WO2018047977A1 - 透明導電膜付き基板の製造方法、透明導電膜付き基板の製造装置、及び透明導電膜付き基板 - Google Patents
透明導電膜付き基板の製造方法、透明導電膜付き基板の製造装置、及び透明導電膜付き基板 Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
- C23C14/08—Oxides
- C23C14/086—Oxides of zinc, germanium, cadmium, indium, tin, thallium or bismuth
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/34—Sputtering
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/54—Controlling or regulating the coating process
- C23C14/541—Heating or cooling of the substrates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/58—After-treatment
- C23C14/5806—Thermal treatment
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
- G06F3/041—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means
- G06F3/0414—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means using force sensing means to determine a position
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
- G06F3/041—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means
- G06F3/044—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means by capacitive means
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
- H01B1/08—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances oxides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B5/00—Non-insulated conductors or conductive bodies characterised by their form
- H01B5/14—Non-insulated conductors or conductive bodies characterised by their form comprising conductive layers or films on insulating-supports
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to G06F3/00 - G06F3/048
- G06F2203/041—Indexing scheme relating to G06F3/041 - G06F3/045
- G06F2203/04103—Manufacturing, i.e. details related to manufacturing processes specially suited for touch sensitive devices
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
- G06F3/041—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B13/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing conductors or cables
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a substrate with a transparent conductive film, a manufacturing apparatus for a substrate with a transparent conductive film, and a substrate with a transparent conductive film, which are capable of obtaining good electrical characteristics under manufacturing conditions of a low-temperature process.
- a touch panel (also referred to as a touch sensor) is a component of an input device that allows a user to touch a transparent surface on a display screen with a finger or a pen to detect a touched position and input data.
- a touch sensor is a component of an input device that allows a user to touch a transparent surface on a display screen with a finger or a pen to detect a touched position and input data.
- the touch panel can be used as an input device by being bonded onto a display screen of a flat display device such as a liquid phase panel or an organic EL panel.
- a flat display device such as a liquid phase panel or an organic EL panel.
- touch panel detection methods such as a resistance type, a capacitance type, an ultrasonic type, and an optical type, and their structures are diverse. Among them, in recent years, the capacitive method has become the mainstream in touch panels for smartphones.
- a transparent conductive film such as ITO is disposed as a sensor electrode on the back of a color filter side substrate (also called a CF substrate).
- a color filter side substrate also called a CF substrate.
- a structure in which a transparent conductive film is provided on the back surface of a CF substrate is conventionally known as a transparent conductive substrate, and is used in fields other than touch panels (displays with built-in touch functions) for smartphones, such as solar cells and various display devices. Etc. are also widely used.
- ITO is Indium Tin Oxide (Indium Tin Oxide).
- Patent Document 1 When a touch panel is mounted on a display in a smartphone application, an adhesive is used to bond a color filter side substrate (CF substrate) and a TFT side substrate (also referred to as a TFT substrate). For this reason, there is a restriction on the temperature at the time of touch sensor formation (temperature at the time of film formation or after heating) (Patent Document 1).
- GFF cover glass + two single-sided ITO films
- GF2 DIIT type with ITO film on both sides of the base film
- ITO bridge type There are two types of ITO bridge type provided, and a touch sensor called a film having a lower heat resistance than glass is used.
- GFF is currently being made thinner, and a configuration in which an ITO film is provided on a PET film is being studied.
- Non-Patent Document 1 Non-Patent Document 1
- a method for producing a low-resistance ITO film by a low-temperature process has been expected in a production method of an ITO film by a passing-type sputtering method.
- the present invention has been devised in view of such a conventional situation, and an object thereof is to provide a manufacturing method and a manufacturing apparatus capable of forming a substrate with a transparent conductive film having a low resistance by a low temperature process.
- the method for manufacturing a substrate with a transparent conductive film according to the first aspect of the present invention is a method for manufacturing a substrate with a transparent conductive film in which a transparent conductive film is disposed so as to be in contact with an insulating transparent substrate, and the desired reduced pressure
- a step ⁇ for controlling the transparent substrate to a predetermined pre-deposition temperature in a heat treatment space having an atmosphere, and a sputtering voltage is applied to a target forming the base material of the transparent conductive film in a film formation space having a desired process gas atmosphere.
- the partial pressure of water in the process gas atmosphere is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa or less in the step ⁇ .
- the sputtering conditions are set such that the post-deposition temperature of the transparent substrate on which the transparent conductive film is formed is lower than 29 ° C. Is preferably controlled.
- the temperature of the post-heating treatment is preferably 100 ° C. or lower.
- the step ⁇ may include forming the transparent conductive film on the transparent substrate by passing the transparent substrate in front of the target. preferable.
- the step ⁇ preferably uses ITO as the target.
- a manufacturing apparatus for a substrate with a transparent conductive film according to a second aspect of the present invention is a manufacturing apparatus for a substrate with a transparent conductive film in which a transparent conductive film is disposed so as to be in contact with an insulating transparent substrate.
- a charging chamber in which the internal space into which the transparent film is introduced is a reduced pressure atmosphere, a film forming chamber for forming the transparent conductive film on the transparent substrate, and a take-out chamber for opening the transparent substrate on which the transparent conductive film is formed to the atmosphere
- a heat treatment space and a film formation space are sequentially arranged in the traveling direction of the transparent substrate, and the transparent substrate is controlled to a predetermined pre-deposition temperature in the heat treatment space.
- a temperature control unit is arranged, and a film forming unit for forming a transparent conductive film by a sputtering method on a transparent substrate moved from the heat treatment space is arranged in the film forming space.
- the heat treatment space and the film formation space communicate with each other in the film formation chamber, and the pressure of the heat treatment space and the pressure of the film formation space It is preferable that the process gas introduction part and the exhaust part are arranged so that the pressure is controlled to the same pressure.
- the substrate with a transparent conductive film according to the third aspect of the present invention is a substrate with a transparent conductive film in which a transparent conductive film is arranged so as to be in contact with an insulating transparent substrate, and the transparent conductive film is formed on a surface layer portion.
- the transparent conductive film has a crystal part surrounding the crystal nucleus.
- a crystal grain boundary is formed between crystal parts grown from adjacent crystal nuclei.
- the size of the crystal nucleus is preferably 21 nm to 42 nm.
- the size of the crystal part is preferably 112 nm to 362 nm.
- the transparent substrate is controlled to a predetermined pre-deposition temperature before performing the step ⁇ of forming the transparent conductive film on the insulating transparent substrate.
- Step ⁇ is provided to set the temperature before film formation of the transparent substrate to zero degrees or less.
- step ⁇ for post-heating the formed transparent conductive film thereby, the transparent conductive film which is amorphous after film formation and becomes crystalline by post-heating treatment can be stably obtained.
- a transparent conductive film having good electrical characteristics (specific resistance) can be formed under conditions where the temperature of the post-heating treatment is 100 ° C. or less.
- the first aspect of the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a substrate with a transparent conductive film, which can form a substrate with a low resistance transparent conductive film by a low-temperature process.
