WO2016017760A1 - 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子、発光性薄膜、表示装置及び照明装置 - Google Patents
有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子、発光性薄膜、表示装置及び照明装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016017760A1 WO2016017760A1 PCT/JP2015/071647 JP2015071647W WO2016017760A1 WO 2016017760 A1 WO2016017760 A1 WO 2016017760A1 JP 2015071647 W JP2015071647 W JP 2015071647W WO 2016017760 A1 WO2016017760 A1 WO 2016017760A1
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- 0 CC1C(C2)(C3=C4C3*4)*2=*(C)*1 Chemical compound CC1C(C2)(C3=C4C3*4)*2=*(C)*1 0.000 description 2
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- IXIGRFGSZAQNGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC(C)(C)Cc(cc1c2cc(-c3ccc4[o]c(ccc(-[n]5c(cc(cc6)-c7cc(-[n]8c9cccnc9c9c8ccc(-c(cc8)cc(c%10ncccc%10%10)c8[n]%10-c8ccccc8)c9)ccc7)c6c6ccccc56)c5)c5c4c3)ccc22)ccc1[n]2-c1ccccc1 Chemical compound CC(C)(C)Cc(cc1c2cc(-c3ccc4[o]c(ccc(-[n]5c(cc(cc6)-c7cc(-[n]8c9cccnc9c9c8ccc(-c(cc8)cc(c%10ncccc%10%10)c8[n]%10-c8ccccc8)c9)ccc7)c6c6ccccc56)c5)c5c4c3)ccc22)ccc1[n]2-c1ccccc1 IXIGRFGSZAQNGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- KVTBQVJCUYRBPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N c(cc1)ccc1-[n](c(cccc1)c1c1c2)c1ccc2-[n](c1c2cccc1)c1c2c(cccc2)c2[n]1-c(cc1)cc(c2ccccc22)c1[n]2-c1ccccc1 Chemical compound c(cc1)ccc1-[n](c(cccc1)c1c1c2)c1ccc2-[n](c1c2cccc1)c1c2c(cccc2)c2[n]1-c(cc1)cc(c2ccccc22)c1[n]2-c1ccccc1 KVTBQVJCUYRBPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GMDVTCRVBQQGRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N c(cc1)ccc1-[n](c1ccccc1c1c2)c1ccc2-c1cc(-c2cccc(-[n]3c(cc(cc4)-c5c6[o]c(ccc(-[n](c(cccc7)c7c7c8)c7ccc8-c7cccc(-[n]8c(cccc9)c9c9c8cccc9)c7)c7)c7c6ccc5)c4c4c3cccc4)c2)ccc1 Chemical compound c(cc1)ccc1-[n](c1ccccc1c1c2)c1ccc2-c1cc(-c2cccc(-[n]3c(cc(cc4)-c5c6[o]c(ccc(-[n](c(cccc7)c7c7c8)c7ccc8-c7cccc(-[n]8c(cccc9)c9c9c8cccc9)c7)c7)c7c6ccc5)c4c4c3cccc4)c2)ccc1 GMDVTCRVBQQGRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D209/56—Ring systems containing three or more rings
- C07D209/80—[b, c]- or [b, d]-condensed
- C07D209/82—Carbazoles; Hydrogenated carbazoles
- C07D209/86—Carbazoles; Hydrogenated carbazoles with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the ring system
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- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D219/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing acridine or hydrogenated acridine ring systems
- C07D219/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing acridine or hydrogenated acridine ring systems with only hydrogen, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the ring system
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D311/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings
- C07D311/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
- C07D311/78—Ring systems having three or more relevant rings
- C07D311/80—Dibenzopyrans; Hydrogenated dibenzopyrans
- C07D311/82—Xanthenes
- C07D311/90—Xanthenes with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by amino radicals, directly attached in position 9
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- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D333/50—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
- C07D333/76—Dibenzothiophenes
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- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
- C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
- C07D405/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing aromatic rings
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- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
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- C07D413/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing aromatic rings
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
- C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an organic electroluminescence element, a light-emitting thin film, and a display device and an illumination device provided with the organic electroluminescence element. More specifically, the present invention relates to an organic electroluminescence element with improved light emission efficiency and excellent stability, a light-emitting thin film, and a display device and an illumination device including the organic electroluminescence element.
- Organic EL elements also referred to as “organic electroluminescent elements” using electroluminescence of organic materials (Electro Luminescence: hereinafter abbreviated as “EL”) have already been put into practical use as a new light emitting system that enables planar light emission.
- EL Electro Luminescence
- organic EL emission methods There are two types of organic EL emission methods: “phosphorescence emission” that emits light when returning from the triplet excited state to the ground state and “fluorescence emission” that emits light when returning from the singlet excited state to the ground state.
- phosphorescence emission that emits light when returning from the triplet excited state to the ground state
- fluorescence emission that emits light when returning from the singlet excited state to the ground state.
- the TADF mechanism has a triplet exciton when a material having a smaller difference ( ⁇ Est) between a singlet excitation energy level and a triplet excitation energy level is used as compared with a normal fluorescent material.
- ⁇ Est a material having a smaller difference
- This is a light emission mechanism that utilizes the phenomenon that reverse intersystem crossing from singlet to singlet exciton occurs.
- HOMO highest occupied molecular orbital
- LUMO lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
- HOMO is distributed in the 1st and 2nd carbazolyl groups on the benzene ring
- LUMO is distributed in the 4th and 5th cyano groups, thereby isolating HOMO and LUMO.
- ⁇ Est becomes a very small value of about 0.1 eV or less, and expresses TADF phenomenon, but 2CzXy in which the cyano groups at the 4th and 5th positions are replaced with methyl groups (FIG. 1).
- HOMO and LUMO cannot be clearly separated (mixed), so ⁇ Est cannot be reduced, and the TADF phenomenon does not occur.
- a molecule in which a compound containing a strong electron-withdrawing group such as a carbazole ring group as an electron-donating substituent and a cyano group, sulfonyl group, or triazinyl group as an electron-withdrawing substituent is introduced into the benzene ring has TADF performance. As shown, blue emission efficiency and molecular stability are still insufficient, and further improvement has been desired.
- a triphenylamine derivative is generally preferably used for the hole transport layer from the viewpoint of durability and hole transportability.
- the triphenylamine derivative depends on the choice of substituents, the HOMO level is about -4.5 eV to -5.5 eV, and the HOMO level of the light emitting material in the light emitting layer is basically higher than that of the hole transport layer. If the depth is too deep, it becomes difficult to inject holes into the light emitting material.
- the HOMO level of the host compound needs to be equal to or deeper than that of the light emitting material. In any case, holes should be injected into the light emitting layer.
- a high voltage that enables injection of holes from the shallow HOMO level to the deep HOMO level is required.
- the driving voltage is high, it is difficult to increase the power efficiency represented by [lm / W], and low power consumption cannot be realized.
- This phenomenon becomes more prominent as the band gap required for the light-emitting material becomes larger, ie, green rather than red, blue than green, and deep blue than blue. That is, in delayed fluorescence, not only the technical difficulty of the luminescent material, but also the small choice of the host compound to be combined is a big problem, and the most difficult problem in the technical development is the blue luminescent material.
- the TADF material is synthesized based on the molecular design guideline in which the overlap of HOMO and LUMO in the same molecule is reduced.
- HOMO-LUMO if HOMO-LUMO is completely separated, HOMO- Electron transitions between LUMOs are unlikely to occur, that is, excitons are hardly generated, and as a result, TADF is expressed, but sufficient emission intensity cannot be obtained. That is, if HOMO and LUMO are mixed and the overlap is too large, TADF is not expressed. On the other hand, if the overlap is too small, the emission intensity of TADF is reduced.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems and situations, and the problem to be solved is to provide an organic electroluminescence device having high light emission efficiency and excellent stability with little change in light emission characteristics over time. is there.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a light-emitting thin film containing a ⁇ -conjugated compound used in the organic electroluminescence element, and a display device and an illumination device provided with the organic electroluminescence element.
- the present inventor has no overlap of electron density distributions of HOMO and LUMO, or only a slight overlap, and electron transition to an excited state, That is, by using a ⁇ -conjugated compound in which the electronic transition between HOMO and LUMO is caused by through-space interaction in the same molecule in the light emitting layer of the organic EL element, organic electroluminescence exhibiting strong fluorescence and excellent stability
- the inventors have found that an element can be realized and have reached the present invention. That is, the said subject which concerns on this invention is solved by the following means.
- An organic electroluminescence device having an organic layer including at least one light emitting layer between an anode and a cathode, wherein at least one of the light emitting layers has no overlapping of electron density distributions of HOMO and LUMO, and the HOMO
- An electronic transition between the LUMOs occurs through through-space interaction in the same molecule, and a ⁇ -conjugated compound containing a ⁇ -conjugated aromatic ring at a site where at least one of the HOMO or the LUMO is localized
- An organic electroluminescence element characterized by comprising:
- the ⁇ -conjugated compound is a compound having a structure represented by the following general formula (A), D represents an electron donating group, A represents an electron withdrawing group, HOMO is localized in D, LUMO is localized in A, L is a linking portion for linking the electron donating group D and the electron withdrawing group A, and is a site where the electron density distribution of HOMO and LUMO occupies less than 10%;
- a straight line connecting the center of gravity of the atom of the portion L is connected to the center of gravity of LUMO localized on the electron withdrawing group A and the center of gravity of the atom of the connecting portion L adjacent to the electron withdrawing group A.
- the distance r between the center of gravity of HOMO localized on the electron donating group D and the orbital center of gravity of LUMO localized on the electron withdrawing group A is larger than 0 nm and not larger than 0.6 nm.
- the ⁇ -conjugated compound is a compound having a structure represented by the following general formula (A), D represents an electron donating group, A represents an electron withdrawing group, HOMO is localized in D, LUMO is localized in A, L is a linking portion for linking the electron donating group D and the electron withdrawing group A, and is a site where the electron density distribution of HOMO and LUMO occupies less than 10%;
- the centroid of HOMO localized on the electron donating group D and the linkage adjacent to the electron donating group D A straight line connecting the center of gravity of the atom of the portion L is connected to the center of gravity of LUMO localized on the electron withdrawing group A and the center of gravity of the atom of the connecting portion L adjacent to the electron withdrawing group A.
- the angle ⁇ DA is less than 90 °, 2.
- the ⁇ -conjugated compound is at least one of compounds having a structure represented by the following general formulas (1) to (4), according to any one of items 1 to 3
- the organic electroluminescent element of description is not limited to:
- R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 and R 20 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- R 11 , R At least one of 12 , R 13 and R 14 is represented by the following general formula (1-A).
- Y 11 represents a divalent linking group
- Z 1 represents an electron-donating aromatic hydrocarbon ring group or aromatic heterocyclic group.
- At least one other of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 and R 14 is represented by the general formula (1-B).
- Y 12 represents a divalent linking group
- Z 2 represents an electron-withdrawing aromatic hydrocarbon ring group or aromatic heterocyclic group.
- x, p1, and p2 each represents an integer of 0 or 1.
- X a and X b each independently represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or NR c .
- X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , X 5 and X 6 are each independently a nitrogen atom or CR d represents at least one nitrogen atom, and R c , R d , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 and R 26 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5 and L 6 represent a divalent linking group, and p and q represent an integer of 0 or 1.
- X 31 represents PR b ( ⁇ O), SO 2 or SO.
- R b , R 31 , R 32 , R 33 , R 34 , R 35 , R 36 , R 37 and R 38 are Each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and at least one of R 31 , R 33 , R 36 and R 38 is represented by the following general formula (3-A).
- Y 31 represents a divalent linking group
- Z 3 represents an electron-donating aromatic hydrocarbon ring group or aromatic heterocyclic group.
- p3 represents an integer of 0 or 1.
- X 41, X 42, X 43, X 44 and X 45 are the .L 41 .R e is representing a hydrogen atom or a substituent, each independently represents a nitrogen atom or CR e, aromatic hydrocarbons R 41 represents a cyclic group or an aromatic heterocyclic group, and at least one R 41 is represented by the following general formula (4-A).
- Y 41 represents a divalent linking group
- Z 4 represents an electron-donating aromatic hydrocarbon ring group or aromatic heterocyclic group.
- p4 represents an integer of 0 or 1.
- R 51 , R 52 , R 53 , R 54 , R 55 and R 56 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- Z 51 and Z 52 are Each independently represents an electron-donating aromatic hydrocarbon ring group or aromatic heterocyclic group, or an electron-withdrawing aromatic hydrocarbon ring group or aromatic heterocyclic group, provided that Z 51 and Z 52 are electrons simultaneously. It cannot be a donating aromatic hydrocarbon ring group or aromatic heterocyclic group, and Z 51 and Z 52 can simultaneously be an electron withdrawing aromatic hydrocarbon ring group or aromatic heterocyclic group. No.
- the light-emitting layer contains the ⁇ -conjugated compound and at least one of a fluorescent compound and a phosphorescent compound, according to any one of items 1 to 5, The organic electroluminescent element of description.
- a luminescent thin film comprising the ⁇ -conjugated compound according to any one of items 1 to 5.
- a display device comprising the organic electroluminescence element according to any one of items 1 to 7.
- An organic electroluminescence element according to any one of items 1 to 7 is provided.
- the luminescent thin film containing the (pi) conjugated compound used for the said organic electroluminescent element, the display apparatus provided with the said organic electroluminescent element, and an illuminating device can be provided.
- the expression mechanism or action mechanism of the effect of the present invention is not clear, but is presumed as follows.
- the definitions of the electron donating group D and the electron withdrawing group A in the present application will be described later.
- the ⁇ -conjugated compound according to the present invention is characterized in that there is no overlapping of electron density distributions of HOMO and LUMO, and an electron transition between HOMO and LUMO occurs by a through-space interaction. Whether or not the electron transition between HOMO and LUMO is due to through-space interaction cannot be determined by actual experimental values. For example, the probability of electron transition between HOMO and LUMO by molecular orbital calculation, HOMO and LUMO, or the like. Can be defined by a molecular structure that is completely separated and physically close enough to allow electronic transition.
- the electron-donating group D containing the ⁇ -conjugated system or the electron-withdrawing group A preferably each contained in the D and the A
- the conjugated ⁇ electron planes to be opposed can take a structure in which the electron donating group D and the electron withdrawing group A are close to each other.
- the connecting portion L between the electron-donating group D and the electron-withdrawing group A includes an aromatic ring or a helical structure, and projection surfaces having respective maximum areas overlap with each other while D and A are close to each other. What it has is also preferable.
- the distance r between the centers of gravity of the HOMO and LUMO electron densities be 0.6 nm (6H) or less in order to enable electron transition.
- the electron donating group D in the present application refers to a site where the HOMO is most localized in the ⁇ -conjugated compound of the present application and the electron density distribution of the HOMO is 10% or more. It may be composed of one group or a plurality of groups.
- the electron withdrawing group A in the present application refers to a site in which the LUMO is most localized in the ⁇ -conjugated compound of the present application and the LUMO electron density distribution is 10% or more.
- At least one of the electron donating group D or the electron withdrawing group A preferably both include a ⁇ -conjugated aromatic ring. It consists of
- the group contained in the electron donating group D is preferably a ⁇ -conjugated aromatic ring.
- the group include a carbazole ring, a thiophene ring, a pyrrole ring, a benzene ring, a phenoxazine ring, an acridan ring, an indole ring, an indoloindole ring, and an amino group (such as a triphenylamino group). It is done.
- These groups may further have a substituent, and the substituents may be connected to each other to form a ring. Further, HOMO may be localized on the substituent.
- the substituent here is not particularly limited as long as it does not inhibit the function of the ⁇ -conjugated compound according to the present invention.
- the purpose of improving the glass transition temperature, the suppression of aggregation between compounds, the HOMO station It can be used for the purpose of adjusting the localization position or the HOMO level.
- the group contained in the electron withdrawing group A is preferably a ⁇ -conjugated aromatic ring.
- the group include a cyano group, a sulfonyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a fluorine atom, a pyridine ring, a pyrimidine ring, a pyridazine ring, a pyrazine ring, a triazine ring, a dibenzothiophene 5,5 dioxide, an oxazole ring, and an isoxazole ring.
