore結合測定中測量到本發明之DR5抗體以大約0.1 nM到大約20 mM的濃度範圍與DR5受體結合。可視需要,在BIAcore結合測定中測量到本發明之DR5抗體顯示出大約0.6 nM到大約18 mM的IC50值。
單純是為了在本文中之目的,"阿普單抗"一詞意指激動劑抗體,其與DR5結合,並包括SEQ ID NO:55和56的可變重和可變輕胺基酸序列。阿普單抗最好分別包括SEQ ID NO:51和52的重和輕鏈。
產生可根據本發明來調配之抗體的技術如下。
(i)抗原選擇和製備與抗體結合之抗原,最好是在生物學上很重要的糖蛋白,且將該抗體投與罹患疾病或病症之哺乳動物,結果可在該哺乳動物中產生治療益處。然而,亦期待針對非多肽抗原(像是與腫瘤有關之糖脂抗原;參見美國專利第5,091,178號)的抗體。
在抗原為多肽之處,它可能是穿透膜分子(例如受體)或配體,如生長因子。代表性的抗原包括像腎浩素之類的分子;生長激素,包括人類生長激素和牛生長激素;生長激素釋放因子;副甲狀腺激素;甲狀腺刺激激素;脂蛋白;α-1-抗胰蛋白酵素;胰島素A-鏈;胰島素B-鏈;胰島素原;促濾泡激素;降鈣素;促黃體生成激素;胰高血糖激素;凝固因子,如因子VIIIC、因子IX、組織因子(TF)和馮維里布德(Von Willebrands)因子;抗-凝固因子,如蛋白質C、心房鈉尿因子;肺界面活性劑;血纖維蛋白溶酶原活化劑,如尿激酶或人類尿或組織-型血纖維蛋白溶酶原活化劑(t-PA);蛙皮素(bombesin);凝血酶;造血生長因子;腫瘤壞死因子-α和-β;腦啡肽酶(enkephalinase);RANTES(在激活正常T-細胞表現和分泌時調節);人類巨噬細胞炎症蛋白質(MIP-1-α);血清白蛋白,如人類血清白蛋白;穆勒氏(Muellerian)-抑制物質;恥骨鬆弛激素A-鏈;恥骨鬆弛激素B-鏈;恥骨鬆弛激素原;老鼠促性腺激素-相關的肽;微生物蛋白質,如β-內醯胺酶;DNA酶;IgE;細胞毒性T-淋巴細胞相關抗原(CTLA),如CTLA-4;抑制素;激活素;血管內皮生長因子(VEGF);激素或生長因子的受體;蛋白質A或D;類風濕因子;神經營養因子,如骨-衍生的神經營養因子(BDNF)、神經營養素(neurotrophin)-3、-4、-5或-6(NT-3、NT-4、NT-5或NT-6),或神經生長因子,如NGF-b;血小板-衍生之生長因子(PDGF);纖維母細胞生長因子,如aFGF和bFGF;上皮生長因子(EGF);轉形生長因子(TGF),如TGF-α和TGF-β,包括TGF-b1、TGF-b2、TGF-b3、TGF-b4或TGF-b5;腫瘤壞死因子(TNF),如TNF-α或TNF-β;類胰島素生長因子-I和-II(IGF-I和IGF-II);des(1-3)-IGF-
I(腦IGF-I)、類胰島素生長因子結合蛋白質;CD蛋白質,如CD3、CD4、CD8、CD19、CD20、CD22和CD40;紅血球生成素;骨誘導因子;免疫毒素;骨形態發生蛋白質(BMP);干擾素,如干擾素-α、-β和-γ;菌落刺激因子(CSFs),例如M-CSF、GM-CSF和G-CSF;介白素(ILs),例如IL-1、IL-2、IL-3、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-7、IL-8、IL-9和IL-10;超氧物歧化酶;T-細胞受體;表面膜蛋白;衰變促進因子;病毒抗原,像是例如AIDS被膜的部分;運送蛋白質;歸巢受體(homing receptor);位址素(addressins);調節蛋白質;整合素,如CD11a、CD11b、CD11c、CD18、ICAM、VLA-4和VCAM;腫瘤相關抗原,如HER2、HER3或HER4受體;以及任何上文列舉之多肽的片段。
本發明包含之抗體的代表性分子標靶,包括CD蛋白質,如CD3、CD4、CD8、CD19、CD20、CD22、CD34和CD40;ErbB受體家族的成員,如EGF受體、HER2、HER3或HER4受體;B細胞表面抗原,如CD20或BR3;腫瘤壞死因子受體超級家族的成員,包括DR5;前列腺幹細胞抗原(PSCA);細胞黏附分子,如LFA-1、Mac1、p150.95、VLA-4、ICAM-1、VCAM、α4/β7整合素和αv/β3整合素,包括其α或β次單元(例如抗-CD11a、抗-CD18或抗-CD11b抗體);生長因子,如VEGF及其受體;組織因子(TF);腫瘤壞死因子(TNF),如TNF-α或TNF-β;α干擾素(α-IFN);介白素,如IL-8;IgE;血型抗體;f1k2/f1t3受體;肥胖(OB)受體;mp1受體;CTLA-4;蛋白質C等等。
可溶性抗原或其片段,可視需要與其他分子共軛,可用來作為產製抗體的免疫原。至於穿透膜分子,如受體,其片段(例如受體的細胞外功能部位)可用來作為免疫原。或者,可使用表現穿透膜分子的細胞作為免疫原。這類細胞可衍生自天然來源(例如癌細胞株),或可以是已經藉著重組技術轉化,表現該穿透膜分子的細胞。熟諳此藝者將知曉其他抗原及其可用來製備抗體的形式。
為了產生HER2抗體,用來產生其之HER2抗原可以是例如HER2之細胞外功能部位的可溶形式或其一部分,含有想要的抗原決定位。或者,亦可使用在其細胞表面表現HER2的細胞(例如NIH-3T3細胞轉化成過度表現HER2;或癌細胞株,如SK-BR-3細胞,參見Stancovski等人PNAS(USA)88:8691-8695(1991))來產製抗體。
(ii)單株抗體從實質上均一之抗體的族群獲得單株抗體,即在該族群中所包含的個別抗體是相同的,並/或與相同的抗原決定位結合,除了可能在單株抗體產製期間產生的可能變體之外。因此,修飾語"單株"代表抗體的特徵,不是不同抗體的混合物。
例如,可使用首先在Kohler等人,Nature,256:495(1975)中描述的融合瘤技術製造,或藉著重組DNA方法(美國專利第4,816,567號)來製造單株抗體。
在融合瘤方法中,按照在上文中的描述,免疫老鼠或其他適當的宿主動物,如人類,誘使淋巴細胞產生或能夠產生抗體,其將專一地與用來免疫的蛋白質結合。或者,可在活體外免疫淋巴細胞。然後使用適當的融合劑,如聚乙二醇,將淋巴細胞與骨髓瘤細胞融合,形成融合瘤細胞(Goding,單株抗體:原理與實行(Monoclonal Antibodies:Principles and Practice),第59-103頁(Academic Press,1986))。
將如此製備的融合瘤細胞播種並使其生長在適當的培養基中,其最好含有一或多個抑制未融合之親代骨髓瘤細胞生長或存活的物質。例如,若親代骨髓瘤細胞缺少酵素次黄嘌呤鳥嘌呤轉磷酸核糖基酶(HGPRT或HPRT),融合瘤所用的培養基通常便包括次黄嘌呤、胺基蝶呤和胸腺核苷(HAT培養基),該物質妨礙了缺少HGPRT之細胞的生長。
較佳的骨髓瘤細胞是能有效融合,支持由所選出之產生抗體的細胞穩定高-水準地產生抗體,並對諸如HAT培養基之類的培養基敏感的那些。其中,較佳的骨髓瘤細胞株是老鼠骨髓瘤細胞株,如衍生自獲自沙克學會細胞分配中心(Salk Institute Cell Distribution Center),San Diego,California USA的MOPC-21和MPC-11老鼠腫瘤,或獲自美國典型培養物收集中心(American Type Culture Collection),Rockville,Maryland USA之SP-2或X63-Ag8-653細胞的那些。亦已經描述用來產製人類單株抗體的人類骨髓瘤和老鼠-人類異種骨髓瘤細胞株(Kozbor,J.Immunol.,133:3001(1984):和Brodeur等人,單株抗體產製技術和應用(Monoclonal Antibody Production Techniques and Applications),第51-63頁(Marcel Dekker,Inc.,New York,1987))。
就對抗該抗原之單株抗體的產生,測定融合瘤細胞在其中生長的培養基。較佳的是,藉著免疫沉澱法或藉著在活體外的結合測定,如放射性免疫測定(RIA)或酵素-連結的免疫吸附測定(ELISA),判定由融合瘤細胞產生之單株抗體的結合專一性。
可藉著例如Munson等人,Anal.Biochem.,107:220(1980)的斯凱恰(Scatchard)分析,判定單株抗體的結合親和力。
在確認產生具有想要專一性、親和力及/或活性之抗體的融合瘤細胞之後,藉著限制稀釋程序並藉著標準方法使其生長,繼代選殖該純種系(Goding,單株抗體:原理與實行(Monoclonal Antibodies:Principles and Practice),第59-103頁(Academic Press,1986))。適合該目的之培養基包括,例如D-MEM或RPMI-1640培養基。此外,亦可使融合瘤細胞在活體內生長,如在動物中的腹水腫瘤。
可藉著傳統的抗體純化程序,像是例如蛋白質A-瓊脂糖、羥基磷灰石層析法、凝膠電泳、透析或親和力層析法,從培養基、腹水液或血清中適當地分離由繼代純種系分泌的單株抗體。
使用傳統的程序,迅速地分離編碼單株抗體之DNA,並將其定序(例如藉著使用寡核苷酸探針,其能夠專一地結合編碼老鼠抗體之重和輕鏈的基因)。融合瘤細胞成為這類DNA的較佳來源。一旦分離,便可將DNA放在表現載體內,然後將其轉移感染到宿主細胞內,如大腸桿菌細胞、猿COS細胞、中國倉鼠卵巢(CHO)細胞或不另行產生抗體蛋白質的骨髓瘤細胞,在重組宿主細胞中獲得單株抗體的合成。在細菌中,重組表現編碼抗體之DNA的回顧論文,包括Skerra等人,Curr.Opinion in Immunol.,5:256-262(1993)和Plckthun,Immunol.Revs.,130:151-188(1992)。
在更進一步的具體實施例中,可從使用在McCafferty等人,Nature,348:552-554(1990)中描述之技術產製的抗體噬菌體庫中分離單株抗體或抗體片段。Clackson等人,Nature,352:624-628(1991)和Marks等人,J.Mol.Biol.,222:581-597(1991)使用噬菌體庫,分別描述了老鼠和人類抗體的分離。後續的公開案描述藉著鏈洗牌(Marks等人,Bio/Technology,10:779-783(1992)),以及組合感染和在活體內重組(Waterhouse等人,Nuc.Acids.Res.,21:2265-2266(1993)),作為建構極大噬菌體庫的策略,產生高親和力(nM範圍)的人類抗體。因此,這些技術是分離單株抗體之傳統單株抗體融合瘤技術以外的可行方法。
亦可修改DNA,例如藉著使人類重鏈和輕鏈恆定功能部位取代,代替同種的老鼠序列(美國專利第4,816,567號;以及Morrison等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,81:6851(1984)),或藉著共價連接到免疫球蛋白密碼序列,非-免疫球蛋白多狀的全部或部分密碼序列。
通常,這類非-免疫球蛋白多肽被抗體的恆定功能部位取代,或它們被抗體的一個抗原-結合位置之可變功能部位取代,創造出嵌合型二價抗體,包括一個對抗原具有專一性的抗原-結合位置,和另一個對不同抗原具有專一性的抗原-結合位置。
(iii)人類化的抗體在此項技藝中已經描述了將非-人類抗體人類化的方法。較佳的是,人類化的抗體具有一或多個從非-人類來源導入其中的胺基酸殘基。通常將這些非-人類的胺基酸殘基稱為"進口"殘基,其通常取自"進口"可變功能部位。基本上可依據Winter及同事的方法(Jones等人,Nature,321:522-525(1986);Riechmann等人,Nature,332:323-327(1988);Verhoeyen等人,Science,239:1534-1536(1988)),藉著以人類抗體的相對應序列取代高變區序列,進行人類化作用。因此,這類"人類化的"抗體是嵌合型抗體(美國專利第4,816,567號),其中實質上少於完整人類可變功能部位已經被得自非-人類物種的相對應序列取代。實際上,人類化抗體通常是人類抗體,其中一些高變區殘基,可能還有一些FR殘基,被來自在囓齒動物抗體中之類似位置的殘基取代。
用來製造人類化抗體時,人類可變輕和重功能部位兩者的選擇,對於減少抗原性是極為重要的。根據所謂的"最佳吻合"法,針對已知人類可變-功能部位序列的完整庫,篩選囓齒動物抗體之可變功能部位的序列。然後接受以最接近囓齒動物的人類序列,作為人類化抗體的人類架構區(FR)(Sims等人,J.Immunol.,151:2296(1993);Chothia等人,J.Mol.Biol.,196:901(1987))。其他方法則使用衍生自輕或重鏈之特定亞組的所有人類抗體之一致序列的特殊架構區(Carter等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,89:4285(1992);Presta等人,J.Immunol.,151:2623(1993))。
更重要的是,被人類化的抗體仍保留對抗原的高親和力,以及其他有利的生物特性。欲達到該目的,根據較佳的方法,藉著使用親代和人類化序列的三維模式,分析親代序列和各種概念上的人類化產物的製程,來製備人類化抗體。三維免疫球蛋白模式是可普遍獲得的,並為熟諳此藝者所熟悉的。可利用電腦程式,其解釋並展示所選擇之候選免疫球蛋白序列可能的三維構型結構。檢查這些展示品,容許分析殘基在候選免疫球蛋白序列之功能上的可能角色,即分析影響候選免疫球蛋白與其抗原結合之能力的殘基。以此方式,可從接受者和重要的序列中,選擇並混合FR殘基,而得以獲得想要的抗體特徵,如增加對標靶抗原(們)的親和力。通常,高變區殘基直接且大多數實質上涉及影響抗原結合。
WO01/00245描述了代表性人類化HER2抗體的產製,其與HER2結合並阻斷HER受體的配體激活作用。在本文中特別感興趣的人類化抗體,阻斷了EGF、TGF-α及/或HRG調解之MAPK的激活作用,基本上像老鼠單株抗體2C4(或其Fab片段)一樣有效,並/或與HER2結合,基本上像老鼠單株抗體2C4(或其Fab片段)一樣有效。在本文中,人類化抗體可包括例如非人類高變區殘基,倂入人類可變重功能部位內,並可更進一步在選自69H、71H和73H(使用在Kabat等人,在免疫學上感興趣之蛋白質的序列(Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interset),第5版Public Health Service,National Institutes of Health,Bethesda,MD(1991)中陳述的可變功能部位編號系統)所組成之群的位置處,包括架構區(FR)的取代。在一個具體實施例中,人類化抗體在兩個或全部的位置69H、71H和73H處包括FR的取代。
在本文中,感興趣的代表性人類化抗體包括可變重功能部位互補性決定殘基GFTFTDYTMX,其中X最好是D或S(SEQ ID NO:7);DVNPNSGGSIYNQRFKG(SEQ ID NO:8);及/或NLGPSFYFDY(SEQ ID NO:9),可視需要包括那些CDR殘基的胺基酸修改,例如在基本上該修改仍維持或改善抗體的親和力之處。例如,感興趣的抗體變體可在上述的可變重CDR序列中,具有從大約1到大約7個,或大約5個胺基酸的取代。可藉著親和力成熟製備這類抗體變體,例如按照下述。最佳的人類化抗體包括在SEQ ID NO:4中的可變重功能部位胺基酸序列。