- the first aspect of the present invention is effective as a method for forming a transparent conductive film on a substrate on which an element having low heat resistance, such as a cell in which an organic material is sealed, is disposed in advance.
- a touch panel when a touch panel is mounted on a display (display panel) as described above, a color filter side substrate (CF substrate) and a TFT side substrate (TFT substrate) are used.
- Adhesive is used for bonding, and a substrate with a transparent conductive film that can sufficiently cope with the temperature at which the touch sensor is formed (when the temperature at the time of film formation or after heating is limited).
- the 1st aspect of this invention can also manufacture the board
- the manufacturing apparatus of the substrate with a transparent conductive film includes a preparation chamber in which the internal space into which the transparent substrate is introduced has a reduced pressure atmosphere, and a film formation chamber in which the transparent conductive film is formed on the transparent substrate. And a take-out chamber for opening the transparent substrate on which the transparent conductive film is formed to the atmosphere.
- a heat treatment space and a film forming space are sequentially arranged in the traveling direction of the transparent substrate.
- a temperature controller for controlling the transparent substrate to a predetermined pre-deposition temperature is disposed in the heat treatment space, and a transparent conductive film is formed on the transparent substrate moved from the heat treatment space in the film formation space.
- a film forming unit for forming the film by sputtering is disposed.
- the transparent substrate controlled to a predetermined pre-deposition temperature in the heat treatment space can be quickly moved from the heat treatment space to the film formation space, and a transparent conductive film can be formed on the transparent substrate.
- the pre-deposition temperature in advance, it is possible to control the post-deposition temperature of the transparent substrate (transparent conductive film), which is the temperature after the temperature is increased by the film formation.
- the second aspect of the present invention provides an apparatus for manufacturing a substrate with a transparent conductive film, which can form a substrate with a transparent conductive film having a low resistance by a low temperature process.
- the “post-deposition temperature” means the maximum temperature (peak temperature) at which the transparent substrate (transparent conductive film) reaches during film formation.
- a commercially available heat label was used for the measurement of the “post-deposition temperature”. Therefore, the manufacturing apparatus which concerns on the 2nd aspect of this invention contributes to manufacture of a board
- O 2 is a graph showing the relationship between the (oxygen) partial pressure and specific resistance. It is a TEM image of a transparent conductive film (As depo). It is an XRD chart of a transparent conductive film (As depo). It is an XRD chart of a transparent conductive film (after 100 degreeC annealing). They are a TEM image of a transparent conductive film (temperature before film formation of 80 ° C.) and an SEM image after etching. They are a TEM image of a transparent conductive film (temperature before film formation of 80 ° C.) and an SEM image after etching.
- TEM images of a transparent conductive film are a TEM image of a transparent conductive film (temperature before film formation of 25 ° C.) and an SEM image after etching. They are a TEM image of a transparent conductive film (temperature before film formation of 25 ° C.) and an SEM image after etching.
- 2 shows a TEM image of a transparent conductive film (temperature before film formation—16 ° C.) and an SEM image after etching.
- 2 shows a TEM image of a transparent conductive film (temperature before film formation—16 ° C.) and an SEM image after etching. It is a TEM image obtained after performing a 100 degreeC annealing process with respect to a transparent conductive film (temperature before film-forming 80 degreeC).
- FIG. 3 is a TEM image obtained after annealing at 100 ° C. on a transparent conductive film (temperature before film formation—16 ° C.).
- FIG. 4 is a TEM image of a transparent conductive film (temperature before film formation ⁇ 16 ° C.), and is an enlarged view illustrating a process in which crystals grow due to crystal nuclei located in a surface layer portion of the transparent conductive film. It is a figure explaining the crystal growth of a transparent conductive film (temperature before film-forming 80 degreeC). It is a figure explaining the crystal growth of a transparent conductive film (temperature before film-forming -16 degreeC). 2 is a TEM image of a transparent conductive film (temperature before film formation—16 ° C.).
- FIG. 19 is a diagram obtained by performing image processing on the TEM image shown in FIG. 18 and showing crystal nuclei remaining in the transparent conductive film. It is a figure corresponding to the external shape outline of the crystal part produced based on the TEM image shown in
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a substrate with a transparent conductive film.
- reference numeral 10 denotes a substrate with a transparent conductive film
- reference numeral 11 denotes an insulating transparent substrate
- reference numeral 12 denotes a transparent conductive film.
- the substrate with a transparent conductive film having the above-described configuration is manufactured by the manufacturing method shown in the flowchart of FIG. That is, the method for manufacturing a substrate with a transparent conductive film according to an embodiment of the present invention is a method for manufacturing a substrate with a transparent conductive film in which the transparent conductive film 12 is disposed so as to be in contact with the insulating transparent substrate 11.
- Step ⁇ for controlling the transparent substrate to a predetermined pre-deposition temperature in a heat treatment space having a desired reduced pressure atmosphere, and a mother of the transparent conductive film in a film formation space having a desired process gas atmosphere Sputtering is performed by applying a sputtering voltage to a target that is a material to form the transparent conductive film on the transparent substrate at a predetermined temperature; and the transparent substrate in an air atmosphere.
- the step ⁇ and the step ⁇ are performed using, for example, a sputtering apparatus (a manufacturing apparatus for a substrate with a transparent conductive film) as shown in FIG.
- a sputtering apparatus a manufacturing apparatus for a substrate with a transparent conductive film
- the transparent substrate is horizontally transported, and the transparent conductive film is formed by sputtering (sputter down type) so that the upper surface of the transparent substrate becomes the film formation surface.
- the manufacturing apparatus for a substrate with a transparent conductive film in FIG. 3 includes a preparation chamber 111 in which the internal space into which the transparent substrate 11 is introduced is a reduced pressure atmosphere, a film formation chamber 112 for forming the transparent conductive film 12 on the transparent substrate 11, At least a take-out chamber 113 that opens the transparent substrate 11 on which the transparent conductive film 12 is formed to the atmosphere is provided.
- exhaust portions P (111P, 112P, 113P) are provided in order to make each internal space have a reduced pressure atmosphere.
- the exhaust part 112P of the film formation chamber 112 is disposed at an intermediate position M between a heat treatment space TS and a film formation space DS, which will be described later. Thereby, the mutual influence of heat processing space TS and film-forming space DS can be avoided.
- An interval MD between the heat treatment space TS and the film formation space DS is appropriately determined in consideration of the temperature before film formation or the temperature after film formation described later, the substrate transport speed, and film formation conditions (pressure, sputtering power, etc.). Is done.
- the film formation chamber 112 is provided with a process gas introduction part 125 for the heat treatment space TS and a process gas introduction part 135 for the film formation space DS.
- a door valve DV1 is disposed between the preparation chamber 111 and the film forming chamber 112, and a door valve DV2 is disposed between the film forming chamber 112 and the take-out chamber 113 so as to be opened and closed.
- the internal space of the preparation chamber 111 and the internal space of the film forming chamber 112 communicate with each other, and the transparent substrate 11 can be transported (reference a ⁇ b).
