DE1158367B - Verfahren zur Herstellung von elektrophotographischem Material mit photoleitfaehiger Schicht aus Poly-(N-vinylcarbazol) - Google Patents
Verfahren zur Herstellung von elektrophotographischem Material mit photoleitfaehiger Schicht aus Poly-(N-vinylcarbazol)Info
- Publication number
- DE1158367B DE1158367B DEG35491A DEG0035491A DE1158367B DE 1158367 B DE1158367 B DE 1158367B DE G35491 A DEG35491 A DE G35491A DE G0035491 A DEG0035491 A DE G0035491A DE 1158367 B DE1158367 B DE 1158367B
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- poly
- vinylcarbazole
- polymerization
- production
- photoconductive layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 229920003227 poly(N-vinyl carbazole) Polymers 0.000 title claims description 20
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 6
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorus pentoxide Inorganic materials O1P(O2)(=O)OP3(=O)OP1(=O)OP2(=O)O3 DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- -1 vinyl carbazole Phosphorus Chemical compound 0.000 claims 2
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 6
- KKFHAJHLJHVUDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-vinylcarbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N(C=C)C3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 KKFHAJHLJHVUDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007720 emulsion polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004159 Potassium persulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium laurylsulphate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004141 Sodium laurylsulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium oxide Chemical compound [Ba]=O QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001864 baryta Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- NEHMKBQYUWJMIP-NJFSPNSNSA-N chloro(114C)methane Chemical compound [14CH3]Cl NEHMKBQYUWJMIP-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010410 dusting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium persulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000019394 potassium persulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019333 sodium laurylsulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PVEFEIWVJKUCLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuric acid;toluene Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O.CC1=CC=CC=C1 PVEFEIWVJKUCLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/14—Inert intermediate or cover layers for charge-receiving layers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F26/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
- C08F26/06—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
- C08F26/12—N-Vinyl-carbazole
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
- C08F8/02—Alkylation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
- C08F8/28—Condensation with aldehydes or ketones
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
- G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
- G03C1/72—Photosensitive compositions not covered by the groups G03C1/005 - G03C1/705
- G03C1/73—Photosensitive compositions not covered by the groups G03C1/005 - G03C1/705 containing organic compounds
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G13/00—Electrographic processes using a charge pattern
- G03G13/04—Exposing, i.e. imagewise exposure by optically projecting the original image on a photoconductive recording material
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/026—Layers in which during the irradiation a chemical reaction occurs whereby electrically conductive patterns are formed in the layers, e.g. for chemixerography
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/043—Photoconductive layers characterised by having two or more layers or characterised by their composite structure
- G03G5/047—Photoconductive layers characterised by having two or more layers or characterised by their composite structure characterised by the charge-generation layers or charge transport layers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/06—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being organic
- G03G5/0601—Acyclic or carbocyclic compounds
- G03G5/0612—Acyclic or carbocyclic compounds containing nitrogen
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/06—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being organic
- G03G5/0601—Acyclic or carbocyclic compounds
- G03G5/0618—Acyclic or carbocyclic compounds containing oxygen and nitrogen
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/06—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being organic
- G03G5/0622—Heterocyclic compounds
- G03G5/0624—Heterocyclic compounds containing one hetero ring
- G03G5/0627—Heterocyclic compounds containing one hetero ring being five-membered
- G03G5/0629—Heterocyclic compounds containing one hetero ring being five-membered containing one hetero atom
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/06—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being organic
- G03G5/0622—Heterocyclic compounds
- G03G5/0624—Heterocyclic compounds containing one hetero ring
- G03G5/0627—Heterocyclic compounds containing one hetero ring being five-membered
- G03G5/0633—Heterocyclic compounds containing one hetero ring being five-membered containing three hetero atoms
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/06—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being organic
- G03G5/0622—Heterocyclic compounds
- G03G5/0624—Heterocyclic compounds containing one hetero ring
- G03G5/0635—Heterocyclic compounds containing one hetero ring being six-membered
- G03G5/0637—Heterocyclic compounds containing one hetero ring being six-membered containing one hetero atom
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/06—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being organic
- G03G5/07—Polymeric photoconductive materials
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Polyoxymethylene Polymers And Polymers With Carbon-To-Carbon Bonds (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
- Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)
- Graft Or Block Polymers (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung
von elektrophotographischem Material, das auf einem leitenden Träger eine photoleitfähige Schicht aus
Poly-(N-vinylcarbazol) aufweist.