- the benzene ring etc. which the cyano group, the sulfonyl group, the trifluoromethyl group, and the fluorine atom substituted are mentioned. These groups may further have a substituent, and the substituents may be connected to each other to form a ring. Also, LUMO may be localized on the substituent.
- the substituent here is not particularly limited as long as it does not inhibit the function of the ⁇ -conjugated compound according to the present invention. For example, the purpose of improving the glass transition temperature, suppression of aggregation between compounds, LUMO It can be used for the purpose of adjusting the localization position or LUMO level. Specific examples of the substituent include the same groups as the substituent represented by R 11 in the general formula (1) described later.
- the electron transition is a through bond that passes through a covalently-bonded molecular chain between the HOMO localized in the electron donating group D and the LUMO localized in the electron withdrawing group A. Done.
- fluorene derivatives and acridan ring derivatives are known as TADF materials in which HOMO and LUMO are separated and localized.
- ⁇ Est is small and advantageous for the expression of TADF.
- HOMO and LUMO are completely separated, it is presumed that electron transition at through-bonding hardly occurs, and HOMO and LUMO are spatially separated. Therefore, it can be easily estimated that the electron transition due to the through-space interaction does not easily occur, and as a result, there is a problem that the light emission intensity and efficiency are likely to be lowered.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram for explaining the relationship between the angle ⁇ DA and the electronic transition of the ⁇ -conjugated compound having the structure represented by the general formula (A).
- the electron clouds in the conjugated ⁇ plane of the electron donating group D and the electron withdrawing group A are close to each other and an electron transition occurs. It is possible to have a possible distance. As a result, electronic transition between the HOMO of the electron donating group D and the LUMO of the electron withdrawing group A is likely to occur, leading to high luminous efficiency in the organic EL device.
- the electron cloud is far in the conjugate ⁇ plane of the electron donating group D and the electron withdrawing group A, and electron transition is impossible.
- since there is no overlap of electron clouds electron transition at through-bonds hardly occurs, and high luminous efficiency cannot be shown.
- the distance between DA that is, the HOMO and LUMO spaces are close.
- an electronic transition is generated by a through-space interaction that directly hops from the HOMO of the D part to the LUMO of the A part without passing through the molecular chain between DA (not through the bond).
- Through-space interaction is orbital interaction through a space without bond formation.
- the electron donating group D part where HOMO is localized and the electron withdrawing group A part where LUMO is localized are close to each other.
- the electron transition in this case can be expressed by the through-space interaction instead of the through-bond, the electron transition occurs because the HOMO and the LUMO are spatially close to each other, and the TADF emission, the HOMO and the LUMO are generated.
- the light emission efficiency can be ensured while substantially completely separating the light sources. That is, since ⁇ Est is as small as possible, TADF light emission can be realized efficiently.
- ⁇ DA is less than 90 °
- the distance r between the center of gravity of the HOMO of the electron donating group D and the orbital center of gravity of the LUMO of the electron withdrawing group A is greater than 0 nm and less than or equal to 0.6 nm, or electrons If the probability of electron transition from the donating group D to the electron withdrawing group A is 80% or more, it can be said that an electron transition occurs due to through-space interaction between HOMO and LUMO.
- the electron donating group D and the electron withdrawing group A included in the ⁇ -conjugated compound having the structure represented by the general formula (A) do not need to be one in each molecule, and at least one of them is not necessary. One may be contained, and plural may be contained.
- separation of HOMO and LUMO has been realized by replacing a strong electron-withdrawing group such as a cyano group or a sulfonyl group in the molecule, but in the present invention, compared with a conventional TADF compound, Since the transition distance is short, a strong electron withdrawing group is not necessarily required.
- molecular design based on this technical idea makes it possible to achieve both TADF properties and emission intensity. As a result, it was found that the range of host molecules to be combined is widened and a wider range of options can be provided.
- the localized state of the charge is also gentle, so the charge bias generated between the surrounding media (mainly host molecules and solvents) is also gentle. Therefore, the interaction is smaller than that of the conventional TADF light emitting material, and it is considered that there is an effect of suppressing the broadening of the emission spectrum.
- the figure explaining the electron density of HOMO of electron donating group D and LUMO of electron withdrawing group A The figure explaining the electron-donating group D of the exemplary compound 46, the electron withdrawing group A, and the connection part L
- Schematic diagram of an active matrix display device Schematic showing the pixel circuit
- the organic electroluminescent device of the present invention is an organic electroluminescent device having an organic layer including at least one light emitting layer between an anode and a cathode, wherein at least one of the light emitting layers has an electron density of HOMO and LUMO.
- the ⁇ -conjugated compound is a compound having a structure represented by the following general formula (A), and D represents an electron donating group , A represents an electron withdrawing group, HOMO is localized in D, LUMO is localized in A, L is a linking portion for linking the electron donating group D and the electron withdrawing group A, and is a site where the electron density distribution of HOMO and LUMO occupies less than 10%;
- the centroid of HOMO localized on the electron donating group D and the linkage adjacent to the electron donating group D A straight line connecting the center of gravity of the atom of the portion L is connected to the center of gravity of LUMO localized on the electron withdrawing group A and the center of gravity of the atom of the connecting portion L adjacent to the electron withdrawing group A.
- the angle ⁇ DA is less than 90 °, If the distance r between the center of gravity of HOMO localized on the electron donating group D and the orbital center of gravity of LUMO localized on the electron withdrawing group A is greater than 0 nm and not more than 0.6 nm, HOMO It is preferable because electronic transition between LUMOs is efficiently performed and the effect of improving the light emission efficiency is obtained.
- the ⁇ -conjugated compound is a compound having a structure represented by the following general formula (A), D represents an electron donating group, A represents an electron withdrawing group, HOMO is localized in D, LUMO is localized in A, L is a linking portion for linking the electron donating group D and the electron withdrawing group A, and is a site where the electron density distribution of HOMO and LUMO occupies less than 10%, and is represented by the following general formula (A):
- the centroid of HOMO localized on the electron-donating group D and the centroid of the atom of the connecting portion L adjacent to the electron-donating group D Is an angle formed by a straight line connecting the centroid of the LUMO localized on the electron-withdrawing group A and a straight line connecting the centroid of the atoms of the connecting portion L adjacent to the electron-withdrawing group A.
- the angle theta DA is less than 90 °
- the ⁇ -conjugated compound is at least one of compounds having the structure represented by the general formulas (1) to (4), the electron transition between HOMO and LUMO is efficiently performed, and the luminous efficiency Since the effect which improves is acquired, it is preferable.
- the absolute value ( ⁇ Est) of the energy difference between the lowest excited singlet state and the lowest excited triplet state of the ⁇ -conjugated compound is 0.5 eV or less, the triplet exciton is changed to the singlet exciton. Inverse crossing occurs, and the luminous efficiency is improved, which is preferable.
- the light-emitting layer contains the ⁇ -conjugated compound and at least one of a fluorescent light-emitting compound and a phosphorescent light-emitting compound, the light emission efficiency is improved and the stability with little change in light emission characteristics over time is improved. This is preferable because the effect of
- the light emitting layer contains the ⁇ -conjugated compound, at least one of a fluorescent light emitting compound and a phosphorescent light emitting compound, and a host compound, the light emission efficiency is further improved and the light emission characteristics change with time. This is preferable because the effect of improving the stability with a small amount can be obtained.
- the ⁇ -conjugated compound according to the present invention can be preferably applied to a light-emitting thin film.
- the organic electroluminescence element of the present invention can be preferably applied to a display device and a lighting device.
- Organic EL emission methods There are two types of organic EL emission methods: “phosphorescence emission” that emits light when returning from the triplet excited state to the ground state, and “fluorescence emission” that emits light when returning from the singlet excited state to the ground state. is there.
- phosphorescence emission that emits light when returning from the triplet excited state to the ground state
- fluorescence emission that emits light when returning from the singlet excited state to the ground state.
- TTA triplet-triplet annealing
- the rate constant is usually small. That is, since the transition is difficult to occur, the exciton lifetime is increased from millisecond to second order, and it is difficult to obtain desired light emission.
- the rate constant of the forbidden transition increases by three orders of magnitude or more due to the heavy atom effect of the central metal. % Phosphorescence quantum yield can be obtained.
- a rare metal called a white metal such as iridium, palladium, or platinum, which is a rare metal. The price of the metal itself is a major industrial issue.
- a general fluorescent compound is not necessarily a heavy metal complex like a phosphorescent compound, and is a so-called organic compound composed of a combination of general elements such as carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen.
- other non-metallic elements such as phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon can be used, and complexes of typical metals such as aluminum and zinc can be used.
- high efficiency light emission such as phosphorescence emission cannot be expected.
- TTA triplet-triplet annihilation
- Thermal activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) compound which is another highly efficient fluorescent emission, is a method that can solve the problems of TTA.
- Fluorescent compounds have the advantage that they can be designed indefinitely as described above. That is, among the molecularly designed compounds, there are compounds in which the absolute value of the energy level difference between the triplet excited state and the singlet excited state (hereinafter referred to as ⁇ Est) is extremely close (see FIG. 1 a)). Although such a compound does not have a heavy atom in the molecule, a reverse intersystem crossing from a triplet excited state to a singlet excited state, which cannot normally occur due to a small ⁇ Est, occurs.
- TADF can ideally emit 100% fluorescence.
- ⁇ Molecular design concept for ⁇ Est> The molecular design for reducing the ⁇ Est will be described. In order to reduce ⁇ Est, in principle, it is best to reduce the spatial overlap between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) in the molecule. It is effective. In general, it is known that HOMO is distributed in the electron donating site and LUMO is distributed in the electron withdrawing site in the electron orbit of the molecule. , HOMO and LUMO can be moved away from each other.
- HOMO highest occupied molecular orbital
- LUMO lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
- LUMO and HOMO are introduced by introducing an electron-withdrawing skeleton such as a cyano group, a sulfonyl group, and a triazine and an electron-donating skeleton such as a carbazole and a diphenylamino group.
- an electron-withdrawing skeleton such as a cyano group, a sulfonyl group, and a triazine
- an electron-donating skeleton such as a carbazole and a diphenylamino group.
- Rigidity described here means that there are few sites that can move freely in the molecule, for example, by suppressing free rotation in the bond between rings in the molecule or by introducing a condensed ring with a large ⁇ conjugate plane. means. In particular, it is possible to reduce the structural change in the excited state by making the portion involved in light emission rigid.
- TADF compounds have various problems in terms of their light emission mechanism and molecular structure. The following describes some of the problems generally associated with TADF compounds.
- the electronic state of the molecule is a donor / acceptor type molecule in which the HOMO and LUMO sites are separated. It becomes a state close to the inner CT (intramolecular charge transfer state).
- stabilization is achieved by bringing the donor part of one molecule and the acceptor part of the other molecule close to each other.
- Such a stabilization state is not limited to the formation between two molecules, but can also be formed between a plurality of molecules, such as between three or five molecules, resulting in various stable distributions with a wide distribution. Therefore, the shape of the absorption spectrum and the emission spectrum is broad.
- various existence states can be taken depending on the direction and angle of interaction between the two molecules. The shape of the emission spectrum becomes broad.
- the broad emission spectrum creates two major problems.
- One problem is that the color purity of the emitted color is lowered. This is not a big problem when applied to lighting applications, but when used for electronic displays, the color gamut is small and the color reproducibility of pure colors is low. It becomes difficult.
- Fluorescence 0-0 band the rising wavelength on the short wavelength side of the emission spectrum is shortened, that is, the S 1 is increased (the lowest excitation singlet energy is increased). It is to end.
- the wavelength of the fluorescent 0-0 band is shortened, the phosphorescent 0-0 band derived from T 1 having energy lower than that of S 1 is also shortened (increased T 1 ). Therefore, the compound used for the host compound needs to have a high S 1 and a high T 1 in order to prevent reverse energy transfer from the dopant. This is a very big problem.
- a host compound consisting essentially of an organic compound takes a plurality of active and unstable chemical species such as a cation radical state, an anion radical state, and an excited state in an organic EL device.
- active and unstable chemical species such as a cation radical state, an anion radical state, and an excited state in an organic EL device.
- the transition that is deactivated from the triplet excited state to the ground state is a forbidden transition, and therefore the existence time (exciton lifetime) in the triplet excited state is several hundred microseconds to millisecond. It is very long with second order. Therefore, even if the T 1 energy of the host compound is higher than that of the fluorescent compound, the reverse energy from the triplet excited state of the fluorescent compound to the host compound due to the length of its existence time. The probability of causing movement increases.
- the organic EL device of the present invention as the above-mentioned TADF compound, there is no overlapping of electron density distributions of HOMO and LUMO, and the electron transition between the HOMO and the LUMO is caused by a through-space interaction in the same molecule.
- the compound is used for the light emitting layer.
- the ⁇ -conjugated compound functions as a fluorescent compound exhibiting TADF properties.
- a ⁇ -conjugated compound exhibiting TADF property is included as a third component (assist dopant) in the light emitting layer composed of a host compound and a light emitting compound (fluorescent light emitting compound or phosphorescent light emitting compound), It is known to be effective for the expression of luminescence efficiency (reference: H. Nakanotani, et al., Nature Communication, 2014, 5, 4016-4022.).
- the triplet excitons generate singlet excitons with reverse intersystem crossing (RISC). be able to.
- the energy of the singlet exciton is transferred to the light emitting compound, and the light emitting compound can emit light. Therefore, theoretically, it becomes possible to cause the luminescent compound to emit light using 100% exciton energy, and high luminous efficiency is exhibited.
- the present invention also includes the ⁇ -conjugated compound in which the structural change in the excited state is suppressed as described above and the ⁇ -conjugated compound in which the existence time of the triplet excited state is short as a design concept.
- various measurement methods relating to the ⁇ -conjugated compound according to the present invention will be described.
- HOMO and LUMO are substantially separated in the molecule from the viewpoint of reducing ⁇ Est.
- the distribution states of these HOMO and LUMO can be obtained from the electron density distribution when the structure is optimized by molecular orbital calculation.
- structure optimization and calculation of electron density distribution by molecular orbital calculation of a ⁇ -conjugated compound are performed by using molecular orbital calculation software using B3LYP as a functional and 6-31G (d) as a basis function as a calculation method.
- B3LYP molecular orbital calculation software
- 6-31G (d) as a basis function as a calculation method.
- Gaussian 09 Revision C.01, MJ Frisch, et al, Gaussian, Inc., 2010. manufactured by Gaussian, USA was used as molecular orbital calculation software.
- the time-dependent density functional method (Time-Dependent DFT) is further calculated from the structure optimization calculation using B3LYP as the above-mentioned functional and 6-31G (d) as the basis function. )
- ⁇ Est E (S 1 ) ⁇ E (T 1 ). Is also possible.
- ⁇ Est calculated using the same calculation method as described above is preferably 0.5 eV or less, more preferably 0.2 eV or less, and most preferably 0.1 eV or less.
- the lowest excited singlet energy S 1 of the ⁇ -conjugated compound in the present invention is defined in the present invention as calculated in the same manner as in a normal method. That is, a sample to be measured is deposited on a quartz substrate to prepare a sample, and the absorption spectrum (vertical axis: absorbance, horizontal axis: wavelength) of this sample is measured at room temperature (300 K). A tangent line is drawn with respect to the rising edge of the absorption spectrum on the long wavelength side, and is calculated from a predetermined conversion formula based on the wavelength value at the intersection of the tangent line and the horizontal axis.
- the molecules themselves of the ⁇ -conjugated compound used in the present invention have a relatively high aggregation property, an error due to aggregation may occur in the measurement of the thin film.
- the ⁇ -conjugated compound in the present invention has a relatively small Stokes shift and that the structural change between the excited state and the ground state is small
- the lowest excited singlet energy S 1 in the present invention is at room temperature (25 ° C.).
- the peak value of the maximum emission wavelength in the solution state of the ⁇ -conjugated compound was used as an approximate value.
- a solvent that does not affect the aggregation state of the ⁇ -conjugated compound that is, a solvent having a small influence of the solvent effect, for example, a nonpolar solvent such as cyclohexane or toluene can be used.
- the lowest excited triplet energy (T 1 ) of the ⁇ -conjugated compound in the present invention was calculated from the photoluminescence (PL) characteristics of the solution or thin film.
- PL photoluminescence
- the transient PL characteristics are measured to separate the fluorescent component and the phosphorescent component
- the lowest excited triplet energy can be obtained from the lowest excited singlet energy with the energy difference as ⁇ Est.