人類化抗體可包括可變輕功能部位互補性決定殘基KASQDVSIGVA(SEQ ID NO:10);SASYXXX,其中在位置5處的X最好是R或L,其中在位置6處的X最好是Y或E,而在位置7處的X最好是T或S(SEQ ID NO:11);及/或QQYYIYPYT(SEQ ID NO:12),例如除了在前段中的那些可變重功能部位CDR殘基之外。這類人類化抗體可視需要包括上述CDR殘基的胺基酸修改,例如在基本上該修改仍維持或改善抗體的親和力之處。例如,感興趣的抗體變體可在上述的可變輕CDR序列中,具有從大約1到大約7個,或大約5個胺基酸的取代。可藉著親和力成熟製備這類抗體變體,例如按照下述。最佳的人類化抗體包括在SEQ ID NO:3中的可變輕功能部位胺基酸序列。
本申請案亦期待親和力成熟抗體,其結合HER2並阻斷HER受體的配體激活作用。親代抗體可以是人類抗體或人類化的抗體,例如分別包括SEQ ID NO:3和4之可變輕及/或重序列的抗體(即變體574)。親和力成熟抗體最好以勝過老鼠2C4或變體574的親和力(例如從大約2或大約4倍,到大約100倍或大約1000倍的改良親和力,例如使用HER2-細胞外功能部位(ECD)ELISA來評估),與HER2受體結合。可供取代之代表性的可變重CDR殘基,包括H28、H30、H34、H35、H64、H96、H99,或二或多個(例如二、三、四、五、六或七個這些殘基)的組合。可供改變之代表性的可變輕CDR殘基,包括L28、L50、L53、L56、L91、L92、L93、L94、L96、L97,或二或多個(例如二至三、四、五,或高達大約十個這些殘基)的組合。
期待各種形式的人類化抗體或親和力成熟抗體。例如,人類化抗體或親和力成熟抗體可以是抗體片段,如Fab,其可視需要與一或多個細胞毒性製劑(們)共軛,以便產生免疫共軛物。或者,人類化抗體或親和力成熟抗體可以是全長的抗體,如全長的IgG1抗體。
(iv)人類抗體人類化以外的另一種選擇,是產製人類抗體。例如,目前有可能產生基因轉殖的動物(例如老鼠),其能夠在免疫時,在缺乏內源免疫球蛋白產生之下,產生人類抗體的全部戲碼。例如,已經描述了在嵌合型和生殖種系突變老鼠中,抗體重-鏈接合區(JH
)基因的同種接合子刪除,結果完全抑制了內源抗體的產生。將人類生殖種系免疫球蛋白基因陣列轉移到這類生殖種系突變老鼠中,結果將在抗原攻毒時產生人類抗體。參見,例如Jakobovits等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,90:2551(1993);Jakobovits等人,Nature,362:255-258(1993);Bruggermann等人,Year in Immuno.,7:33(1993);以及美國專利第5,591,669號、5,589,369號和5,547,807號。
或者,可使用噬菌體展示技術(McCafferty等人,Nature 348:552-553(1990)),在活體外從得自未免疫捐贈者之免疫球蛋白可變(V)功能部位基因戲碼中,產生人類抗體和抗體片段。根據該技術,在架構中將抗體V功能部位基因選殖到絲狀噬菌體,如M13或fd的大或小外殼蛋白內,並以具有功能之抗體片段展示在該噬菌體顆粒的表面上。因為絲狀顆粒含有噬菌體基因組的單股DNA副本,以抗體之功能特性為基礎的選擇,結果亦選出編碼顯示出那些特性之抗體的基因。因此,噬菌體模仿B-細胞的一些特性。可以各種格式進行噬菌體展示;關於其回顧,參見,例如Johnson,Kevin S.和Chiswell,David J.,Current Opinion in Structural Biology 3:564-571(1993)。可使用數個來源的V-基因斷片進行噬菌體展示。Clackson等人,Nature,352:624-628(1991),從衍生自經過免疫老鼠脾臟之V基因的小型隨機綜合庫中,分離出抗-唑酮抗體的各種陣列。可建構得自未免疫人類捐贈者之V基因的戲碼,並基本上可依據由Marks等人,J.Mol.Biol.222:581-597(1991),或Griffith等人,EMBO J.12:725-734(1993)描述的技術,分離出對抗各種抗原陣列(包括自我-抗原)之抗體。亦參見美國專利第5,565,332號和5,573,905號。
如同上文討論的,亦可藉著在活體外激活之B細胞來產製人類抗體(參見美國專利第5,567,610號和5,229,275號)。
在1998年6月30日發證之美國專利第5,772,997號,以及1997年1月3日公告的WO97/00271中描述了人類HER2抗體。
(v)抗體片段已經發展各種技術來產製抗體片段。在傳統上,經由全長抗體的蛋白水解消化,衍生這些片段(參見,例如Morimoto等人,Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 24:107-117(1992);以及Brennan等人,Science,229:81(1985))。然而,這些片段目前可藉著重組宿主細胞直接產生。例如,可從上述的抗體噬菌體庫中分離抗體片段。或者,可從大腸桿菌中直接回收Fab'-SH片段,並以化學方式偶聯形成F(ab')2
片段(Carter等人,Bio/Technology 10:163-167(1992))。根據其他的方法,可從重組細胞培養中直接分離F(ab')2
片段。其他產生抗體片段的技術對熟諳此藝者將是明顯的。在其他的具體實施例中,選擇的抗體是單鍵Fv片段(scFv)。參見WO93/16185;美國專利第5,571,894號;和美國專利第5,587,458號。該抗體片段亦可以是"直線抗體",例如如同在美國專利第5,641,870號中描述的。這類直線抗體片段可能是單一專一性或雙重專一性的。
(vi)雙重專一性的抗體雙重專一性的抗體是對至少兩個不同的抗原決定位具有結合專一性的抗體。代表性的雙重專一性抗體可與HER2蛋白質的兩個不同抗原決定位結合。其他的這類抗體可混合HER2結合位置與EGFR、HER3及/或HER4的結合位置(們)。或者,可將HER2臂和與在白血球上之誘發分子,如T-細胞受體分子(例如CD2或CD3),或IgG之Fc受體(FcγR),如FcγRI(CD64)、FcγRII(CD32)和FcγRIII(CD16)結合的臂混合,而得以使細胞防禦機制集中在表現HER2的細胞上。亦可使用雙重專一性抗體,使細胞毒性製劑侷限在表現HER2的細胞上。這些抗體具有HER2-結合臂,以及與細胞毒性製劑(例如皂角苷、抗-干擾素α、長春花生物鹼、蓖麻蛋白A鏈、胺甲碟呤或放射性同位素半抗原)結合的臂。可以全長抗體或抗體片段(例如F(ab')2
雙重專一性抗體)的形式來製備雙重專一性之抗體。
WO96/16673描述了雙重專一性的HER2/FcγRIII抗體,而美國專利第5,837,234號揭示了雙重專一性的HER2/FcγRI抗體IDM1(Osidem)。在WO98/02463中出示了雙重專一性的HER2/Fcα抗體。美國專利第5,821,337號則教導雙重專一性之HER2/CD3抗體。MDX-210是雙重專一性的HER2-FcγRIII Ab。
製造雙重專一性之抗體的方法是此項技藝中已知的。傳統上產製全長之雙重專一性的抗體,是以兩個免疫球蛋白重鏈-輕鏈對的共同表現為基礎,其中兩個鏈具有不同的專一性(Millstein等人,Nature,305:537-539(1983))。因為免疫球蛋白重和輕鏈的隨機配合,這些融合瘤(四倍體融合瘤(quadromas))產生10種不同抗體分子的可能混合物,其中僅一種具有正確的雙重專一性結構。純化正確的分子,通常藉著親和力層析步驟來完成,是相當不方便的,且產物之產量很低。在WO93/08829中,以及在Traunecker等人,EMBOJ.,10:3655-3659(1991)中揭示了類似的程序。
根據不同的方法,將具有想要結合專一性的抗體可變功能部位(抗體-抗原結合位置)與免疫球蛋白恆定功能部位序列融合。該融合最好是利用免疫球蛋白重鏈恆定功能部位,包括至少一部分的絞鏈、CH2和CH3區。最好是具有含有輕鏈結合所需之位置的第一個重鏈恆定區(CH1),出現在至少一個融合中。將編碼免疫球蛋白重鏈融合,若需要還有免疫球蛋白輕鏈的DNA,插入分開的表現載體內,並共同-轉移感染到適當的宿主生物內。這在建構時使用不相等比例之三個多肽鏈的具體實施例中,在調整三個多肽片段的突變比例上提供了相當大的彈性,而提供最佳的產量。然而,有可能將兩個或全部三個多肽鏈的密碼序列插入一個表現載體內,此時以等比例表現至少兩個多肽鏈,結果產生高產量,或該比例並沒有特殊的重要性。
在該方法的較佳具體實施例中,雙重專一性的抗體是由在一臂上帶有第一個結合專一性的雜種免疫球蛋白重鏈,以及在另一臂上的雜種免疫球蛋白重鏈-輕鏈對(提供第二個結合專一性)所組成。發現該不對稱的結構,有助於從不想要的免疫球蛋白鏈組合中分離想要的雙重專一性化合物,因為免疫球蛋白輕鏈僅出現在一半的雙重專一性分子中,提供了便易的分離方法。在WO94/04690中揭示了該方法。至於產製雙重專一性抗體的更多細節,參見,例如Suresh等人,Methods in Enzymology,121:210(1986)。
根據在美國專利第5,731,168號中描述的其他方法,可將在一對抗體分子之間的界面設計成使異種二聚體的百分比達到最大,從重組細胞培養中回收之。較佳的界面包括抗體恆定功能部位之至少一部分的CH
3功能部位。在該方法中,以較大的側鏈(例如酪胺酸或色胺酸)置換得自第一個抗體分子之界面的一或多個小的胺基酸側鏈。在第二個抗體分子的界面上,藉著以較小胺基酸(例如丙胺酸或蘇胺酸)置換大的胺基酸側鏈,創造與大側鏈(們)相同或類似尺寸的補償"凹窩"。這提供了使異種二聚體之產量增加勝過其他不想要之終產物,如同種二聚體的機制。
雙重專一性的抗體包括交聯或"一種共軛的"抗體。例如,在異種共軛物中的一個抗體,可與抗生物素蛋白偶聯,而另一個與生物素偶聯。例如,已經提出這類抗體,使免疫系統細胞瞄準不想要的細胞(美國專利第4,676,980號),並用來治療HIV感染(WO91/00360、WO92/200373和歐洲專利03089)。可使用任何傳統的交聯方法,製造異種共軛的抗體。適當的交聯劑是此項技藝中已熟知的,並在美國專利第4,676,980號中揭示,連同許多交聯技術。
亦已經在文獻中描述了從抗體片段來產製雙重專一性抗體的技術。例如,可使用化學鍵結製備雙重專一性的抗體。Brennan等人,Science,229:81(1985)描述了其中以蛋白水解之方式切開全長的抗體,產生F(ab')2
片段的程序。在二硫醇複合劑亞砷酸鈉的存在下減少了這些片段,其穩定蠶豆嘧啶葡糖苷雙醇,並妨礙分子間二硫化物的形成。然後將所產生的Fab'片段轉變成硫代硝基苯甲酸鹽(TNB)衍生物。然後藉著以巰基乙胺還原,將Fab'-TNB衍生物之一再轉變為Fab'-硫醇,並與等莫耳量的其他Fab'-TNB衍生物混合,形成雙重專一性的抗體。可使用所產生的雙重專一性抗體作為選擇固定酵素的製劑。
最近的進步使得從大腸桿菌中回收Fab'-SH片段更容易,其可以化學方式偶聯,形成雙重專一性的抗體。Shalaby等人,J.Exp.Med.,175:217-225(1992)描述了完全人類化之雙重專一性抗體F(ab')2
分子的產生。從大腸桿菌中分別分泌每個Fab'片段,並在活體外經歷直接化學偶聯,形成雙重專一性的抗體。如此形成的雙重專一性抗體能夠與過度表現HER2受體的細胞和正常的人類T細胞結合,並誘發人類細胞毒性淋巴細胞對抗人類乳房腫瘤標靶的溶解活性。亦已經描述了直接從重組細胞培養中製造和分離雙重專一性抗體片段的各種技術。例如已經使用亮胺酸拉鍊來產製雙重專一性抗體。Kostelny等人,J.Immunol.,148(5):1547-1553(1992)。藉著基因融合,將得自Fos和Jun的亮胺酸拉鍊肽,連接兩個不同抗體的Fab'部分。在絞鏈區還原抗體同種二聚體,形成單體,然後再度-氧化形成抗體異種二聚體。亦可使用該方法產生抗體同種二聚體。由Hollinger等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,90:6444-6448(1993)描述的"微型雙功能抗體(diabody)"技術,已經提供了製造雙重專一性抗體片段的另類機制。該片段包括重鏈可變功能部位(VH
),藉著交聯劑與輕鏈可變功能部位(VL
)連接,該交聯劑短得不足以容許在相同鏈上的兩個功能部位之間配對。因此,迫使一個片段的VH
和VL
功能部位與另一個片段互補的VH
和VL
功能部位配對,藉此形成兩個抗原-結合位置。亦已經報告了其他藉著使用單鏈Fv(sFv)二聚體,來製造雙重專一性抗體片段的方法。參見Gruber等人,J.Immunol.,152:5368(1994)。
期待具有二價以上的抗體。例如,可製備三專一性的抗體。Tutt等人,J.Immunol.,147:60(1991)。
(vii)其他胺基酸序列修改期待在本文中描述之抗體的胺基酸序列修改(們)。例如,可能希望改善抗體的結合親和力及/或其他的生物特性。藉著將適當的核苷酸改變導入抗體核酸內,或藉著肽合成,製備抗體的胺基酸修改變體。這類修改包括,例如從抗體之胺基酸序列內的殘基中刪除,及/或插入及/或取代。進行任何刪除、插入和取代的組合,以便達成最終的構築體,其限制條件為終構築體具有想要的特徵。胺基酸改變亦可改變抗體的轉譯後加工,如改變糖基化作用部位的數目或位置。
確認抗體的某些殘基或區域是較佳之突變生成位置的有用方法,是由Cunningham和Wells Science,244:1081-1085(1985)描述,叫做"丙胺酸掃描突變生成"。在這裡,確認殘基或標靶殘基群(例如帶電荷的殘基,如arg、asp、his、lys和glu),並以中性或帶負電荷的胺基酸(最好是丙胺酸或多丙胺酸)置換,影響胺基酸與抗原的交互作用。判定對取代作用具有功能敏感性的那些胺基酸位置,然後藉著在取代部位導入更多或其他的變體,加以改進。因此,雖然預先判定導入胺基酸序列變化的部位,但不必預先判定突變本身的性質。例如,欲分析在特定部位處突變的性能,在標靶密碼子或區域進行丙胺酸掃描或隨機突變生成,並針對想要的活性來篩選所表現之抗體變體。
胺基酸序列的插入包括胺基-及/或羧基-終端融合,長度範圍是從1個殘基到含有一百或更多殘基的多肽,以及單一或多個胺基酸殘基的序列內插入。終端插入的實例包括具有N-終端甲硫胺醯基殘基的抗體,或與細胞毒性多肽融合的抗體。抗體分子的其他插入變體包括抗體之N-或C-終端與酵素(例如ADEPT),或增加抗體之血清半衰期的多肽的融合。
其他類型的變體是胺基酸取代變體。這些變體在抗體分子中,具有至少一個被不同殘基置換的胺基酸殘基。最感興趣之取代突變生成的位置,包括高變區,但亦期待FR或Fc區的改變。在表1中出示保留性置換,在"較佳的取代"標題之下。若這類取代導致生物活性上的改變,然後可導入更實質的改變,並篩選產物,在表1中稱為"代表性的取代",或在下文中提及胺基酸分類時更進一步說明。