- the internal space of the film forming chamber 112 and the internal space of the take-out chamber 113 communicate with each other, and the transparent substrate 11 can be transported (reference symbol e ⁇ f).
- the internal space of the film forming chamber 112 becomes a single sealed space.
- a heat treatment space TS and a film forming space DS are sequentially arranged in the traveling direction of the transparent substrate 11 (in the direction of a dotted arrow that vertically cuts the sign b ⁇ c ⁇ d ⁇ e).
- temperature control units hereinafter also referred to as temperature adjusting devices
- 122 and 124 for controlling the transparent substrate 11 to a predetermined pre-deposition temperature are arranged.
- film formation portions 132, 133, and 134 for forming the transparent conductive film 12 by sputtering on the transparent substrate 11 moved from the heat treatment space TS are arranged.
- reference numeral 122 denotes a heating device or a cooling device
- reference numeral 124 denotes a power source for the heating device or the cooling device
- Reference numeral 132 denotes a target for the transparent conductive film
- reference numeral 133 denotes a backing plate on which the target is placed
- reference numeral 134 denotes a power source that supplies DC power to the backing plate.
- step ⁇ and step ⁇ are performed under the following conditions.
- Insulating transparent substrate A transparent substrate made of glass (1100 mm ⁇ 1400 mm ⁇ 3.0 mmt) is used. Substrate conveyance is in the direction of 1100 mm.
- Heat treatment conditions In the case of heating film formation or room temperature film formation, after the substrate passes (carrys) in front of the temperature adjusting device, the substrate is heated to a predetermined temperature (in FIG. 4 described later, film formation temperature: 25 ° C., 80 The temperature was adjusted with a temperature adjusting device. In the case of cooling film formation, with the substrate stationary in front of the temperature adjustment device, the temperature is set so that the substrate reaches a predetermined temperature (temperature before film formation: ⁇ 16 ° C., 11 ° C. in FIG.
- Step ⁇ > Film formation method An ITO film is formed by substrate transport film formation by DC sputtering.
- Film forming atmosphere The process gas was a mixed gas of Ar, O 2 and H 2 O, and the pressure was 0.4 Pa. The flow rate of each gas is Ar (180 sccm), O 2 (1-8 sccm), H 2 O (2-50 sccm).
- Substrate conveyance speed 1960 mm / min
- Power density applied to target 6.0 W / cm 2
- Target composition tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) in which 10% by mass of tin oxide is added to indium oxide [10 wt% —SnO 2 doped In 2 O 3 ]
- a transparent substrate (hereinafter also referred to as a substrate) 11 made of glass is carried into the film formation chamber 112 (position b) from the preparation chamber 111 (position a) by using a transfer device (not shown).
- This transparent substrate 11 is in a space (heat treatment space TS) in front of the temperature adjusting device 122 in a process gas atmosphere made of a mixed gas of Ar, O 2 , and H 2 O and maintained at a desired temperature. or a stationary position in the front space (heat treatment space TS) of the temperature adjusting device 122 (position c).
- the transparent substrate 11 is set to a predetermined pre-deposition temperature.
- a process gas (sputter gas) made of a mixed gas of Ar, O 2 , and H 2 O is introduced into the film formation space DS, and a sputtering voltage, for example, a DC voltage, is applied to the target 132 through the backing plate 133 by the power supply 134 as a sputtering voltage.
- a sputtering voltage for example, a DC voltage
- ions of sputtering gas such as Ar excited by the generated plasma cause atoms constituting tin-added indium oxide (ITO) to jump out of the target 132.
- the transparent substrate 11 that has undergone the heat treatment is moved so as to pass through the front space (deposition space DS) of the target 132 in this state.
- a step ⁇ for performing a post-heating process on the transparent conductive film (As depo first sample) formed on the transparent substrate is performed in an air atmosphere.
- the transparent conductive film in the first sample of As depo is amorphous and has almost no crystallinity.
- the transparent conductive film is crystallized by performing post-heating treatment. By this crystallization, the transparent conductive film can have low resistance electrical characteristics. Conventionally, the transparent conductive film can be reduced in resistance only after crystallization at a high temperature of about 200 ° C. On the other hand, in the embodiment of the present invention, crystallization can be achieved even after post-heating treatment at a low temperature of 100 ° C. or lower. Therefore, according to the manufacturing method according to the embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to construct a device in which a low-resistance transparent conductive film is provided on a TFT substrate that cannot withstand high-temperature heating.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the annealing temperature and the specific resistance, and is the result of examining the pre-deposition temperature (80 ° C., 25 ° C., 11 ° C., ⁇ 16 ° C.) under four conditions.
- the ⁇ mark is 80 ° C
- the ⁇ mark is 25 ° C
- the ⁇ mark is 11 ° C
- the ⁇ mark is -16 ° C.
- the annealing time was constant (1 hour).
- a transparent conductive film having a specific resistance [ ⁇ cm] of about 240 is obtained even when the annealing temperature (post-heating treatment temperature) is 100 ° C. or less. Therefore, it was confirmed from FIG. 4 that the annealing temperature (the temperature of the post-heating treatment) is lowered as the pre-deposition temperature is lowered.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between the H 2 O (water) partial pressure and the specific resistance, and is the result of examining the pre-deposition temperature (80 ° C., ⁇ 16 ° C.) under two conditions.
- the ⁇ mark is the observation result at 80 ° C
- the ⁇ mark is the observation result at -16 ° C.
- the H 2 O (water) partial pressure during film formation was changed in the range of 8 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 to 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 [Pa].
- the annealing temperature (the temperature of the post-heating treatment) was set to 120 ° C.
- H 2 O water
- H 2 O water
- the specific resistance approximately 210 [ ⁇ cm] was halved. Therefore, it was confirmed from FIG. 5 that the process margin for the specific resistance of the H 2 O (water) partial pressure by the annealing process (post-heating process) is increased by lowering the pre-deposition temperature.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the annealing time and the specific resistance, and is a result of examining the pre-deposition temperature (80 ° C., ⁇ 16 ° C.) under two conditions.
- the ⁇ mark is the observation result at 80 ° C
- the ⁇ mark is the observation result at -16 ° C.
- the annealing temperature was set to 80 ° C.
- the annealing time was changed in the range of 1 to 24 hours.
- the numerical value of the specific resistance plotted on the horizontal axis for 0.1 hour for convenience is the result without annealing (result after film formation).
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between the annealing time and the specific resistance, and is the result of examining the pre-deposition temperature (80 ° C., ⁇ 16 ° C.) under two conditions.
- the ⁇ mark is the observation result at 80 ° C
- the ⁇ mark is the observation result at -16 ° C.
- the annealing temperature was set to 60 ° C.
- the annealing time was changed in the range of 1 to 24 hours.
- the numerical value of the specific resistance plotted on the horizontal axis for 0.1 hour for convenience is the result without annealing (result after film formation).
