CN1164387A - 适合于非肠道给药的稳定的类胡萝卜素乳剂 - Google Patents
适合于非肠道给药的稳定的类胡萝卜素乳剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1164387A CN1164387A CN97109609A CN97109609A CN1164387A CN 1164387 A CN1164387 A CN 1164387A CN 97109609 A CN97109609 A CN 97109609A CN 97109609 A CN97109609 A CN 97109609A CN 1164387 A CN1164387 A CN 1164387A
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Abstract
一种适合于非肠道给药的稳定的水包油型乳剂,它含有按重量计10%以下的卵磷脂,由一种水相和一种用生理上耐受的乳化剂非常细微地分散的油相组成,该油相含有至少一种类胡萝卜素并以生理上耐受的油或脂肪为主,它包括作乳化剂的聚氧乙烯/聚氧丙烯嵌段聚合物和/或卵磷脂,其中类胡萝卡素以高于它在室温下油或脂肪中饱和溶解度的浓度存在于油相中。
Description
本发明涉及一种水包油型的类胡萝卜素乳剂,即该乳剂包括一种含有分散的类胡萝卜素的油相,其中的类胡萝卜素浓度高于它在室温时的饱和浓度,此外还涉及一种制备该乳剂的方法。
类胡萝卜素具有抗氧化的作用并且也是极好的氧自由基清除剂。在光合作用的体系中大自然就利用了类胡萝卜素的这种保护作用。这样,在绿色植物中叶绿素就与β-胡萝卜素相联系,用β-胡萝卜素防止对光合作用体系的氧化性破坏。
在较高级的有机体(如人)中,代谢过程中同样也产生氧自由基,现已发现这些氧自由基可以引起或加速某性疾病(如关节炎,癌)。
类胡萝卜素特别是β-胡萝卜素,存在于象疏菜或莴苣这样的植物类食物中并且随食物被人体所摄入。
但是,另一方面,我们知道一般低溶解度的类胡萝卜素能被人体吸收的部分是很少的。例如,人体从生胡萝卜中只能吸取极少的β-胡萝卜素。不匀衡的饮食习惯也造成某些人只从食物中吸取极少量类胡萝卜素。
因为这些原因,开发一种适合于注射并使得快速增加体内的类胡萝卜素浓度成为可能的类胡萝卜素制剂是非常有益的。在这方面大家已知的主要困难就是多数类胡萝卜素的溶解性极差,它们完全不溶于水并且在脂肪和油中也只有有限的溶解度。
对注射液来说,在油或油溶性物质中使用分子分散体的类胡萝卜素溶液也存在着问题,并且由于有脂肪栓塞的危险完全不适合向血液中直接给药。
把低溶解度的类胡萝卜素转化成一种适合于注射的形式有几种可能性。例如使用增溶剂在含水体系中形成含有β-胡萝卜素的胶粒或制备β-胡萝卜素乳剂,在制备β-胡萝卜素乳剂方面,由于β-胡萝卜素的低油溶性,至今一般也还不能获得高浓度的β-胡萝卜素。当然一般必需确保所有组分都是生理上完全耐受的。
为此目的,EP-B-055817和EP-A-0479066描述了含有非离子型乳化剂特别是乙氧基化脂肪酸型的类胡萝卜素增溶物的制备方法。尽管这些胶粒溶液理论上适合于注射,但是使用乙氧基化脂肪酸会导致严重的不耐受反应(过敏性休克)。
DE2236899和DE2254105描述了含有高达4%类胡萝卜素(胭脂树橙,藏花酸,叶黄酸或玉米黄质)的类胡萝卜素乳剂。制备该乳剂所必需的是用三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷和C9-C20-脂肪酸化合物作乳化剂,并且用高浓度的亲水有机溶剂或另一种乳化剂作稀释剂。在所述的浓度下对这些添加剂的耐受性极差并且不能对人体进行非肠道给药。
日本专利04026670描述了一种维生素制剂,它包括一种类胡萝卜素作稳定剂。在该制剂中类胡萝卜素的浓度仅局限于在所用油溶性物质(植物油类,烃类,石蜡)中的饱和溶解度。