Die Verwendung von Poly-(N-vinylcarbazol) als photoleitfähige Schicht wurde bereits vorgeschlagen.
Es hat sich jedoch gezeigt, daß Poly-(N-vinylcarbazol), insbesondere wenn keine Sensibilisatoren verwendet
werden, den Nachteil hat, ziemlich lange Belichtungszeiten zu erfordern. Im Interesse eines schnellen
Arbeitsablaufes ist jedoch bei den elektrophotographischen Verfahren besonderer Wert auf eine
möglichst kurze Belichtungszeit zu legen.
Es hat sich nun gezeigt, daß die erforderliche Belichtungszeit der Poly-(N-vinylcarbazol)-Schicht abhängig
ist von der Art, in der das Vinylcarbazol polymerisiert wurde, und daß eine erhebliche Abkürzung
der Belichtungszeit erreicht wird, wenn man die Polymerisation des Vinylcarbazol durch Ionenbildung
einleitet.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zur Herstellung von elektrophotographischem Material aus einem
leitenden Träger und einer photoleitfähigen Schicht aus Poly-(N-vinylcarbazol) ist dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß ein Poly-(N-vinylcarbazol) verwendet wird, dessen Polymerisation durch Ionenbildung eingeleitet
wurde.
Dabei sind als Katalysatoren besonders geeignet Phosphorpentoxyd und Schwefelsäure. Die Polymerisation,
die in Lösung durchgeführt wird, kann getrennt von dem Träger erfolgen. Das dabei erhaltene
Polymerisat wird dann in an sich bekannter Weise auf den Träger aufgebracht. Die Polymerisation kann
jedoch auch in situ durchgeführt werden.
Die Erfindung ist im nachstehenden beispielsweise erläutert.
Herstellungsbeispiel I
Herstellung durch Emulsionspolymerisation,
wobei die Polymerisation in bekannter Weise
durch freie Radikale eingeleitet wird
30 g N-Vinylcarbazol werden unter Rühren und Durchleiten von Stickstoff bei 900C zu 100 ml Wasser
zugesetzt. Dann werden nacheinander 2,5 g Natriumlaurylsulfat
und 0,15 Kaliumpersulfat zugesetzt. Die Temperatur der Reaktionsmischung steigt von selbst
an, und am Ende der exothermen Reaktion wird die Temperatur der Mischung 3 Stunden auf 97 ° C gehalten.
Nach der Abkühlung wird die gebildete Emulsion filtriert.
Verfahren zur Herstellung
von elektrophotographischem Material
mit photoleitf ähiger Schicht aus
Poly-(N-vinylcarbazol)
Anmelder:
Gevaert Photo-Producten N. V.,
Mortsel, Antwerpen (Belgien)
Mortsel, Antwerpen (Belgien)
Vertreter: Dr. W. Müller-Bore
und Dipl.-Ing. H. Gralfs, Patentanwälte,
Braunschweig, Am Bürgerpark 8
Beanspruchte Priorität:
Großbritannien vom 29. Januar 1960 (Nr. 3326)
Großbritannien vom 29. Januar 1960 (Nr. 3326)
Dr. ehem. Paul Maria Cassiers, Mortsel, Antwerpen, Dr. ehem. Rene Maurice Hart, Wilrijk, Antwerpen,
Dr. ehem. Jean Marie Nys, Mortsel, Antwerpen,
und Dr. ehem. Jozef Frans Willems,
Wilrijk, Antwerpen (Belgien),
sind als Erfinder genannt worden
Herstellungsbeispiel II
Herstellung von Poly-(N-vinylcarbazol) durch
Polymerisation in Lösung, wobei die Polymerisation durch Ionenbildung von Phosphorpentoxyd
als Katalysator eingeleitet wird
Zu einer Lösung von 30 g N-Vinylcarbazol in 75 ml Benzol werden allmählich unter Rühren 45 g Phosphorpentoxyd
zugesetzt. Diese Reaktionsmischung wird 4 Stunden bei 70° C gerührt und dann in Hexan
gegossen. Der gebildete Niederschlag wird abfiltriert, getrocknet und allmählich in Wasser übergeführt.