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing the relationship between the O 2 (oxygen) partial pressure and the specific resistance, and is the result of examining the pre-deposition temperature (80 ° C., 25 ° C.) under two conditions.
- ⁇ mark is 80 ° C. (after film formation (As depo)
- ⁇ mark is 80 ° C. (after annealing treatment)
- ⁇ mark is 25 ° C. (after film formation (As depo)
- ⁇ mark is 25 ° C. (after annealing treatment)
- the annealing temperature was set to 120 ° C.
- FIG. 9 is a TEM image of a transparent conductive film (As depo).
- the upper left photograph shows the case where the pre-deposition temperature is 25 ° C.
- the lower left photograph shows the case where the pre-deposition temperature is 80 ° C.
- the large photograph on the right is an enlarged photograph of the area surrounded by the dotted line in the photograph on the lower left.
- FIG. 10 is an XRD chart of the transparent conductive film (As depo)
- FIG. 11 is an XRD chart of the transparent conductive film (after 100 ° C. annealing). It is the result of investigating three pre-deposition temperatures (80 ° C., 25 ° C., ⁇ 16 ° C.).
- 12A, 13A, and 14A represent TEM images of the transparent conductive film.
- 12B, 13B, and 14B show SEM images after etching.
- 12A and 12B show the case where the pre-deposition temperature is 80 ° C.
- FIGS. 13A and 13B show the case where the pre-deposition temperature is 25 ° C.
- FIGS. 14A and 14B show the pre-deposition temperature ⁇ 16. The case of ° C is shown.
- FIGS. 12A to 14B (H1) In the TEM images shown in FIGS. 12A and 13A, the part surrounded by the dotted line is the part where the microcrystal is confirmed.
- the present invention as a method for adjusting the temperature so that the post-deposition temperature of the transparent substrate on which the transparent conductive film is formed is lower than 29 ° C., for example, the non-deposition surface side of the transparent substrate is in contact.
- the transparent substrate is placed on a flat plate tray made of metal having excellent conductivity, and the above-described steps ⁇ and ⁇ are performed.
- the post-deposition temperature of the transparent substrate on which the transparent conductive film is formed is determined by the heat capacity sufficient for the tray and the thermal resistance of both members (insulating transparent substrate, tray having excellent conductivity). The temperature can be adjusted to be below 29 ° C. As long as such a thermal design is possible, the present invention is not limited to the above method, and other methods may be adopted.
- FIGS. 14A and 14B that is, a substrate with a transparent conductive film having a pre-deposition temperature of ⁇ 16 ° C.
- FIGS. 15A to 17B the same members as those in the first embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals, and the description thereof is omitted or simplified.
- FIG. 15A is a TEM image obtained after annealing the transparent conductive film 12A (temperature before film formation of 80 ° C.) on the transparent substrate 11 at 100 ° C.
- FIG. 15B is a TEM image obtained after annealing at 100 ° C. on the transparent conductive film 12B (temperature before film formation ⁇ 16 ° C.) on the transparent substrate 11.
- FIG. 15A the lower part of the transparent conductive film 12 ⁇ / b> A is located on the substrate side, that is, the interface BA between the transparent conductive film 12 ⁇ / b> A and the transparent substrate 11.
- the upper part of the transparent conductive film 12A is located on the opposite side to the interface BA between the transparent conductive film 12A and the transparent substrate 11, that is, on the surface layer TA (surface layer side, surface layer part) of the transparent conductive film 12A.
- the lower part of the transparent conductive film 12B is located on the substrate side, that is, the interface BB between the transparent conductive film 12B and the transparent substrate 11.
- the upper part of the transparent conductive film 12B is located on the opposite side of the interface BB between the transparent conductive film 12B and the transparent substrate 11, that is, on the surface layer TB (surface layer side, surface layer part) of the transparent conductive film 12B.
- the transparent conductive film 12A having a pre-deposition temperature of 80 ° C. it is confirmed that a plurality of microcrystals 14 are formed at the interface BA between the transparent substrate 11 and the transparent conductive film 12A. It was done. It was also confirmed that crystal grain boundaries 15 were formed around the microcrystals 14. It was confirmed that the size of each microcrystal was about 50 nm to 100 nm and the specific resistance was 520 ⁇ cm.
- the transparent conductive film 12B having a pre-deposition temperature of ⁇ 16 ° C. in the transparent conductive film 12B having a pre-deposition temperature of ⁇ 16 ° C., the microcrystal 14 as shown in FIG. 15A is not observed, and a large crystal 16 of about 100 nm to 200 nm (described later). A crystal part 21) was observed. Further, it was confirmed that a smaller number of crystal grain boundaries 17 were formed than in FIG. 15A. Furthermore, the specific resistance was confirmed to be 220 ⁇ cm. Further, as will be described later, a crystal grain boundary 17 is formed between crystal parts 21 grown from crystal nuclei 20 at adjacent positions. From the results shown in FIGS. 15A and 15B, the transparent conductive film having a pre-deposition temperature of ⁇ 16 ° C. has a smaller number of crystal grain boundaries and a large domain crystal than the case where the pre-deposition temperature is 80 ° C. It can be seen that is formed.
- FIGS. 16A to 16D are TEM images showing the process of forming domain crystals.
- crystal nuclei 20 are generated on the surface layer TB (film surface side) of the transparent conductive film 12B.
- the crystal nucleus 20 is a crystal growth starting point, and can be called a nuclide, a nucleus, a seed, or a seed crystal. It was also confirmed that the size of the crystal nucleus 20 was about 21 nm to 42 nm. A region other than the crystal nucleus 20, that is, a region indicated by reference numeral 22 is an amorphous part.
- the crystal grows from the crystal nucleus 20 in the thickness direction (reference numeral D1) of the transparent conductive film 12B.
- the crystal grows in the lateral direction of the transparent conductive film 12B (reference D2; a direction parallel to the plane of the substrate).
- a crystal portion 21 that encloses the crystal nucleus 20 is formed in the transparent conductive film 12B.
- the crystal part 21 is a part grown from the crystal nucleus 20 located in the surface layer TB.
- FIG. 16D it can be seen that a large crystal part 21 is formed.
- the crystal nucleus 20 formed on the outermost surface of the crystal that is, the surface layer TB (surface layer portion) is the starting point. It can be seen that crystal growth proceeds and a large crystal portion 21 is formed. Further, as shown in FIG. 16D, it can be seen that the crystal nucleus 20 remains even after the crystal part 21 is formed.
- FIGS. 17A and 17B the difference in crystal growth (crystal growth mechanism) between the transparent conductive film 12A (temperature before film formation 80 ° C.) and the transparent conductive film 12B (temperature before film formation ⁇ 16 ° C.).
- FIG. 17A is a diagram for explaining crystal growth when microcrystals exist in the transparent conductive film 12A having a pre-deposition temperature of 80 ° C.
- FIG. 17B is a diagram for explaining the crystal growth in the transparent conductive film 12 where the pre-deposition temperature is ⁇ 16 ° C. when there is no microcrystal.