- an absolute PL quantum yield measuring apparatus C9920-02 manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics
- the light emission lifetime was measured using a streak camera C4334 (manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics) while exciting the sample with laser light.
- the organic EL device of the present invention is an organic electroluminescence device having an organic layer including at least one light emitting layer between an anode and a cathode, wherein at least one of the light emitting layers has an electron density distribution of HOMO and LUMO.
- a ⁇ -conjugated compound containing HOMO and LUMO of the ⁇ -conjugated compound can be obtained by molecular orbital calculation using B3LYP as a functional and 6-31G (d) as a basis function.
- B3LYP as a functional and 6-31G (d) as a basis function.
- the light emitting layer used in the present invention is composed of a single layer or a plurality of layers. When there are a plurality of light emitting layers, a non-light emitting intermediate layer may be provided between the light emitting layers.
- a hole blocking layer also referred to as a hole blocking layer
- an electron injection layer also referred to as a cathode buffer layer
- An electron blocking layer also referred to as an electron barrier layer
- a hole injection layer also referred to as an anode buffer layer
- the electron transport layer used in the present invention is a layer having a function of transporting electrons, and in a broad sense, an electron injection layer and a hole blocking layer are also included in the electron transport layer. Moreover, you may be comprised by multiple layers.
- the hole transport layer used in the present invention is a layer having a function of transporting holes, and in a broad sense, a hole injection layer and an electron blocking layer are also included in the hole transport layer. Moreover, you may be comprised by multiple layers. In the above-described typical element configuration, the layer excluding the anode and the cathode is also referred to as “organic layer”.
- the organic EL element of the present invention may be a so-called tandem element in which a plurality of light emitting units including at least one light emitting layer are stacked.
- a tandem element in which a plurality of light emitting units including at least one light emitting layer are stacked.
- the first light emitting unit, the second light emitting unit and the third light emitting unit are all the same, May be different.
- Two light emitting units may be the same, and the remaining one may be different.
- a plurality of light emitting units may be laminated directly or via an intermediate layer, and the intermediate layer is generally an intermediate electrode, an intermediate conductive layer, a charge generation layer, an electron extraction layer, a connection layer, an intermediate layer.
- a known material structure can be used as long as it is also called an insulating layer and has a function of supplying electrons to the anode-side adjacent layer and holes to the cathode-side adjacent layer.
- Examples of materials used for the intermediate layer include ITO (indium tin oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), ZnO 2 , TiN, ZrN, HfN, TiO x , VO x , CuI, InN, GaN, Conductive inorganic compound layers such as CuAlO 2 , CuGaO 2 , SrCu 2 O 2 , LaB 6 , RuO 2 , Al, etc., two-layer films such as Au / Bi 2 O 3 , SnO 2 / Ag / SnO 2 , ZnO / Multi-layer film such as Ag / ZnO, Bi 2 O 3 / Au / Bi 2 O 3 , TiO 2 / TiN / TiO 2 , TiO 2 / ZrN / TiO 2 , fullerenes such as C 60 , conductivity such as oligothiophene Examples include organic material layers, conductive organic compound layers such as metal phthalocyanines, metal-free phthalocyanines
- tandem organic EL element examples include, for example, US Pat. No. 6,337,492, US Pat. No. 7,420,203, US Pat. No. 7,473,923, US Pat. No. 6,872,472, US Pat. No. 6,107,734. Specification, U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,492, International Publication No.
- the light-emitting layer used in the present invention is a layer that provides a field in which electrons and holes injected from an electrode or an adjacent layer are recombined to emit light via excitons, and the light-emitting portion is the light-emitting layer. Even in the layer, it may be the interface between the light emitting layer and the adjacent layer. If the light emitting layer used for this invention satisfy
- the total thickness of the light emitting layer is not particularly limited, but it prevents the uniformity of the film to be formed, the application of unnecessary high voltage during light emission, and the improvement of the stability of the emission color against the drive current.
- each light emitting layer used in the present invention is preferably adjusted to a range of 2 nm to 1 ⁇ m, more preferably adjusted to a range of 2 to 200 nm, and further preferably in a range of 3 to 150 nm. Adjusted.
- the light-emitting layer used in the present invention contains the ⁇ -conjugated compound according to the present invention and a light-emitting dopant (a light-emitting compound, a light-emitting dopant compound, a dopant compound, also simply referred to as a dopant), and a host compound (described later). It is preferable to contain a matrix material, a luminescent host compound, or simply a host.
- Luminescent dopant As the luminescent dopant, a fluorescent luminescent dopant (also referred to as a fluorescent luminescent compound, a fluorescent dopant, or a fluorescent compound), a delayed fluorescent dopant, a phosphorescent dopant (phosphorescent compound, phosphorescence). (Also referred to as a dopant or a phosphorescent compound) is preferably used.
- the light-emitting layer contains the ⁇ -conjugated compound according to the present invention in the range of 5 to 40% by mass as a fluorescent light-emitting compound or a light emission auxiliary agent (assist dopant), particularly 10 to 30% by mass. It is preferable to contain within the range of%.
- the concentration of the ⁇ -conjugated compound in the light-emitting layer can be arbitrarily determined based on the specific ⁇ -conjugated compound used and the requirements of the device, and is uniform in the thickness direction of the light-emitting layer. It may be contained in a concentration and may have any concentration distribution. Further, the ⁇ -conjugated compound according to the present invention may be used in combination of two or more kinds, a combination of other fluorescent compounds having different structures, or a combination of a fluorescent compound and a phosphorescent compound. May be used. Thereby, arbitrary luminescent colors can be obtained.
- the ⁇ -conjugated compound according to the present invention can be used to assist the emission of different fluorescent compounds or phosphorescent compounds.
- the light emitting layer contains a host compound having a mass ratio of 100% or more with respect to the ⁇ -conjugated compound according to the present invention, and 0.1 to 50 by mass ratio with respect to the ⁇ -conjugated compound according to the present invention.
- % Different phosphorescent substances or phosphorescent compounds are preferably present.
- the substance included in the light-emitting layer includes three or more components including the host compound. Is preferred.
- a ⁇ -conjugated compound in which the absolute value of the difference between the lowest excited singlet energy level and the lowest excited triplet energy level according to the present invention is 0.5 eV or less in the light emitting layer, and fluorescence emission It is also preferable to contain at least one of the compound and the phosphorescent compound from the viewpoint of high luminous efficiency.
- the light emitting layer may or may not contain a host compound, but preferably contains one or more host compounds.
- the ⁇ -conjugated compound and the luminescent compound may be contained in the light emitting layer in two or more kinds, each containing one ⁇ -conjugated compound and one luminescent compound, and one host compound. It is more preferable to contain.
- a host compound is contained in a light emitting layer containing a ⁇ -conjugated compound and a light emitting compound having an absolute value of a difference between the lowest excited singlet energy level and the lowest excited triplet energy level of 0.5 eV or less according to the present invention.
- the ⁇ -conjugated compound acts as an assist dopant, and when no host compound is contained, the ⁇ -conjugated compound acts as a host compound.
- the mechanism for producing the effect is the same in any case, and is that a triplet exciton generated on the ⁇ -conjugated compound is converted to a singlet exciton by reverse intersystem crossing (RISC).
- RISC reverse intersystem crossing
- FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B show schematic diagrams when the ⁇ -conjugated compound according to the present invention acts as an assist dopant (FIG. 6A) and a host compound (FIG. 6B), respectively.
- the generation process of triplet excitons generated on the ⁇ -conjugated compound is not limited to electric field excitation, and includes energy transfer and electron transfer from the light emitting layer or from the peripheral layer interface.
- a fluorescent compound is used as a light emitting material.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and a phosphorescent compound may be used, or a fluorescent compound and a phosphorescent compound may be used. Both of the functional compounds may be used.
- the mass ratio to the ⁇ -conjugated compound is 100% or more of the host compound is present, and the light emitting layer containing the fluorescent and / or phosphorescent compound at a mass ratio of 0.1% to 50% with respect to the ⁇ -conjugated compound is preferable.
- energy levels of S 1 and T 1 of the ⁇ -conjugated compound is lower than the energy level of the S 1 and T 1 of the host compound, it is higher than the energy level of the S 1 and T 1 of the light-emitting compound preferable.
- a fluorescent and / or phosphorescent compound Is preferably a light emitting layer containing from 0.1% to 50% by weight of the compound of the present application.
- the energy levels of S 1 and T 1 of the compound of the present invention are preferably higher than the energy levels of S 1 and T 1 of the luminescent compound.
- a ⁇ -conjugated compound having an absolute value of the difference between the lowest excited singlet energy level and the lowest excited triplet energy level according to the present invention of 0.5 eV or less is used as an assist dopant or a host compound, It is preferable that the emission spectrum and the absorption spectrum of the luminescent compound overlap.
- the light emission color of the organic EL device of the present invention and the compound used in the present invention is shown in FIG. 3.16 on page 108 of “New Color Science Handbook” (edited by the Japan Color Society, University of Tokyo Press, 1985). It is determined by the color when the result measured with a luminance meter CS-1000 (manufactured by Konica Minolta Co., Ltd.) is applied to the CIE chromaticity coordinates.
- the light emitting layer of one layer or a plurality of layers contains a plurality of light emitting dopants having different emission colors and emits white light.
- the electron density distributions of HOMO and LUMO do not overlap, the electron transition between HOMO and LUMO occurs by through-space interaction in the same molecule, and
- the light emitting layer contains a ⁇ -conjugated compound containing a ⁇ -conjugated aromatic ring at a site where at least one of the HOMO or the LUMO is localized.
- the HOMO and LUMO of the luminescent material can be obtained by molecular orbital calculation using B3LYP as a functional and 6-31G (d) as a basis function.
- the organic EL device of the present invention preferably contains a compound having a structure represented by the following general formula (A) as a light emitting material in at least one light emitting layer.
- D represents an electron-donating group
- A represents an electron-withdrawing group
- HOMO is localized in D
- LUMO is localized in A.
- L is a linking portion for linking the electron donating group D and the electron withdrawing group A, and is a site where the electron density distribution of HOMO and LUMO occupies less than 10%;
- the centroid of HOMO localized on the electron donating group D and the link adjacent to the electron donating group D A straight line connecting the center of gravity of the atom of the portion L is connected to the center of gravity of LUMO localized on the electron withdrawing group A and the center of gravity of the atom of the connecting portion L adjacent to the electron withdrawing group A.
- the angle formed by the straight line is ⁇ DA
- the angle ⁇ DA is less than 90 °.
- L is a linking part for linking the electron donating group D and the electron withdrawing group A, and is represented by (the center of gravity of the HOMO of the electron donating group D) -L- (electron withdrawing)
- the angle ⁇ DA formed by the LUMO of the functional group A) is less than 90 °, and the distance r between the centroids of the HOMO of the electron donating group D and the LUMO of the LUMO of the electron withdrawing group A is greater than 0 nm. 0.6 nm or less. Preferably, it is 0.5 nm or less.
- general formula (A) can also be defined from the following viewpoints.
- L represents an electron density distribution of HOMO
- LMO is a site occupying less than 10% of the electron density distribution of LUMO
- L is a linking part for linking the electron donating group D and the electron withdrawing group A, (the center of gravity of HOMO of the electron donating group D) ⁇
- the angle ⁇ DA formed by L ⁇ is less than 90 °
- the probability of electron transition from the electron donating group D to the electron withdrawing group A is 80 % Or more.
- it is 90% or more.
- L represents a linking site for linking the electron donating group D and the electron withdrawing group A.
- the linking site represented by L may be anything as long as it does not inhibit the function of the compound of general formula (A), and is preferably composed of a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom. More preferably an aromatic hydrocarbon ring, an aromatic heterocyclic ring, or a combination thereof.
- D and A in the general formula (A) include those described above.
- D and A may be linked at a portion other than L to form a bond.
- the compound having the structure represented by the general formula (A) is preferably a compound having a structure represented by the following general formulas (1) to (4). [Compound represented by general formula (1)]
- R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 and R 20 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent. At least one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 and R 14 is represented by the following general formula (1-A).
- Y 11 represents a divalent linking group
- Z 1 represents an electron-donating aromatic hydrocarbon ring group or aromatic heterocyclic group.
- At least one other of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 and R 14 is represented by the general formula (1-B).
- Y 12 represents a divalent linking group
- Z 2 represents an electron-withdrawing aromatic hydrocarbon ring group or aromatic heterocyclic group.
- x, p1, and p2 each represents an integer of 0 or 1.
- R 11, R 12, R 13, R 14, R 15, R 16, R 17, R 18, R 19, and R 20 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 , and R 20 represent a substituent, the substituent is alkyl.
- Group for example, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, tert-butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group, octyl group, dodecyl group, tridecyl group, tetradecyl group, pentadecyl group, etc.
- cycloalkyl group for example, Cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, etc.
- alkenyl group eg, vinyl group, allyl group, etc.
- alkynyl group eg, ethynyl group, propargyl group, etc.
- aromatic hydrocarbon group aromatic hydrocarbon ring group, aromatic carbon
- ring group, aryl group, etc. for example, phenyl group, p-chlorophenyl group, mesityl group, tolyl group, xylyl group, naphthyl group, anthryl group
- substituents may be further substituted with the above substituents. Further, these substituents may be bonded together to form a ring.
- R b , R c , R d , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 31 , R 32 , R 33 , R 34 , R 35 , R 36 , R 37 , R 38 , R e , R 41 , R 51 , R 52 , R 53 , R 54 , R 55, or R 56 represent a substituent,
- R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 , and R 20 the above substituents are exemplified.
- X a and X b each independently represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or NR c.
- X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , X 5 and X 6 each independently represent a nitrogen atom or CR d , and at least one is a nitrogen atom.
- R c , R d , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 and R 26 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5 and L 6 represent a divalent linking group.
- p and q represent an integer of 0 or 1.
- X 31 represents PR b ( ⁇ O), SO 2 or SO.
- R b, R 31, R 32 , R 33, R 34, R 35, R 36, R 37 and R 38 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent. At least one of R 31 , R 33 , R 36 and R 38 is represented by the following general formula (3-A).
- Y 31 represents a divalent linking group
- Z 3 represents an electron-donating aromatic hydrocarbon ring group or aromatic heterocyclic group.
- p3 represents an integer of 0 or 1.
- the structure represented by the general formula (A) is preferably a structure represented by the following general formula (4).
- X 41 , X 42 , X 43 , X 44 and X 45 each independently represent a nitrogen atom or CR e .
- R e represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- L 41 represents an aromatic hydrocarbon ring group or an aromatic heterocyclic group. At least one R 41 is represented by the following general formula (4-A).
- Y 41 represents a divalent linking group
- Z 4 represents an electron-donating aromatic hydrocarbon ring group or aromatic heterocyclic group
- p4 represents an integer of 0 or 1.
- the structure represented by the general formula (A) is preferably a structure represented by the following general formula (5).
- R 51 , R 52 , R 53 , R 54 , R 55 and R 56 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- Z 51 and Z 52 are each independently an electron-donating aromatic hydrocarbon ring group or aromatic heterocyclic group, an electron-withdrawing aromatic hydrocarbon ring group or aromatic heterocyclic group. Represents. However, Z 51 and Z 52 are not simultaneously an electron-donating aromatic hydrocarbon ring group or aromatic heterocyclic group. Z 51 and Z 52 do not simultaneously become an electron-withdrawing aromatic hydrocarbon ring group or aromatic heterocyclic group.
- Y 11 , Y 12 , L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5 , L 6 , Y 31 , Y 41 include, for example, a chalcogen atom such as oxygen or sulfur, a dialkylsilyl group, an alkylene group (for example, an ethylene group, Trimethylene, tetramethylene, propylene, ethylethylene, pentamethylene, hexamethylene, 2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylene, heptamethylene, octamethylene, nonamethylene, decamethylene, undecamethylene Group, dodecamethylene group, cyclohexylene group (for example, 1,6-cyclohexanediyl group, etc.), cyclopentylene group (for example, 1,5-cyclopentanediyl group, etc.), alkenile Groups
- the above ⁇ -conjugated compound preferably has a molecular weight of 2000 or less from the viewpoint of film forming properties.
- Specific examples of the ⁇ -conjugated compound include the following compounds.