Dann wird diese Mischung mit Natriumhydroxyd schwach alkalisch gemacht. Das gebildete PoIy-(N-vinylcarbazol)
wird abfiltriert, mit Wasser gewaschen, getrocknet und durch Auflösen in Methylenchlorid,
Filtrieren und Fällen in Aceton gereinigt.
Analyse:
Berechnet
gefunden .
gefunden .
C 87,05%, N 7,25%;
C 85,90%, N 7,07%.
C 85,90%, N 7,07%.
309 750/324
Herstellungsbeispiel III
Herstellung von Polyvinylcarbazol durch
Polymerisation in Lösung, wobei die Polymerisation durch Ionenbildung mit Schwefelsäure als Katalysator eingeleitet wird
Polymerisation in Lösung, wobei die Polymerisation durch Ionenbildung mit Schwefelsäure als Katalysator eingeleitet wird
Eine Lösung von 20 g N-Vinylcarbazol in 100 ml Toluol wird auf —5° C abgekühlt und unter kräftigem
Rühren tropfenweise mit 5 ml in 20 ml Toluol suspendierter
Schwefelsäure versetzt. Die Temperatur steigt schnell auf 35° C. Nach Abkühlung auf -5° C und
1 stündigem Rühren bei dieser Temperatur werden zu der Reaktionsmischung weitere 50 ml Toluol zugesetzt.
Dann wird nochmals 2 Stunden gerührt. Die so erhaltene blaue viskose Lösung wird in Hexan gegossen,
und der gebildete Niederschlag wird getrocknet, mit Wasser gewaschen und im Vakuum getrocknet.
Das Polymerisat wird durch Auflösen in Benzol, Filtrieren und Fällen in Methanol gereinigt. Ausbeute:
8 g.
Die Eignung der so gewonnenen N-Vinylcarbazolpolymerisate
zur Herstellung von photoleitfähigen Schichten für elektrophotographische Materialien
wird im nachstehenden Beispiel untersucht.
Eine Papierunterlage von 90 g/m2 wird mit einer
Barytschicht beschichtet, die pro Quadratmeter 10 g Bariumsulfat enthält. Vier Streifen A, B, C und D
dieses Trägers werden jeweils mit einer Schicht aus einer Lösung von 10 g Poly-(N-vinylcarbazol) in 100 ml
Methylchlorid beschichtet, wobei für jeden Streifen ein Poly-(N-vinylcarbazol) verschiedenen Ursprungs
verwendet wird.
Streifen A
Käufliches Poly-(N-vinylcarbazol).
Streifen B
Poly-(N-vinylcarbazol), hergestellt durch Emulsionspolymerisation
nach dem obigen Herstellungsbeispiel 1.
Streifen C
Poly-(N-vinylcarbazol), hergestellt durch Polymerisation in Lösung mit Phosphorpentoxyd als
Katalysator nach dem obigen Herstellungsbeispiel 2.
Streifen D
PoIy-(N-vinylcarbazol), hergestellt durch Polymerisation
in Lösung mit Schwefelsäure als Katalysator nach dem obigen Herstellungsbeispiel 3.
Jeder dieser Streifen wird durch einen Koronaeffekt hoher Spannung negativ aufgeladen und verschiedene
Zeiten zwischen 1 Sekunde und 5 Minuten mit einer 100-Watt-Lampe in einer Entfernung von
cm hinter einem Diapositiv belichtet.
Die latenten Bilder werden durch Einstäuben mit einer Pulvermischung aus 100 Teilen Eisenpulver und
Teilen Toner sichtbar gemacht. Das Pulverbild wird durch Wärme fixiert.
Für die Streifen C und D betrug die Belichtungszeit nur 1,5 Sekunden, während die Streifen A und B eine
Belichtungszeit von 5 Minuten erforderten.
Claims (3)
1. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines elektrophotographischen Materials aus einem leitenden
Träger und einer photoleitfähigen Schicht aus Poly-(N-vinylcarbazol), dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß ein in Lösung polymerisiertes Poly-(N-vinylcarbazol) verwendet wird, bei dem die Polymerisation
durch Ionenbildung eingeleitet wurde.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zur Polymerisation des Vinylcarbazol
Phosphorpentoxyd als Katalysator verwendet wird.