- FIG. 17A shows conditions where it is difficult to achieve low resistance by low-temperature annealing.
- reference numeral 30 denotes a crystal nucleus
- reference numeral 32 denotes an amorphous part
- reference numeral 14 denotes a microcrystal
- reference numeral 15 denotes a crystal grain boundary (interface) between the amorphous part 32 and the microcrystal 14.
- Reference numeral 33 denotes a crystal part.
- the transparent conductive film 12A formed by the medium-high temperature film formation deposition under the condition that the temperature before film formation is 80 ° C. described above
- the microcrystals 14 and the crystal grain boundaries 15 are formed by the film formation. Thereafter, annealing is performed (symbol X), crystal growth proceeds from the crystal nucleus 31 as a starting point, and a crystal part 33 is formed. However, the crystal growth is suppressed by the microcrystals 14 during the crystal growth. For this reason, the transparent conductive film 12A having a large number of crystal grain boundaries 15 is formed, and it is difficult to realize a reduction in resistance.
- the transparent conductive film 12 formed by the low temperature sputtering method deposited under the condition that the temperature before film formation is ⁇ 16 ° C.
- the transparent conductive film 12B does not have the microcrystals 14 and many crystal grain boundaries 15.
- annealing is performed (symbol X), and crystal growth proceeds from the crystal nucleus 20 located in the surface layer TB as a starting point.
- FIG. 18 is a TEM image of the transparent conductive film (temperature before film formation—16 ° C.).
- FIG. 19 is a view obtained by performing image processing on the TEM image shown in FIG. 18 and showing crystal nuclei remaining in the transparent conductive film.
- FIG. 20 is a diagram corresponding to the outer contour of the crystal part created based on the TEM image shown in FIG.
- FIG. 19 is created using image processing software (ImageJ).
- a plurality of dot-like objects (polygons) shown in FIG. 19 are formed of the transparent conductive film (temperature before film formation—16 ° C.) shown in FIG. Corresponds to the crystal nucleus.
- the area of each of 42 crystal nuclei was calculated using the above image processing software and the size (size) of the crystal nuclei was measured, the maximum size was 42 nm. The minimum size was 21 nm and the average size was 30 nm.
- the definition of the size (size) of the crystal nucleus will be described.
- the area is calculated for each crystal nucleus, and the diameter of a circle having an area ( ⁇ r 2 ) corresponding to the calculated area is calculated.
- the calculated diameter is defined as the size (size) of the crystal nucleus. Therefore, from the above results, the size of the crystal nucleus can be defined as about 21 nm to 42 nm.
- the number of crystal nuclei is 23.
- the density of crystal nuclei is about 18.76 / ⁇ m 2. Degree.
- FIG. 20 shows an outer diameter line corresponding to the outer contour of the crystal part, which is produced by drawing a line along the outer contour of the crystal part.
- the same number of polygonal objects are also shown in FIG.
- the maximum size was 362 nm.
- the minimum size was 112 nm and the average size was 236 nm.
- the size (size) of the crystal part is defined in the same manner as the definition of the size of the crystal nucleus described above.
- the size of the crystal part can be defined as approximately 112 nm to 362 nm.