- the ⁇ -conjugated compound can be synthesized, for example, by referring to the following document or a method described in a reference document described in the document.
- the ratio of the electron density of HOMO at the connecting portion L site is less than 10%. This means that when the total electron density distribution of HOMO calculated by molecular orbital calculation is 100%, the electron density of HOMO of atoms at the L site is 100%. The ratio is less than 10%. If the electron density distribution at the L site is less than 10%, it means that there is almost no electron density distribution at that site.
- the ratio of the LUMO electron density at the L site is less than 10%. This means that when the total electron density distribution of LUMO calculated by molecular orbital calculation is 100%, the carbon atom and hetero atom at the L site The LUMO electron density ratio is less than 10%.
- the orbital center-of-gravity distance r is defined as the distance between the center of gravity of each distribution when considering the spatial distribution of two different molecular orbitals.
- the distance r between the centroids of the HOMO and LUMO of the molecule was calculated by the following procedure. First, the ground state stable structure of the molecule of interest is calculated with DFT (B3LYP / 6-31G *) using Gaussian09. Next, the barycentric coordinates of the HOMO or LUMO molecular orbital are obtained from the HOMO or LUMO molecular orbital vector obtained by the ground state stable structure calculation and the dipole moment matrix.
- D or A the distance between the centers of gravity between the portions where the electron densities of HOMO and LUMO were the maximum was used.
- the value output as a coefficient of transition corresponding to LUMO from HOMO is squared and then doubled to obtain the electron transition probability.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram for explaining the angle ⁇ DA of the ⁇ -conjugated compound having the structure represented by the general formula (A).
- D is an electron-donating group in which HOMO is localized
- A is an electron-withdrawing group in which LUMO is localized
- L is a connecting portion that connects D and A.
- ⁇ DA will be described with reference to FIG.
- ⁇ DA represents the center of gravity ( ⁇ ) Gd of the HOMO of the electron donating group D and the atom (the carbon atom of the benzene ring) adjacent to the electron donating group D in the most stable structure in the ground state.
- Centroid Ld Centroid Ld
- LUMO centroid ( ⁇ ) Ga of the electron withdrawing group A the atoms of the linking part L adjacent to the electron withdrawing group A (oxygen atoms substituted on the benzene ring) Is defined as an angle ⁇ formed by a straight line Y connecting the center of gravity La.
- the angle ⁇ DA is obtained as follows.
- the inner product of X and Y ( X ⁇ Y) and the absolute values of X and Y (
- , respectively) were obtained and obtained from the following equations.
- Formula: cos ⁇ DA (X ⁇ Y) / (
- X and Y represent vectors of the straight line X and the straight line Y, respectively.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram for explaining the HOMO electron density distribution (a in FIG. 4) of the electron donating group D of the exemplary compound 46 and the LUMO electron density distribution (b in FIG. 4) of the electron withdrawing group A. is there.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram for explaining the ranges of the electron donating group D, the electron withdrawing group A, and the connecting portion L of the exemplary compound 46.
- Each part surrounded by a broken line represents an electron donating group D part (D), an electron withdrawing group A part (A), and a connecting part L part (L).
- Fluorescent compound A known fluorescent compound can be used as the luminescent material used in the present invention. Further, the ⁇ -conjugated compound according to the present invention can also be used as a fluorescent compound.
- Known fluorescent compounds include coumarin dyes, pyran dyes, cyanine dyes, croconium dyes, squalium dyes, oxobenzanthracene dyes, fluorescein dyes, rhodamine dyes, pyrylium dyes, perylene dyes. Stilbene dyes, polythiophene dyes or rare earth complex phosphors, and compounds having a high fluorescence quantum yield such as laser dyes.
- the phosphorescent dopant used in the present invention is a compound in which light emission from an excited triplet is observed, and specifically phosphorescent at room temperature (25 ° C.). It is a compound that emits light, and is defined as a compound having a phosphorescence quantum yield of 0.01 or more at 25 ° C., but a preferable phosphorescence quantum yield is 0.1 or more.
- the phosphorescence quantum yield can be measured by the method described in Spectroscopic II, page 398 (1992 edition, Maruzen) of Experimental Chemistry Course 4 of the 4th edition. Although the phosphorescence quantum yield in a solution can be measured using various solvents, the phosphorescence dopant used in the present invention achieves the phosphorescence quantum yield (0.01 or more) in any solvent. Just do it.
- the phosphorescent dopant can be appropriately selected from known materials used for the light emitting layer of the organic EL device.
- Specific examples of known phosphorescent dopants that can be used in the present invention include compounds described in the following documents. Nature 395, 151 (1998), Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 1622 (2001), Adv. Mater. 19, 739 (2007), Chem. Mater. 17, 3532 (2005), Adv. Mater. 17, 1059 (2005), International Publication No. 2009/100991, International Publication No. 2008/101842, International Publication No. 2003/040257, US Patent Application Publication No. 2006/835469, US Patent Application Publication No. 2006 /. No. 0202194, U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
- a preferable phosphorescent dopant includes an organometallic complex having Ir as a central metal. More preferably, a complex containing at least one coordination mode of metal-carbon bond, metal-nitrogen bond, metal-oxygen bond, and metal-sulfur bond is preferable.
- the host compound used in the present invention is a compound mainly responsible for charge injection and transport in the light emitting layer, and its own light emission is not substantially observed in the organic EL device.
- the host compound preferably has a mass ratio in the layer of 20% or more among the compounds contained in the light emitting layer.
- a host compound may be used independently or may be used in combination of multiple types. By using a plurality of types of host compounds, it is possible to adjust the movement of charges, and the organic EL element can be made highly efficient.
- the host compound that is preferably used in the present invention will be described below.
- the host compound used together with the ⁇ -conjugated compound in the present invention is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of reverse energy transfer, those having an excitation energy larger than the excitation singlet energy of the ⁇ -conjugated compound according to the present invention are preferable, Further, those having an excitation triplet energy larger than the excitation triplet energy of the fluorescent compound according to the present invention are more preferable.
- the host compound is responsible for carrier transport and exciton generation in the light emitting layer. Therefore, it can exist stably in all active species states such as cation radical state, anion radical state, and excited state, and does not cause chemical changes such as decomposition and addition reaction. It is preferable not to move at the angstrom level.
- the light-emitting dopant used in combination exhibits TADF light emission
- the T 1 energy of the host compound itself is high, and the host compounds are associated with each other.
- the host compound does not decrease in T 1 , such as not creating a low T 1 state
- TADF compound and the host compound do not form an exciplex, or the host compound does not form an electromer due to an electric field.
- Appropriate design is required.
- the host compound itself must have high electron hopping mobility, high hole hopping movement, and small structural change when it is in a triplet excited state. It is.
- host compounds that satisfy such requirements include an extended ⁇ -conjugated skeleton having a high T 1 energy and a 14 ⁇ electron system, such as a carbazole skeleton, an azacarbazole skeleton, a dibenzofuran skeleton, a dibenzothiophene skeleton, or an azadibenzofuran skeleton.
- a carbazole skeleton such as a carbazole skeleton, an azacarbazole skeleton, a dibenzofuran skeleton, a dibenzothiophene skeleton, or an azadibenzofuran skeleton.
- What has as a partial structure is mentioned preferably.
- the light-emitting layer contains a carbazole derivative, it is possible to promote appropriate carrier hopping and dispersion of the light-emitting material in the light-emitting layer, and the effect of improving the light-emitting performance of the device and the stability of the thin film can be obtained. Therefore, it
- aryl includes not only an aromatic hydrocarbon ring but also an aromatic heterocyclic ring. More preferably, it is a compound in which a carbazole skeleton and a 14 ⁇ -electron aromatic heterocyclic compound having a molecular structure different from that of the carbazole skeleton are directly bonded, and further a 14 ⁇ -electron aromatic heterocyclic compound is incorporated in the molecule.
- a carbazole derivative having at least one is preferred.
- the carbazole derivative is preferably a compound having two or more conjugated structures having 14 ⁇ electrons or more in order to further enhance the effects of the present invention.
- the compound represented by the following general formula (I) is also preferable. This is because the compound represented by the following general formula (I) has a condensed ring structure, and therefore a ⁇ electron cloud spreads, the carrier transportability is high, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) is high. Furthermore, in general, condensed aromatic rings tend to have a small triplet energy (T 1 ), but the compounds represented by the general formula (I) have a high T 1 and have a short emission wavelength (ie, T 1). And a light emitting material having a large S 1 .
- X 101 represents NR 101 , an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, CR 102 R 103 or SiR 102 R 103 .
- y 1 to y 8 each represents CR 104 or a nitrogen atom.
- R 101 to R 104 each represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- Ar 101 and Ar 102 each represent an aromatic ring and may be the same or different.
- n101 and n102 represents an each an integer of 0 to 4, when R 101 is a hydrogen atom, n101 represents an integer of 1-4.
- R 101 to R 104 in the general formula (I) represent hydrogen or a substituent, and the substituent referred to here refers to what may be contained within a range not inhibiting the function of the host compound used in the present invention.
- the compound having the effect of the present invention is defined as being included in the present invention.
- Examples of the substituent represented by each of R 101 to R 104 include a linear or branched alkyl group (for example, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, t-butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group, octyl group).
- a linear or branched alkyl group for example, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, t-butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group, octyl group.
- alkenyl group eg, vinyl group, allyl group, etc.
- alkynyl group eg, ethynyl group, propargyl group, etc.
- aromatic hydrocarbon ring group aromatic Also referred to as carbocyclic group, aryl group, etc.
- benzene ring biphenyl, naphthalene ring, azulene ring, anthracene ring, phenanthrene ring, pyrene ring, chrysene ring, naphthacene ring, triphenylene ring, o-terphenyl ring, m- Terphenyl ring, p-terphenyl ring, acenaphthene ring, coronene ring, indene ring, fluorene ring, fluoro Groups derived from an tolene ring, naphthacene ring, pentacene ring, perylene ring, pentaphen ring, picene ring, pyrene ring, pyrantolen ring, anthraanthrene ring, tetralin, etc.), aromatic heterocyclic group (eg, furan ring, dibenzofuran) Ring, thiophene ring
- carboline ring and the diazacarbazole ring are Carbazole ring ”), non-aromatic hydrocarbon ring group (eg, cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, etc.), non-aromatic heterocyclic group (eg, pyrrolidyl group, imidazolidyl group, morpholyl group, oxazolidyl group, etc.) ), Alkoxy groups (for example, methoxy group, ethoxy group, propyloxy group, pentyloxy group, hexyloxy group, octyloxy group, dodecyloxy group, etc.), cycloalkoxy groups (for example, cyclopentyloxy group, cyclohexyloxy group, etc.) , Aryloxy groups (eg, phenoxy group, naphthyloxy group, etc.), Alkylthio group (for example, methylthio group, ethylthi
- substituents may be further substituted with the above substituents.
- a plurality of these substituents may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- y 1 to y 8 in the general formula (I) preferably, at least three of y 1 to y 4 or at least three of y 5 to y 8 are represented by CR 102 , more preferably y 1 to y 8 are all CR 102 .
- Such a skeleton is excellent in hole transport property or electron transport property, and can efficiently recombine and emit holes / electrons injected from the anode / cathode in the light emitting layer.
- a compound in which X 101 is NR 101 , an oxygen atom, or a sulfur atom in the general formula (I) is preferable as a structure having a low LUMO energy level and excellent electron transportability. More preferably, the condensed ring formed with X 101 and y 1 to y 8 is a carbazole ring, an azacarbazole ring, a dibenzofuran ring or an azadibenzofuran ring.
- R 101 is an aromatic hydrocarbon ring which is a ⁇ -conjugated skeleton among the substituents mentioned above. It is preferably a group or an aromatic heterocyclic group. Further, these R 101 may be further substituted with the substituents represented by R 101 to R 104 described above.
- examples of the aromatic ring represented by Ar 101 and Ar 102 include an aromatic hydrocarbon ring and an aromatic heterocyclic ring. The aromatic ring may be a single ring or a condensed ring, and may be unsubstituted or may have the same substituent as the substituents represented by R 101 to R 104 described above.
- examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon ring represented by Ar 101 and Ar 102 include the aromatic hydrocarbon rings listed as examples of the substituents represented by R 101 to R 104 described above. Examples include the same ring as the group.
- examples of the aromatic heterocycle represented by Ar 101 and Ar 102 include the substituents represented by R 101 to R 104 described above. The same ring as an aromatic heterocyclic group is mentioned.
- the aromatic ring represented by Ar 101 and Ar 102 itself preferably has a high T 1 , and the benzene ring (Including polyphenylene skeletons (biphenyl, terphenyl, quarterphenyl, etc.) with multiple benzene rings), fluorene ring, triphenylene ring, carbazole ring, azacarbazole ring, dibenzofuran ring, azadibenzofuran ring, dibenzothiophene ring, dibenzothiophene ring A pyridine ring, a pyrazine ring, an indoloindole ring, an indole ring
- Ar 101 and Ar 102 are a carbazole ring or an azacarbazole ring, it is more preferable that they are bonded at the N-position (or 9-position) or the 3-position.
- Ar 101 and Ar 102 are dibenzofuran rings, they are more preferably bonded at the 2-position or 4-position.
- the aromatic rings represented by Ar 101 and Ar 102 are each preferably a condensed ring of 3 or more rings. .
- these rings may further have the above substituent.
- the aromatic heterocycle having three or more condensed rings include an acridan ring, a benzoquinoline ring, a carbazole ring, a carboline ring, a phenazine ring, a phenanthridine ring, a phenanthroline ring, a carboline ring, a cyclazine ring, Kindin ring, tepenidine ring, quinindrin ring, triphenodithiazine ring, triphenodioxazine ring, phenanthrazine ring, anthrazine ring, perimidine ring, diazacarbazole ring (any one of the carbon atoms constituting the carboline ring is a nitrogen atom Phenanthroline ring, dibenzofuran ring, dibenzothiophene ring, naphthofuran ring, naphthothiophene ring,
- n101 and n102 are each preferably an integer of 0 to 2, and more preferably n101 + n102 is an integer of 1 to 3. Furthermore, since the R 101 is the n101 and n102 when the hydrogen atom is 0 at the same time, the general formula (I) only a low Tg small molecular weight of the host compounds represented by not achievable, when R 101 is a hydrogen atom N101 represents an integer of 1 to 4.
- the host compound having the structure represented by the general formula (I) is preferably a compound having the structure represented by the general formula (II). This is because such a compound tends to have particularly excellent carrier transportability.
- X 101, Ar 101, Ar 102, n102 have the same meanings as X 101, Ar 101, Ar 102 , n102 in the formula (I).
- n102 is preferably an integer of 0 to 2, more preferably 0 or 1.
- the condensed ring formed containing X 101 may further have a substituent other than Ar 101 and Ar 102 as long as the function of the host compound used in the present invention is not impaired.
- the compound represented by the general formula (II) is preferably represented by the following general formula (III-1), (III-2) or (III-3).
- X 101, Ar 102, n102 have the same meanings as X 101, Ar 102, n102 in the general formula (II).
- R 104 has the same meaning as R 104 in formula (I).
- the condensed ring, carbazole ring and benzene ring formed containing X 101 are further substituted within the range not inhibiting the function of the host compound used in the present invention. You may have.
- examples of the host compound used in the present invention include compounds represented by the general formulas (I), (II), (III-1) to (III-3) and other structures. It is not limited to these.
- the preferred host compound used in the present invention may be a low molecular compound having a molecular weight that can be purified by sublimation or a polymer having a repeating unit.
- a low molecular weight compound sublimation purification is possible, so that there is an advantage that purification is easy and a high-purity material is easily obtained.
- the molecular weight is not particularly limited as long as sublimation purification is possible, but the preferred molecular weight is 3000 or less, more preferably 2000 or less.
- the polymer used as the host compound used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as the desired device performance can be achieved, but preferably the general formulas (I), (II), (III-1) to (III- What has the structure of 3) in a principal chain or a side chain is preferable.
- the general formulas (I), (II), (III-1) to (III- What has the structure of 3) in a principal chain or a side chain is preferable.
- limiting in particular as molecular weight Molecular weight 5000 or more is preferable or a thing with 10 or more repeating units is preferable.