藉著選擇與其對維持(a)在取代區中多肽主鏈的結構,例如像是片或螺旋構型,(b)分子在標靶位置處的電荷或忌水性,或(c)龐大的側鏈之影響明顯不同的取代作用,完成在抗體之生物特性上的實質修改。可根據在其側鏈特性上的類似性,將胺基酸分組(在A.L.Lehninger,在Biochemistry,第二版,第73-75頁,Worth Publishers,New York(1975)中):(1)非-極性:Ala(A),Val(V),Leu(L),Ile(I),Pro(P),Phe(F),Trp(W),Met(M)(2)不帶電荷極性的:Gly(G),Ser(S),Thr(T),Cys(C),Tyr(Y),Asn(N),Gln(Q)(3)酸性的:Asp(D),Glu(E)(4)鹼性的:Lys(K),Arg(R),His(H)。
或者,可基於共同的側鏈特性,將天然存在的殘基細分成數組:(1)忌水性的:去甲亮胺酸,Met,Ala,Val,Leu,Ile;(2)中性親水性的:Cys,Ser,Thr,Asn,Gln;(3)酸性的:Asp,Glu;(4)鹼性的:His,Lys,Arg;(5)影響鏈方位的殘基:Gly,Pro;(6)芳香族的:Trp,Tyr,Phe。
非-保留性置換將需要交換這些組之一與另一組的成員。
亦可取代任何不涉及維持抗體之適當構型的半胱胺酸,通常是以絲胺酸取代,以便改善分子的氧化穩定性,並防止異常的交聯作用。相反的,可在抗體中加入半胱胺酸鍵結(們),以便改善其穩定性(特別是在該抗體為抗體片段,如Fv片段之處)。
特佳類型的取代變體涉及取代親代抗體(例如人類化或人類抗體)的一或多個高變區殘基。通常,為了進一步發展篩選所得的變體(們),相對於從其中產製它們的親代抗體,將具有改良的生物特性。產製這類取代變體的便利方法,涉及使用噬菌體展示的親和力成熟。簡言之,使數個高變區位置(例如6-7個位置)突變,在每個位置產生所有可能的胺基取代。以單價之形式從絲狀噬菌體顆粒中展示如此產製的抗體變體,其與包裝在每個顆粒內之M13的基因III產物融合。然後針對其生物活性(例如結合親和力),按照在本文中揭示的,篩選噬菌體-展示之變體。為了確認適合修改之候選的高變區位置,可進行丙胺酸掃描突變生成,確認對抗原結合有明顯貢獻的高變區殘基。或者或另外,分析抗原-抗體複合物之結晶結構,對於確認在抗體與其抗原之間的接觸點可能是有利的。根據在本文中詳述的技術,這類接觸殘基和鄰近的殘基是取代的候選者。一旦產生這類變體,使變體名單經歷在本文中描述的篩選,並可選擇在一或多個相關測定中具有優異特性的抗體,進行更進一步的發展。
其他類型的抗體之胺基酸變體,改變該抗體的糖基化作用方式。改變意指刪除一或多個在該抗體中發現的碳水化合物部分,及/或添加一或多個未出現在該抗體中的糖基化位置。
抗體的糖基化作用通常是N-連接或O-連接的。N-連接意指碳水化合物部分附接在天冬醯胺之側鏈上。三肽序列天冬醯胺-X-絲胺酸和天冬醯胺-X-蘇胺酸,其中X是脯胺酸以外的任何胺基酸,是碳水化合物部分與天冬醯胺側鏈之酵素附接的認知位置。因此,這些三肽序列出現在多肽中,創造了可能的糖基化位置。O-連接的糖基化作用意指糖類N-乙醯基半乳糖胺、半乳糖或木糖之一與羥基胺基酸的附接,最常見的是絲胺酸或蘇胺酸,雖然亦可使用5-羥基脯胺酸或5-羥基離胺酸。
在抗體中加入糖基化位置,可藉著改變胺基酸序列,使其含有一或多個上述的三肽序列(適用於N-連接之糖基化位置),而便利地完成。亦可藉著對原始抗體之序列添加或取代一或多個絲胺酸或蘇胺酸殘基(適用於O-連接之糖基化位置),來進行該改變。
在抗體包括Fc區域之處,可改變與其附接的碳水化合物。例如,在Presta,L.的美國專利申請案第US2003/0157108 A1號中描述了帶有成熟碳水化合物結構,但缺乏與該抗體之Fc區域附接的岩藻糖的抗體。亦參見美國2004/0093621 A1(Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co.,Ltd)。在Jean-Mairet等人的WO03/011878和Umana等人的美國專利第6,602,684號中,提及在與抗體Fc區域附接之碳水化合物中具有分切之N-乙醯基葡糖胺(GlcNAc)的抗體。在Patel等人的WO97/30087中報告了在與抗體Fc區附接之寡醣中具有至少一個半乳糖殘基的抗體。亦參見WO98/58964(Raju,S.)和WO99/22746(Raju,S.),係關於具有與其Fc區附接之經過改變的碳水化合物的抗體。在本文中期待抗體組合物,其包括主要物種抗體,具有與Fc區附接的這類碳水化合物結構。
可藉著此項技藝中已知的各種方法,製備編碼抗體之胺基酸序列變體的核酸分子。這些方法包括,但不限於從天然來源分離(在天然存在之胺基酸序列變體的案例中),或藉著寡核苷酸-調解之(或指定位置之)突變生成作用、PCR突變生成作用,以及抗體的較早製備之變體或非變體版本的卡匣突變生成作用來製備。
(viii)篩選具有想要特性的抗體上文已經描述了產製抗體的技術。可進一步選擇具有某些想要之生物特徵的抗體。
欲確認阻斷HER受體之配體激活作用的抗體,可判定抗體阻斷HER配體與表現HER受體之細胞結合的能力(例如與其他HER受體結合,其與HER感興趣之HER受體形成HER異種-低聚物)。例如,可將天然表現,或經過轉移感染而表現HER異種-低聚物之HER受體的細胞,與該抗體一起培養,然後暴露在經過標示之HER配體下。然後可評估HER2抗體阻斷配體與HER異種-低聚物中之HER受體結合的能力。
例如,可使用單層MCF7培養物,在冰上以24-孔-培養盤的格式,基本上如同在WO01/00245中描述的,進行藉著HER2抗體抑制HRG與MCF7乳房腫瘤細胞株結合的反應。可將HER2單株抗體加至各孔中,並培養30分鐘。然後加入1 2 5
I-標示之rHRGβ11 7 7 - 2 2 4
(25 pm),並可繼續培養4至16小時。可製備劑量反應曲線,並可為感興趣的抗體計算IC5 0
值。在一個具體實施例中,阻斷HER受體之配體激活作用的抗體,在該測定中將具有大約50 nM或更低的抑制HRG與MCF7細胞結合之IC5 0
,更佳的是10 nM或更低。在該抗體為抗體片段,如Fab片段之處,在該測定中,抑制HRG與MCF7細胞結合的IC5 0
,可能是例如大約100 nM或更低,更佳的是50 nM或更低。
或者或另外,可評估HER2抗體阻斷HER配體-刺激之出現在HER異種-低聚物中之HER受體的酪胺酸磷酸化作用的能力。例如,可將內源表現HER受體,或經過轉移感染而表現其之細胞與抗體一起培養,然後使用抗-磷酸酪胺酸單株(其可視需要與可檢測標記共軛),測定HER配體-依賴性酪胺酸磷酸化作用活性。在美國專利第5,766,863號中描述了激酶受體激活測定,其亦可用來判定HER受體激活作用和藉著抗體阻斷該活性之反應。
在一個具體實施例中,可篩選在MCF7細胞中抑制HRG刺激之p180酪胺酸磷酸化作用的抗體,基本上按照在WO01/00245中描述的。例如,可將MCF7細胞平舖在24-孔培養盤中,並在各孔中加入對抗HER2的單株抗體,並在室溫下培養30分鐘;然後在各孔中加入rHRGβ11 7 7 - 2 4 4
至0.2 nM之終濃度,並繼續培養8分鐘。從各孔中抽吸出培養基,並藉著加入100微升SDS試樣緩衝溶液(5% SDS,25 mM DTT,和25 mM Tris-HCl,pH 6.8)使該反應中止。在4-12%梯度凝膠(Novex)上電泳每個試樣(25微升),然後以電泳之方式轉移到聚二氟乙烯膜上。可展開抗磷酸酪胺酸(以1微克/毫升)免疫墨點,並可藉著反射光密度計,定量在Mr
180,000處之優勢反應譜帶的強度。最好選擇能在該測定中,明顯抑制HRG刺激之p180酪胺酸磷酸化作用至對照組大約0-35%的抗體。可製備藉著反射光密度計判定之抑制HRG刺激之p180酪胺酸磷酸化作用的劑量-反應曲線,並可計算感興趣之抗體的IC5 0
。在一個具體實施例中,阻斷HER受體之配體激活作用的抗體,在該測定中將具有大約50 nM或更低的抑制HRG刺激之p180酪胺酸磷酸化作用之IC5 0
,較佳的是10 nM或更低。在該抗體為抗體片段,如Fab片段之處,在該測定中,抑制HRG刺激之p180酪胺酸磷酸化作用之IC5 0
是例如大約100 nM或更低,較佳的是50 nM或更低。
亦可評估抗體對MDA-MB-175細胞的生長抑制影響,例如基本上按照在Schaefer等人Oncogene 15:1385-1394(1997)中的描述。根據該測定,可利用HER2單株抗體(10微克/毫升)處理MDA-MB-175細胞4天,並以結晶紫染色。與HER2抗體一起培養,顯示對該細胞株之生長抑制影響,類似由單株抗體2C4所展示的。在更進一步的具體實施例中,外源的HRG將不會顯著逆轉該抑制作用。較佳的是,該抗體將能夠在外源HRG的存在和缺乏兩者之下,抑制MDA-MB-175細胞的細胞增殖,至比單株抗體4D5更大的程度(並可視需要至比單株抗體7F3更大的程度)。
在一個具體實施例中,根據在共同-免疫沉澱實驗,像是在WO01/00245中描述的實驗來判定,感興趣之HER2抗體可在MCF7和SK-BR-3細胞中,阻斷海若格林依賴性的HER2與HER3之結合,實質上比單株抗體4D5更有效,且最好實質上比單株抗體7F3有效。
欲確認生長抑制的HER2抗體,可篩選抑制過度表現HER2之癌細胞生長的抗體。在一個具體實施例中,選出之生長抑制抗體在大約0.5至30微克/毫升的抗體濃度下,能夠抑制在細胞培養中之SK-BR-3細胞的生長大約20-100%,且最好是大約50-100%。欲確認這類抗體,可進行在美國專利第5,677,171號中描述的SK-BR-3測定。根據該測定,使SK-BR-3細胞生長在補充有10%胎牛血清、穀胺醯胺和青黴素鏈黴素之F12和DMEM培養基的1:1混合物中。以20,000個細胞,將SK-BR-3細胞平舖在35毫米的細胞培養皿上(2毫升/35毫米的培養皿)。在每個皿中加入0.5至30微克/毫升的HER2抗體。在六天之後,使用電子COULTERT M
細胞計數器,計算細胞數目,並與未處理的細胞相比較。可選擇抑制SK-BR-3細胞生長大約20-100%或大約50-100%的那些抗體,作為生長抑制抗體。參見美國專利第5,677,171號,關於篩選生長抑制抗體,如4D5和3E8的測定。
為了選擇誘導細胞凋零的HER2抗體,可利用使用BT474細胞的磷脂結合蛋白結合測定。培養BT474細胞,並播種在前一段中討論的培養皿上。然後移出培養基,並僅更換新鮮的培養基,或更換含有10微克/毫升單株抗體的培養基。在三天的培養期間之後,以PBS沖洗單層,並以胰蛋白酶消化使其分離。然後離心細胞,再懸浮於Ca2 +
結合緩衝溶液中,並按照上文討論的分裝在試管中,進行細胞死亡測定。然後讓試管接受經過標示的磷脂結合蛋白(例如磷脂結合蛋白V-FTIC)(1微克/毫升)。可使用FACSCANT M
流動細胞計數器和FACSCONVERTT M
CellQuest軟體(Becton Dickinson)分析試樣。選擇相對於對照組,誘導出在統計學上顯著程度之磷脂結合蛋白結合的那些抗體作為細胞凋零-誘導抗體。除了磷脂結合蛋白結合測定之外,亦可利用使用BT474細胞的DNA染色測定。為了進行該測定,在37℃下將已經以在前兩段描述的感興趣之抗體處理過的BT474細胞,與9微克/毫升HOECHST 33342T M
一起培養2小時,然後在EPICSELITET M
流動細胞計數器(Coulter Corporation)上,使用MODFITLTT M
軟體(Verity Software House)分析。選出引起細胞凋零之細胞百分比改變,比未處理細胞(高達100%細胞凋零之細胞)更高2倍(且最好是3倍或更高)的抗體,在本測定中作為前-細胞凋零抗體。參見WO98/17797,關於篩選引起細胞凋零之HER2抗體的測定,如7C2和7F3。
欲篩選與在HER2上被感興趣抗體結合之抗原決定位結合的抗體,可進行例行的交叉-阻斷測定,如在抗體,實驗室手冊(Antibodies,A Laboratory Manual),Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,編輯Harlow和David Lane(1988)中描述的,評估抗體是否交叉-阻斷抗體,如2C4或普脫珠單抗與HER2的結合。或者或另外,可藉著在此項技藝中已知的,及/或研究抗體-HER2結構的方法(Franklin等人Cancer Cell 5:317-328(2004)),進行抗原決定位作圖,看看HER2的哪個功能部位(們)被抗體結合。
(ix)免疫共軛物本發明亦關於免疫球蛋白共軛物,包括與細胞毒性製劑,如化學治療劑、毒素(例如小分子毒素,或細菌、真菌、植物或動物來源之具有酵素活性的毒素,包括其片段及/或變體),或放射性同位素(即放射性共軛物)共軛的抗體。
上文已經描述了可用來產製這類免疫共軛物的化學治療劑。在本文中,亦期待抗體與一或多個小分子毒素,如卡奇黴素、美登素(美國專利第5,208,020號)、單端孢菌素和CC1065的共軛物。
在本發明一個較佳的具體實施例中,抗體與一或多個美登素分子共軛(例如每個抗體分子大約1到大約10個美登素分子)。可將美登素,例如轉變為May-SS-Me,其可被還原為May-SH3,並與經過修改的抗體反應(Chari等人Cancer Research 52:127-131(1992)),產生類美登素-抗體免疫共軛物。
其他感興趣的免疫共軛物包括與一或多個卡奇黴素分子共軛的HER2抗體。抗生素的卡奇黴素家族能夠在微微莫耳以下的濃度,產生雙股DNA破裂。可使用的卡奇黴素之結構類似物,包括但不限於γ1 I
、α2 I
、α3 I
、N-乙醯基-γ1 I
、PSAG和θI 1
(Hinman等人Cancer Research 53:3336-3342(1993)和Lode等人Cancer Research 58:2925-2928(1998))。亦參見美國專利第5,714,586號;5,712,374號;5,264,586號;以及5,773,001號,特別以引用的方式倂入本文中。
可使用的具有酵素活性之毒素及其片段,包括白喉毒素A鏈、白喉毒素之非結合活性片段、外毒素A鏈(得自綠膿桿菌)、蓖麻蛋白A鏈、雞母珠毒蛋白A鏈、莫迪素(modeccin)A鏈、α-次黃嘌呤、油桐(Aleurites fordii)蛋白質、黛安辛(dianthin)蛋白質、美洲商陸(Phytolaca americana)蛋白質(PAPI、PAPII和PAP-S)、苦瓜(momordica charantia)抑制劑、痲瘋樹毒蛋白(curcin)、巴豆毒素(crotin)、肥皂草(saponaria officinalis)抑制劑、白樹素(gelonin)、米托葛林(mitogellin)、瑞崔多辛(restrictocin)、酚黴素、新黴素和單端孢菌素。參見,例如1993年10月28日公告的WO93/21232。
本發明更期待在抗體和具有核分解活性的化合物(例如核糖核酸酶或DNA核酸內切酶,如脫氧核糖核酸酶;DNA酶)之間形成的免疫共軛物。
可利用各種放射性同位素來產生免疫共軛的HER2抗體。實例包括At2 1 1
、I1 3 1