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zur Polymerisation des Vinylcarbazol
Schwefelsäure als Katalysator verwendet wird.
© 309 750/324 11.63
Applications Claiming Priority (7)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB679059A GB964871A (en) | 1959-02-26 | 1959-02-26 | Improvements in or relating to electrophotography |
| GB1375359A GB964872A (en) | 1959-02-26 | 1959-04-22 | Electrophotographic processes |
| GB332660 | 1960-01-29 | ||
| BE589994A BE589994R (fr) | 1960-04-22 | 1960-04-22 | Elektrofotografisch materiaal. |
| BE589995A BE589995R (fr) | 1960-04-22 | 1960-04-22 | Elektrofotografisch materiaal. |
| BE2039740 | 1960-04-29 | ||
| BE590299 | 1960-04-29 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE1158367B true DE1158367B (de) | 1963-11-28 |
Family
ID=27560769
Family Applications (10)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DEG35491A Pending DE1158367B (de) | 1959-02-26 | 1960-02-26 | Verfahren zur Herstellung von elektrophotographischem Material mit photoleitfaehiger Schicht aus Poly-(N-vinylcarbazol) |
| DEG29112A Pending DE1160303B (de) | 1959-02-26 | 1960-02-26 | Elektrophotographisches Material |
| DE1472950A Expired DE1472950C3 (de) | 1959-02-26 | 1960-02-26 | Elektrofotografisches material |
| DE19601797536 Pending DE1797536A1 (de) | 1959-02-26 | 1960-02-26 | Verwendung von organischen substanzen als photohalbleiterschicht in einem elektrophotographischen aufzeichnungsmaterial |
| DEG33483A Pending DE1160304B (de) | 1959-02-26 | 1960-02-26 | Verfahren zur Herstellung lichtleitfaehiger Schichten aus Poly-(N-vinylcarbazol) |
| DEG29113A Pending DE1173797B (de) | 1959-02-26 | 1960-02-26 | Elektrophotographisches Material |
| DEG29511A Pending DE1253051B (de) | 1959-02-26 | 1960-04-22 | Verfahren zur Herstellung von elektrophotographischen Bildern |
| DEG30052A Pending DE1194255B (de) | 1959-02-26 | 1960-07-13 | Sensibilisiertes elektrophotographisches Aufzeichnungsmaterial |
| DEG30051A Pending DE1233265B (de) | 1959-02-26 | 1960-07-13 | Sensibilisiertes elektrophotographisches Aufzeichnungsmaterial |
| DE1961G0031492 Pending DE1288914B (de) | 1959-02-26 | 1961-01-30 | Photoleitfaehige Schicht mit einem polymeren Photoleiter |
Family Applications After (9)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DEG29112A Pending DE1160303B (de) | 1959-02-26 | 1960-02-26 | Elektrophotographisches Material |
| DE1472950A Expired DE1472950C3 (de) | 1959-02-26 | 1960-02-26 | Elektrofotografisches material |
| DE19601797536 Pending DE1797536A1 (de) | 1959-02-26 | 1960-02-26 | Verwendung von organischen substanzen als photohalbleiterschicht in einem elektrophotographischen aufzeichnungsmaterial |
| DEG33483A Pending DE1160304B (de) | 1959-02-26 | 1960-02-26 | Verfahren zur Herstellung lichtleitfaehiger Schichten aus Poly-(N-vinylcarbazol) |
| DEG29113A Pending DE1173797B (de) | 1959-02-26 | 1960-02-26 | Elektrophotographisches Material |
| DEG29511A Pending DE1253051B (de) | 1959-02-26 | 1960-04-22 | Verfahren zur Herstellung von elektrophotographischen Bildern |
| DEG30052A Pending DE1194255B (de) | 1959-02-26 | 1960-07-13 | Sensibilisiertes elektrophotographisches Aufzeichnungsmaterial |
| DEG30051A Pending DE1233265B (de) | 1959-02-26 | 1960-07-13 | Sensibilisiertes elektrophotographisches Aufzeichnungsmaterial |
| DE1961G0031492 Pending DE1288914B (de) | 1959-02-26 | 1961-01-30 | Photoleitfaehige Schicht mit einem polymeren Photoleiter |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US3113022A (de) |