P.Grolier,V.Azais-Braesco,L.Zelmire和H.Fessi在Biochimica et Biophysica Acta IIII(1992)135-138中描述了由β-胡萝卜素或玉米黄质、豆油(10%)、大豆卵磷脂(1.2%)、甘油(2.5%)和水组成的一种类胡萝卜素脂肪乳剂。作者指出一个无法克服的障碍就是该类胡萝卜素的低油溶性。尽管β-胡萝卜素在油中的最初浓度是0.12%,但制备完成后浓度就降低到0.0037%以下。这就是说在制备过程中β一胡萝卜素沉淀或分解了。因为玉米黄质的油溶性更低,所以不可能制备任何含有玉米黄质的脂肪乳剂。
在动物饲料领域和各种专利(EP100459,JP58162517)中已知含有维生素A、D和E的乳剂,由于这些维生素具有良好的油溶性,所以理论上可将它们掺入乳剂中。这时的困难在于生产稳定的制剂,特别是当使用非肠道给药耐受的乳化剂并去掉象甘油、丙二醇或聚乙二醇这类高浓度的助溶剂时。
从理论上讲脂肪乳剂形成一种热力学上对变化非常敏感的不稳定的体系。甚至活性成分或辅助剂性质和用量的微小变化都会造成整个体系的不稳定(J.Pharm.Sci.82(1993)1069-78)。这是非常关键的重要之处,因为用于非肠道给药的脂肪乳剂必须满足不危害病人生命的特殊要求。这方面最重要的就是颗粒大小(大于1μm的颗粒可导致脂肪拴塞)、全身和局部的耐受性和溶血活性。由于耐受性的原因,非肠道给药的脂肪乳剂必须具有近似于血液的渗透性,约300mosmol。如果渗透性较低,那么在给药时血细胞就会破裂,如果渗透性较高,那么血细胞会失去水分而收缩,这两种情况都会造成伤害。这种情况也不允许给人体中非肠道使用已知用于口服给药和含有大量多元醇(如甘油)的乳剂。
PCT申请WO94/21231和WO94/21232描述了一种甘油含量较高的(30到90%)的β-胡萝卜素乳剂。由于甘油的浓度较高,这些制剂都不符合与血液等渗的要求,因而不允许将它们不经稀释就非肠道使用。另一方面,稀释也存在着这样的缺陷,即注射的液体体积增加了并且通过稀释也会改变乳剂,如使乳剂变得不稳定或液滴的大小是以一种无法控制的方式增加。这就是所述的不可接受的原因(有脂肪拴塞的危险)。
本发明的目的就是开发含具有良好耐受性分散剂的系统,它能使高浓度的类胡萝卜素成为可能,并且在贮藏中稳定,又满足与血液等渗的要求。
我们已经发现适合非肠道给药的稳定的水包油型乳剂从而实现了这一目的。该水包油型乳剂是由一种水相和一种用生理上可接受的乳化剂非常细微地分散的颗粒大小在1μm以下的油相组成的,该油相含有至少一种类胡萝卜素并且基于生理上可接受的油或脂肪,乳剂包含低于10%(按重量计)的甘油并且还包含用作乳化剂的聚氧乙烯/聚氧丙烯嵌段共聚物和/或卵磷脂,其中的类胡萝卜素以高于室温时它在油或脂肪中饱和溶解度的浓度存在于油相中。
从理论上说在本发明中可以完全不用甘油或其浓度低于10%(按重量计)。优选甘油的浓度为1至3%(按重量计),以便与血液等渗。
在油相中用于类胡萝卜素的载体的是允许用于注射的油,它们列在H.Sucker,P.Fuchs和P.Speiser编写的教科书Pharmazeutische Technologie第二版(1991),459和504页中,如豆油或存在于椰子油中的中等链长的甘油三酯。另外也已发现能够将维生素E或A或其衍生物作为类胡萝卜素的优良载体(特别是用于制备含维生素的类胡萝卜素乳剂的目的时)。
特别适合作油性载体的是同样也起抗氧化作用的维生素E(生育酚)及其油性衍生物(如醋酸维生素E)。使用它们的优点在于能够生产完全不含可食用脂肪和油的乳剂,不必担心脂肪含量的不利影响(增加血液中甘油三酯的量)。
合适的类胡萝卜素是升温时可溶于油的所有类胡萝卜素,如角黄素,柠檬黄质(citranaxanthin),玉米黄质,阿朴胡萝卜醇(apcarctenal),阿朴胡萝卜酸(apocarotenoic acid)衍生物如阿朴胡萝卜酸乙酯,及它们的混和物。但是,β-胡萝卜素,番茄红素,变胞藻黄素或其混合物特别适合用作抗氧化剂或自由基清除剂。
还可以向水相中加入其它水溶性活性物质,如水溶性维生素和微量元素。合适的添加剂,尤其是维生素C或抗坏血酸钠,它们同样也在体内起抗氧化作用。通过向注射用的乳剂中加入限量(最大10%)的乙醇或其它如乙基汞硫代水杨酸钠或氯化甲酚等这些可接受的防腐剂有助于增加对微生物的稳定性。
合适的乳化剂一般是生理上可接受的分散剂,它们选自于氧化丙烯/环氧乙烷嵌段共聚物类或卵磷脂类,以及这两组的混和物,优选聚氧乙烯/聚氧丙烯嵌段共聚物类。本发明所用的聚氧乙烯/聚氧丙烯嵌段共聚物(也称为Poloxamers)是下列通式的化合物:
其中a和c是2至130,且b是15至67。特别适合的产物是其中a和c是约80且b是约30的物质。诸如单或双甘油脂,抗坏血酸脂肪酸酯或脂肪酸和脂肪酸盐这样的辅助乳化剂能够增强这些乳化剂的效果。
多数类胡萝卜素在油中的溶解度过低甚至在室温几乎不超过0.05-0.1%。因此,通过在高于120℃的短暂加热来将类胡萝卜素溶于载体中,使用这种方式,显著地增加了溶解度。类胡萝卜素在油性载体中的浓度能够从0.25至50%(按重量计)且优选从10%至20%(按重量计)。
从这些类胡萝卜素/油或类胡萝卜素/维生素的混合物开始,能够制备类胡萝卜素含量至少是0.1%的水包油型乳剂。类胡萝卜素浓度在乳剂中达到的上限值受注射用乳剂中分散相总含量的限制,一般它应该不超过50%。这导致类胡萝卜素浓度在制成的注射用乳剂中所能达到的最大值是25%。通常,类胡萝卜素的含量不超过乳剂重量的10%。
因此,以制成的乳剂为基准,本发明的制剂含有:0.1-10%,优选0.1-5%(按重量计)的类胡萝卜素,优选β-胡萝卜素;0.2-50%,优选1-20%(按重量计)的油性载体;0.1-15%,优选1.0-10%(按重量计)的乳化剂和剩余的水相,水相可以含有从0.001至1%(按重量计)的诸如Cu,Se,Zn或Mn盐这样的无机物和(如果需要)其它诸如维生素C和维生素B1、B2、B6和B12的水溶性维生素。
根据本发明的注射用乳剂还可以另外含有常规量(即按重量计从0.01至2%)的常规抗氧化剂,诸如丁基化羟基甲苯,丁基化对甲氧酚,生育酚或抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯,从而进一步增加(例如)油性载体的稳定性。
出人意料的是,这类过饱和的类胡萝卜素乳剂可以长期保持稳定,即,没有活性物质的重结晶或乳剂液滴的聚结。象所有的注射用乳剂一样,本发明的乳剂必须具有很细的粒度(没有颗粒大于1μm)。使用适于制备具有所需粒度乳剂的常规技术能够制备这种乳剂。
一般认为,在油中在120-250℃时加热类胡萝卜素应尽可能地短暂,并且在完全溶解后应将它尽可能快地冷却至室温或接近室温。
通常,通过在最初是室温或稍微高的温度的水相中乳化热油溶液来进行这一过程。
乳化作用可以持续或间断地进行。
例如,在间断的步骤中,将含有分散体和(如需要)诸如山梨醇、木糖醇或甘油这样的生理上可接受的醇的注射用水保持在室温或稍微高的温度(如最高50℃)。用一种高速搅拌器(如一种UltraturraxR)将类胡萝卜素/油溶液搅拌进水相中,接着用一种高压均化器将所得到的乳剂搅匀。
在优选的连续步骤中,与DE-A-3702030中描述的方法类似,在这篇参考文献中涉及了相关的仪器和程序,在此将其内容全部引用到本发明书中并附带下述改变。
这种方法的主要部分是两个混合室。第一混合室用于在适当压力下,50℃到240℃,用一种乳化剂把类胡萝卜素和一种食用油快速溶于一种可与水混溶的有机溶剂中,并且立即在第二混合室中将所得到的溶液与一种保护性胶体的水溶液剧烈地混合,随后将溶剂转入水相,溶有类胡萝卜素的疏水性油相作为微粒分散相。然后清除所得到的两相混合物中的溶剂和水从而得到一种粉末状的制剂。
把这种方法以下列方式进行改良来制备本发明的注射液,所述的方式是将一种不含胶体的水相(含有乳化剂)剧烈地与油和可与水混溶的有机溶剂混合物中的类胡萝卜素热溶液混合。如果必要,随即用一种高压均化器将乳剂搅匀。在第一混合室中所选择的与水混溶溶剂(优选乙醇)的量是生理上可接受的浓度,例如,在适当的稀释后所得到的注射液中按重量计不超过10%。将注射液中其它的常规水溶性成分(诸如pH调节剂,等渗剂,盐或其它诸如维生素C这样的活性物质)或者在制备乳剂前混入水相或者在乳剂制成后加入。
如果不在第一混合室中制备类胡萝卜素溶液,还能够将类胡萝卜素/油悬浮液连续地通过一种热交换器并继续进行上述过程。
在无菌条件下,将类胡萝卜素乳剂以一种常规的方式分装到输液瓶,管形瓶,安瓿或预填充的注射器中。如果必要的话,能够将它们进行适当的加热灭菌处理。
高浓度的类胡萝卜素乳剂适用于直接非肠道给药,或在给药前能够用相溶的含水输液或脂肪乳剂将它们进行稀释而用于非肠道营养。