、I1 2 5
、Y9 0
、Re1 8 6
、Re1 8 8
、Sm1 5 3
、Bi2 1 2
、P3 2
和Lu的放射性同位素。
可使用各種二官能的蛋白質偶聯劑來製造抗體與細胞毒性製劑的共軛物,如N-琥珀醯亞胺基-3-(2-吡啶基二硫醇)丙酸酯(SPDP)、琥珀醯亞胺-4-(N-順丁烯二醯亞胺甲基)環己烷-1-羧酸酯、亞胺基硫羥酸酯(IT)、亞胺酸酯的二官能衍生物(如己二醯二亞胺二甲酯HCl)、活性酯(如二琥珀醯亞胺基辛二酸酯)、醛類(如戊二醛)、雙-疊氮化合物(如雙(對-疊氮苯甲醯基)己二胺、雙-重氮衍生物(如雙-(對-重氮苯甲醯基)-乙二胺)、二異氰酸酯(如甲苯2,6-二異氰酸酯)和雙-活性的氟化合物(如1,5-二氟-2,4-二硝基苯)。例如,可按照在Vitetta等人Science 238:1098(1987)中的描述,製備蓖麻蛋白免疫毒素。碳-14-標示之1-異硫氰基苄基-3-甲基二亞乙基三胺五乙酸(MX-DTPA)是代表性的放射性核苷酸與抗體共軛之螯合劑。參見WO94/11026。交聯劑可以是"可切開的交聯劑",使細胞毒性藥物在細胞中釋放更容易。例如,可使用對酸不穩定的交聯劑、肽酶-敏感性交聯劑、二甲基交聯劑或含有二硫的交聯劑(Chari等人Cancer Research 52:127-131(1992))。
或者,可製造包括HER2抗體和細胞毒性製劑的融合蛋白質,例如藉著重組技術或肽合成。
在另一個具體實施例中,可將抗體與"受體"(如鏈黴菌抗生物素蛋白"共軛,用在腫瘤預先瞄準上,其中將抗體-受體共軛物投與患者,接著使用清除劑從循環中移出未結合的共軛物,然後投與與細胞毒性製劑(例如放射性核苷酸)共軛的"配體"(例如抗生物素蛋白)。
(x)其他的抗體修改在本文中亦期待抗體的其他修改。例如,可將抗體與各種非蛋白質的聚合物之一連接,例如聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇、聚氧化烯或聚乙二醇和聚丙二醇的共聚物。亦可使抗體陷入,例如藉著凝聚技術或藉著界面聚合作用製備的微膠囊(分別例如羥甲基纖維素或明膠-微膠囊,以及聚(甲基異丁烯酸酯)微膠囊)、膠態藥物遞送系統(例如脂質體、白蛋白中心體、微乳劑、奈米-顆粒和奈米膠囊),或粗滴乳劑中。在Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,第16版,Oslo,A.編輯(1980)中揭示了這類技術。
可能希望針對效應物功能修改本發明之抗體,例如促進抗體的抗原-依賴性細胞-調解之細胞毒性(ADCC)及/或補體依賴性之細胞毒性(CDC)。這可藉著將一或多個胺基酸取代導入抗體的Fc區而達成。或者或另外,亦可將半胱胺酸殘基(們)導入Fc區內,藉此容許在該區域形成鏈間二硫鍵。如此產製的同種二聚體可能具有改良的內化能力,及/或增加補體-調節之細胞殺害和抗體-依賴性細胞的細胞毒性(ADCC)。參見Caron等人,J.Exp Med.176:1191-1195(1992)和Shopes,B.J.Immunol.148:2918-2922(1992)。亦可使用異種雙官能交聯劑製備具有提高之抗-腫瘤活性的同種二聚之抗體,如同在Wolff等人Cancer Research 53:2560-2565(1993)中描述的。或者,可設計抗體,使其具有雙重Fc區,並可藉此提高的補體溶解和ADCC能力。參見Stevenson等人Anti-Cancer Drug Design 3:219-230(1989)。
WO00/42072(Presta,L.)描述了在人類效應物細胞的存在下,具有改良之ADCC功能的抗體,在那裡抗體在其Fc區包括胺基酸取代。較佳的是,該具有改良ADCC的抗體在Fc區的位置298、333及/或334處包括取代。改變的Fc區最好是人類IgG1 Fc區,包括或由在這些位置之一、二或三處的取代所組成。
在WO99/51642、美國專利第6,194,551B1號、美國專利第6,242,195B1號、美國專利第6,528,624B1號和美國專利第6,538,124號(Idusogie等人)中描述了具有改變C1q結合及/或補體依賴性細胞毒性(CDC)的抗體。該抗體在其Fc區之胺基酸位置270、322、326、327、329、313、333及/或334的一或多處包括胺基酸取代。
欲增加抗體的血清半衰期,可將搶救受體結合抗原決定位倂入抗體(尤其是抗體片段)內,例如在美國專利第5,739,277號中描述的。當在本文中使用時,"搶救受體結合抗原決定位"一詞意指IgG分子(例如IgG1
、IgG2
、IgG3
或IgG4
)之Fc區的抗原決定位,其負責增加IgG分子在活體內的血清半衰期。亦在WO00/42072(Presta,L.)中描述了在其Fc區有取代且增加血清半衰期的抗體。
亦期待具有三或更多個(最好是四個)有功能之抗原結合位置的設計抗體(美國專利申請案第US2002/0004587 A1號,Miller等人)。
亦可將在本文中揭示的HER2抗體調配成免疫脂質體。藉著在此項技藝中已知的方法,製備含有抗體的脂質體,如同在Epstein等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,82:3688(1985);Hwang等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci,USA,77:4030(1980);美國專利第4,485,045號和4,544,545號;以及1997年10月23日公告之WO97/38731中描述的。在美國專利第5,013,556號中揭示了具有提高之循環時間的脂質體。
可藉著逆相蒸發法產製特別有用的脂質體,該方法利用包括磷脂醯膽鹼、膽固醇和PEG-衍生之磷脂醯乙醇胺(PEG-PE)的脂質組合物。通過具有限定孔隙尺寸之濾紙擠出脂質體,產生具有想要直徑的脂質體。可按照在Martin等人J.Biol.Chem.257:286-288(1982)中的描述,經由二硫互換反應,使本發明之抗體的Fab'片段與脂質體共軛。在脂質體中可視需要含有化學治療劑。參見Gabizon等人J.National Cancer Inst.81(19)1484(1989)。
(ix)代表性的抗體可根據本發明來調配的代表性抗體,包括但不限於下列的:抗-ErbB抗體,包括抗-HER2抗體,如在本文中更詳細描述的那些;與B-細胞表面標記,如CD19、CD20(例如利妥昔單抗(Rituximab)(美羅華(RITUXAN))和人類化之2H7)、CD22、CD40或BR3結合的抗體;與IgE結合的抗體,包括可購自Genentech的奧莫立邁(Omalizumab)(舒萊爾(XOLAIR))、E26(本文中圖17A-B)、HAE1(本文中圖17A-B)、在其Fc區之位置265處有胺基酸取代的IgE抗體(US2004/0191244 A1)、Hu-901(本文中圖17A-B)、在WO2004/070011中的IgE抗體,或包括那些IgE抗體任一個之可變功能部位的抗體(包括抗體片段和全長的抗體)。亦參見Presta等人,J.Immunol.151:2623-2632(1993);國際公開案第WO95/19181號;1998年2月3日發證之美國專利第5,714,338號;1992年2月25日發證之美國專利第5,091,313號;1993年3月4日公告之WO93/04173;1999年1月14日公告之WO99/01556;以及美國專利第5,714,338號;與血管內皮生長因子(VEGF)或其受體結合的抗體,包括可購自Genentech的貝瓦西單抗(阿瓦斯丁T M
)和雷尼比單抗(Ranibizumab)(露聖提司(LUCENTIS)T M
);抗-IL-8抗體(St John等人,Chest,103:932(1993)和國際公開案第WO95/23865號);抗-PSCA抗體(WO01/40309);抗-CD40抗體,包括S2C6及其人類化變體(WO00/75348);抗-CD11a抗體,包括伊發單抗(efalizumab)(雷普提凡(RAPTIVA))(美國專利第5,622,700號,WO98/23761,Steppe等人,Transplant Intl.4:3-7(1991)和Hourmant等人,Transplantation 58:377-380(1994));抗-CD18抗體(1997年4月22日發證之美國專利第5,622.700號或1997年7月31日公告之WO97/26912);抗-Apo-2受體抗體(1998年11月19日公告之WO98/51793);抗-TNF-α抗體,包括cA2(雷米凱德(REMICADE))、CDP571和MAK-195(參見1997年9月30日發證之美國專利第5,672,347號,LorenZ等人J.Immunol.156(4):1646-1653(1996),以及Dhainaut等人Crit.Care Med.23(9):1461-1469(1995));抗-組織因子(TF)(1994年11月9日核准之歐洲專利第0420937B1);抗-人類α4β7
整合素(1998年2月19日公告之WO98/06248);抗-EGFR抗體,包括嵌合型或人類化的225抗體,如同1996年12月19日公告之WO96/40210;抗-CD3抗體,如OKT3(1985年5月7日發證之美國專利第4,515,893號);抗-CD25或抗-tac抗體,如CHI-621(素美療(SIMULECT))和(賽尼哌(ZENAPAX))(參見1997年12月7日發證之美國專利第5,693,762號);抗-CD4抗體,如cM-7412抗體(Choy等人Arthritis Rheum 39(1):52-56(1996));抗-CD52抗體,如CAMPATH-1H(Riechmann等人Nature 332:323-337(1988));抗-Fc受體抗體,如對抗FcγRI的M22抗體,如同在Graziano等人J.Im munol.155(10):4996-5002(1995)中的;抗-癌胚抗原(CEA)抗體,如hMN-14(Sharkey等人Cancer Res.55(23附錄):5935s-5945s(1995));對抗乳房上皮細胞的抗體,包括huBrE-3、hu-Mc3和CHL6(Ceriani等人Cancer Res.55(23):5852s-5856s(1995);以及Richman等人Cancer Res.55(23附錄):5916s-5920s(1995));與結腸癌細胞,如C242結合的抗體(Litton等人Eur J.Immunol.26(1):1-9(1996));抗-CD38抗體,例如AT 13/5(Ellis等人J.Immunol.155(2):925-937(1995));抗-CD33抗體,如Hu M195(Jurcic等人Cancer Res 55(23附錄):5908s-5910s(1995)),以及CMA-676或CDP771;抗-CD22抗體,如LL2或淋巴賽(LymphoCide)(Juweid等人Cancer Res 55(23附錄):5899s-5907s(1995));抗-EpCAM抗體,如17-1A(佩諾雷司(PANOREX));抗-GpIIb/IIIa抗體,如阿博西單抗(abciximab)或c7E3 Fab(瑞博(REOPRO));抗-RSV抗體,如MEDI-493(塞納吉(SYNAGIS));抗-CMV抗體,如(普托凡(PROTOVIR));抗-HIV抗體,如PRO542;抗-肝炎抗體,如抗-HepB抗體奧斯塔凡(OSTAVIR);抗-CA125抗體奧瓦雷(OvaRex);抗-遺傳性型GD3抗原決定位抗體BEC2;抗-α v β 3抗體維塔辛(VITAXIN);抗-人類腎細胞癌抗體,如ch-G250;ING-1;抗-人類17-1A抗體(3622W94);抗-人類結直腸腫瘤抗體(A33);抗-人類黑色素瘤抗體R24,對抗GD3神經節苷脂;抗-人類鱗狀細胞癌(SF-25);以及抗-人類白血球抗原(HLA)抗體,如Smart ID10和抗-HLA DR抗體安可萊(Oncolym)(Lym-1)。
(xi)抗體變體組合物本發明至少在一方面,係關於包括組合物的調配物,其包括主要物種抗體及其一或多個變體的混合物。在主要物種抗體與HER2結合之處,HER2抗體(主要物種HER2抗體及其抗體變體的任一或兩者)最好是與HER2之功能部位II結合,抑制HER二聚作用比曲妥珠單抗更有效,及/或與HER2之異種二聚結合位置結合的抗體。在本文中,主要物種抗體的較佳具體實施例是包括在SEQ ID NO:3和4中之可變輕和可變重胺基酸序列的抗體,且最好包括選自SEQ ID NO:15和23之輕鏈胺基酸序列,以及選自SEQ ID NO:16和24之重鏈胺基酸序列。
在一個具體實施例中,經過調配的HER2抗體組合物包括主要物種HER2抗體及其包括胺基-終端前導延伸之胺基酸序列變體的混合物。較佳的是,胺基-終端前導延伸是抗體變體之輕鏈(例如抗體變體的一或兩個輕鏈)。主要物種HER2抗體或抗體變體可以是全長的抗體或抗體片段(例如F(ab')2
片段的Fab),但最好兩者皆是全長抗體。在本文中,抗體變體可在其任一或多個重或輕鏈上包括胺基-終端前導延伸。較佳的是,胺基-終端前導延伸是在一或兩個抗體輕鏈上。胺基-終端前導延伸最好包括或由VHS-組成。可藉著各種分析技術,包括但不限於N-終端序列分析、電荷異質性的測定(例如陽離子交換層析法或毛細管區帶電泳)、質譜分析等等,來檢測出現在組合物中的胺基-終端前導延伸。抗體變體在組合物中的量,通常範圍是從構成任何測定(例如N-終端序列分析)用來檢測變體之檢測限制,到低於主要物種抗體之含量的量。通常,在組合物中大約20%或更低(例如從大約1%到大約15%,例如從5%到大約15%)的抗體分子,包括胺基-終端前導延伸。最好使用定量N-終端序列分析或陽離子交換分析(較佳的是使用高-解析,弱陽離子-交換管柱,如PROPAC WCX-10T M
陽離子交換管柱),判定這類百分比含量。除了胺基-終端前導延伸變體之外,期待更多主要物種抗體及/或變體的胺基酸序列改變,包括但不限於在其一或兩個重鏈上包括C-終端離胺酸殘基的抗體、脫醯胺之抗體變體等等。
此外,主要物種抗體或變體更可包括糖基化改變,其非-限制性的實例包括包括與其Fc區附接之G1或G2寡醣結構的HER2抗體、包括與其輕鏈附接之碳水化合物部分的HER2抗體(例如一或兩個碳水化合物部分附接在該抗體的一或兩個輕鏈)、包括未-糖基化重鏈的HER2抗體。
首先,本發明提供穩定的醫藥調配物,包括在組胺酸-乙酸鹽緩衝溶液,pH 5.5至6.5,最好是pH 5.8至6.2中的單株抗體,最好是全長的人類或人類化IgG1抗體。然而,在該調配物中的抗體可以是包括抗原-結合區的抗體片段,如Fab或F(ab')2
片段。
在其他的具體實施例中,本發明係關於醫藥調配物,包括或基本上由易感受脫醯腔作用或聚集作用的全長IgG1抗體,以從大約10毫克/毫升到大約250毫克/毫升之含量;組胺酸-乙酸鹽緩衝溶液,pH 5.5到6.5;選自海藻糖和蔗糖所組成之群的醣,以從大約60 mM到大約250 mM之含量;以及多乙氧基醚20,以從大約0.01%到大約0.1%的量組成。