| BE (2) | BE588049A (de) |
| DE (10) | DE1158367B (de) |
| DK (2) | DK117469B (de) |
| FR (6) | FR1254023A (de) |
| GB (8) | GB964871A (de) |
| NL (2) | NL250781A (de) |
| SE (2) | SE301587B (de) |
Families Citing this family (72)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3287115A (en) * | 1959-05-29 | 1966-11-22 | Azoplate Corp | Process for the sensitization of photoconductors |
| BE612087A (de) * | 1960-12-29 | |||
| US3228769A (en) * | 1961-05-04 | 1966-01-11 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Photosensitive copy-sheet comprising zinc oxide and a diazonium compound and method of copying |
| US3218163A (en) * | 1961-05-05 | 1965-11-16 | Bunker Ramo | Electro-optical image producing method and apparatus |
| US3287118A (en) * | 1961-07-24 | 1966-11-22 | Azoplate Corp | Process for the sensitization of photoconductors |
| US3287117A (en) * | 1961-07-24 | 1966-11-22 | Azoplate Corp | Process for the sensitization of photoconductros |
| US3287119A (en) * | 1961-07-24 | 1966-11-22 | Azoplate Corp | Process for the sensitization of photoconductors |
| US3287116A (en) * | 1961-07-24 | 1966-11-22 | Azoplate Corp | Process for the sensitization of photoconductors |
| US3287120A (en) * | 1961-07-24 | 1966-11-22 | Azoplate Corp | Process for the sensitization of photoconductors |
| US3287122A (en) * | 1961-07-24 | 1966-11-22 | Azoplate Corp | Process for the sensitization of photoconductors |
| US3287121A (en) * | 1961-07-24 | 1966-11-22 | Azoplate Corp | Process for the sensitization of photoconductors |
| US3287114A (en) * | 1961-07-24 | 1966-11-22 | Azoplate Corp | Process for the sensitization of photoconductors |
| US3287123A (en) * | 1961-07-24 | 1966-11-22 | Azoplate Corp | Process for the sensitization of photoconductors |
| US3287113A (en) * | 1961-07-24 | 1966-11-22 | Azoplate Corp | Process for the sensitization of photoconductors |
| US3220830A (en) * | 1961-10-02 | 1965-11-30 | Kenffel & Esser Company | Method of developing a negative electrostatic latent image |
| US3468660A (en) * | 1963-02-15 | 1969-09-23 | Azoplate Corp | Electrophotographic material comprising a multilayer support having a barrier layer over a duplex paper base |
| GB1053941A (de) * | 1963-06-18 | |||
| NL140992B (nl) * | 1963-07-06 | 1974-01-15 | Kalle Ag | Kopieermateriaal, dat een lichtgevoelig diazoniumzout bevat en werkwijze voor het bereiden van dat zout. |
| US3377165A (en) * | 1964-01-22 | 1968-04-09 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Process of copying utilizing a blush lacquer coating and a photodecomposable progenitor of a plasticizer |
| US3493369A (en) * | 1964-04-03 | 1970-02-03 | Appleton Coated Paper Co | Low electrical resistance varnish coatings on an insulating base |
| US3322540A (en) * | 1964-04-16 | 1967-05-30 | Rca Corp | Electrophotographic developing method utilizing a thermoplastic photo-conductive layer having entrapped solvent therein |
| US3410686A (en) * | 1964-06-30 | 1968-11-12 | Ibm | Development of images |
| US3411903A (en) * | 1964-11-23 | 1968-11-19 | Xerox Corp | Xerographic method and plate comprising photoconductive insulating fibers |
| DE1572058A1 (de) * | 1964-12-30 | 1970-03-05 | Keuffel & Esser Co | Reprographisches Verfahren |
| US3443937A (en) * | 1965-04-20 | 1969-05-13 | Xerox Corp | Image resolution |
| GB1166451A (en) * | 1965-06-16 | 1969-10-08 | Kodak Ltd | Photographic Reproduction |