- the host compound has a hole transporting ability or an electron transporting ability, prevents the emission of light from being long-wavelength, and is stable with respect to heat generated when the organic EL element is driven at a high temperature or during the driving of the element.
- Tg glass transition temperature
- Tg is preferably 90 ° C. or higher, more preferably 120 ° C. or higher.
- the glass transition point (Tg) is a value determined by a method based on JIS K 7121-2012 using DSC (Differential Scanning Colorimetry).
- the electron transport layer is made of a material having a function of transporting electrons, and may have a function of transmitting electrons injected from the cathode to the light emitting layer.
- the total thickness of the electron transport layer is not particularly limited, but is usually in the range of 2 nm to 5 ⁇ m, more preferably 2 to 500 nm, and further preferably 5 to 200 nm.
- the organic EL element when the light generated in the light emitting layer is extracted from the electrode, the light extracted directly from the light emitting layer interferes with the light extracted after being reflected by the electrode from which the light is extracted and the electrode located at the counter electrode. It is known to wake up.
- an electron transport material may be any of electron injecting or transporting properties and hole blocking properties, and can be selected from conventionally known compounds. Can be selected and used.
- nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic derivatives (carbazole derivatives, azacarbazole derivatives (one or more carbon atoms constituting the carbazole ring are substituted with nitrogen atoms), pyridine derivatives, pyrimidine derivatives, pyrazine derivatives, pyridazine derivatives, Triazine derivatives, quinoline derivatives, quinoxaline derivatives, phenanthroline derivatives, azatriphenylene derivatives, oxazole derivatives, thiazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, thiadiazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, benzimidazole derivatives, benzoxazole derivatives, benzthiazole derivatives, etc.), dibenzofuran derivatives, Dibenzothiophene derivatives, silole derivatives, aromatic hydrocarbon ring derivatives (naphthalene derivatives, anthracene derivatives, triphenylene derivatives, etc.) It is.
- a metal complex having a quinolinol skeleton or a dibenzoquinolinol skeleton as a ligand such as tris (8-quinolinol) aluminum (Alq), tris (5,7-dichloro-8-quinolinol) aluminum, tris (5,7- Dibromo-8-quinolinol) aluminum, tris (2-methyl-8-quinolinol) aluminum, tris (5-methyl-8-quinolinol) aluminum, bis (8-quinolinol) zinc (Znq), etc.
- a metal complex in which the central metal is replaced with In, Mg, Cu, Ca, Sn, Ga, or Pb can also be used as the electron transport material.
- metal-free or metal phthalocyanine, or those having terminal ends substituted with an alkyl group or a sulfonic acid group can be preferably used as the electron transport material.
- the distyrylpyrazine derivative exemplified as the material for the light emitting layer can also be used as an electron transport material, and an inorganic semiconductor such as n-type-Si, n-type-SiC, etc. as in the case of the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer. Can also be used as an electron transporting material.
- a polymer material in which these materials are introduced into a polymer chain or these materials are used as a polymer main chain can also be used.
- the electron transport layer may be doped with a doping material as a guest material to form an electron transport layer having a high n property (electron rich).
- the doping material include n-type dopants such as metal complexes and metal compounds such as metal halides.
- Specific examples of the electron transport layer having such a structure include, for example, JP-A-4-297076, JP-A-10-270172, JP-A-2000-196140, 2001-102175, J. Pat. Appl. Phys. , 95, 5773 (2004) and the like.
- More preferable electron transport materials in the present invention include aromatic heterocyclic compounds containing at least one nitrogen atom.
- aromatic heterocyclic compounds containing at least one nitrogen atom For example, pyridine derivatives, pyrimidine derivatives, pyrazine derivatives, triazine derivatives, dibenzofuran derivatives, dibenzothiophene derivatives, azadibenzofuran derivatives. , Azadibenzothiophene derivatives, carbazole derivatives, azacarbazole derivatives, benzimidazole derivatives, and the like.
- the electron transport material may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the hole blocking layer is a layer having a function of an electron transport layer in a broad sense, and is preferably made of a material having a function of transporting electrons while having a small ability to transport holes, and transporting electrons while transporting holes. The probability of recombination of electrons and holes can be improved by blocking. Moreover, the structure of the electron carrying layer mentioned above can be used as a hole-blocking layer as needed.
- the hole blocking layer provided in the organic EL device of the present invention is preferably provided adjacent to the cathode side of the light emitting layer. In the present invention, the thickness of the hole blocking layer is preferably in the range of 3 to 100 nm, more preferably in the range of 5 to 30 nm.
- the material used for the hole blocking layer the material used for the above-described electron transport layer is preferably used, and the material used as the above-described host compound is also preferably used for the hole blocking layer.
- the electron injection layer (also referred to as “cathode buffer layer”) is a layer provided between the cathode and the light emitting layer in order to lower the driving voltage or improve the light emission luminance. It is described in detail in Chapter 2, “Electrode Materials” (pages 123 to 166), Volume 2 of “The Frontline (issued by NTT Corporation on November 30, 1998)”.
- the electron injection layer may be provided as necessary, and may be present between the cathode and the light emitting layer or between the cathode and the electron transport layer as described above.
- the electron injection layer is preferably a very thin film, and the layer thickness is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 5 nm depending on the material. Moreover, the nonuniform layer (film
- JP-A-6-325871, JP-A-9-17574, JP-A-10-74586, and the like Specific examples of materials preferably used for the electron injection layer are as follows. , Metals typified by strontium and aluminum, alkali metal compounds typified by lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, etc., alkaline earth metal compounds typified by magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, etc., oxidation Examples thereof include metal oxides typified by aluminum, metal complexes typified by 8-hydroxyquinolinate lithium (Liq), and the like. Further, the above-described electron transport material can also be used. Moreover, the material used for said electron injection layer may be used independently, and may be used in combination of multiple types.
- the hole transport layer is made of a material having a function of transporting holes and may have a function of transmitting holes injected from the anode to the light emitting layer.
- the total thickness of the hole transport layer is not particularly limited, but is usually in the range of 5 nm to 5 ⁇ m, more preferably 2 to 500 nm, and further preferably 5 to 200 nm.
- a material used for the hole transport layer hereinafter referred to as a hole transport material
- any material that has either a hole injection property or a transport property or an electron barrier property may be used. Any one can be selected and used.
- porphyrin derivatives for example, porphyrin derivatives, phthalocyanine derivatives, oxazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, pyrazoline derivatives, pyrazolone derivatives, phenylenediamine derivatives, hydrazone derivatives, stilbene derivatives, polyarylalkane derivatives, triarylamine derivatives, carbazole derivatives , Indolocarbazole derivatives, isoindole derivatives, acene derivatives such as anthracene and naphthalene, fluorene derivatives, fluorenone derivatives, and polyvinyl carbazole, polymer materials or oligomers with aromatic amines introduced into the main chain or side chain, polysilane, conductive And polymer (for example, PEDOT / PSS, aniline copolymer, polyaniline, polythiophene, etc.).
- PEDOT / PSS aniline copolymer, poly
- triarylamine derivatives examples include benzidine type typified by ⁇ -NPD (4,4′-bis [N- (1-naphthyl) -N-phenylamino] biphenyl), starburst type typified by MTDATA, Examples include compounds having fluorene or anthracene in the triarylamine-linked core.
- hexaazatriphenylene derivatives such as those described in JP-T-2003-519432 and JP-A-2006-135145 can also be used as hole transport materials.
- a hole transport layer having a high p property doped with impurities can also be used. Examples thereof include JP-A-4-297076, JP-A-2000-196140, JP-A-2001-102175, J. Pat. Appl. Phys. 95, 5773 (2004), and the like.
- JP-A-11-251067, J. Org. Huang et. al. It is also possible to use so-called p-type hole transport materials and inorganic compounds such as p-type-Si and p-type-SiC, as described in the literature (Applied Physics Letters 80 (2002), p. 139). Further, ortho-metalated organometallic complexes having Ir or Pt as the central metal as typified by Ir (ppy) 3 are also preferably used.
- the above-mentioned materials can be used as the hole transport material, a triarylamine derivative, a carbazole derivative, an indolocarbazole derivative, an azatriphenylene derivative, an organometallic complex, or an aromatic amine is introduced into the main chain or side chain.
- the polymer materials or oligomers used are preferably used.
- the hole transport material may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the electron blocking layer is a layer having a function of a hole transport layer in a broad sense, and is preferably made of a material having a function of transporting holes and a small ability to transport electrons, while transporting holes. By blocking electrons, the probability of recombination of electrons and holes can be improved. Moreover, the structure of the positive hole transport layer mentioned above can be used as an electron blocking layer in this invention as needed.
- the electron blocking layer provided in the organic EL device of the present invention is preferably provided adjacent to the anode side of the light emitting layer. In the present invention, the thickness of the electron blocking layer is preferably in the range of 3 to 100 nm, more preferably in the range of 5 to 30 nm.
- the material used for the electron blocking layer the material used for the above-described hole transport layer is preferably used, and the above-mentioned host compound is also preferably used for the electron blocking layer.
- the hole injection layer (also referred to as “anode buffer layer”) in the present invention is a layer provided between the anode and the light emitting layer in order to lower the driving voltage and improve the light emission luminance. It is described in detail in Chapter 2 “Electrode Materials” (pages 123 to 166) of the second edition of “The Forefront of Industrialization (issued by NTT Corporation on November 30, 1998)”.
- the hole injection layer may be provided as necessary, and may be present between the anode and the light emitting layer or between the anode and the hole transport layer as described above. The details of the hole injection layer are described in JP-A-9-45479, JP-A-9-260062, JP-A-8-288069, etc.
- Examples of materials used for the hole injection layer include: Examples thereof include materials used for the above-described hole transport layer. Among them, phthalocyanine derivatives typified by copper phthalocyanine, hexaazatriphenylene derivatives, metal oxides typified by vanadium oxide, amorphous carbon as described in JP-T-2003-519432 and JP-A-2006-135145, etc. Preferred are conductive polymers such as polyaniline (emeraldine) and polythiophene, orthometalated complexes represented by tris (2-phenylpyridine) iridium complex, and triarylamine derivatives. The materials used for the hole injection layer described above may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the organic layer in the present invention described above may further contain other additives.
- the additive include halogen elements such as bromine, iodine and chlorine, halogenated compounds, alkali metals such as Pd, Ca and Na, alkaline earth metals, transition metal compounds, complexes, and salts.
- the content of the additive can be arbitrarily determined, but is preferably 1000 ppm or less, more preferably 500 ppm or less, and further preferably 50 ppm or less with respect to the total mass% of the contained layer. . However, it is not within this range depending on the purpose of improving the transportability of electrons and holes or the purpose of favoring the exciton energy transfer.
- a method for forming an organic layer (hole injection layer, hole transport layer, light emitting layer, hole blocking layer, electron transport layer, electron injection layer, etc.) according to the present invention will be described.
- the method for forming the organic layer according to the present invention is not particularly limited, and a conventionally known method such as a vacuum deposition method or a wet method (also referred to as a wet process) can be used.
- the wet method include spin coating method, casting method, ink jet method, printing method, die coating method, blade coating method, roll coating method, spray coating method, curtain coating method, and LB method (Langmuir-Blodgett method). From the viewpoint of obtaining a homogeneous thin film easily and high productivity, a method with high roll-to-roll method suitability such as a die coating method, a roll coating method, an ink jet method and a spray coating method is preferable.
- liquid medium for dissolving or dispersing the organic EL material used in the present invention examples include ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexanone, fatty acid esters such as ethyl acetate, halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichlorobenzene, toluene, xylene, Aromatic hydrocarbons such as mesitylene and cyclohexylbenzene, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane, decalin, and dodecane, and organic solvents such as DMF and DMSO can be used.
- ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexanone
- fatty acid esters such as ethyl acetate
- halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichlorobenzene, toluene, xylene
- Aromatic hydrocarbons such as mesitylene and cyclohexylbenzene
- dispersion method it can disperse
- the vapor deposition conditions vary depending on the type of compound used, but generally a boat heating temperature of 50 to 450 ° C., a degree of vacuum of 10 ⁇ 6 to 10 ⁇ 2 Pa, and a vapor deposition rate of 0.01 to It is desirable to select appropriately within the range of 50 nm / second, substrate temperature ⁇ 50 to 300 ° C., layer (film) thickness 0.1 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 5 to 200 nm.
- the organic layer according to the present invention is preferably formed from the hole injection layer to the cathode consistently by a single evacuation, but it may be taken out halfway and subjected to different film formation methods. In that case, it is preferable to perform the work in a dry inert gas atmosphere.
- anode As the anode in the organic EL element, a material having a work function (4 eV or more, preferably 4.5 eV or more) of a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, or a mixture thereof is preferably used.
- electrode substances include metals such as Au, and conductive transparent materials such as CuI, indium tin oxide (ITO), SnO 2 , and ZnO.
- conductive transparent materials such as CuI, indium tin oxide (ITO), SnO 2 , and ZnO.
- an amorphous material such as IDIXO (In 2 O 3 —ZnO) that can form a transparent conductive film may be used.
- the anode may be formed by depositing a thin film of these electrode materials by vapor deposition or sputtering, and a pattern having a desired shape may be formed by photolithography, or when pattern accuracy is not so high (about 100 ⁇ m or more) A pattern may be formed through a mask having a desired shape at the time of vapor deposition or sputtering of the electrode material. Or when using the substance which can be apply
- the film thickness of the anode depends on the material, it is usually selected within the range of 10 nm to 1 ⁇ m, preferably 10 to 200 nm.
- cathode As the cathode, a material having a work function (4 eV or less) metal (referred to as an electron injecting metal), an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, and a mixture thereof as an electrode material is used. Specific examples of such electrode materials include sodium, sodium-potassium alloy, magnesium, lithium, magnesium / copper mixture, magnesium / silver mixture, magnesium / aluminum mixture, magnesium / indium mixture, aluminum / aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) Mixtures, indium, lithium / aluminum mixtures, aluminum, rare earth metals and the like.
- a mixture of an electron injecting metal and a second metal which is a stable metal having a larger work function than this for example, a magnesium / silver mixture
- a magnesium / aluminum mixture a magnesium / aluminum mixture, a magnesium / indium mixture, an aluminum / aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) mixture, a lithium / aluminum mixture, aluminum and the like.
- the cathode can be produced by forming a thin film of these electrode materials by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering.
- the sheet resistance as the cathode is preferably several hundred ⁇ / ⁇ or less, and the film thickness is usually selected in the range of 10 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 50 to 200 nm.
- the emission luminance is advantageously improved.
- a transparent or translucent cathode can be produced by producing a conductive transparent material mentioned in the description of the anode on the cathode after producing the above metal with a thickness of 1 to 20 nm.
- the support substrate (hereinafter also referred to as a substrate, substrate, substrate, support, etc.) that can be used in the organic EL device of the present invention is not particularly limited in the type of glass, plastic, etc., and is transparent. Or opaque. When extracting light from the support substrate side, the support substrate is preferably transparent. Examples of the transparent support substrate preferably used include glass, quartz, and a transparent resin film. A particularly preferable support substrate is a resin film capable of giving flexibility to the organic EL element.
- polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethylene, polypropylene, cellophane, cellulose diacetate, cellulose triacetate (TAC), cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate ( CAP), cellulose esters such as cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose nitrate or derivatives thereof, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene vinyl alcohol, syndiotactic polystyrene, polycarbonate, norbornene resin, polymethylpentene, polyether ketone, polyimide , Polyethersulfone (PES), polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfones Cycloolefin resins such as polyetherimide, polyetherketoneimide, polyamide, fluororesin, nylon, polymethylmethacrylate, acrylic or polyarylate, Arton (trade name, manufactured by JSR) or Appel (trade name, manufactured by J
- the surface of the resin film may be formed with an inorganic film, an organic film, or a hybrid film of both, and the water vapor permeability (25 ⁇ 0.5 ° C.) measured by a method according to JIS K 7129-1992.
- Relative humidity (90 ⁇ 2)% RH) is preferably 0.01 g / (m 2 ⁇ 24 h) or less, and further, oxygen measured by a method according to JIS K 7126-1987.
- a high barrier film having a permeability of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 ml / (m 2 ⁇ 24 h ⁇ atm) or less and a water vapor permeability of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 g / (m 2 ⁇ 24 h) or less is preferable. .