除了非肠道给药外,还可使用口服或经皮肤给药,在这种情况中,由于β-胡萝卜素的过饱和,所以预计通过粘膜或皮肤的吸收程度较高。
已经有可能开始提供用于口服给药的片剂或胶囊形式的抗氧化制剂,它们含有β-胡萝卜素、生育酚或醋酸维生素E和抗坏血酸。这些抗氧化制剂可以引起许多作用,诸如预防心肌梗塞、中风、癌、黄斑变性、帕金森神经机能障碍、阿尔茨海默病等。本发明使得这些物质以制剂的形式直接或在稀释后进行非肠道给药成为可能。然而,以类似的方式,不仅能够制备抗氧化制剂,而且能够制备用于注射液或输液的含β-胡萝卜素的多种维生素溶液。
在下面的实施例中,将乳化剂加入到水相中。然而,从理论上讲也能够将它加入到亲油相中(特别是当乳化剂在其中溶解时)。实施例1:
在一个1升的烧杯中,将418ml软化水(注射用水)与40g氧化丙烯/环氧乙烷嵌段共聚物(来自BASF的LutrolRF68,Poloxamer188)和10g甘油混合,并在水浴中将它们加热至450℃。在一个100ml的圆底烧瓶中,将32g在精馏的椰子油(Miglyol810)中30%浓度的β-胡萝卜素分散体通过搅拌并短暂地加热至180°,在该瓶中把β-胡萝卜素溶解。
将这种油性溶液乳化至水相中。使用Ultraturrax(7000-8000rpm),在45℃时,乳化8分钟。在1000巴时,将乳剂搅匀。将制成的乳剂(β-胡萝卜素含量是1.6%且平均颗粒大小是210nm)与0.1%乙基汞硫代水杨酸钠防腐剂混合,并将它们分装至10ml的玻璃瓶中。实施例2:
开始使用在DE-A3702030中所述的混合室微粉化技术,在220℃时,压力(压力控制阀定在35巴)下,在第一混合室中将4.4%浓度的含有20%生育酚的乙醇β-胡萝卜素分散体与乙醇混合,在这些特定的条件下,混合室中的温度确定在190℃。在这一过程中溶解β-胡萝卜素。对于含有活性物质的分散体来说,流速是2kg/h;且对于乙醇来说,流速是2.5kg/h。
在下游的第二混合室中,将这种热溶液与水相剧烈地混合,以27kg/h的速率将水相抽入。水相除了含有软化水(注射用水)外,还含有3.4%的抗坏血酸,0.6%的氧化丙烯/环氧乙烷嵌段共聚物(Lutrol F68=Poloxamer188),用1M NaOH将pH调整至7.5。
在第二混合室中的混合产生细分散的液滴,它们含有β-胡萝卜素和生育酚并且平均颗粒大小是210nm。产生的乳剂含有15%乙醇,用软化水将它稀释,从而获得一种可耐受的注射用制剂,使得乙醇含量达到8%。在稀释的分散体中β-胡萝卜素的含量是0.15%,生育酚的含量是0.68%且抗坏血酸的含量是1.58%。实施例3:
在60℃,将14g甘油、35g LutrolF68(BASF股份公司)、35g抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯和19.67g抗坏血酸钠溶于550.8g注射用水中。用NaOH将溶液的pH调整至7.4。在一个圆底烧瓶中,将56g精馏的椰子油(Miglyol812)和14g醋酸维生素E的混合物加热至180℃,在氮气环境中将7gβ-胡萝卜素加入,将该混合物搅拌至β-胡萝卜素完全溶解。使用Ultra-TurraxR、在3000rpm将产生的β-胡萝卜素溶液两次乳化至水相中。在1000巴下,通过匀化器随即将这种预制乳状液进一步进行乳化并将它分装至玻璃瓶中。β-胡萝卜素的含量是1.0%(按重量计),醋酸维生素E的含量是2.0%(按重量计)且抗坏血酸钠的含量是2.8%(按重量计)。平均颗粒大小是200nm。油相中β-胡萝卜素的浓度是10%重量。实施例4:
用实施例3中所述的方法制备乳剂,用醋酸维生素E代替Miglyol812,并且不使用抗坏血酸钠。亲油相完全由醋酸维生素E组成。以制成的乳剂为基准,β-胡萝卜素的含量是1.0%(按重量计)且醋酸维生素E的含量是10.0%(按重量计)。颗粒大小是250nm。β-胡萝卜素在油相中的浓度是10%(按重量计)。实施例5:
在60℃,将14g甘油、35g Lutrol F68、3.5g抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯、7.0g抗坏血酸钠、0.7g核黄素-5-磷酸钠X2H2O、0.7g盐酸硫胺素、2.1g烟酰胺和0.7g盐酸吡哆醇溶于562.8g注射用水中。用1摩尔浓度的NaOH将pH调整至7.4。在一个圆底烧瓶中,将66.5g精馏的椰子油(Miglyol812)和3.5g醋酸维生素E的混合物加热至180℃,在氮气环境中将3.5gβ-胡萝卜素加入,并将该混合物搅拌至β-胡萝卜素完全溶解。使用Ultra-Turrax,在3000rpm将油性溶液乳化至维生素的水溶液中。在1000巴下,通过一种均化器经两步转化把细颗粒乳剂进行进一步乳化。随即将乳剂冷却至室温并将它分装至玻璃瓶中。
以制成的乳剂为基准,以下组分的含量是:
β-胡萝卜素: 按重量计0.5%
醋酸维生素E: 按重量计0.5%
抗坏血酸钠: 按重量计1.0%
核黄素-5-磷酸Na: 按重量计0.1%
HCl硫胺素: 按重量计0.1%
烟酰胺: 按重量计0.3%
HCl吡哆醇: 按重量计0.1%
颗粒大小是200nm。油相中β-胡萝卜素的浓度是5%重量。
Claims (10)
1、一种适合于非肠道给药的稳定的水包油型乳剂,由水相和通过生理上可耐受的乳化剂非常细微地分散的油相组成,该油相的颗粒大小低于1μm,并且其中含有至少一种类胡萝卜素并且基于生理上可接受的油或脂肪,其中乳剂包含按重量计低于10%的甘油,并包含作为乳化剂的聚氧乙烯/聚氧丙烯嵌段共聚物和/或卵磷脂,且其中类胡萝卜素以高于在室温时它在油或脂肪中的饱和溶解度的浓度存在于油相中。
2、如权利要求1中所要求的稳定乳剂,它包含按重量计从1至3%的甘油。
3、如权利要求1中所要求的稳定乳剂,它包括单或二甘油酯,抗坏血酸脂肪酸酯或脂肪酸或脂肪酸盐作为乳化剂。
4、如权利要求1中所要求的稳定乳剂,其中油相中的油是豆油、中等链长的甘油三酯、生育酚或维生素E酯。
5、如权利要求1中所要求的稳定乳剂,其中类胡萝卜素是β-胡萝卜素。
6、如权利要求1中所要求的稳定乳剂,其中油相包含β-胡萝卜素和生育酚或维生素E酯且水相包含抗坏血酸或抗坏血酸钠。
7、如权利要求1中所要求的稳定乳剂,其中油相包含其它的油溶性维生素而水相包含其它的水溶性维生素和微量元素。
8、如权利要求1中所要求的稳定乳剂,以制成的乳剂为基准,它包含按重量计从0.1至10%的类胡萝卜素和按重量计从0.2至50%的油或脂肪。
9、如权利要求1中所要求的稳定乳剂,它包含作为乳化剂的聚氧乙烯/聚氧丙烯嵌段共聚物。
10、制备权利要求1中所要求的适于非肠道给药的乳剂的方法,它包括以下步骤:在一种生理上可接受的油或脂肪中溶解类胡萝卜素悬浮液,其中类胡萝卜素的量大于它在室温时相应的饱和溶解度,但要在120至250℃时进行短暂加热;并且借助于乳化剂用水乳化这种溶液。
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- 1996-03-11 DE DE19609476A patent/DE19609476A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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- 1997-03-04 EP EP97103483A patent/EP0800824B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-03-04 ES ES97103483T patent/ES2163055T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-03-04 DE DE59704347T patent/DE59704347D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-03-04 AT AT97103483T patent/ATE204472T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-03-06 CA CA002199414A patent/CA2199414A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-03-07 