| US3451811A (en) * | 1965-07-01 | 1969-06-24 | Xerox Corp | Electrophotographic imaging processes using electrically photosensitive photochromic materials |
| FR1486795A (de) * | 1965-07-16 | 1967-10-05 | ||
| US3512966A (en) * | 1965-07-26 | 1970-05-19 | Ibm | Process of electrophotographic recording employing persistent organic photoconductive compositions |
| US3472676A (en) * | 1965-11-18 | 1969-10-14 | Gevaert Photo Prod Nv | Process for developing electrostatic charge patterns |
| US3510297A (en) * | 1966-05-05 | 1970-05-05 | Ibm | Process for producing negative transparencies |
| US3526502A (en) * | 1966-07-18 | 1970-09-01 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd | Electrophotographic material |
| US3542546A (en) * | 1966-11-29 | 1970-11-24 | Eastman Kodak Co | Organic photoconductors containing the >n-n< nucleus |
| US3486922A (en) * | 1967-05-29 | 1969-12-30 | Agfa Gevaert Nv | Development of electrostatic patterns with aqueous conductive developing liquid |
| US3634079A (en) * | 1969-12-22 | 1972-01-11 | Ibm | Substrate layer for dichroic photoconductors |
| US3622335A (en) * | 1970-01-13 | 1971-11-23 | Norman Thomas Notley | Copolymers of an alpha acrylonitrile and a styrene used as vehicles in vesicular materials |
| US3628954A (en) * | 1970-03-24 | 1971-12-21 | Keuffel And Esser Co | Diazo material and visible light development process therefore |
| US3894868A (en) * | 1970-12-01 | 1975-07-15 | Xerox Corp | Electron transport binder structure |
| JPS4913354B1 (de) * | 1970-12-19 | 1974-03-30 | ||
| US3907557A (en) * | 1971-02-08 | 1975-09-23 | Avery Products Corp | Pressure-sensitive electrostatic imaging labels |
| US3791826A (en) * | 1972-01-24 | 1974-02-12 | Ibm | Electrophotographic plate |
| US4042388A (en) * | 1972-03-15 | 1977-08-16 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Process for the preparation of sensitized material for electrophotography |
| US3849130A (en) * | 1972-03-20 | 1974-11-19 | Pitney Bowes Inc | Organic photoconductive composition and electrophotographic member |
| US3975196A (en) * | 1972-03-20 | 1976-08-17 | Pitney-Bowes, Inc. | Photoconductive charge transfer complex for electrophotography |
| US3775105A (en) * | 1972-12-26 | 1973-11-27 | Ibm | Disazo pigment sensitized photoconductor |
| CH598629A5 (de) * | 1973-07-09 | 1978-05-12 | Oce Van Der Grinten Nv | |
| CH593503A5 (de) * | 1973-07-09 | 1977-12-15 | Oce Van Der Grinten Nv | |
| US3884689A (en) * | 1973-08-30 | 1975-05-20 | Xerox Corp | Polycyclic aromatic polymer as a photoconductor or overlayer |
| JPS5328097B2 (de) * | 1973-09-14 | 1978-08-12 | ||
| GB1488867A (en) * | 1974-02-22 | 1977-10-12 | Agfa Gevaert | Production of a permanent conductivity pattern |
| US4117072A (en) * | 1974-10-16 | 1978-09-26 | Xerox Corporation | Process for enhancement of mechanical properties of photoconductive polymers |
| US4015985A (en) * | 1975-04-09 | 1977-04-05 | Xerox Corporation | Composite xerographic photoreceptor with injecting contact layer |
| US4036648A (en) * | 1975-06-30 | 1977-07-19 | International Business Machines Corporation | Highly conductive printing medium containing a halogenated hydrocarbon photoactivator and a tetrathiafulvalene or a related compound thereof |
| DE2805680C2 (de) * | 1977-03-01 | 1982-05-27 | Bexford Ltd., London | Aufzeichnungsmaterialien für das Vesikularverfahren und Verfahren zur Erhöhung der Lichtempfindlichkeit solcher Aufzeichnungsmaterialien |