- any material may be used as long as it has a function of suppressing intrusion of elements that cause deterioration of elements such as moisture and oxygen.
- silicon oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, or the like can be used.
- the method for forming the barrier film is not particularly limited.
- vacuum deposition sputtering, reactive sputtering, molecular beam epitaxy, cluster ion beam, ion plating, plasma polymerization, atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization
- a plasma CVD method, a laser CVD method, a thermal CVD method, a coating method, or the like can be used, but an atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization method as described in JP-A-2004-68143 is particularly preferable.
- the opaque support substrate examples include metal plates such as aluminum and stainless steel, films, opaque resin substrates, and ceramic substrates.
- the external extraction quantum efficiency at room temperature (25 ° C.) of light emission of the organic EL device of the present invention is preferably 1% or more, and more preferably 5% or more.
- external extraction quantum efficiency (%) number of photons emitted to the outside of the organic EL element / number of electrons flowed to the organic EL element ⁇ 100.
- a hue improvement filter such as a color filter may be used in combination, or a color conversion filter that converts the emission color from the organic EL element into multiple colors using a phosphor may be used in combination.
- sealing means used for sealing the organic EL element of the present invention include a method of bonding a sealing member, an electrode, and a support substrate with an adhesive.
- a sealing member it should just be arrange
- transparency and electrical insulation are not particularly limited. Specific examples include a glass plate, a polymer plate / film, and a metal plate / film. Examples of the glass plate include soda-lime glass, barium / strontium-containing glass, lead glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, barium borosilicate glass, and quartz.
- polymer plate examples include polycarbonate, acrylic, polyethylene terephthalate, polyether sulfide, and polysulfone.
- metal plate examples include those made of one or more metals or alloys selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, iron, copper, aluminum, magnesium, nickel, zinc, chromium, titanium, molybdenum, silicon, germanium, and tantalum.
- a polymer film and a metal film can be preferably used because the organic EL element can be thinned.
- the polymer film is JIS K
- the oxygen permeability measured by the method according to 7126-1987 is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 ml / (m 2 ⁇ 24 h ⁇ atm) or less
- the water vapor permeability (measured by the method according to JIS K 7129-1992) 25 ⁇ 0.5 ° C. and relative humidity 90 ⁇ 2%) are preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 g / (m 2 ⁇ 24 h) or less.
- sandblasting, chemical etching, or the like is used for processing the sealing member into a concave shape.
- the adhesive include photocuring and thermosetting adhesives having reactive vinyl groups of acrylic acid oligomers and methacrylic acid oligomers, and moisture curing adhesives such as 2-cyanoacrylates. be able to.
- hot-melt type polyamide, polyester, and polyolefin can be mentioned.
- a cationic curing type ultraviolet curing epoxy resin adhesive can be mentioned.
- an organic EL element may deteriorate by heat processing, what can be adhesive-hardened from room temperature to 80 degreeC is preferable.
- a desiccant may be dispersed in the adhesive.
- coating of the adhesive agent to a sealing part may use commercially available dispenser, and may print like screen printing.
- the electrode and the organic layer are coated on the outside of the electrode facing the support substrate with the organic layer interposed therebetween, and an inorganic or organic layer is formed in contact with the support substrate to form a sealing film.
- the material for forming the film may be any material that has a function of suppressing intrusion of elements that cause deterioration of elements such as moisture and oxygen.
- silicon oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, or the like may be used. it can.
- vacuum deposition sputtering, reactive sputtering, molecular beam epitaxy, cluster ion beam, ion plating, plasma polymerization, atmospheric pressure plasma
- a combination method a plasma CVD method, a laser CVD method, a thermal CVD method, a coating method, or the like can be used.
- an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon, or an inert liquid such as fluorinated hydrocarbon or silicon oil can be injected in the gas phase and liquid phase.
- a vacuum can also be used.
- a hygroscopic compound can also be enclosed inside. Examples of the hygroscopic compound include metal oxides (for example, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, calcium oxide, barium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide) and sulfates (for example, sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, cobalt sulfate).
- metal halides eg calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, cesium fluoride, tantalum fluoride, cerium bromide, magnesium bromide, barium iodide, magnesium iodide etc.
- perchloric acids eg perchloric acid Barium, magnesium perchlorate, and the like
- anhydrous salts are preferably used in sulfates, metal halides, and perchloric acids.
- a protective film or a protective plate may be provided outside the sealing film or the sealing film on the side facing the support substrate with the organic layer interposed therebetween.
- the mechanical strength is not necessarily high, and thus it is preferable to provide such a protective film and a protective plate.
- the same glass plate, polymer plate / film, metal plate / film, etc. used for the sealing can be used, but the polymer film is light and thin. Is preferably used.
- An organic EL element emits light inside a layer having a refractive index higher than that of air (within a refractive index of about 1.6 to 2.1), and is about 15% to 20% of light generated in the light emitting layer. It is generally said that it can only be taken out. This is because light incident on the interface (interface between the transparent substrate and air) at an angle ⁇ greater than the critical angle causes total reflection and cannot be taken out of the device, or between the transparent electrode or light emitting layer and the transparent substrate. This is because light is totally reflected between the light and the light is guided through the transparent electrode or the light emitting layer, and as a result, the light escapes in the direction of the side surface of the device.
- a technique for improving the light extraction efficiency for example, a method of forming irregularities on the surface of the transparent substrate to prevent total reflection at the transparent substrate and the air interface (for example, US Pat. No. 4,774,435), A method for improving efficiency by providing light condensing property (for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 63-134795), a method for forming a reflective surface on the side surface of an element (for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 1-220394), a substrate A method of forming an antireflection film by introducing a flat layer having an intermediate refractive index between the substrate and the light emitter (for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No.
- these methods can be used in combination with the organic EL device of the present invention.
- a method of introducing a flat layer having a lower refractive index than the substrate between the substrate and the light emitter, or a substrate, transparent A method of forming a diffraction grating between any layers of the electrode layer and the light emitting layer (including between the substrate and the outside) can be suitably used.
- by combining these means it is possible to obtain an element having higher luminance or durability.
- the low refractive index layer include aerogel, porous silica, magnesium fluoride, and a fluorine-based polymer. Since the refractive index of the transparent substrate is generally in the range of about 1.5 to 1.7, the low refractive index layer preferably has a refractive index of about 1.5 or less. Furthermore, it is preferable that it is 1.35 or less.
- the thickness of the low refractive index medium is preferably at least twice the wavelength in the medium. This is because the effect of the low refractive index layer is diminished when the thickness of the low refractive index medium is about the wavelength of light and the electromagnetic wave exuded by evanescent enters the substrate.
- the method of introducing a diffraction grating into an interface that causes total reflection or in any medium has a feature that the effect of improving the light extraction efficiency is high.
- This method uses the property that the diffraction grating can change the direction of light to a specific direction different from refraction by so-called Bragg diffraction, such as first-order diffraction or second-order diffraction.
- the light that cannot be emitted due to total internal reflection between layers is diffracted by introducing a diffraction grating into any layer or medium (in the transparent substrate or transparent electrode). , Trying to extract light out.
- the introduced diffraction grating desirably has a two-dimensional periodic refractive index. This is because light emitted from the light-emitting layer is randomly generated in all directions, so in a general one-dimensional diffraction grating having a periodic refractive index distribution only in a certain direction, only light traveling in a specific direction is diffracted. The light extraction efficiency does not increase so much. However, by making the refractive index distribution a two-dimensional distribution, light traveling in all directions is diffracted, and light extraction efficiency is increased.
- the position where the diffraction grating is introduced may be in any of the layers or in the medium (in the transparent substrate or the transparent electrode), but is preferably in the vicinity of the organic light emitting layer where light is generated.
- the period of the diffraction grating is preferably in the range of about 1/2 to 3 times the wavelength of light in the medium.
- the arrangement of the diffraction gratings is preferably two-dimensionally repeated, such as a square lattice, a triangular lattice, or a honeycomb lattice.
- the organic EL element of the present invention can be processed to provide a structure on a microlens array, for example, on the light extraction side of a support substrate (substrate) or combined with a so-called condensing sheet, for example, in a specific direction, for example, the element Condensing light in the front direction with respect to the light emitting surface can increase the luminance in a specific direction.
- a microlens array quadrangular pyramids having a side of 30 ⁇ m and an apex angle of 90 degrees are arranged two-dimensionally on the light extraction side of the substrate. One side is preferably within a range of 10 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the condensing sheet for example, a sheet that is put into practical use in an LED backlight of a liquid crystal display device can be used.
- a brightness enhancement film (BEF) manufactured by Sumitomo 3M Limited can be used.
- the shape of the prism sheet for example, the base material may be formed by forming a ⁇ -shaped stripe having a vertex angle of 90 degrees and a pitch of 50 ⁇ m, or the vertex angle is rounded and the pitch is changed randomly. Other shapes may be used.
- a light-diffusion plate and a film together with a condensing sheet For example, a diffusion film (light-up) manufactured by Kimoto Co., Ltd. can be used.
- the organic EL element of the present invention can be used as an electronic device such as a display device, a display, and various light emitting devices.
- light emitting devices include lighting devices (home lighting, interior lighting), clocks and backlights for liquid crystals, billboard advertisements, traffic lights, light sources of optical storage media, light sources of electrophotographic copying machines, light sources of optical communication processors, light Although the light source of a sensor etc. are mentioned, It is not limited to this, Especially, it can use effectively for the use as a backlight of a liquid crystal display device, and a light source for illumination.
- patterning may be performed by a metal mask, an ink jet printing method, or the like as needed during film formation. In the case of patterning, only the electrode may be patterned, the electrode and the light emitting layer may be patterned, or the entire layer of the element may be patterned. In the fabrication of the element, a conventionally known method is used. Can do.
- the display device including the organic EL element of the present invention may be single color or multicolor, but here, the multicolor display device will be described.
- a shadow mask is provided only at the time of forming a light emitting layer, and a film can be formed on one surface by vapor deposition, casting, spin coating, ink jet, printing, or the like.
- vapor deposition there is no limitation on the method, but a vapor deposition method, an inkjet method, a spin coating method, and a printing method are preferable.
- the configuration of the organic EL element included in the display device is selected from the above-described configuration examples of the organic EL element as necessary.
- the manufacturing method of an organic EL element is as having shown in the one aspect
- a DC voltage When a DC voltage is applied to the multicolor display device thus obtained, light emission can be observed by applying a voltage of about 2 to 40 V with the positive polarity of the anode and the negative polarity of the cathode. Further, even when a voltage is applied with the opposite polarity, no current flows and no light emission occurs. Further, when an AC voltage is applied, light is emitted only when the anode is in the + state and the cathode is in the-state.
- the alternating current waveform to be applied may be arbitrary.
- the multicolor display device can be used as a display device, a display, or various light emission sources.
- a display device or display full-color display is possible by using three types of organic EL elements of blue, red, and green light emission.
- Examples of the display device or display include a television, a personal computer, a mobile device, an AV device, a character broadcast display, and an information display in a car.
- the display device or display may be used as a display device for reproducing still images and moving images
- the driving method when used as a display device for reproducing moving images may be either a simple matrix (passive matrix) method or an active matrix method.
- Light-emitting devices include household lighting, interior lighting, clock and liquid crystal backlights, billboard advertisements, traffic lights, optical storage media light sources, electrophotographic copying machine light sources, optical communication processor light sources, optical sensor light sources, etc.
- the present invention is not limited to these.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic view showing an example of a display device composed of organic EL elements. It is a schematic diagram of a display such as a mobile phone that displays image information by light emission of an organic EL element.
- the display 1 includes a display unit A having a plurality of pixels, a control unit B that performs image scanning of the display unit A based on image information, a wiring unit C that electrically connects the display unit A and the control unit B, and the like.
- the control unit B is electrically connected to the display unit A via the wiring unit C, and sends a scanning signal and an image data signal to each of a plurality of pixels based on image information from the outside. Sequentially emit light according to the image data signal, scan the image, and display the image information on the display unit A.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a display device using an active matrix method.
- the display unit A includes a wiring unit C including a plurality of scanning lines 5 and data lines 6, a plurality of pixels 3 and the like on a substrate.
- the main members of the display unit A will be described below.
- FIG. 8 shows a case where the light emitted from the pixel 3 is extracted in the direction of the white arrow (downward).
- the scanning line 5 and the plurality of data lines 6 in the wiring portion are each made of a conductive material, and the scanning lines 5 and the data lines 6 are orthogonal to each other in a grid pattern and are connected to the pixels 3 at the orthogonal positions (details are illustrated Not)
- the pixel 3 receives an image data signal from the data line 6 and emits light according to the received image data.
- Full-color display is possible by appropriately arranging pixels in the red region, the green region, and the blue region on the same substrate.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing a pixel circuit.
- the pixel includes an organic EL element 10, a switching transistor 11, a driving transistor 12, a capacitor 13, and the like.
- a full color display can be performed by using red, green, and blue light emitting organic EL elements as the organic EL elements 10 in a plurality of pixels, and juxtaposing them on the same substrate.
- an image data signal is applied from the control unit B to the drain of the switching transistor 11 via the data line 6.
- a scanning signal is applied from the control unit B to the gate of the switching transistor 11 via the scanning line 5
- the driving of the switching transistor 11 is turned on, and the image data signal applied to the drain is supplied to the capacitor 13 and the driving transistor 12. Is transmitted to the gate.
- the capacitor 13 is charged according to the potential of the image data signal, and the drive transistor 12 is turned on.
- the drive transistor 12 has a drain connected to the power supply line 7 and a source connected to the electrode of the organic EL element 10, and the power supply line 7 connects to the organic EL element 10 according to the potential of the image data signal applied to the gate. Current is supplied.
- the driving of the switching transistor 11 is turned off.
- the driving of the driving transistor 12 is kept on and the next scanning signal is applied. Until then, the light emission of the organic EL element 10 continues.
- the driving transistor 12 is driven according to the potential of the next image data signal synchronized with the scanning signal, and the organic EL element 10 emits light.
- the organic EL element 10 emits light by the switching transistor 11 and the drive transistor 12 that are active elements for the organic EL element 10 of each of the plurality of pixels, and the light emission of the organic EL element 10 of each of the plurality of pixels 3. It is carried out.
- Such a light emitting method is called an active matrix method.
- the light emission of the organic EL element 10 may be light emission of a plurality of gradations by a multi-value image data signal having a plurality of gradation potentials, or by turning on / off a predetermined light emission amount by a binary image data signal. Good.
- the potential of the capacitor 13 may be held continuously until the next scanning signal is applied, or may be discharged immediately before the next scanning signal is applied.
- a passive matrix light emission drive in which the organic EL element emits light according to the data signal only when the scanning signal is scanned.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a display device using a passive matrix method.
- a plurality of scanning lines 5 and a plurality of image data lines 6 are provided in a lattice shape so as to face each other with the pixel 3 interposed therebetween.
- the scanning signal of the scanning line 5 is applied by sequential scanning, the pixels 3 connected to the applied scanning line 5 emit light according to the image data signal.
- the pixel 3 has no active element, and the manufacturing cost can be reduced.
- the organic EL element of the present invention By using the organic EL element of the present invention, a display device with improved luminous efficiency was obtained.
- the organic EL element of the present invention can also be used for a lighting device.
- the organic EL element of the present invention may be used as an organic EL element having a resonator structure.
- Examples of the purpose of use of the organic EL element having such a resonator structure include a light source of an optical storage medium, a light source of an electrophotographic copying machine, a light source of an optical communication processing machine, and a light source of an optical sensor. It is not limited. Moreover, you may use for the said use by making a laser oscillation.
- the organic EL element of the present invention may be used as a kind of lamp for illumination or exposure light source, a projection device for projecting an image, or a type for directly viewing a still image or a moving image. It may be used as a display device (display).
- the driving method when used as a display device for reproducing a moving image may be either a passive matrix method or an active matrix method. Alternatively, it is possible to produce a full-color display device by using two or more organic EL elements of the present invention having different emission colors.
- the fluorescent compound used in the present invention can be applied to an organic EL element that emits substantially white light as a lighting device.
- white light emission can be obtained by simultaneously emitting a plurality of light emission colors and mixing the colors.
- the combination of a plurality of emission colors may include three emission maximum wavelengths of three primary colors of red, green, and blue, or two of the complementary colors such as blue and yellow, blue green and orange, etc. The thing containing the light emission maximum wavelength may be used.