- the present invention can be used not only for display (display panel) applications but also for solar cell applications and various light emitting / receiving sensor applications, a method for manufacturing a substrate with a transparent conductive film, a manufacturing apparatus for a substrate with a transparent conductive film, and a transparent conductive film It can be widely applied to a substrate with a film.
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2016年9月12日に日本に出願された特願2016-177966号に基づき優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
このような背景から、通過型スパッタ方式によるITOフィルムの製造方法において、低温プロセスで低抵抗なITO膜を製造する方法の開発が期待されていた。
本発明の第1態様に係る透明導電膜付き基板の製造方法は、前記ステップβにおいて、前記プロセスガス雰囲気に占める水の分圧が1×10-3Pa以下であることが好ましい。
本発明の第1態様に係る透明導電膜付き基板の製造方法は、前記ステップβにおいて、前記透明導電膜が形成された前記透明基板の成膜後温度が、29℃を下回るように、スパッタ条件を制御することが好ましい。
本発明の第1態様に係る透明導電膜付き基板の製造方法は、前記ステップγにおいて、後加熱処理の温度が100℃以下であることが好ましい。
本発明の第1態様に係る透明導電膜付き基板の製造方法において、前記ステップβは、前記透明基板が前記ターゲット前を通過することにより、該透明基板上に前記透明導電膜を形成することが好ましい。
本発明の第1態様に係る透明導電膜付き基板の製造方法において、前記ステップβは、前記ターゲットとしてITOを用いることが好ましい。
本発明の第2態様に係る透明導電膜付き基板の製造装置において、前記熱処理空間と前記成膜空間は、前記成膜室内において連通しており、前記熱処理空間の圧力と前記成膜空間の圧力が同圧として制御されるように、プロセスガスの導入部および排気部が配置されている、ことが好ましい。
本発明の第3態様に係る透明導電膜付き基板においては、前記透明導電膜は、前記結晶核を包む結晶部を有する、ことが好ましい。
本発明の第3態様に係る透明導電膜付き基板においては、隣接する位置にある結晶核から成長した結晶部の間に結晶粒界が形成されている、ことが好ましい。
本発明の第3態様に係る透明導電膜付き基板においては、前記結晶核の大きさは、21nm~42nmである、ことが好ましい。
本発明の第3態様に係る透明導電膜付き基板においては、前記結晶部の大きさは、112nm~362nmである、ことが好ましい。
本発明の第1態様は、このような表示パネル用途の他に、太陽電池用途や各種の受発光センサ用途においても利用できる、透明導電膜付き基板を製造することも可能である。
したがって、本発明の第2態様に係る製造装置は、表示パネル用途の他に、太陽電池用途や各種の受発光センサ用途においても利用できる、透明導電膜付き基板の製造に貢献する。
以下では、絶縁性の透明基板と接するように透明導電膜が配されてなる透明導電膜付き基板の製造方法および製造装置ついて、図1~図3を参照して説明する。
図1は透明導電膜付き基板の一例を示す断面図である。図1において、符号10は透明導電膜付き基板を、符号11は絶縁性の透明基板を、符号12は透明導電膜を、それぞれ表わしている。
ドアバルブDV1を開状態とすることにより、仕込室111の内部空間と、成膜室112の内部空間が連通し、透明基板11の搬送(符号a→b)が可能となる。同様に、ドアバルブDV2を開状態とすることにより、成膜室112の内部空間と、取出室113の内部空間が連通し、透明基板11の搬送(符号e→f)が可能となる。
ドアバルブDV1とドアバルブDV2を同時に閉状態とすることにより、成膜室112の内部空間は単一の密閉された空間となる。
熱処理空間TSには、透明基板11を所定の成膜前温度に制御する温度制御部(以下、温度調整装置とも呼ぶ)122、124が配置されている。成膜空間DSには、該熱処理空間TSから移動した透明基板11上に透明導電膜12をスパッタ法により形成する成膜部132、133、134が配置されている。
ここで、符号122は加熱装置あるいは冷却装置であり、符号124は加熱装置あるいは冷却装置の電源である。符号132は透明導電膜用のターゲット、符号133はターゲットを載置するバッキングプレート、符号134はバッキングプレートにDC電力を供給する電源である。
絶縁性の透明基板:ガラスからなる透明基板(1100mm×1400mm×3.0mmt)を使用。基板搬送は、1100mmの方向。
熱処理条件:加熱成膜または室温成膜の場合は、温度調整装置の前方を基板が通過(搬送)した後、基板が所定の温度(後述する図4において、成膜前温度:25℃、80℃)となるように、温度調整装置により熱処理した。冷却成膜の場合は、温度調整装置の前方に基板を静止した状態で、基板が所定の温度(後述する図4において、成膜前温度:-16℃、11℃)となるように、温度調整装置により熱処理した。
ここで、成膜前温度が「-16℃、11℃、25℃、80℃」とした場合は順に、成膜後温度が「29℃を下回る温度、29℃を下回る温度、46℃以上49℃未満、110℃以上116℃未満」に相当する。
熱処理雰囲気:プロセスガスはAr、O2、H2Oの混合ガスであり、圧力は0.4Paとした。
成膜法:直流スパッタ法により、基板搬送成膜によりITO膜を形成。
成膜雰囲気:プロセスガスはAr、O2、H2Oの混合ガスであり、圧力は0.4Paとした。各ガスの流量は、Ar(180sccm)、O2(1~8sccm)、H2O(2~50sccm)である。
基板搬送速度:1960mm/min
ターゲットに印加したパワー密度:6.0W/cm2
ターゲット組成:酸化インジウムに酸化スズを10質量%添加したスズ添加酸化インジウム(ITO)[10wt%-SnO2 doped In2O3]
まず、ガラスからなる透明基板(以下、基板とも呼ぶ)11を、不図示の搬送装置を用いて、仕込室111(符号aの位置)から成膜室112(符号bの位置)へ搬入する。この透明基板11を、Ar、O2、H2Oの混合ガスからなるプロセスガス雰囲気において、所望の温度に保持された状態にある、温度調整装置122の前方空間(熱処理空間TS)内(符号cの位置)を通過させるか、あるいは温度調整装置122の前方空間(熱処理空間TS)内(符号cの位置)に静止させる。これにより、透明基板11を所定の成膜前温度にする。
次に、大気雰囲気において、前記透明基板上に形成された前記透明導電膜(As depoの第一試料)に対して後加熱処理をするステップγが行われる。As depoの第一試料における透明導電膜は、アモルファスであり殆ど結晶性を持たない。これに対して、後加熱処理を施すことにより、透明導電膜は結晶化する。この結晶化により、透明導電膜は低抵抗な電気特性を持つができる。
従来は200℃程度の高温で後加熱処理して初めて結晶化し、透明導電膜を低抵抗とすることができた。これに対して、本発明の実施形態では100℃以下の低温で後加熱処理しても、結晶化が図れる。ゆえに、本発明の実施形態に係る製造方法によれば、高温加熱に耐えることができない、TFT基板上にも、低抵抗な透明導電膜を設けたデバイスを構築できる。
図4は、アニール温度と比抵抗との関係を示すグラフであり、4条件の成膜前温度(80℃、25℃、11℃、-16℃)について調べた結果である。△印が80℃、□印が25℃、◇印が11℃、○印が-16℃の観測結果である。その際、アニール時間は一定(1時間)とした。
(A1)アニール温度(後加熱処理の温度)を増加させることにより、何れの成膜前温度の第一試料(As depo試料)であっても、比抵抗の低抵抗化が図れる(比抵抗[μΩcm]:700程度→200程度に変化させることができる)。
(A2)上記(A1)の低抵抗化は、成膜前温度の依存性がある。成膜前温度が高いほど、低抵抗化を図るためには、より高いアニール温度(後加熱処理の温度)を要する。
(A3)成膜前温度を低くするほど、低抵抗化を図るためのアニール温度(後加熱処理の温度)が、より低くなる。中でも、成膜前温度が零度以下とした場合(○印)には、アニール温度(後加熱処理の温度)が100℃以下でも、比抵抗[μΩcm]が240程度の透明導電膜が得られる。
したがって、図4より、成膜前温度が低くなるほど、低抵抗化するアニール温度(後加熱処理の温度)が低くなることが確認された。