在另一個具體實施例中,本發明提供醫藥調配物,其包括在pH值從大約5.5到大約6.5之組胺酸緩衝溶液、醣和界面活性劑中,與HER2之功能部位II結合的抗體。例如,該調配物可包括含量從大約20毫克/毫升到大約40毫克/毫升的普托珠單抗、組胺酸-乙酸鹽緩衝溶液、蔗糖和多乙氧基醚20,其中該調配物的pH值是從大約5.5到大約6.5。
另一方面,本發明提供醫藥調配物,包括在pH值從大約5.5到大約6.5之組胺酸緩衝溶液、醣和界面活性劑中的DR5抗體。這類調配物,例如可包括含量從大約10毫克/毫升到大約30毫克/毫升的阿普單抗、組胺酸-乙酸鹽緩衝溶液、海藻糖和多乙氧基醚20,其中該調配物的pH值是從大約5.5到大約6.5。
該調配物特別適合易感受脫醯胺作用及/或聚集作用及/或碎裂的抗體,因為緩衝溶液延緩了在其中調配之抗體的脫醯胺作用及/或聚集作用及/或碎裂。此外,不像其他使用HCl製備的組胺酸緩衝溶液,組胺酸-乙酸鹽緩衝溶液缺少氯離子,發現這在本文中是有利的,因為該緩衝溶液在與醣混合時,對抗體具有與多乙氧基醚20一樣的保護效力,並是穩定的且與儲存的不銹鋼罐可相容的。因此,除了本身包括易感受脫醯胺作用、聚集作用及/或碎裂之抗體的調配物之外,本發明亦提供降低治療用單株抗體之脫醯胺作用、聚集作用及/或碎裂的方法(例如相對於在不同pH值下或在不同緩衝溶液中的組合物),包括在組胺酸-乙酸鹽緩衝溶液,pH 5.5至6.5中調配該抗體。在該具體實施例中,可在調配抗體之前和之後,判定或測量脫醯胺作用、聚集作用及/或碎裂,而經過調配的抗體,證實在其調配和儲存時具有可接受的脫醯胺作用、聚集作用及/或碎裂。
在調配物中的抗體可與抗原結合,包括但不限於:HER2、CD20、IgE、DR5、BR3和VEGF。
在經過調配之抗體與HER2結合之處,最好是與HER2之功能部位II結合,比曲妥珠單抗更有效地抑制HER二聚作用,及/或與HER2之異種二聚結合位置結合的抗體。在本文中,經過調配之HER2抗體的較佳具體實施例包括在SEQ ID NO:3和4中之可變輕和可變重胺基酸序列,且最好包括在SEQ ID NO:15和16中之輕鏈和重鏈胺基酸序列的抗體(普托珠單抗)。
可在本文中調配之CD20抗體的實例,包括:"C2B8",它目前叫做"利妥昔單抗"("美羅華"),可購自Genentech(亦參見美國專利第5,736,137號,特別以引用的方式倂入本文中);釔-[90]-標示之2B8老鼠抗體,命名為"Y2B8"或"替伊莫單抗(Ibritumomab Tiuxetan)"澤娃靈(ZEVALIN),可購自Biogen-Idec(亦參見美國專利第5,736,137號,特別以引用的方式倂入本文中);老鼠IgG2a"B1",亦稱為"托西莫單抗(Tositumomab)",可視需要以1 3 1
I標示,產生"131I-B1"抗體(碘I131托西莫單抗,貝瑟(BEXXAR)T M
)(美國專利第5,595,721號,特別以引用的方式倂入本文中);老鼠單株抗體"1F5"(Press等人Blood 69(2):584-591(1987)及其變體,包括"架構補綴的"或人類化的1F5(WO03/002607,Leung,S.);ATCC存放的HB-96450);老鼠2H7和嵌合型2H7抗體(Clark等人PNAS 82:1766-1770(1985);美國專利第5,500,362號,特別以引用的方式倂入本文中);人類化的2H7;huMax-CD20(WO04/035607,Genmab,Denmark);AME-133(Applied Molecular Evolution);A20抗體或其變體,如嵌合型或人類化的A20抗體(分別為cA20,hA20)(US2003/0219433,Immunomedics);以及可購自International Leukocyte Typing Workshop的單株抗體L27、G28-2、93-1B3、B-C1或NU-B2(Valentine等人,在Leukocyte Typing III(McMichael,編輯,第440頁,Oxford University Press(1987)中)。
在經過調配之CD20抗體的較佳具體實施例中,該CD20抗體是人類化的2H7抗體。在本文中,較佳的人類化2H7抗體是2H7v16和2H7v511。人類化的2H7v16可以是完整的抗體,或包括在圖18A-B中之可變輕和可變重序列(SEQ ID NO:26和29)的抗體片段。在人類化2H7v16抗體為全長抗體之處,其最好包括SEQ ID NO:63和65的輕和重鏈胺基酸序列。
在該抗體與VEGF結合之處,其最好包括在圖19中敘述之可變功能部位序列。最佳的抗-VEGF抗體是全長的人類化IgG1抗體,貝瓦西單抗(阿瓦斯丁T M
),可購自Genentech。
在經過調配之抗體與IgE結合之處,其最好選自E25,可購自Genentech的奧莫立邁(舒萊爾)(亦參見圖17A-B)、E26(在本文中圖17A-B)、HAE1(在本文中圖17A-B)、在其Fc區之位置265處具有胺基酸取代的IgE抗體(US2004/0191244 A1)、Hu-901(在本文中圖17A-B)、WO2004/070011中的IgE抗體,或包括那些IgE抗體之可變功能部位的抗體(包括抗體片段及全長抗體)所組成之群。
在該抗體與在腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)超級家族中的受體或死亡受體結合之處,其最好與DR5結合,且最好是激動劑抗體。在該領域中的出版物包括:Sheridan等人,Science,277:818-821(1997);Pan等人,Science,277:815-818(1997);1998年11月19日公告之WO98/51793;1998年9月24日公告之WO98/41629;Screaton等人,Curr.Biol.,7:693-696(1997);Walczak等人,EMBO J.,16:5386-5387(1997);Wu等人,Nature Genetics,17:141-143(1997);1998年8月20日公告之WO98/35986;1998年10月14日公告之歐洲專利870,827;1998年10月22日公告之WO98/46643;1999年1月21日公告之WO99/02653;1999年2月25日公告之WO99/09165;1999年3月11日公告之WO99/11791;2002年8月13日公告之US2002/0072091;2001年12月7日公告之US2002/0098550;2001年12月6日發證之美國專利第6,313,269號;2001年8月2日公告之US2001/0010924;2003年7月3日公告之US2003/01255540;2002年10月31日公告之US2002/0160446,2002年4月25日公告之US2002/0048785;2002年2月發證之美國專利第6,342,369號;2003年5月27日發證之美國專利第6,569,642號,2000年6月6日發證之美國專利第6,072,047號,2003年11月4日發證之美國專利第6,642,358號;2004年6月1日發證之美國專利第6,743,625號。最佳的DR5抗體是阿普單抗。
上文提及的每個調配物均包括緩衝溶液,較佳的是組胺酸緩衝溶液,而最佳的是組胺酸-乙酸鹽緩衝溶液,具有5.5到6.5之pH值,較佳的是5.8到6.2,例如大約6.0。緩衝溶液的濃度,至少一部分是由想要的pH值指定。緩衝溶液代表性的濃度是在從大約1 mM到大約200 mM的範圍內,較佳的是從大約10 mM到大約40 mM,最好是大約20 mM。
在調配物中的抗體濃度,最好是在從大約10毫克/毫升到大約250毫克/毫升的範圍內。可以想要的用途和該調配物的投藥模式為基礎,來判定抗體濃度。例如,在調配物是以IV投藥(例如HER2抗體)之處,在調配物中的抗體濃度最好是從大約20毫克/毫升到大約40毫克/毫升。在意圖靜脈內(IV)投藥的代表性普托珠單抗調配物中,抗體濃度是從大約20毫克/毫升到大約40毫克/毫升,最好是大約30毫克/毫升。
在抗體是供SQ或IM投藥(例如抗-IgE抗體)之處,可能想要較高濃度的抗體。這類實質上較高的抗體濃度,可以是從大約50毫克/毫升到大約250毫克/毫升,或從大約80毫克/毫升到大約250毫克/毫升,或從大約100毫克/毫升到大約200毫克/毫升。
在調配物包括DR5抗體,如阿普單抗之處,代表性的抗體濃度是從大約10毫克/毫升到大約30毫克/毫升,例如大約20毫克/毫升DR5抗體;這類調配物可用於靜脈內投藥。
投藥用的調配物最好是含水調配物(非冷凍乾燥的),且先前未曾經歷冷凍乾燥。雖然可將調配物冷凍乾燥,但最好不要。然而,在本文中特別期待將含水調配物冷凍,卻不要像在冷凍乾燥期間發生的一樣同時進行脫水,使其有較長的儲存期間,例如在不銹鋼罐中。
較佳的是,該調配物更包括醣類,最好是雙醣,如海藻糖或蔗糖。通常以降低如在冷凍/溶解時發生之可溶性聚集體形成的量納入醣類。代表性的醣濃度是在從大約10 mM到大約1M的範圍內,例如從大約60 mM到大約250 mM,且對HER2抗體調配物而言,最好是大約120 mM,而對DR5抗體調配物而言,最好是大約240 mM。
雖然在本文中發現包括組胺酸-乙酸鹽緩衝溶液和醣類的調配物是穩定的,但該調配物可視需要更包括界面活性劑,如多乙氧基醚,最好是多乙氧基醚20。通常以降低不可溶之聚集體形成(像是在振動或運送時發生的)的量納入界面活性劑。界面活性劑之濃度,較佳的是從大約0.0001%到大約1.0%,最好是從大約0.01%到大約0.1%,例如大約0.02%。
調配物可視需要不含強化量的鹽,如氯化鈉。
調配物通常是無菌的,而這可根據熟諳此藝者已知的程序達成,產生適合投與人類個體的無菌醫藥調配物,包括在製備調配物之前或之後,通過無菌過濾膜過濾。
此外,希望已經證實調配物在儲存時是穩定的。熟諳此藝者可利用各種穩定性測定,證實調配物的穩定性。例如,調配物可以是發現其在儲存於:大約40℃下至少4週;在大約5℃或大約15℃下至少3個月或至少1年;及/或在大約-20℃下至少3個月時是穩定的調配物。可藉著評估在調配物中之抗體,在調配期間以及隨後在指定溫度下儲存時的物理穩定性、化學穩定性及/或生物活性,來測試穩定性。可以各種不同的方式,定性及/或定量地評估物理及/或化學穩定性,包括評估聚集體形成(例如使用尺寸排阻層析法、藉著測量濁度,及/或藉著肉眼檢查);藉著使用陽離子交換層析法或毛細管區帶電泳評估電荷異質性;胺基-終端或羧基-終端的序列分析;質譜分析;SDS-PAGE分析,比較還原和完整的抗體;肽作圖(例如胰蛋白酶或LYS-C)分析;評估抗體之抗原結合功能的生物活性等等。不穩定性可導致聚集作用、脫醯胺作用(例如Asn脫醯胺作用)、氧化作用(例如Met氧化作用)、異構化作用(例如Asp異構化作用)、剪取/水解/碎裂(例如絞鏈區碎裂)、琥珀醯亞胺形成、不成對的半胱胺酸(們)、N-終端延伸、C-終端加工、糖基化作用差異等等。可使用熟諳此藝者可獲得的各種技術,評估生物活性或抗原結合功能。
如同上文提及的,在本文中特別期待調配物的冷凍。因此,可在冷凍和融解時測試調配物的穩定性。
因此,本發明亦提供製造醫藥調配物的方法,包括製備在本文中描述的調配物,並評估在該調配物中之單株抗體的物理穩定性、化學穩定性或生物活性。
在較佳的具體實施例中,提供在具有可被注射筒刺穿之塞子的小瓶中的調配物,最好是以含水形式。希望將小瓶儲存在大約2-8℃下,直到將其投與需要其之個體為止。該小瓶可能是20毫升的小瓶(例如420毫克劑量用)或50毫升小瓶(例如1050毫克劑量用)。關於DR5抗體,如阿普單抗,可以5毫升玻璃小瓶(例如,裝滿5.5毫升)提供該調配物。
在其他的具體實施例中,提供在不銹鋼罐中的調配物。可視需要冷凍但不要冷凍-乾燥在不銹鋼罐中的調配物。
可將一或多個其他在醫藥上可接受之載劑、賦形劑或穩定劑,如在Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences第16版,Osol,A.編輯(1980)中描述的那些,納入調配物中,其限制條件為它們對調配物想要的特徵沒有不利的影響。可接受之載劑、賦形劑或穩定劑是在所使用之劑量和濃度下,對接受者無毒性的,並包括額外的緩衝劑;共-溶劑;抗氧化劑,包括抗壞血酸和甲硫胺酸;螯合劑,如EDTA;金屬複合物(例如Zn-蛋白質複合物);生物可降解的聚合物,如聚酯類;防腐劑;及/或形成鹽的抗衡離子,如鈉。
在一個具體實施例中,本發明提供在個體中治療疾病或病症的方法,包括將在本文中描述之調配物以有效治療疾病或病症的含量投與個體。
在該調配物中之抗體是與HER2結合之處,最好用它來治療癌症。該癌症通常將包括表現HER2之細胞,使得在本文中之HER2抗體能夠與癌細胞結合。因此,本發明在該具體實施例中,係關於在個體中治療表現HER2之癌症的方法,包括將HER2抗體之醫藥調配物以有效治療該癌症的含量投與個體。在上文的定義章節中列舉了可利用該組合物治療的各種癌症。
亦期待可用來治療各種非-惡性疾病或並正的HER2抗體調配物,包括自體免疫疾病(例如牛皮癬);子宮內膜癌;硬皮病;再狹窄;息肉,如結腸息肉、鼻息肉或胃腸道息肉;纖維腺瘤;呼吸道疾病(參見上文定義);膽囊炎;神經纖維瘤病;多囊性腎病;炎症性疾病;皮膚病症,包括牛皮癬和皮膚炎;脈管疾病(參見上文定義);涉及血管上皮細胞之異常增殖的病況;胃腸潰瘍;胃黏膜巨大肥厚症(Menetrier's disease);分泌性腺癌或蛋白質喪失徵候群;腎病症;血管生成病症;眼科疾病,如與年齡有關的黃斑病變;假定的眼科組織胞漿菌病徵候群;來自增殖性糖尿病性視網膜病的視網膜血管新生、視網膜血管生成、糖尿病性視網膜病或與年齡有關的黃斑變性;骨相關的病理學,如骨關節炎、佝僂病和骨質疏鬆症;在腦缺血事件之後的傷害;纖維變性或水腫疾病,如肝硬化、肺纖維化、類肉瘤病、甲狀腺炎、系統性高黏滯血徵候群、奧-韋-郎(Osler Weber-Rendu)症、慢性閉合性肺病,或在燒傷、創傷、輻射、猝發、缺氧或局部缺血之後的水腫;皮膚的過敏反應;糖尿病性視網膜病和糖尿病性腎病;格林-巴里(Guillain-Barre)徵候群;移植對宿主疾病或移植排斥;佩格特氏(Paget's)症;骨或關節的炎症;光老化(例如由人類皮膚的UV輻射引起);良性前列腺肥大;某些微生物感染,包括選自腺病毒、漢他病毒、伯氏疏螺旋菌(Borrelia burgdorferi)、耶爾森菌屬(Yersinia spp.)和百日咳嗜血桿菌所組成之群的微生物病原;由血小板凝集引起的血栓;生殖狀況,如子宮內膜炎、卵巢的過度刺激徵候群、先兆子癇、功能不良性子宮出血或月經過多;滑膜炎;粥瘤;急性和慢性腎病(包括增殖性腎小球性腎炎和糖尿病-引起的腎病);濕疹;增生性瘢痕形成;內毒素休克和真菌感染;家族性腺瘤息肉病;神經變性疾病(例如阿茲海默氏症、與AIDS有關的痴呆、帕金森氏症、肌萎縮性側索硬化、色素性視網膜炎、脊椎肌肉萎縮和大腦變性);脊髓發育不良徵候群;再生不良性貧血;局部缺血的傷害;肺、腎臟或肝臟的纖維化;T-細胞調解之過敏疾病;嬰幼兒肥厚性幽門狹窄;尿阻塞徵候群;牛皮癬性關節炎;以及橋本氏甲狀腺炎。適合本文之療法的較佳非-惡性適應症包括牛皮癬、子宮內膜炎、硬皮病、脈管疾病(例如再狹窄、動脈粥樣硬化、冠狀動脈疾病或高血壓)、結腸息肉、纖維腺瘤或呼吸道疾病(例如氣喘、慢性支氣管炎、支氣管擴張或囊性纖維變性)。