- the organic EL device forming method of the present invention may be simply arranged by providing a mask only when forming a light emitting layer, a hole transport layer, an electron transport layer, or the like, and separately coating with the mask. Since the other layers are common, patterning of a mask or the like is unnecessary, and for example, an electrode film can be formed on one surface by a vapor deposition method, a cast method, a spin coating method, an ink jet method, a printing method, or the like, and productivity is improved. According to this method, unlike a white organic EL device in which light emitting elements of a plurality of colors are arranged in parallel in an array, the elements themselves emit white light.
- FIG. 11 shows a schematic diagram of an illuminating device, and the organic EL element of the present invention (the organic EL element 101 in the illuminating device) is covered with a glass cover 102 (note that the sealing operation with the glass cover is performed by lighting This was performed in a glove box under a nitrogen atmosphere (in an atmosphere of high-purity nitrogen gas having a purity of 99.999% or more) without bringing the organic EL element 101 in the apparatus into contact with the air.
- FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of the lighting device, 105 is a cathode, 106 is an organic layer, and 107 is a glass substrate with a transparent electrode.
- the glass cover 102 is filled with nitrogen gas 108 and a water catching agent 109 is provided.
- the luminescent material used in the present invention is characterized by containing at least one of ⁇ -conjugated compounds having a structure represented by the general formula (A).
- a host compound having a structure represented by the general formula (I), the general formula (II) or / and the general formulas (III-1) to (III-3) is contained. It is preferable to do. As a result, the effects of further improving the luminous efficiency and improving the lifetime can be obtained.
- the ⁇ -conjugated compound used in the present invention as a light emitting material can be used for a light emitting thin film, a charge transfer thin film, a display device, and a lighting device.
- the luminescent thin film of the present invention will be described.
- the light-emitting thin film of the present invention can be produced in the same manner as the organic layer forming method.
- the method for forming the light-emitting thin film of the present invention is not particularly limited, and a conventionally known method such as a vacuum deposition method or a wet method (also referred to as a wet process) can be used.
- the wet method include spin coating method, casting method, ink jet method, printing method, die coating method, blade coating method, roll coating method, spray coating method, curtain coating method, and LB method (Langmuir-Blodgett method). From the viewpoint of obtaining a homogeneous thin film easily and high productivity, a method with high roll-to-roll method suitability such as a die coating method, a roll coating method, an ink jet method and a spray coating method is preferable.
- liquid medium for dissolving or dispersing the light emitting material used in the present invention examples include ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexanone, fatty acid esters such as ethyl acetate, halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichlorobenzene, toluene, xylene, and mesitylene.
- Aromatic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexylbenzene, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane, decalin, and dodecane, and organic solvents such as DMF and DMSO can be used.
- dispersion method it can disperse
- different film forming methods may be applied for each layer.
- the vapor deposition conditions vary depending on the type of compound used, but generally the boat heating temperature is in the range of 50 to 450 ° C., and the degree of vacuum is in the range of 10 ⁇ 6 to 10 ⁇ 2 Pa.
- the deposition rate is within the range of 0.01 to 50 nm / second
- the substrate temperature is within the range of ⁇ 50 to 300 ° C.
- the layer thickness is within the range of 0.1 to 5 ⁇ m, and preferably within the range of 5 to 200 nm. desirable.
- the luminescent thin film of this invention can also be used for a display apparatus and an illuminating device. As a result, a display device and a lighting device with improved luminous efficiency can be obtained.
- Example 1 (Preparation of organic EL device 1-1) A transparent substrate with an ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) film having a thickness of 150 nm formed on a glass substrate of 50 mm ⁇ 50 mm and a thickness of 0.7 mm, patterned, and this ITO transparent electrode was attached After ultrasonic cleaning with isopropyl alcohol, drying with dry nitrogen gas and UV ozone cleaning for 5 minutes, this transparent substrate was fixed to a substrate holder of a commercially available vacuum deposition apparatus. Each of the vapor deposition crucibles in the vacuum vapor deposition apparatus was filled with the constituent material of each layer in an amount optimal for device fabrication. The evaporation crucible used was made of a resistance heating material made of molybdenum or tungsten.
- ITO Indium Tin Oxide
- the deposition crucible containing ⁇ -NPD was energized and heated, and deposited on the ITO transparent electrode at a deposition rate of 0.1 nm / second. A hole injection transport layer was formed.
- host compound H-46 and comparative compound 1 as a dopant were co-evaporated at a deposition rate of 0.1 nm / second so as to be 94% and 6% by volume, respectively, to form a light emitting layer having a layer thickness of 35 nm.
- BCP electron transport material
- a deposition rate of 0.1 nm / second to form an electron transport layer having a layer thickness of 30 nm.
- 100 nm of aluminum was vapor-deposited to form a cathode.
- the non-light-emitting surface side of the above element was covered with a can-shaped glass case in an atmosphere of high purity nitrogen gas having a purity of 99.999% or more, and an electrode lead-out wiring was installed to prepare an organic EL element 1-1.
- Organic EL devices 1-2 to 1-12 were produced in the same manner as the organic EL device 1-1 except that the dopant was changed as shown in Table 1.
- Example 2 (Preparation of organic EL element 2-1) A transparent substrate with an ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) film having a thickness of 150 nm formed on a glass substrate of 50 mm ⁇ 50 mm and a thickness of 0.7 mm, patterned, and this ITO transparent electrode was attached After ultrasonic cleaning with isopropyl alcohol, drying with dry nitrogen gas and UV ozone cleaning for 5 minutes, this transparent substrate was fixed to a substrate holder of a commercially available vacuum deposition apparatus. Each of the vapor deposition crucibles in the vacuum vapor deposition apparatus was filled with the constituent material of each layer in an amount optimal for device fabrication. The evaporation crucible used was made of a resistance heating material made of molybdenum or tungsten.
- ITO Indium Tin Oxide
- the deposition crucible containing ⁇ -NPD was energized and heated, and deposited on the ITO transparent electrode at a deposition rate of 0.1 nm / second.
- a hole injection transport layer was formed.
- host compound H-46 and comparative compound 1 as a dopant were co-deposited at a deposition rate of 0.1 nm / second so as to be 90% and 10% by volume, respectively, to form a light emitting layer having a layer thickness of 35 nm.
- DPEPO was deposited at a deposition rate of 0.1 nm / second to form a hole blocking layer having a layer thickness of 10 nm.
- Alq 3 electron transport material
- a deposition rate of 0.1 nm / second to form a hole transport layer having a layer thickness of 30 nm.
- 100 nm of aluminum was vapor-deposited to form a cathode.
- the non-light-emitting surface side of the above element was covered with a can-shaped glass case in an atmosphere of high purity nitrogen gas having a purity of 99.999% or more, and an electrode lead-out wiring was installed to produce an organic EL element 2-1.
- Organic EL devices 2-2 to 2-13 were produced in the same manner as the organic EL device 2-1, except that the dopant and host compound were changed as shown in Table 2.
- the organic EL elements 2-1 to 2-13 were evaluated as follows. (Evaluation of external quantum yield (emission brightness)) Each of the produced organic EL elements was allowed to emit light at room temperature (about 25 ° C.) under a constant current condition of 2.5 mA / cm 2 , and the emission luminance immediately after the start of emission was measured using a spectral radiance meter CS-2000 (Konica Minolta). The measurement was performed using Next, a relative light emission luminance was determined with the light emission luminance of the organic EL element 2-1 of Comparative Example as 100, and this was used as a measure of the light emission efficiency (external quantum yield). It represents that it is excellent in luminous efficiency, so that a numerical value is large.
- Example 3 The red (organic EL element 2-10), green (organic EL element 2-4), and blue (organic EL element 2-7) light-emitting organic EL elements prepared in Example 2 were juxtaposed on the same substrate.
- the active matrix type full-color display device shown in FIG. FIG. 8 shows only a schematic diagram of the display portion A of the produced full-color display device. That is, a wiring portion including a plurality of scanning lines 5 and data lines 6 and a plurality of juxtaposed pixels 3 (a light emission color is a red region pixel, a green region pixel, a blue region pixel, etc.) on the same substrate.
- the scanning line 5 and the plurality of data lines 6 in the wiring portion are each made of a conductive material, and the scanning lines 5 and the data lines 6 are orthogonal to each other in a lattice shape and are connected to the pixels 3 at orthogonal positions ( Details are not shown).
- the plurality of pixels 3 are driven by an active matrix system provided with an organic EL element corresponding to each emission color, a switching transistor as an active element, and a driving transistor, and a scanning signal is applied from a scanning line 5. Then, an image data signal is received from the data line 6 and light is emitted according to the received image data. In this way, full-color display is possible by appropriately juxtaposing the red, green, and blue pixels. By driving the full-color display device, a clear full-color moving image display with high luminance was obtained.
- Table 3 shows the HOMO, LUMO electron density, ⁇ DA , orbital centroid distance r, electron transition probability, and ⁇ Est of the ⁇ -conjugated compound used in the present invention together with the comparative compound.
- ⁇ Est is calculated by performing an excited state calculation using a time-dependent density functional method (Time-Dependent DFT) from a structural optimization calculation using B3LYP as a functional and 6-31G (d) as a basis function.
- the ⁇ -conjugated compound according to the present invention has an electron density of HOMO and LUMO of L part of less than 10%, ⁇ DA of less than 90 degrees, and the center of gravity of the orbit without increasing ⁇ Est compared to the comparative compound.
- the distance r is 0.6 nm or less, the electron transition probability is 90% or more, and the conditions under which electron transition occurs by through-space interaction between HOMO and LUMO are satisfied.
- Example 5 (Preparation of organic EL element 3-1) A transparent substrate with an ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) film having a thickness of 150 nm formed on a glass substrate of 50 mm ⁇ 50 mm and a thickness of 0.7 mm, patterned, and this ITO transparent electrode was attached After ultrasonic cleaning with isopropyl alcohol, drying with dry nitrogen gas and UV ozone cleaning for 5 minutes, this transparent substrate was fixed to a substrate holder of a commercially available vacuum deposition apparatus. Each of the vapor deposition crucibles in the vacuum vapor deposition apparatus was filled with the constituent material of each layer in an amount optimal for device fabrication. The evaporation crucible used was made of a resistance heating material made of molybdenum or tungsten.
- ITO Indium Tin Oxide
- the deposition crucible containing ⁇ -NPD was energized and heated, and deposited on the ITO transparent electrode at a deposition rate of 0.1 nm / second.
- a hole injection transport layer was formed.
- the host compound H-46 and the comparative compound 1 were co-deposited at a deposition rate of 0.1 nm / second so as to be 93% and 7% by volume, respectively, to form a light emitting layer having a layer thickness of 35 nm.
- Compound H-42 was deposited at a deposition rate of 0.1 nm / second to form a hole blocking layer / electron transport layer having a layer thickness of 30 nm.
- Organic EL devices 3-2 to 3-7 were produced in the same manner as the organic EL device 3-1, except that the host compound, dopant compound, and assist dopant compound were changed as shown in Table 4.
- the organic EL elements 3-1 to 3-7 were evaluated as follows. (Evaluation of external quantum yield (emission brightness)) Each of the produced organic EL elements was allowed to emit light at room temperature (about 25 ° C.) under a constant current condition of 2.5 mA / cm 2 , and the emission luminance immediately after the start of emission was measured using a spectral radiance meter CS-2000 (Konica Minolta). The measurement was performed using Next, a relative light emission luminance was determined with the light emission luminance of the organic EL element 3-1 of Comparative Example as 100, and this was used as a measure of the light emission efficiency (external quantum yield). It represents that it is excellent in luminous efficiency, so that a numerical value is large.
- the organic EL elements 3-4 to 3-7 are superior in external quantum yield and half-life compared to the organic EL element of the comparative example.
- This is considered to be an effect that the ⁇ -conjugated compound according to the present invention assists the emission of other fluorescent compounds. That is, when the ⁇ -conjugated compound according to the present invention, which has a higher energy level than the fluorescent compound, is excited in the light emitting device, the fluorescent compound efficiently receives the energy, so that the ⁇ -conjugated compound according to the present invention is obtained. It is considered that an external quantum efficiency comparable to that of the system compound itself emits light can be obtained.
- the present invention is suitable for providing an organic electroluminescence device having high light emission efficiency and excellent stability with little change in light emission characteristics over time.
- the present invention is suitable for providing a light-emitting thin film containing a ⁇ -conjugated compound used for the organic electroluminescence element, and a display device and a lighting device including the organic electroluminescence element.