図5は、H2O(水)分圧と比抵抗との関係を示すグラフであり、2条件の成膜前温度(80℃、-16℃)について調べた結果である。△印が80℃、○印が-16℃の観測結果である。本実験例では、成膜時のH2O(水)分圧を8×10-5~1×10-2[Pa]の範囲で変更した。その際、アニール温度(後加熱処理の温度)は120℃とした。
(B1)成膜前温度が80℃の場合は、H2O(水)分圧が2×10-3[Pa]付近において比抵抗が極小値(およそ360[μΩcm])をとる傾向が観測された。
(B2)成膜前温度が-16℃の場合は、H2O(水)分圧が下がるに連れて比抵抗低も低下する傾向が観測された。H2O(水)分圧が1×10-2[Pa]付近における比抵抗(およそ410[μΩcm])に比べて、H2O(水)分圧が8×10-5[Pa]付近における比抵抗(およそ210[μΩcm])は半減することが分かった。
したがって、図5より、成膜前温度を下げることによって、アニール処理(後加熱処理)による、H2O(水)分圧の比抵抗に対するプロセスマージンが拡大することが確認された。
図6は、アニール時間と比抵抗との関係を示すグラフであり、2条件の成膜前温度(80℃、-16℃)について調べた結果である。△印が80℃、○印が-16℃の観測結果である。その際、アニール温度(後加熱処理の温度)は80℃とした。
本実験例では、アニール時間を1~24時間の範囲で変更した。横軸が0.1時間に便宜上プロットした比抵抗の数値は、アニール処理なしの結果(成膜後の結果)である。
(C1)成膜前温度が80℃の場合は、24時間のアニール処理を施しても、比抵抗は殆ど変化しない(成膜後:およそ740[μΩcm]→24時間後:およそ670[μΩcm])。
(C2)成膜前温度が-16℃の場合は、1時間のアニール処理を施すことにより、比抵抗は急激に減少する傾向を示し、24時間のアニール処理を施すことにより、比抵抗は三分の一程度となる(成膜後:およそ620[μΩcm]→1時間後:およそ420[μΩcm]→2時間後:およそ250[μΩcm]→20時間後:およそ239[μΩcm])。
したがって、図6より、成膜前温度を下げることによって、80℃の低温アニール処理(後加熱処理)であっても、アニール処理時間に依存して、比抵抗の低抵抗化が図れることが確認された。
図7は、アニール時間と比抵抗との関係を示すグラフであり、2条件の成膜前温度(80℃、-16℃)について調べた結果である。△印が80℃、○印が-16℃の観測結果である。その際、アニール温度(後加熱処理の温度)は60℃とした。
本実験例では、アニール時間を1~24時間の範囲で変更した。横軸が0.1時間に便宜上プロットした比抵抗の数値は、アニール処理なしの結果(成膜後の結果)である。
(D1)成膜前温度が80℃の場合は、24時間のアニール処理を施しても、比抵抗は殆ど変化しない(成膜後:およそ740[μΩcm]→24時間後:およそ725[μΩcm])。
(D2)成膜前温度が-16℃の場合は、1時間のアニール処理を施すことにより、比抵抗は緩やかに減少する傾向を示し、24時間のアニール処理を施すことにより、比抵抗は三分の一程度となる(成膜後:およそ620[μΩcm]→1時間後:およそ560[μΩcm]→4時間後:およそ500[μΩcm]→7時間後:およそ450[μΩcm]→24時間後:およそ244[μΩcm])。
したがって、図7より、成膜前温度を下げることによって、60℃の低温アニール処理(後加熱処理)であっても、アニール処理時間に依存して、比抵抗の低抵抗化が図れることが確認された。
図8は、O2(酸素)分圧と比抵抗との関係を示すグラフグラフであり、2条件の成膜前温度(80℃、25℃)について調べた結果である。▲印が80℃(成膜後(As depo)、△印が80℃(アニール処理後)、■印が25℃(成膜後(As depo)、□印が25℃(アニール処理後)の観測結果である。その際、アニール温度(後加熱処理の温度)は120℃とした。
(E1)O2(酸素)分圧を低く制御することにより、アニール処理後の比抵抗を低下させることができる。その効果は、成膜前温度が低いほど大きい。
(E2)O2(酸素)分圧を低く制御することにより、アニール処理後の比抵抗を低下させる効果は、成膜前温度が低いほど、O2(酸素)分圧が高い領域で発生する。
したがって、図8より、微加熱を加えた場合(成膜前温度が25℃より80℃の条件とした場合)では、比抵抗の劣化傾向、すなわち、アニール処理による効果が弱まる傾向にあることが確認された。
(F1)成膜前温度が80℃の場合、透明導電膜には微結晶が存在する。
(F2)成膜前温度が高いほど(25℃と80℃の比較)、上記微結晶が存在する割合が高まる。
したがって、前述した図8に示す結果は、透明導電膜の内部に微結晶が発生してしまうことが主原因と推測した。ゆえに、微結晶化を抑えることが可能なプロセスを開発することが必要であると判断した。
(G1)成膜後(As depo)の段階における透明導電膜の膜質は、成膜前温度に依存して大きく異なる。成膜前温度が80℃の場合は、(222)に起因する回折ピークが観測されたことにより、結晶質の存在が確認された。成膜前温度が25℃の場合は、若干の結晶質が確認された。成膜前温度が-16℃の場合は、アモルファスであった。
(G2)100℃アニール後の段階における透明導電膜は、成膜前温度に依存せず、結晶質を示した。しかし、結晶質の品位は大きく異なり、成膜前温度が低いほど、結晶性の高い透明導電膜が形成されることが分かった。
(G3)特に、成膜前温度が零度以下(-16℃)とした場合の透明導電膜は、アニール処理を施すことにより、(222)の回折ピークの半値幅が0.19であった。これより、成膜前温度を零度以下として透明導電膜を形成した後、100℃以下の低温アニールを行うことで、結晶性の高い透明導電膜が得られることが分かった。
したがって、図10および図11のXRDチャートから、成膜後(As depo)の段階で良質なアモルファスの透明導電膜を形成し、これにアニール処理を施すことにより、結晶性の高い透明導電膜が発現することが確認された。
図12A~図14Bより、以下の点が明らかとなった。
(H1)図12A及び図13Aに示されたTEM像において、点線にて囲んだ部分が、微結晶が確認された部位である。TEM像を比較すると、相対的に成膜前温度が高い透明導電膜(図12A及び図12B)よりも、低い透明導電膜(図13A及び図13B)に内在する微結晶が少ないことが分かった。
(H2)エッチング後のSEM像(図12B及び図13B)において、粒状に見える部分が、透明導電膜に内在した微結晶を反映した残渣(結晶性をもつITO粒子)である。これより、成膜前温度が低くなるに連れて、残渣が細かくなり、残渣の数も激減することが分かった。
したがって、図12A~図13Bに示したTEM像とエッチング後のSEM像から、成膜前温度を低くすることにより、透明導電膜に内在する微結晶の発生数が徐々に減少することが確認された。特に、図14A及び図14Bに示すように、成膜前温度を零度以下とすることにより、透明導電膜に内在する微結晶の発生が抑制されることが確認された。
次に、図14A及び図14Bに示す透明導電膜、即ち、成膜前温度が-16℃である透明導電膜付き基板の実施形態について、図15A~図17Bを参照して説明する。
図15A~図17Bにおいて、第一実施形態と同一部材には同一符号を付して、その説明は省略または簡略化する。
図15Aにおいて、透明導電膜12Aの下部は、基板側、即ち、透明導電膜12Aと透明基板11との界面BAに位置している。その一方、透明導電膜12Aの上部は、透明導電膜12Aと透明基板11との界面BAとは反対側、即ち、透明導電膜12Aの表層TA(表層側、表層部)に位置している。
図15Bにおいて、透明導電膜12Bの下部は、基板側、即ち、透明導電膜12Bと透明基板11との界面BBに位置している。その一方、透明導電膜12Bの上部は、透明導電膜12Bと透明基板11との界面BBとは反対側、即ち、透明導電膜12Bの表層TB(表層側、表層部)に位置している。
図15A及び図15Bに示す結果から、成膜前温度が80℃の場合と比較して、成膜前温度が-16℃である透明導電膜では、結晶粒界の数が少なく、大きなドメイン結晶が形成されていることが分かる。
図17Aは、成膜前温度が80℃である透明導電膜12Aにおいて、微結晶が存在する場合の結晶成長を説明する図である。図17Bは、成膜前温度が-16℃である透明導電膜12において、微結晶が存在しない場合の結晶成長を説明する図である。