| JPS5424026A (en) * | 1977-07-26 | 1979-02-23 | Mita Industrial Co Ltd | Photoconductive composition for electrophotography |
| US4358519A (en) * | 1977-12-05 | 1982-11-09 | Honeywell Inc. | Technique of introducing an interface layer in a thermoplastic photoconductor medium |
| JPS54150128A (en) * | 1978-05-17 | 1979-11-26 | Mitsubishi Chem Ind | Electrophotographic photosensitive member |
| US4259425A (en) * | 1979-05-11 | 1981-03-31 | Monsanto Company | Electrographic recording material |
| JPS564144A (en) * | 1979-06-23 | 1981-01-17 | Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Co Ltd | Photosensitive composition |
| US4413052A (en) * | 1981-02-04 | 1983-11-01 | Ciba-Geigy Corporation | Photopolymerization process employing compounds containing acryloyl group and anthryl group |
| US4362798A (en) * | 1981-05-18 | 1982-12-07 | International Business Machines Corporation | Hydrazone and pyrazoline or acetosol yellow containing charge transport layer, photoconductor and electrophotographic process using the same |
| DE3126264A1 (de) * | 1981-07-03 | 1983-01-20 | Basf Ag, 6700 Ludwigshafen | Polymere mit mindestens zwei stabilen und reversibel umwandelbaren oxidationsstufen und ihre anwendung als redoxsysteme und in der elektrotechnik sowie zur antistatischen ausruestung von kunststoffen |
| CA1176905A (en) * | 1981-12-07 | 1984-10-30 | Akitaka Yasujima | Persistent photoconductive element comprising pigment layer and polyvinyl carbazole layer |
| US4450216A (en) * | 1982-11-22 | 1984-05-22 | Eastman Kodak Company | Method for improving the sensitometric response of a persistently conductive photoreceptor |
| DE3409888A1 (de) * | 1984-03-17 | 1985-09-19 | Hoechst Ag, 6230 Frankfurt | Lichtempfindliches aufzeichnungsmaterial und dessen verwendung in einem verfahren zum herstellen einer druckform oder einer gedruckten schaltung |
| US4732831A (en) * | 1986-05-01 | 1988-03-22 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Xeroprinting with photopolymer master |
| US5492783A (en) * | 1989-11-17 | 1996-02-20 | Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. | Electrostatic information-recording media and process for recording and reproducing electrostatic information |
| US4988597A (en) * | 1989-12-29 | 1991-01-29 | Xerox Corporation | Conductive and blocking layers for electrophotographic imaging members |
| US5385796A (en) * | 1989-12-29 | 1995-01-31 | Xerox Corporation | Electrophotographic imaging member having unmodified hydroxy methacrylate polymer charge blocking layer |
| US5063128A (en) * | 1989-12-29 | 1991-11-05 | Xerox Corporation | Conductive and blocking layers for electrophotographic imaging members |
| US5063125A (en) * | 1989-12-29 | 1991-11-05 | Xerox Corporation | Electrically conductive layer for electrical devices |
| WO2014130793A1 (en) * | 2013-02-21 | 2014-08-28 | The Johns Hopkins University | Epitope-polymer platform for detection of bacterial organisms |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2845348A (en) * | 1952-01-04 | 1958-07-29 | Kallman Hartmut | Electro-photographic means and method |
| US2919191A (en) * | 1954-12-27 | 1959-12-29 | Haloid Xerox Inc | Xerographic transfer method |
| US2956874A (en) * | 1956-05-01 | 1960-10-18 | Rca Corp | Photoconductive photography |
| US2956878A (en) * | 1956-11-13 | 1960-10-18 | Eastman Kodak Co | Photosensitive polymers and their applications in photography |
| US2951443A (en) * | 1956-12-27 | 1960-09-06 | Haloid Xerox Inc | Image reproduction |
| DE1068115B (de) | 1957-09-07 | 1959-10-29 | ||