在該調配物中之抗體是與B-細胞表面標記,如CD20或BR3結合之處,可使用該調配物來治療B-細胞惡性,如NHL或CLL、自體免疫疾病、移植排斥或阻斷對外來抗原的免疫反應,如抗體、毒素、基因療法的病毒載體、移植物、致病原或同種抗原(alloantigen)(參見Grillo-Lopez等人的WO01/03734)。
在該調配物中之抗體是IgE抗體之處,可用它來治療IgE-調解之病症(USSN2004/0197324 A1,Liu和Shire),如過敏性氣喘、過敏性鼻炎、異位性皮膚炎、過敏性胃腸病、過敏性、濕疹、蕁麻疹、過敏性支氣管肺麴菌病、寄生蟲疾病、高-IgE徵候群、毛細血管擴張性失調、威-奧氏(Wiskott-Aldrich)徵候群、胸腺淋巴組織發育不全、IgE骨髓瘤和移植-對-宿主反應。
與在TNF超級家族中之受體結合的抗體(例如其與DR5結合),或與VEGF(或其受體)結合的抗體,可用來治療癌症,在上文定義章節中描述了各種形式。以DR5抗體調配物治療的癌症最好是固體腫瘤或NHL。
在適應症為癌症之處,可利用抗體調配物與化學治療劑的混合物來治療患者。混合投藥包括共同投與或同時投與,使用不同的調配物或單一的醫藥調配物,以及以任一順序連續投藥,其中最好有一段時間使兩個(或全部)的活性製劑同時發揮其生物活性。因此,可在投與組合物之前或之後,投與化學治療劑。在該具體實施例中,在化學治療劑的至少一次投藥和組合物的至少一次投藥之間的時間安排,較佳的是大約1個月或更少,而最好是大約2週或更少。或者,以單一調配物或分開的調配物,將化學治療劑和組合物同時投與患者。
利用調配物來治療,將導致癌症或疾病之症狀或徵候的改善。例如,在欲治療之疾病為癌症之處,這類療法結果可改善存活(總存活及/或無疾病進展存活),及/或導致目標的臨床反應(部分或全部)。此外,以化學治療劑與抗體調配物之組合來治療,可對患者產生協同或比加成更大的治療益處。
在調配物中投與之抗體最好是裸露的抗體。然而,可將抗體連同細胞毒性製劑一起投與。較佳的是,與其結合的免疫共軛物及/或抗原可被內化至細胞內,結果增加了免疫共軛物殺死與其結合之癌細胞的治療效力。在較佳的具體實施例中,細胞毒性製劑瞄準或干擾在癌細胞中的核酸。這類細胞毒性製劑的實例包括類美登素、卡奇黴素、核糖核酸酶和DNA核酸內切酶。
根據已知的方法,將調配物投與人類患者,如靜脈內投藥,例如在一段時間內以積儲或藉著連續輸液,藉著肌肉內、腹腔內、腦脊髓內、皮下、關節內、滑膜內、鞘內、口服、局部或吸入路徑。抗體組合物的靜脈內、肌肉內或皮下投藥是較佳的,而最佳的是靜脈內投藥。
關於皮下遞送,可經由注射筒;注射裝置(例如INJECT-EASET M
和GENJECTT M
裝置);注射筆(如GENPENT M
);無針頭裝置(例如MEDIJECTORT M
和BIOJECTORT
M投與調配物);或皮下貼片遞送系統。
為了預防或治療疾病,抗體的適當劑量將視待治療之上文定義的疾病類型、該疾病之嚴重性和過程、是否為了預防或治療之目的投與抗體、先前療法、患者的臨床病史和對該抗體的反應,以及主治醫師的判斷而定。一次或在一連串的治療內,將抗體適當地投與患者。依據疾病的類型和嚴重性,大約1微克/公斤到50毫克/公斤(例如0.1-20毫克/公斤)的HER2或DR5抗體,是投與患者的起始候選劑量,無論是例如以一或多次分開的投藥或藉著連續輸液。抗體的劑量通常將是在從大約0.05毫克/公斤到大約10毫克/公斤的範圍內。若投與化學治療劑,通常投與其已知的劑量,或可視需要降低,因為藥物的混合作用,或可歸因於投與化學治療劑的負面副作用。可根據製造者的說明書使用這類化學治療劑的準備和給藥計畫,或由熟諳此藝者憑經驗判定。亦在Chemotherapy Service編輯M.C.Perry,Williams & Wilkins,Baltimore(1992)中描述了這類化學療法的準備和給藥計畫。
其他可與抗體倂用的治療攝生法包括,但不限於:第二個(第三個、第四個,等等)的化學治療劑(們)(即不同化學治療劑的"雞尾酒");其他單株抗體;生長抑制劑;細胞毒性製劑;化學治療劑;EGFR-標靶藥物;酪胺酸激酶抑制劑;抗-血管生成劑;及/或細胞激動素等等。
除了以上的治療攝生法之外,患者亦可接受癌細胞的手術切除及/或輻射療法。
在本發明的其他具體實施例中,提供製造商的零件,其包含本發明之醫藥調配物,並提供其使用說明。製造商的零件包括容器。適當的容器包括,例如瓶子、小瓶(例如雙室小瓶)、注射筒(如雙室注射筒)和試管。容器可由各種材料形成,如玻璃或塑膠。容器裝有調配物和在該容器上或與其相連的標籤,可指示使用方法。裝有調配物的容器可以是多次-使用的小瓶,其容許重建調配物的重複投藥(例如從2-6次投藥)。從商業和使用者的觀點來看,製造商的零件可進一步包括其他想要的材料,包括其他的緩衝溶液、稀釋劑、填料、針頭、注射筒和附有使用說明書的包裝插入物,如同在前一段提及的。
藉著參考下列的實例,將更充分地解釋本發明。然而,不應將其解釋為限制本發明之範圍。所有提及的文獻和專利均以引用的方式併入本文中。
穩定的普托珠單抗液體調配物
這些實例描述了包括蛋白質濃度在從大約10毫克/毫升-180毫克/毫升範圍內的普托珠單抗之穩定液體調配物的發展和穩定性測試。所選用的調配物具有低濁度,且在物理和化學上是穩定的。從調配物中移除氯離子,以便降低腐蝕的風險。該調配物是等張的,並適合皮下或肌肉內遞送。使用組胺酸-乙酸鹽和蔗糖調配物,避免在攪動應力下形成不溶性的聚集體,不必含有多乙氧基醚。
分析方法顏色、外觀和透明度(CAC)
在室溫下,藉著在螢光燈下對著白色和黑色的背景以肉眼檢查小瓶,來判定顏色、外觀和透明度。
UV濃度測量
首先以調配緩衝溶液稀釋一等份的液體產物,使得接近278毫微米的Am a x
是在0.5-1.0吸光度單位內。在HP 8453分光光度計上,在具有1公分光程長度的石英比色杯中,測量經過稀釋之試樣的UV吸光度。在278毫微米和320毫微米處測量吸光度。使用得自320毫微米處的吸光度校正起因於較大聚集體、氣泡和顆粒的背景光散射。以對調配緩衝溶液的測量值作為空白。使用1.50(毫克/毫升)- 1
公分- 1
之吸光係數,判定蛋白質濃度。
pH值測量
在室溫下使用RADIOMETER COPENHAGEN PHM82T M
pH計測量pH值。所使用之探針是混合的玻璃/參考電極,帶有輻射計連接器(Sigma,目錄第E-5759號)。使用pH 4.01和pH 7.00的標準溶液(EM Science)來校正pH計。
離子交換層析法(IEX)
使用陽離子交換層析法來測量帶電荷變體的改變。該測定利用在HP 1100T M
HPLC系統上的DIONEX PROPAC WCX-10T M
管柱。以含有20 mM MES pH 6.0的移動相A稀釋試樣至1毫克/毫升。然後將50毫升經過稀釋的試樣裝入管柱,並保持在周圍溫度下。以淺的NaCl梯度洗脫高峰,使用含有20 mM MES,250 mM NaCl,pH 6.0的移動相B。在280毫微米處監視洗脫物。使用HP CHEMSTATIONT M
軟體(Rev A08.03)分析數據。
毛細管區帶電泳(CZE)
藉著CZE判定Fab和F(ab')2
片段的純度。該測定是在帶有BIOCAP XLT M
毛細管,50微米直徑,44.6公分總長度和40公分至檢測器的BIORAD BIOFOCUST M
3000T M
毛細管電泳系統上進行。
尺寸排阻層析法(SEC)
使用尺寸排阻層析法定量聚集體和片段。該測定利用TSK G3000 SWXLT M
,7.8x300毫米管柱,並在HP 1100T M
HPLC系統上進行。以移動相稀釋試樣至10毫克/毫升,且注射體積為20微升。移動相是100 mM K2
HPO4
,pH 6.8,並以0.5毫升/分鐘之等梯度洗脫蛋白質45分鐘。在280毫微米處監視洗脫物的吸光度。使用HP CHEMSTATIONT M
軟體(Rev A08.03)進行積分。
生物活性
藉著測量其抑制人類乳癌細胞株MDA-MB-175-VII之增殖的能力,來判定普托珠單抗的生物活性。
實例1
在下列緩衝溶液條件下,以1.0毫克/毫升之蛋白質濃度調配普托珠單抗Fab和F(ab')2
抗體片段:10 mM檸檬酸鹽,140 mM NaCl,pH 4.0;10 mM琥珀酸鹽,140 mM NaCl,pH 5.0;10 mM琥珀酸鹽,140 mM NaCl,pH 6.0;10 mM組胺酸,140 mM NaCl,pH 7.0;以及10 mM甘胺醯基甘胺酸,140 mM NaCl,pH 8.0。
過濾每個調配物,並等分至3毫升WHEATONT M
USP第I型玻璃小瓶中,以鐵氟龍(TEFLON)T M
塗覆的灰色丁基塞子密封。將試樣儲存在40±2℃下。藥物產物的穩定性分析顯示Fab和F(ab')2
在pH 5.0到6.0之間是最穩定的。
實例2
在帶有120 mM蔗糖和0.02%多乙氧基醚的20 mM組胺酸-乙酸鹽緩衝溶液中調配普托珠單抗。以乙酸將調配物的pH值調整到終pH值在5.0到7.0之間。蛋白質濃度為30毫克/毫升。將每個調配物填裝到3毫升USP第I型玻璃小瓶中,並儲存在40℃下,進行穩定性分析。結果顯示普托珠單抗在大約pH 6.0下是最穩定的。
實例4
在下列實驗中,製備100毫克/毫升之蛋白質濃度的普托珠單抗調配物:(1)10 M組胺酸-HCl,240 mM蔗糖,0.02%多乙氧基醚20,pH 6.0;(2)10 mM組胺酸-乙酸鹽,240 mM蔗糖,0.02%多乙氧基醚20,pH 6.0;(3)10 mM組胺酸-磷酸鹽,240 mM蔗糖,0.02%多乙氧基醚20,pH 6.0;(4)10 mM組胺酸-硫酸鹽,240 mM蔗糖,0.02%多乙氧基醚20,pH6.0。
將每個調配物填裝到3毫升FORMA VITRUMT M
USP第I型玻璃小瓶中,並以表面塗有FLUROTECT M
的丁基橡膠塞子密封。將試樣儲存在30℃和40℃下,並針對品質(CAC)和純度(SEC,IEC)評估穩定性。穩定性結果顯示當儲存在40℃下時,在組胺酸-磷酸鹽緩衝溶液中的普托珠單抗降解得比在其他組胺酸緩衝溶液中更快(圖8和圖9)。
實例4
在下列的緩衝溶液中,藉著超過濾/透析過濾濃縮普托珠單抗至各種濃度:(1)20 mM組胺酸-乙酸鹽,pH 6.0;(2)10 mM組胺酸-HCl,pH 6.0;以及(3)10 mM組胺酸-硫酸鹽,pH 6.0。
在過濾之前先測量每個調配物的濁度。結果,如同在圖10中所示,證實在組胺酸-乙酸鹽和組胺酸-HCl中調配的普托珠單抗試樣具有比在組胺酸-硫酸鹽緩衝溶液中的那些更少的不可溶聚集體。
實例5
在20 mM組胺酸-乙酸鹽,120 mM蔗糖,0.02%多乙氧基醚20,pH 6.0中,以30毫克/毫升調配普托珠單抗。將普托珠單抗裝入316L和HASTELLOYT M
不銹鋼迷你罐。所有試樣均儲存在-20℃和5℃下,並評估品質(CAC)、純度(SEC,IEC)和強度(UV-可見光)。穩定性分析顯示當儲存在-20℃和5℃下至少3個月時,在該調配物中的普托珠單抗是穩定的。不含氯的調配物可與316L和HASTELLOYT M
不銹鋼罐相容。
實例6
使用切向流過濾(TFF)調配普托珠單抗。終調配物含有20 mM組胺酸-乙酸鹽,120 mM蔗糖,0.02%多乙氧基醚20,pH 6.0,30毫克/毫升的蛋白質濃度。將試樣裝入20毫升FORMA VITRUMT M
USP第I型玻璃小瓶中,以20毫米表面塗有FLUROTECT M
的丁基橡膠塞子加蓋,並以向上拉開的鋁帽密封。所有的試樣均儲存在-70℃、5℃、15℃下,並針對品質(CAC)、純度(SEC,IEC)、強度(UV-可見光)和效力(生物測定)評估穩定性。結果顯示當儲存在5℃和15℃下至少3個月時,在該調配物中的普托珠單抗是穩定的。
實例7
在下列的緩衝溶液條件下,調配100毫克/毫升的普托珠單抗:(1)10 mM組胺酸-HCl,pH 6.0;(2)10 mM組胺酸-HCl,240 mM蔗糖,pH 6.0;(3)20 mM琥珀酸鹽,pH 6.0;以及(4)20 mM琥珀酸鹽,240 mM蔗糖,pH 6.0。
將不同濃度的多乙氧基醚20加至每個調配物中。將所有的試樣裝入3毫升USP第I型玻璃小瓶中,並在室溫下以70 rpm水平地搖動高達7天。在第7天的時間點,就濁度評估每個試樣的穩定性。結果證實在終調配物中使用多乙氧基醚20,有效地防止了不溶性聚集體的形成。參見圖11。
實例8
在下列調配物中製備普托珠單抗:(1)25毫克/毫升普托珠單抗,10 mM組胺酸-HCl,240 mM蔗糖,pH 6.0;(2)50毫克/毫升普托珠單抗,10 mM組胺酸-HCl,240 mM蔗糖,pH 6.0;(3)60毫克/毫升普托珠單抗,20 mM組胺酸-乙酸鹽,120 mM蔗糖,pH 6.0。
在每個調配物中加入各種含量的多乙氧基醚20。將所有的試樣裝入3毫升USP第I型玻璃小瓶中,並在室溫下以70 rpm水平地搖動高達7天。在第7天的時間點,就濁度評估每個試樣的物理穩定性。結果證實在組胺酸-HCl和蔗糖調配物中使用多乙氧基醚20,有效地防止了不溶性顆粒的形成。含有組胺酸-乙酸鹽和蔗糖的調配物似乎對蛋白質具有與多乙氧基醚20相同的保護效力。參見圖12。
實例9
如下調配普托珠單抗:(1)100毫克/毫升蛋白質,10 mM組胺酸-HCl,pH 6.0;(2)100毫克/毫升蛋白質,20 mM琥珀酸鹽,pH 6.0;(3)60毫克/毫升蛋白質,20 mM組胺酸-乙酸鹽,pH 6.0。
將每個調配物與不同量的蔗糖混合。以無菌之方式將所有試樣裝入3毫升USP第I型玻璃小瓶中。然後將其冷凍至-70℃,並在5℃下融解三次。在三次冷凍和融解之後,判定每個試樣的物理穩定性。結果證實蔗糖在冷凍-融解過程中防止可溶性聚集體的形成。參見圖13。
實例10
適合治療用途的較佳普托珠單抗調配物,基本上由在20 mM組胺酸-乙酸鹽,120 mM蔗糖,0.02%多乙氧基醚20,pH 6.0中的30毫克/毫升普托珠單抗所組成。
420毫克劑量小瓶構型:小瓶:20毫升Formal Vitrum第I型玻璃塞子:20毫米DAIYO GRETT M
,氟-樹脂多層的帽:20毫米向上拉開的鋁帽填充體積:14.50毫升遞送:14.0毫升普托珠單抗,在生理鹽水IV袋中。
1050毫克劑量小瓶構型:小瓶:50毫升Formal Vitrum第I型玻璃塞子:20毫米DAIYO GRETT M
,氟-樹脂多層的帽:20毫米向上拉開的鋁帽填充體積:36.0毫升遞送:35.0毫升普托珠單抗,在生理鹽水IV袋中。
實例11
本實例係關於其他已經在第I期和第II期臨床試驗中使用的普托珠單抗調配物。該組合物包括25毫克/毫升普托珠單抗、10 mM組胺酸-HCl緩衝溶液、240 mM蔗糖、0.02%多乙氧基醚20,pH 6.0。
實例12