以下、図17Aと図17Bとを比較して、低温で成膜された透明導電膜12B(ITO膜、As depo)において低抵抗化を実現できる理由と、従来の成膜方法(中高温で成膜)で成膜された透明導電膜12Aにおいて低抵抗化が困難となる理由とを説明する。
なお、図17Aにおいて、符号30は結晶核を示し、符号32はアモルファス部を示し、符号14は微結晶を示し、符号15はアモルファス部32と微結晶14との結晶粒界(界面)を示し、符号33は結晶部を示している。
中高温成膜(上述した成膜前温度が80℃である条件で成膜)によって形成された透明導電膜12Aにおいては、TEM像から観測された微結晶14の他に結晶核31が存在すると考えられる。また、このような中高温成膜の条件下においては、成膜によって微結晶14及び結晶粒界15が形成されている。
その後、アニール処理(符号X)を行うことによって、結晶核31を起点として結晶成長が進み、結晶部33が形成される。しかしながら、結晶成長の途中で、微結晶14によって結晶成長が抑制されてしまう。このため、多くの結晶粒界15を有する透明導電膜12Aが形成されてしまい、低抵抗化を実現することが困難となる。
その後、アニール処理(符号X)を行うことによって、表層TBに位置する結晶核20を起点として結晶成長が進む。図17Aの中高温成膜のように結晶成長を阻害する要因(微結晶14、多くの結晶粒界15)が存在しないので、隣接する位置にある結晶核20から成長した結晶部21が互いに衝突するまで、結晶成長が進む。その後、成長した結晶部21の間に結晶粒界17が形成される。このため、最終的に、非常に大きな結晶で構成された透明導電膜12B(ITO膜)が得られる。上述した理由から、低温成膜によって得られた透明導電膜12Bにおいては、透明導電膜12Aに形成された結晶粒界15の数よりも結晶粒界17の数が少ない。このため、粒界散乱の影響が最小限に抑えられた良質な透明導電膜を得ることができる。
更に、上記の画像処理ソフトウェアを用いて、42個の結晶核(図19に示す点状物)の各々の面積を算出し、結晶核の大きさ(サイズ)を測定したところ、最大サイズは42nmであり、最小サイズは21nmであり、平均サイズは、30nmであった。
ここで、結晶核の大きさ(サイズ)の定義について説明する。まず、結晶核の各々について面積を算出し、更に、算出された面積に対応する面積(πr2)を有する円の直径を算出する。本実施形態では、算出された直径を結晶核の大きさ(サイズ)と定義している。このため、上述した結果から、結晶核の大きさは、約21nm~42nmと定義できる。
更に、上記の画像処理ソフトウェアを用いて、32個の結晶部(図20に示す多角形物)の各々の面積を算出し、結晶部の大きさ(サイズ)を測定したところ、最大サイズは362nmであり、最小サイズは112nmであり、平均サイズは236nmであった。ここで、上述した結晶核の大きさの定義と同様に、結晶部の大きさ(サイズ)は定義されている。即ち、結晶部の各々について面積を算出し、算出された面積に対応する面積(πr2)を有する円の直径を算出し、算出された直径を結晶部の大きさ(サイズ)と定義している。このため、上述した結果から、結晶部の大きさは、約112nm~362nmと定義できる。
Claims (13)
- 絶縁性の透明基板と接するように透明導電膜が配されてなる透明導電膜付き基板の製造方法であって、
所望の減圧雰囲気とした熱処理空間において、前記透明基板を所定の成膜前温度に制御するステップαと、
所望のプロセスガス雰囲気とした成膜空間において、前記透明導電膜の母材をなすターゲットにスパッタ電圧を印加してスパッタを行い、所定の温度とされた前記透明基板上に前記透明導電膜を成膜するステップβと、
大気雰囲気において、前記透明基板上に形成された前記透明導電膜に対して後加熱処理をするステップγと、
を少なくとも順に備え、
前記ステップαにおける前記成膜前温度が零度以下である、
透明導電膜付き基板の製造方法。 - 前記ステップβにおいて、前記プロセスガス雰囲気に占める水の分圧が1×10-3Pa以下である、
請求項1に記載の透明導電膜付き基板の製造方法。 - 前記ステップβにおいて、前記透明導電膜が形成された前記透明基板の成膜後温度が、29℃を下回るように、スパッタ条件を制御する、
請求項1又は請求項2に記載の透明導電膜付き基板の製造方法。 - 前記ステップγにおいて、後加熱処理の温度が80℃以下である、
請求項1に記載の透明導電膜付き基板の製造方法。 - 前記ステップβは、前記透明基板が前記ターゲット前を通過することにより、該透明基板上に前記透明導電膜を形成する、
請求項1から請求項3のいずれか一項に記載の透明導電膜付き基板の製造方法。 - 前記ステップβは、前記ターゲットとしてITOを用いる、
請求項1から請求項3、請求項5のいずれか一項に記載の透明導電膜付き基板の製造方法。 - 絶縁性の透明基板と接するように透明導電膜が配されてなる透明導電膜付き基板の製造装置であって、
前記透明基板が導入された内部空間を減圧雰囲気とする仕込室と、前記透明基板上に前記透明導電膜を形成する成膜室と、前記透明導電膜が形成された前記透明基板を大気開放する取出室と、を少なくとも備え、
前記成膜室内には、前記透明基板の進行方向に、熱処理空間と成膜空間が順に配され、前記熱処理空間には、前記透明基板を所定の成膜前温度に制御する温度制御部が配置されており、前記成膜空間には、該熱処理空間から移動した透明基板上に透明導電膜をスパッタ法により形成する成膜部が配置されている、
透明導電膜付き基板の製造装置。 - 前記熱処理空間と前記成膜空間は、前記成膜室内において連通しており、前記熱処理空間の圧力と前記成膜空間の圧力が同圧として制御されるように、プロセスガスの導入部および排気部が配置されている、
請求項7に記載の透明導電膜付き基板の製造装置。 - 絶縁性の透明基板と接するように透明導電膜が配されてなる透明導電膜付き基板であって、
前記透明導電膜は、表層部に結晶核を有する、
透明導電膜付き基板。 - 前記透明導電膜は、前記結晶核を包む結晶部を有する、
請求項9に記載の透明導電膜付き基板。 - 隣接する位置にある結晶核から成長した結晶部の間に結晶粒界が形成されている、
請求項9又は請求項10に記載の透明導電膜付き基板。 - 前記結晶核の大きさは、21nm~42nmである、
請求項9又は請求項10に記載の透明導電膜付き基板。 - 前記結晶部の大きさは、112nm~362nmである、
請求項10に記載の透明導電膜付き基板。
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| JP2020033641A (ja) * | 2018-08-27 | 2020-03-05 | 株式会社アルバック | 成膜装置及び成膜方法並びに太陽電池の製造方法 |
| JP2020204050A (ja) * | 2019-06-14 | 2020-12-24 | 株式会社アルバック | 透明導電膜の製造方法、透明導電膜、及びスパッタリングターゲット |
| WO2022259960A1 (ja) * | 2021-06-09 | 2022-12-15 | 東京エレクトロン株式会社 | 成膜方法及び基板処理装置 |
| JP2022188660A (ja) * | 2021-06-09 | 2022-12-21 | 東京エレクトロン株式会社 | 成膜方法及び基板処理装置 |
| JP7801009B2 (ja) | 2021-06-09 | 2026-01-16 | 東京エレクトロン株式会社 | 基板処理方法及び基板処理装置 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP6418708B2 (ja) | 2018-11-07 |
| TW201816806A (zh) | 2018-05-01 |
| US20190368027A1 (en) | 2019-12-05 |
| KR102011248B1 (ko) | 2019-08-14 |
| CN109642307A (zh) | 2019-04-16 |
| CN109642307B (zh) | 2020-04-10 |
| TWI664646B (zh) | 2019-07-01 |
| KR20190020828A (ko) | 2019-03-04 |
| JPWO2018047977A1 (ja) | 2018-09-06 |
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