AU AU16203/97A patent/AU1620397A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-03-10 US US08/813,977 patent/US5925684A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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| CN103379893A (zh) * | 2011-03-30 | 2013-10-30 | 富士胶片株式会社 | 含类胡萝卜素的组合物及其制造方法 |
| CN102552293A (zh) * | 2011-12-31 | 2012-07-11 | 沈阳药科大学 | 一种注射用复合维生素亚微乳冻干粉针及其制备方法 |
| CN102552293B (zh) * | 2011-12-31 | 2014-05-21 | 沈阳药科大学 | 一种注射用复合维生素亚微乳冻干粉针及其制备方法 |
| CN102525923A (zh) * | 2012-02-16 | 2012-07-04 | 中国农业大学 | 类胡萝卜素乳液及微胶囊的制备方法 |
| CN102525923B (zh) * | 2012-02-16 | 2014-09-10 | 中国农业大学 | 类胡萝卜素乳液及微胶囊的制备方法 |
| CN107260675B (zh) * | 2013-12-11 | 2018-12-18 | 健永生技股份有限公司 | 类胡萝卜素的医药组合物 |
| CN107260675A (zh) * | 2013-12-11 | 2017-10-20 | 健永生技股份有限公司 | 类胡萝卜素的医药组合物 |
| CN110200917A (zh) * | 2013-12-11 | 2019-09-06 | 健永生技股份有限公司 | 类胡萝卜素的医药组合物 |
| CN110200917B (zh) * | 2013-12-11 | 2021-09-21 | 健永生技股份有限公司 | 类胡萝卜素的医药组合物 |
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| CN107271378A (zh) * | 2017-04-13 | 2017-10-20 | 云南民族大学 | 虾青素脂质抗氧化活性的测定方法 |
| CN107271378B (zh) * | 2017-04-13 | 2019-12-20 | 云南民族大学 | 虾青素抗脂质过氧化活性的测定方法 |
| CN111165824A (zh) * | 2020-01-21 | 2020-05-19 | 北京金康普食品科技有限公司 | 护眼微量营养素预混料乳剂及其制备方法和应用 |
| CN111296730A (zh) * | 2020-03-06 | 2020-06-19 | 广州市食品工业研究所有限公司 | 一种稳定性好的叶黄素纳米乳液及其制备方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0800824A1 (de) | 1997-10-15 |
| ES2163055T3 (es) | 2002-01-16 |
| AU1620397A (en) | 1997-09-18 |
| CA2199414A1 (en) | 1997-09-11 |
| US5925684A (en) | 1999-07-20 |
| CN1074917C (zh) | 2001-11-21 |
| DE19609476A1 (de) | 1997-09-18 |
| ATE204472T1 (de) | 2001-09-15 |
| JPH09328419A (ja) | 1997-12-22 |
| DE59704347D1 (de) | 2001-09-27 |
| EP0800824B1 (de) | 2001-08-22 |
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