藉著固有的和外在的路徑調解細胞凋零。化學療法可引起細胞傷害,並可藉著反映細胞傷害的固有路徑而誘發細胞凋零。然而,腫瘤細胞通常對化學療法產生發育上的限制,係經由在p53腫瘤抑制劑基因中的突變(Ashkenazi A.瞄準腫瘤壞死因子超級家族的死亡和誘餌受體(Targeting Death and Decoy Receptors of the Tumour-Necrosis Factor Superfamily.)Nature Reviews 2:420-430(2002))。位在細胞表面的死亡受體,如DR4和DR5,經由不涉及p53的外在路徑誘發細胞凋零。激動劑分子,如Apo2L,與DR4和DR5受體結合,並經由Fas-相關死亡功能部位激活卡斯蛋白酶8和10。然後卡斯蛋白酶8和10激活卡斯蛋白酶3、6和7,誘導細胞凋零。在腫瘤細胞上的死亡受體之分子信號具有排除癌細胞的治療效力,該癌細胞對傳統療法是有抵抗力的,且分子,如Apo2L目前正經歷臨床評估。
"阿普單抗"是以λ輕鏈建構的全長CHO衍生之人類化IgG1。它是對抗DR5的激動劑抗體,已經顯示其誘導各種癌細胞株的細胞凋零。使用老鼠腫瘤移植模式的前臨床研究,已經顯示與Apo2L相比較,阿普單抗具有類似或改良的腫瘤降低。在末期固體腫瘤和非-何杰金氏淋巴瘤(NHL)之適應症中,評估作為抗-癌製劑的阿普單抗。在圖27和28中出示在這些實驗中使用之阿普單抗的重和輕鏈胺基酸序列。
製備抗體調配物
重組產生的阿普單抗具有極稀的蛋白質濃度和高pH值。使用帶有MILLIPORE PELLICONT M
XL,PLGGC10,50公分膜的Millipore Labscale切向流過濾(TFF)系統,將該物質濃縮至大約20毫克/毫升,並交換到20 mM乙酸鈉,pH 5.0緩衝溶液內。在從4.0到7.0之pH值範圍內,將阿普單抗調配到各種緩衝溶液系統內,使用乙酸鈉、組胺酸乙酸鹽和磷酸鈉,但沒有海藻糖和吐溫20,使用利用10,000道爾吞分子量之截止膜(Pierce,Inc.)的透析作用。在最後的透析時,加入240 mM的海藻糖。在透析之後,在調配物中加入0.02%吐溫20T M
,並利用0.22微米的濾紙(Millipore,Inc.)過濾試樣。將0.5毫升體積的阿普單抗裝入無菌的3毫升玻璃小瓶(Formal Vitrum,Inc.)中,並以13毫米的塞子(Daikyo,Inc.)密封。在-70℃、5℃、30℃和40℃下儲存高達3個月,來評估蛋白質的穩定性。
阿普單抗調配物的穩定性
關於藥物產物穩定性測試,調配大量將裝入5毫升FORMA VITRUM玻璃小瓶中的阿普單抗。將5.5毫升調配好的抗體裝入小瓶中,蓋好20毫米的DAIKYO塞子,並以直立的位置將其儲存在-70℃、5℃、30℃和40℃下。
關於藥物物質穩定性測試,通過0.22微米的濾紙滅菌過濾大量調配好的阿普單抗,並將10毫升裝入高壓滅菌過的20毫升316L不銹剛迷你罐中。將該罐直立放在-20℃和5℃下。在指定的時間間隔處,以無菌方式從迷你罐中移出1毫升的等份,並評估蛋白質品質。對照組小瓶是儲存在-20℃下,在3毫升玻璃小瓶中的1毫升等份。
顏色、外觀和透明度
在白色螢光燈下,使用具有黑和白色背景的光檢查台,以肉眼評估試樣的透明度、外觀和顏色。至於藥物物質分析,將迷你罐試樣移至3毫升玻璃小瓶中檢查。
pH值
在室溫下測量pH值,利用THERMO ORION SURE-FLOW ROSST M
半-微量pH電極測量緩衝溶液,或以THERMO ORION GLST M
混合微量pH電極測量蛋白質pH篩選試樣,以Beckman微電極探針測量毒物學穩定性試樣。每天利用在pH 7和pH 4的緩衝溶液標準物(EM Science),校正METERLABT M
pHM240 pH/離子計(Radiometer Analytical)。
濃度
藉著紫外光吸收光譜學,使用AGILENT 8453T M
分光光度計,判定蛋白質濃度。以適當的調配緩衝溶液空白稀釋試樣,得到從0.5到1.0的吸光度。利用稀釋溶液使儀器成為空白,並掃描從240到500毫微米的光譜。從在279毫微米處的吸光度中減去在320毫微米處的吸光度,來校正補償和光散射。藉著下列的等式來計算蛋白質濃度:濃度(毫克/毫升)=
一開始以序列為基礎,判定吸光係數為1.32公分- 1
(毫克/毫升)- 1
,並使用該值進行pH篩選研究。稍後藉著胺基酸分析和蛋白水解法判定該值為1.7公分- 1
(毫克/毫升)- 1
,並使用該值進行用於毒物學研究之阿普單抗的穩定性分析。
離子-交換層析法
在裝設有二極管陣列檢測器的1100系列HPLC(Agilent Technologies,Inc.)上進行離子交換層析法。在PROPAC WCX-10T M
(Dionex)管柱(4x250毫米)上,以0.5毫升/分鐘之流速並在40℃之管柱溫度下進行層析法。移動相A為25 mM磷酸鈉,pH 6.5。移動相B為在與移動相A相同之緩衝溶液中的100 mM氯化鈉。以100%移動相A平衡該管柱。關於pH值篩選,以20毫克阿普單抗的量,將其裝入管柱中,並在214毫微米處監視吸光度。以下列之梯度從管柱中洗脫出蛋白質:
至於用在毒物學研究中之材料的穩定性分析,以30毫克阿普單抗的量裝入管柱中,並在280毫微米處監視吸光度。利用下列的梯度從管柱中洗脫出蛋白質:
尺寸排阻層析法
在裝設有二極管陣列檢測器的1100系列HPLC(Agilent Technologies,Inc.)上進行尺寸排阻層析法。將50微克之含量的阿普單抗裝入TSK凝膠3000SWXLT M
(7.8x300毫米)管柱中,並對pH值篩選試樣以0.9毫升/分鐘之流速進行20分鐘,而對毒物學穩定性試樣以0.5毫升/分鐘之流速進行30分鐘,利用0.20M磷酸鉀,0.25M氯化鉀,pH 6.2作為移動相。在280毫微米處監視吸光度。
效力
效力生物測定之目的是測量阿普單抗殺死Colo205細胞的能力,使用ALAMARBLUET M
。Colo205是結腸癌細胞株,其表現DR5和DR4死亡受體。該測定以檢測代謝活性為基礎,倂入螢光分析/比色的生長指示劑。ALAMARBLUET M
是氧化還原染料,其在氧化態時是藍色且無螢光,細胞內的代謝還原將其轉變為紅色且有螢光。在顏色和螢光上的改變,與代謝活性和活細胞數目成比例。當細胞死亡時,減少信號。以帶有抗-Fc之培養基稀釋阿普單抗,然後將Colo205細胞加至阿普單抗試樣中,並在37℃下培養48小時。在最後2-3小時中加入ALAMARBLUET M
。在530毫微米激發和590毫微米發射處讀取培養盤,得到相對螢光單位(RFU)。藉著KALEIDAGRAPHT M
分析數據。產生殺死的稀釋曲線。
結果調配物pH值篩選研究
使用從未經擴大之穩定細胞株中產生的阿普單抗,研究pH值對抗體穩定性的影響。關於該分析,在pH 4.0、4.5、5.0、5.5之20 mM乙酸鈉緩衝溶液;pH 6.0和6.5之20 mM組胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝溶液;以及pH 7.0之20 mM磷酸鈉緩衝溶液中,將阿普單抗調配成20毫克/毫升的抗體。所有調配物均含有240 mM海藻糖和0.02%吐溫20。將調配物儲存在-70℃、5℃、30℃和40℃下高達3個月,並藉著各種分析測定來判定蛋白質的穩定性,包括CAC、pH值、濃度、SEC和IEC。在試樣儲存期間,並未在CAC、pH值或蛋白質濃度上觀察到明顯的改變。
藉著SEC分析試樣,顯示在5℃和-70℃下儲存期間並未發生明顯的改變。然而,在儲存於30℃和40℃下的期間內,觀察到降解,因為出現抗體片段與可溶性聚集體的形成(圖20)。欲比較調配物,監視抗體單體在儲存期間的動力學,並計算一級速率常數。在圖21中出示所得的pH值速率輪廓對抗體單體的喪失。藉著在pH 6.0之組胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝溶液中調配,獲得對抗體單體之穩定性最佳的條件。
藉著IEC監視阿普單抗的電荷異質性。在儲存於5℃和-70℃下的期間內,在IEC輪廓中並未出現明顯的改變。然而,藉著形成視調配物而定的酸性或鹼性變體而觀察到降解(圖22)。通常,在較低的調配物pH值下,增加鹼性變體的形成,而在較高的調配物pH值下,則形成較多的酸性變體。欲比較調配物,在儲存期間監視IEC高峰動力學,並計算一級速率常數。在圖23中出示所得的pH值速率輪廓對在IEC主峰中的喪失。由IEC觀察到的速率常數,比來自SEC的那些更高大約10倍(圖21)。因此,在IEC主峰中的喪失,是主要的抗體降解,其最後將限制產物的儲存壽命。此外,如同由SEC觀察到的,藉著在pH 6.0之組胺酸乙酸鹽緩衝溶液中調配,獲得穩定IEC主峰的最佳抗體穩定性。
在上述之pH值篩選數據的分析之後,選擇在20 mM組胺酸乙酸鹽,240 mM海藻糖,0.02%多乙氧基醚20,pH 6.0中包括20毫克/毫升抗體的阿普單抗調配物。關於藥物產物,小瓶構型則是由在5毫升FORMA VITRUMT M
小瓶裝滿5.5毫升,並有20毫米的DAIKYOT M
West塞子所組成。將阿普單抗儲存在不銹鋼罐中。
以上述之5毫升玻璃小瓶構型來評估阿普單抗藥物產物的穩定性。將小瓶儲存在-70℃(對照組)、5℃、30℃和40℃下。按照指定的時間間隔拉出試樣,並藉著下列的測定分析:顏色、外觀、透明度(CAC)、pH值、蛋白質濃度、SEC、IEC和效力。關於儲存在-70℃和5℃下的試樣,在表6中出示得自這些測定的結果,而對於儲存在30℃和40℃的試樣,在表7中出示結果。
在儲存於-70℃和5℃下12個月之後,並未觀察到在蛋白質品質上的變化。例如,pH值仍維持在6.0±0.3,阿普單抗似乎是澄清且無色的液體,蛋白質濃度仍維持20.0±2.0毫克/毫升,且單體%亦未改變。此外,在藉著殺死細胞之效力測定所判定的%IEC主峰和%比活性上亦沒有顯著的變化,仍在60%至140%比活性的測定準確度內。結果顯示將阿普單抗儲存在5℃下在5毫升玻璃小瓶中,持續12個月是穩定的。
表7顯示在30℃和40℃下發生了蛋白質品質上的變化。SEC顯示降低單體%,主要是因為碎裂的物種。在較高溫度下增加聚集體,但速率慢很多。然而,在40℃下6個月明顯增加了聚集體。IEC%主峰降低,而相對增加了酸性變體。在40℃下2個月和在30℃下9個月,鹼性高峰稍微降低。在40℃下儲存6個月之後,所發生之降解達到不再能夠積分IEC主峰的程度。殺死細胞之生物測定顯示在較高的溫度下,隨著儲存時間延長而喪失%比活性。蛋白質濃度和pH值並未改變。在40℃下3個月和在30℃下9個月,該溶液變成稍黃,且在40℃下9個月之後變成黃色。
藥物物質穩定性
在表8中出示藥物物質的冷凍-融解穩定性數據
在冷凍於-20℃下至少15小時,然後在周圍溫度下融解三次之後,並未觀察到在蛋白質之化學特徵上的顯著改變。例如,阿普單抗似乎是澄清且無色的液體,pH值仍維持在6.0±0.3,而SEC單體高峰%並沒有改變。
在-20℃和5℃下評估在不銹剛容器中的阿普單抗穩定性。
在指定的間隔處,以無菌之方式從迷你罐中拉出試樣,並進行分析。阿普單抗顯示在5℃下,在藉著pH值判定之蛋白質品質、CAC、蛋白質濃度和藉著IEC判定之%主峰上沒有改變,但藉著SEC判定每3個月喪失0.1%單體。在儲存於5℃下3個月的期間內,觀察到降低的效力。然而,試樣的效力在6和9個月的時間點再度增加。因此,在3個月時間點觀察到的效力差異,歸因於測定變異。阿普單抗顯示在-20℃下,在藉著pH值判定之蛋白質品質、CAC、蛋白質濃度、藉著SEC判定之%單體、藉著IEC判定之%主峰上沒有變化,且在效力上無明顯改變。穩定性數據顯示阿普單抗在-20℃下至少一年,以及在5℃下3個月,均是穩定的。
結論
進行調配物篩選研究,選擇阿普單抗的調配物。涵蓋4.0至7.0之pH值範圍的pH值篩選,使用帶有240 mM海藻糖二水合物和0.02%多乙氧基醚20的乙酸鈉、組胺酸乙酸鹽和磷酸鈉作為緩衝溶液,顯示阿普單抗在pH 6.0之溶液中是最穩定的。因此,發展出由20 mM組胺酸乙酸鹽、240 mM海藻糖、0.02%多乙氧基醚20,pH 6.0所組成的調配物,並以實驗證實其為穩定的。使用該調配物,顯示阿普單抗在5℃下至少12個月是穩定的。此外,顯示當儲存在316L不銹鋼容器中時,阿普單抗在-20℃下至少12個月且在5℃下至少3個月是穩定的。亦顯示當經歷高達三次的冷凍-融解循環時,阿普單抗仍是穩定的。
圖1敘述HER2之細胞外功能部位的功能部位I-Ⅳ(分別為SEQ ID NO:19-22)。
圖2A和2B敘述老鼠單株抗體2C4之可變輕(VL
)功能部位(圖2A)和可變重(VH
)功能部位(圖2B)(分別為SEQ ID NO:1和2);人類化2C4版本574的VL
和VH
功能部位(分別為SEQ ID NO:3和4),以及人類VL
和VH
一致架構(hum κ 1,輕κ亞組I;humIII,重亞組III)(分別為SEQ ID NO:5和6)之胺基酸序列的排列。星號確認在人類化2C4版本574與老鼠單株抗體2C4之間,或在人類化2C4版本574與人類架構之間的差異。在括弧中的是互補性決定區(CDRs)。
圖3A和3B顯示普托珠單抗輕鏈和重鏈的胺基酸序列(分別為SEQ ID NO:15和16)。以粗體顯示CDRs。輕鏈和重鏈經過計算之分子量為23,526.22 Da和49,216.56 Da(還原形式的半胱胺酸)。碳水化合物部分附接在重鏈的Asn 299。
圖4A和4B顯示普托珠單抗輕和重鏈的胺基酸序列,分別包含完整的胺基終端信號肽序列(分別為SEQ ID NO:17和18)。
圖5以圖解敘述在HER2之異種二聚結合位置處的2C4之結合作用,藉此防止與激活之EGFR或HER3的異種二聚作用。
圖6敘述HER2/HER3對MAPK和Akt路徑的偶聯。
圖7比較曲妥珠單抗和普托珠單抗的活性。曲妥珠單抗可在接近JM的IV中結合、保護對抗受體脫落及適度地影響受體向下調節,且稍微影響HER2擔任輔助受體的角色。普托珠單抗可在二聚作用界面處的II中結合、不能防止受體脫落及可適度地影響受體向下調節,且主要影響HER2擔任輔助受體的角色。
圖8藉著離子交換(IEX)分析,敘述普托珠單抗調配物的穩定性。
圖9藉著尺寸排阻層析法(SEC)分析,顯示普托珠單抗調配物的穩定性。
圖10反映普托珠單抗在不同調配物中的物理學穩定性。
圖11係得自普托珠單抗液體調配物的攪動研究。
圖12係得自普托珠單抗液體調配物的其他攪動研究。
圖13係得自普多珠單抗調配物的冷凍-融解研究。
圖14A和14B顯示曲妥珠單抗輕鏈(SEQ ID NO:13)和重鏈(SEQ ID NO:14)的胺基酸序列。
圖15A和15B敘述變體普托珠單抗輕鏈序列(SEQ ID NO:23)和變體普托珠單抗重鏈序列(SEQ ID NO:24)。
圖16顯示經常在IgG抗體中觀察到的寡醣結構。
圖17A和17B顯示專一性抗-IgE抗體E25、E26、HAE1和Hu-901之輕和重鏈(SEQ ID NO:37-44)的序列。在圖17A中,可變輕功能部位以殘基VEIK,殘基111作結束。在圖17B中,可變重功能部位以殘基VTVSS,殘基120周圍作結束。
圖18A是比較每個老鼠2H7之可變輕功能部位(VL
)(SEQ ID NO:25)、人類化2H7v16變體(SEQ ID NO:26)和人類κ輕鏈亞組I(SEQ ID NO:27)之胺基酸序列的序列排列。2H7和hu2H7v16之VL
的CDRs如下:CDR1(SEQ ID NO:57)、CDR2(SEQ ID NO:58)和CDR3(SEQ ID NO:59)。
圖18B是比較每個老鼠2H7之可變重功能部位(VH