| NL254115A (de) | 1959-07-22 |
-
1959
- 1959-02-26 GB GB679059A patent/GB964871A/en not_active Expired
- 1959-02-26 GB GB1409360A patent/GB964875A/en not_active Expired
- 1959-04-22 GB GB1375359A patent/GB964872A/en not_active Expired
- 1959-04-22 GB GB1544160A patent/GB964877A/en not_active Expired
-
1960
- 1960-01-29 GB GB1618860A patent/GB964879A/en not_active Expired
- 1960-02-26 BE BE588049D patent/BE588049A/nl unknown
- 1960-02-26 DE DEG35491A patent/DE1158367B/de active Pending
- 1960-02-26 DE DEG29112A patent/DE1160303B/de active Pending
- 1960-02-26 BE BE588050A patent/BE590299A/nl unknown
- 1960-02-26 DE DE1472950A patent/DE1472950C3/de not_active Expired
- 1960-02-26 DE DE19601797536 patent/DE1797536A1/de active Pending
- 1960-02-26 DE DEG33483A patent/DE1160304B/de active Pending
- 1960-02-26 DE DEG29113A patent/DE1173797B/de active Pending
- 1960-02-26 FR FR819760A patent/FR1254023A/fr not_active Expired
- 1960-04-22 DE DEG29511A patent/DE1253051B/de active Pending
- 1960-04-22 NL NL250781A patent/NL250781A/nl unknown
- 1960-04-22 US US2391760 patent/US3113022A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1960-04-22 FR FR825030A patent/FR1259087A/fr not_active Expired
- 1960-07-13 DE DEG30052A patent/DE1194255B/de active Pending
- 1960-07-13 DE DEG30051A patent/DE1233265B/de active Pending
-
1961
- 1961-01-30 FR FR851159A patent/FR1291570A/fr not_active Expired
- 1961-01-30 DE DE1961G0031492 patent/DE1288914B/de active Pending
- 1961-04-20 FR FR859337A patent/FR79707E/fr not_active Expired
- 1961-04-20 FR FR859336A patent/FR79647E/fr not_active Expired
- 1961-04-21 GB GB1462061A patent/GB988361A/en not_active Expired
- 1961-04-21 GB GB1462161A patent/GB988362A/en not_active Expired
- 1961-04-21 US US10450461 patent/US3122435A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1961-04-24 FR FR859651A patent/FR79760E/fr not_active Expired
- 1961-04-28 GB GB1555461A patent/GB988363A/en not_active Expired
-
1964
- 1964-02-17 SE SE188664A patent/SE301587B/sv unknown
- 1964-02-17 SE SE188764A patent/SE310309B/sv unknown
- 1964-05-08 DK DK233164A patent/DK117469B/da unknown
- 1964-05-08 DK DK233064A patent/DK118752B/da unknown
-
1970
- 1970-12-07 NL NL7017826A patent/NL7017826A/nl unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB964871A (en) | 1964-07-22 |
| DE1253051B (de) | 1967-10-26 |
| BE590299A (nl) | 1960-10-31 |
| DE1472950B2 (de) | 1974-03-28 |
| GB964879A (en) | 1964-07-22 |
| FR1291570A (fr) | 1962-04-27 |
| DE1472950A1 (de) | 1972-03-09 |
| FR79707E (fr) | 1963-01-11 |
| GB964872A (en) | 1964-07-22 |
| FR1259087A (fr) | 1961-04-21 |
| FR79760E (fr) | 1963-04-24 |
| SE301587B (de) | 1968-06-10 |
| GB988363A (en) | 1965-04-07 |
| DE1173797B (de) | 1964-07-09 |
| DE1194255B (de) | 1965-06-03 |
| DE1797536A1 (de) | 1973-04-19 |
| DE1160303B (de) | 1963-12-27 |
| FR1254023A (fr) | 1961-02-17 |
| SE310309B (sv) | 1969-04-21 |
| US3113022A (en) | 1963-12-03 |
| DE1472950C3 (de) | 1974-10-31 |
| GB964877A (en) | 1964-07-22 |
| DE1233265B (de) | 1967-01-26 |
| FR79647E (fr) | 1962-12-28 |
| DK118752B (da) | 1970-09-28 |
| GB988362A (en) | 1965-04-07 |
| BE588049A (nl) | 1960-08-26 |
| DK117469B (da) | 1970-04-27 |
| US3122435A (en) | 1964-02-25 |
| DE1288914B (de) | 1969-02-06 |
| DE1160304B (de) | 1963-12-27 |
| GB988361A (en) | 1965-04-07 |
| GB964875A (en) | 1964-07-22 |
| NL7017826A (de) | 1971-03-25 |
| NL250781A (nl) | 1964-02-25 |
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