)(SEQ ID NO:28)、人類化2H7v16變體(SEQ ID NO:29)和重鏈亞組III之人類一致序列(SEQ ID NO:30)之胺基酸序列的序列排列。2H7和hu2H7v16之VH
的CDRs如下:CDR1(SEQ ID NO:60)、CDR2(SEQ ID NO:61)和CDR3(SEQ ID NO:62)。
在圖18A和圖18B中,將每個鏈的CDR1、CDR2和CDR3放在括弧中,表示位在架構區FR1-FR4的側面。2H7意指老鼠2H7抗體。在兩排序列之間的星號,表示在兩個序列之間有差異的位置。殘基的編號是根據Kabat等人Sequences of Immunological Interest,第5版Public Health Service,National Institutes of Health,Bethesda,Md.(1991),以a、b、c、d和e表示插入。
圖19敘述具有SEQ ID NO:31-36之三個不同的VEGF抗體的可變功能部位序列。
圖20顯示下列阿普單抗試樣之尺寸排阻層析法(SEC)的洗脫輪廓:(a)對照組,以及在(b)pH 4.0,(c)pH 5.0,(d)pH6.0和(e)pH 7.0下製備的調配物。在分析之前,先將調配好的試樣儲存在40℃下2個月。
圖21敘述阿普單抗之抗體單體在儲存期間喪失的pH值速率輪廓。在儲存於30℃和40℃下的期間內,藉著SEC監視單體的動力學,並計算一級速率常數。
圖22提供下列阿普單抗試樣之離子交換層析法(IEC)的洗脫輪廓:(a)對照組,以及在(b)pH 4.0,(c)pH 5.0,(d)pH6.0和(e)pH 7.0下製備的調配物。在分析之前,先將調配好的試樣儲存在40℃下2個月。
圖23顯示在儲存期間,在IEC主峰中喪失的pH值速率輪廓。在儲存於30℃和40℃下的期間內,藉著IEC監視主峰的動力學,並計算一級速率常數。
圖24顯示人類Apo-2配體cDNA(SEQ ID NO:45)的核苷酸序列,及其衍生之胺基酸序列(SEQ ID NO:46)。在核苷酸位置447處,使用"N"來代表可能是"T"或"G"的核苷酸鹼基。
圖25A至25C顯示於1998年11月19日在WO98/51793中公告之人類DR5受體的441個胺基酸序列(SEQ ID NO:47),以及編碼的核苷酸序列(SEQ ID NO:48)。
圖26A至26C顯示人類DR5受體的440個胺基酸序列(SEQ ID NO:49),以及編碼的核苷酸序列(SEQ ID NO:50),亦於1998年8月20日公告在WO98/35986中。
圖27顯示阿普單抗7.3重鏈胺基酸序列(SEQ ID NO:51)。
圖28顯示阿普單抗7.3輕鏈胺基酸序列(SEQ ID NO:52)。
圖29A和29B顯示16E2重鏈(SEQ ID NO:53)和阿普單抗7.3重鏈(SEQ ID NO:51)胺基酸序列的排列。
圖30顯示16E2輕鏈(SEQ ID NO:54)和阿普單抗7.3輕鏈(SEQ ID NO:52)胺基酸序列的排列。
圖31A和31B敘述阿普單抗7.3的可變重胺基酸序列(圖31A,SEQ ID NO:55)和可變輕胺基酸序列(圖31B,SEQ ID NO:56)。以粗體確認CDR殘基。
圖32顯示成熟2H7v16和2H7v511輕鏈(分別為SEQ ID NO:63和64)的排列。以Kabat可變功能部位殘基編號和Eu恆定功能部位殘基編號來出示序列。
圖33顯示成熟2H7v16和2H7v511重鏈(分別為SEQ ID NO:65和66)的排列。以Kabat可變功能部位殘基編號和Eu恆定功能部位殘基編號來出示序列。
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序列是合成的<400> 12<210> 13 <211> 214 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的<400> 13 <210> 14 <211> 449 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的<400> 14 <210> 15 <211> 214 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的<400> 15 <210> 16 <211> 448 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的<400> 16 <210> 17 <211> 233 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的<400> 17 <210> 18 <211> 467 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的<400> 18 <210> 19 <211> 195 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人類<400> 19 <210> 20 <211> 124 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人類<400> 20<210> 21 <211> 169 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人類<400> 21 <210> 22 <211> 142 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人類<400> 22 <210> 23 <211> 217 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的<400> 23 <210> 24 <211> 449 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的<400> 24 <210> 25 <211> 107 <212> 蛋白質<213> 老鼠<400> 25<210> 26 <211> 107 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的<400> 26 <210> 27 <211> 108 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的<400> 27 <210> 28 <211> 122 <212> 蛋白質<213> 老鼠<400> 28<210> 29 <211> 122 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 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人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的. <400> 44 <210> 45 <211> 1042 <212> DNA <213> 人類<220> <221> 不確定的<222> 447 <223> N是T或G <400> 45<210> 46 <211> 281 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人類<400> 46 <210> 47 <211> 411 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人類<220> <221> Xaa <222> 410 <223> Xaa是L或M. <400> 47 <210> 48 <211> 1799 <212> DNA <213> 人類<400> 48 <210> 49 <211> 440 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人類<400> 49 <210> 50 <211> 1323 <212> DNA <213> 人類<400> 50 <210> 51 <211> 451 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的. <400> 51 <210> 52 <211> 213 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的. <400> 52 <210> 53 <211> 451 <213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的. <400> 53 <210> 54 <211> 213 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的. <400> 54 <210> 55 <211> 126 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的. <400> 55 <210> 56 <211> 108 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的. <400> 56 <210> 57 <211> 10 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的. <400> 57<210> 58 <211> 7 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的. <400> 58<210> 59 <211> 9 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的. <400> 59<210> 60 <211> 10 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的. <400> 60<210> 61 <211> 17 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的. <400> 61<210> 62 <211> 13 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的. <400> 62<210> 63 <211> 213 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的. <400> 63<210> 64 <211> 213 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的. <400> 64 <210> 65 <211> 452 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的. <400> 65 <210> 66 <211> 452 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的. <400> 66 <210> 67 <211> 10 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的. <220> <221> Xaa <222> 9 <223> Xaa為M或L. <400> 67<210> 68 <211> 9 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的. <220> <221> Xaa <222> 4 <223> Xaa為S或A. <400> 68<210> 69 <211> 17 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的. <220> <221> Xaa <222> 8 <223> Xaa為D或A. <400> 69<210> 70 <211> 13 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的. <220> <221> Xaa <222> 6 <223> Xaa為N,A,Y,W或D. <220> <221> Xaa <222> 7 <223> Xaa為S或R. <400> 70<210> 71 <211> 451 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的. <400> 71 <210> 72 <211> 451 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的. <400> 72 <210> 73 <211> 107 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的. <400> 73<210> 74 <211> 122 <212> 蛋白質<213> 人造的序列<220> <223> 序列是合成的. <400> 74
Claims (7)
- 一種醫藥調配物,其包括濃度為20毫克/毫升至40毫克/毫升之普托珠單抗(pertuzumab)、濃度為10 mM至40 mM之組胺酸-乙酸鹽緩衝溶液、濃度為60 mM至250 mM之蔗糖及濃度為0.01%到0.1%之多乙氧基醚20(polysorbate 20),其中該調配物之pH為5.5至6.5,且其中普托珠單抗包含分別如SEQ ID NO:3及SEQ ID NO:4所示之可變輕鏈及可變重鏈胺基酸序列。
- 如請求項1之醫藥調配物,其中普托珠單抗包含SEQ ID NO:15所示之輕鏈胺基酸序列及SEQ ID NO:16所示之重鏈胺基酸序列。
- 如請求項1或2之醫藥調配物,其中該調配物之pH值係自5.8到6.2。
- 如請求項1或2之醫藥調配物,其中該調配物包括30毫克/毫升的普托珠單抗、20 mM組胺酸-乙酸鹽緩衝溶液、120 mM蔗糖和0.02%多乙氧基醚20,其中該調配物的pH值係6.0。
- 如請求項1或2之醫藥調配物,其係用於治療個體之疾病或病況之方法中,其中該方法包含投與治療有效量之該調配物至該個體以治療該疾病或病況。
- 如請求項1或2之醫藥調配物,其係用於治療癌症之方法中,其中該方法包含投與治療癌症有效量之該調配物至個體中。
- 如請求項6之醫藥調配物,其中癌症為表現HER2之癌症。
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| TWI835773B (zh) * | 2018-01-26 | 2024-03-21 | 美商建南德克公司 | 組合物及使用方法 |
| US12171805B2 (en) | 2018-01-26 | 2024-12-24 | Genentech, Inc. | IL-22 FC compositions |
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