- Electron-withdrawing group D Electron-donating group L Connecting part 1 Display 3 Pixel 5 Scan line 6 Data line 7 Power line 10
- Condenser 101 Organic EL element in lighting device 102 Glass cover 105 Cathode 106 Organic layer 107 Glass substrate with transparent electrode 108 Nitrogen gas 109 Water trapping agent E Display unit F Control unit G Wiring unit
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Abstract
Description
有機EL素子に電界をかけると、陽極と陰極からそれぞれ正孔と電子が注入され、発光層において再結合し励起子を生じる。このとき一重項励起子と三重項励起子とが25%:75%の割合で生成するため、三重項励起子を利用するリン光発光の方が、蛍光発光に比べ、理論的に高い内部量子効率が得られることが知られている。
しかしながら、リン光発光方式において実際に高い量子効率を得るためには、中心金属にイリジウムや白金などの希少金属を用いた錯体を用いる必要があり、将来的に希少金属の埋蔵量や金属自体の値段が産業上大きな問題となることが懸念される。
例えば、特許文献1には、二つの三重項励起子の衝突により一重項励起子が生成する現象(以下、Triplet-Triplet Annihilation:以下、適宜「TTA」と略記する。また、Triplet-Triplet Fusion:「TTF」ともいう。)に着目し、TTAを効率的に起こして蛍光素子の高効率化を図る技術が開示されている。この技術により蛍光発光材料(以下、蛍光発光性材料、蛍光材料ともいう。)の発光効率は従来の蛍光発光材料の2~3倍まで向上しているが、TTAにおける理論的な一重項励起子生成効率は40%程度にとどまるため、依然としてリン光発光に比べ高発光効率化の課題を有している。
すなわち、本発明に係る上記課題は、以下の手段により解決される。
該DにはHOMOが局在化し、該AにはLUMOが局在化しており、
Lは、前記電子供与性基Dと前記電子求引性基Aを連結する連結部であって、HOMO及びLUMOの電子密度分布が10%未満を占める部位であり、
下記一般式(A)で表される構造を有する化合物の基底状態の安定化構造において、前記電子供与性基D上に局在化したHOMOの重心と当該電子供与性基Dに隣接した前記連結部Lの原子の重心とを結ぶ直線と、前記電子求引性基A上に局在化したLUMOの重心と当該電子求引性基Aに隣接した前記連結部Lの原子の重心とを結ぶ直線とがなす角度をθDAとしたとき、当該角度θDAが、90°未満であり、
前記電子供与性基D上に局在化したHOMOの重心と前記電子求引性基A上に局在化したLUMOの軌道重心間距離rが、0nmより大きく0.6nm以下であることを特徴とする第1項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
該DにはHOMOが局在化し、該AにはLUMOが局在化しており、
Lは、前記電子供与性基Dと前記電子求引性基Aを連結する連結部であって、HOMO及びLUMOの電子密度分布が10%未満を占める部位であり、
下記一般式(A)で表される構造を有する化合物の基底状態の安定化構造において、前記電子供与性基D上に局在化したHOMOの重心と当該電子供与性基Dに隣接した前記連結部Lの原子の重心とを結ぶ直線と、前記電子求引性基A上に局在化したLUMOの重心と当該電子求引性基Aに隣接した前記連結部Lの原子の重心とを結ぶ直線とがなす角度をθDAとしたとき、当該角度θDAが、90°未満であり、
前記電子供与性基Dと前記電子求引性基Aの電子遷移確率が、80%以上であることを特徴とする第1項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
本願における電子供与性基D及び電子求引性基Aの定義については、後述する。
本発明に係るπ共役系化合物においては、HOMOとLUMOの電子密度分布の重なりが無く、HOMOとLUMO間の電子遷移がスルースペース相互作用で起こることを特徴としている。
また、HOMOとLUMO間の電子遷移がスルースペース相互作用によるか否かについては、実際の実験値で求めることはできないが、例えば分子軌道計算によるHOMOとLUMO間の電子遷移確率や、HOMOとLUMOが完全に分離しつつ、なおかつ電子遷移が可能な程度に物理的に近接する分子構造などにより、規定することができる。
また、別の観点からは本願における電子供与性基Dとは、本願のπ共役化合物において、最もHOMOが局在化しており、かつHOMOの電子密度分布が10%以上である部位をいい、単一の基で構成されていても、複数の基で構成されていてもよい。
また、本願における電子求引性基Aとは、本願のπ共役化合物において、最もLUMOが局在化しており、かつLUMOの電子密度分布が10%以上である部位をいい、単一の基で構成されていても、複数の基で構成されていてもよい。
また、HOMO又はLUMOが局在化しやすく、電子遷移が起きやすいという観点から、該電子供与性基D又は該電子求引性基Aの少なくとも一方、好ましくは両方がπ共役系芳香族環を含んで構成されている。
ここでいう置換基とは、本発明に係るπ共役系化合物の機能を阻害しない範囲であれば特に限定はなく、例えばガラス転移温度を向上させる目的や、化合物同士の凝集の抑制、HOMOの局在化位置やHOMO準位の調整などの目的で用いることができる。
電子求引性基Aに含まれる基としては、π共役系芳香族環が好ましい。具体的な基としては例えば、シアノ基、スルホニル基、トリフルオロメチル基、フッ素原子、ピリジン環、ピリミジン環、ピリダジン環、ピラジン環、トリアジン環、ジベンゾチオフェン5,5ジオキシド、オキサゾール環、イソオキサゾール環、チアゾール環、イソチアゾール環、イミダゾール環、ピラゾール環、フラザン環、インダゾール環、ベンゾチアゾール環、ベンゾオキサゾール環、ベンゾイミダゾール環、キノリン環、イソキノリン環、キナゾリン環、キノキサリン環、イソインドール環、ナフチリジン環、フタラジン環、カルボリン環、ジアザカルバゾール環(前記カルボリン環を構成する炭素原子の一つが窒素原子で置き換わったものを示す)、フェナントリジン環、フェナントロリン環、フェナジン環、アザジベンゾフラン環、アザジベンゾチオフェン環、又はフッ素原子で置換されたアルキル基やシクロアルキル基等が挙げられる。
また、シアノ基、スルホニル基、トリフルオロメチル基、フッ素原子が、置換したベンゼン環等も挙げられる。
これらの基はさらに置換基を有していてもよく、置換基同士が互いに連結して環を形成していてもよい。また、該置換基上にもLUMOが局在化されていてもよい。
ここでいう置換基とは、本願発明に係るπ共役系化合物の機能を阻害しない範囲であれば特に限定はなく、例えばガラス転移温度を向上させる目的や、化合物同士の凝集の抑制、LUMOの局在化位置やLUMO準位の調整などの目的で用いることができる。
前記置換基の具体的な例については、後述の一般式(1)におけるR11で表される置換基と同じ基を挙げることができる。
図2の電子供与性基D部と電子求引性基A部を有する材料の簡略した模式図を用いて、一般式(A)の角度θDAについて説明する。図2は、一般式(A)で表される構造を有するπ共役系化合物の角度θDAと電子遷移の関係を説明する模式図である。本発明の範囲内の角度θDAである図2のa、b及びcでは、電子供与性基D部と電子求引性基A部の共役π平面の電子雲同士が近接して電子遷移が可能な距離を持つことが可能となる。その結果、電子供与性基D部のHOMOと電子求引性基A部のLUMOの間での電子遷移が起こり易くなり、有機EL素子において高発光効率の発現に至る。一方、本願の範囲外の角度θDA(図2d及びe)では、電子供与性基D部と電子求引性基A部の共役π平面で電子雲が遠く、電子遷移が不可能であり、また、電子雲の重なりが無いためにスルーボンドでの電子遷移も起こりにくく、高発光効率を示すことができない。
ここで、θDAが90°未満であり、かつ、電子供与性基DのHOMOの重心と電子求引性基AのLUMOの軌道重心間距離rが、0nmより大きく0.6nm以下、又は電子供与性基Dから電子求引性基Aへの電子遷移確率が、80%以上であるであれば、HOMOとLUMOの間でスルースペース相互作用で電子遷移が起こっているといえる。
この特徴は、請求項1から請求項10までの請求項に係る発明に共通する又は対応する特徴である。
該DにはHOMOが局在化し、該AにはLUMOが局在化しており、
Lは、前記電子供与性基Dと前記電子求引性基Aを連結する連結部であって、HOMO及びLUMOの電子密度分布が10%未満を占める部位であり、
下記一般式(A)で表される構造を有する化合物の基底状態の安定化構造において、前記電子供与性基D上に局在化したHOMOの重心と当該電子供与性基Dに隣接した前記連結部Lの原子の重心とを結ぶ直線と、前記電子求引性基A上に局在化したLUMOの重心と当該電子求引性基Aに隣接した前記連結部Lの原子の重心とを結ぶ直線とがなす角度をθDAとしたとき、当該角度θDAが、90°未満であり、
前記電子供与性基D上に局在化したHOMOの重心と前記電子求引性基A上に局在化したLUMOの軌道重心間距離rが、0nmより大きく0.6nm以下であるとHOMOとLUMO間の電子遷移が効率的に行われ発光効率を向上させる効果が得られるので好ましい。
該DにはHOMOが局在化し、該AにはLUMOが局在化しており、
Lは、前記電子供与性基Dと前記電子求引性基Aを連結する連結部であって、HOMO及びLUMOの電子密度分布が10%未満を占める部位であり、下記一般式(A)で表される構造を有する化合物の基底状態の安定化構造において、前記電子供与性基D上に局在化したHOMOの重心と当該電子供与性基Dに隣接した前記連結部Lの原子の重心とを結ぶ直線と、前記電子求引性基A上に局在化したLUMOの重心と当該電子求引性基Aに隣接した前記連結部Lの原子の重心とを結ぶ直線とがなす角度をθDAとしたとき、当該角度θDAが、90°未満であり、
前記電子供与性基Dと前記電子求引性基Aの電子遷移確率が、80%以上であると発光効率が向上する効果が得られるので好ましい。
また、本発明に係るπ共役系化合物は、発光性薄膜に好ましく適用することができる。
本論に入る前に、本発明の技術思想と関連する、有機ELの発光方式及び発光材料について述べる。
有機ELの発光方式としては三重項励起状態から基底状態に戻る際に光を発する「リン光発光」と、一重項励起状態から基底状態に戻る際に光を発する「蛍光発光」の二通りがある。
有機ELのような電界で励起する場合には、三重項励起子が75%の確率で、一重項励起子が25%の確率で生成するため、リン光発光の方が蛍光発光に比べ発光効率を高くすることが可能で、低消費電力化を実現するには優れた方式である。
一方、蛍光発光においても、75%の確率で生成してしまう、通常では、励起子のエネルギーが、無輻射失活により、熱にしかならない三重項励起子を、高密度で存在させることによって、二つの三重項励起子から一つの一重項励起子を発生させて発光効率を向上させるTTA(Triplet-Triplet Annihilation、また、Triplet-Triplet Fusion:「TTF」と略記する。)機構を利用した方式が見つかっている。
前述のとおり、リン光発光は発光効率的には蛍光発光よりも理論的には3倍有利であるが、三重項励起状態から一重項基底状態へのエネルギー失活(=リン光発光)は禁制遷移であり、また同様に一重項励起状態から三重項励起状態への項間交差も禁制遷移であるため、通常その速度定数は小さい。すなわち、遷移が起こりにくいため、励起子寿命はミリ秒から秒オーダーと長くなり、所望の発光を得ることが困難である。
ただし、イリジウムや白金などの重金属を用いた錯体が発光する場合には、中心金属の重原子効果によって、前記の禁制遷移の速度定数が三桁以上増大し、配位子の選択によっては、100%のリン光量子収率を得ることも可能となる。
しかしながら、このような理想的な発光を得るためには、希少金属であるイリジウムやパラジウム、白金などのいわゆる白金属と呼ばれる貴金属を用いる必要があり、大量に使用されることになるとその埋蔵量や金属自体の値段が産業上大きな問題となってくる。
一般的な蛍光発光性化合物は、リン光発光性化合物のような重金属錯体である必要性は特になく、炭素、酸素、窒素及び水素などの一般的な元素の組み合わせから構成される、いわゆる有機化合物が適用でき、さらに、リンや硫黄、ケイ素などその他の非金属元素を用いることも可能で、また、アルミニウムや亜鉛などの典型金属の錯体も活用できるなど、その多様性はほぼ無限と言える。
ただし、従来の蛍光化合物では前記のように励起子の25%しか発光に適用できないために、リン光発光のような高効率発光は望めない。
[励起三重項-三重項消滅(TTA)遅延蛍光化合物]
蛍光発光性化合物の問題点を解決すべく登場したのが遅延蛍光を利用した発光方式である。三重項励起子同士の衝突を起源とするTTA方式は、下記のような一般式で記述できる。すなわち、従来、励起子のエネルギーが、無輻射失活により、熱にしか変換されなかった三重項励起子の一部が、発光に寄与しうる一重項励起子に逆項間交差できるメリットがあり、実際の有機EL素子においても従来の蛍光発光素子の約2倍の外部取り出し量子効率を得ることができている。
一般式: T* + T* → S* + S
(式中、T*は三重項励起子、S*は一重項励起子、Sは基底状態分子を表す。)
しかしながら、上式からも分かるように、二つの三重項励起子から発光に利用できる一重項励起子は一つしか生成しないため、この方式で100%の内部量子効率を得ることは原理上できない。
もう一つの高効率蛍光発光であるTADF方式は、TTAの問題点を解決できる方式である。
蛍光発光性化合物は、前記のごとく無限に分子設計できる利点を持っている。すなわち、分子設計された化合物の中で、特異的に三重項励起状態と一重項励起状態のエネルギー準位差の絶対値(以降、ΔEstと記載する。)が極めて近接する化合物が存在する(図1のa参照)。このような化合物は、分子内に重原子を持っていないにもかかわらず、ΔEstが小さいために通常では起こりえない三重項励起状態から一重項励起状態への逆項間交差が起こる。さらに、一重項励起状態から基底状態への失活(=蛍光発光)の速度定数が極めて大きいことから、三重項励起子はそれ自体が基底状態に熱的に失活(無輻射失活)するよりも、一重項励起状態経由で蛍光を発しながら基底状態に戻る方が速度論的に有利である。そのため、TADFでは理想的には100%の蛍光発光が可能となる。
上記ΔEstを小さくするための分子設計について説明する。
ΔEstを小さくするためには、原理上分子内の最高被占分子軌道(Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital:HOMO)と最低空分子軌道(Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital:LUMO)の空間的な重なりを小さくすることが最も効果的である。
一般に分子の電子軌道において、HOMOは電子供与性部位に、LUMOは電子求引性部位に分布することが知られており、分子内に電子供与性と電子求引性の骨格を導入することによって、HOMOとLUMOが存在する位置を遠ざけることが可能である。
また、化合物の基底状態と三重項励起状態との分子構造変化を小さくすることも効果的である。構造変化を小さくするための方法としては、例えば、化合物を剛直にすることなどが効果的である。ここで述べる剛直とは、例えば、分子内の環と環との結合における自由回転を抑制したり、またπ共役面の大きい縮合環を導入するなど、分子内において自由に動ける部位が少ないことを意味する。特に、発光に関与する部位を剛直にすることによって、励起状態における構造変化を小さくすることが可能である。
TADF化合物は、その発光機構及び分子構造の面から種々の問題を抱えている。
以下に、一般的にTADF化合物が抱える問題の一部について記載する。
TADF化合物においては、ΔEstを小さくするためにHOMOとLUMOの存在する部位をできるだけ離すことが必要であるが、このため、分子の電子状態はHOMO部位とLUMO部位が分離したドナー/アクセプター型の分子内CT(分子内電荷移動状態)に近い状態となってしまう。
一つは、発光色の色純度が低くなってしまう問題である。照明用途に適用する場合にはそれほど大きな問題にはならないが、電子ディスプレイ用途に用いる場合には色再現域が小さくなり、また、純色の色再現性が低くなることから、実際に商品として適用するのは困難になる。
当然、蛍光0-0バンドが短波長化すると、S1よりもエネルギーの低いT1に由来するリン光0-0バンドも短波長化(高T1化)してしまう。そのため、ホスト化合物に用いる化合物はドーパントからの逆エネルギー移動を起こさないようにするために、高S1化かつ高T1化する必要が生じてくる。
これは非常に大きな問題である。基本的に有機化合物からなるホスト化合物は、有機EL素子中で、カチオンラジカル状態、アニオンラジカル状態及び励起状態という、複数の活性かつ不安定な化学種の状態を取るが、それら化学種は分子内のπ共役系を拡大することで比較的安定に存在させることができる。
また、ホスト化合物への逆エネルギー移動を抑制するためには、TADF化合物の三重項励起状態の存在時間(励起子寿命)を短くすることが効果的である。それを実現するには、基底状態と三重項励起状態との分子構造変化を小さくすること及び禁制遷移をほどくのに好適な置換基や元素を導入することなどの対策を講じることで、問題点を解決することが可能である。
さらに、ホスト化合物と発光性化合物(蛍光発光性化合物又はリン光発光性化合物)からなる発光層に、TADF性を示すπ共役系化合物を第三成分(アシストドーパント)として発光層に含めると、高発光効率発現に有効であることが知られている(参考文献:H.Nakanоtani,et al.,Nature Communicaion,2014,5,4016-4022.)。アシストドーパント上に25%の一重項励起子と75%の三重項励起子を電界励起により発生させることによって、三重項励起子は逆項間交差(RISC)を伴って一重項励起子を生成することができる。一重項励起子のエネルギーは、発光性化合物へエネルギー移動し、発光性化合物が発光することが可能となる。従って、理論上100%の励起子エネルギーを利用して、発光性化合物を発光させることが可能となり、高発光効率が発現する。
以下に、本発明に係るπ共役系化合物に関する種々の測定方法について記載する。
本発明に係るπ共役系化合物は、ΔEstを小さくするという観点から、分子内においてHOMOとLUMOが実質的に分離していることが好ましい。これらHOMO及びLUMOの分布状態については、分子軌道計算により得られる構造最適化した際の電子密度分布から求めることができる。
本発明におけるπ共役系化合物の分子軌道計算による構造最適化及び電子密度分布の算出は、計算手法として、汎関数としてB3LYP、基底関数として6-31G(d)を用いた分子軌道計算用ソフトウェアを用いて算出することができ、ソフトウェアに特に限定はなく、いずれを用いても同様に求めることができる。
本発明においては、分子軌道計算用ソフトウェアとして、米国Gaussian社製のGaussian09(Revision C.01,M.J.Frisch,et al,Gaussian,Inc.,2010.)を用いた。
本発明におけるπ共役系化合物の最低励起一重項エネルギーS1については、本発明においても通常の手法と同様にして算出されるもので定義される。すなわち、測定対象となる化合物を石英基板上に蒸着して試料を作製し、常温(300K)でこの試料の吸収スペクトル(縦軸:吸光度、横軸:波長とする。)を測定する。この吸収スペクトルの長波長側の立ち上がりに対して接線を引き、その接線と横軸との交点の波長値に基づいて、所定の換算式から算出される。
ただし、本発明において使用するπ共役系化合物の分子自体の凝集性が比較的高い場合、薄膜の測定においては凝集による誤差を生じる可能性がある。本発明におけるπ共役系化合物はストークスシフトが比較的小さいこと、さらに励起状態と基底状態の構造変化が小さいことを考慮し、本発明における最低励起一重項エネルギーS1は、室温(25℃)におけるπ共役系化合物の溶液状態の最大発光波長のピーク値を近似値として用いた。
ここで、使用する溶媒は、π共役系化合物の凝集状態に影響を与えない、すなわち溶媒効果の影響が小さい溶媒、例えばシクロヘキサンやトルエン等の非極性溶媒等を用いることができる。
本発明におけるπ共役系化合物の最低励起三重項エネルギー(T1)については、溶液若しくは薄膜のフォトルミネッセンス(PL)特性により算出した。例えば、薄膜における算出方法としては、希薄状態のπ共役系化合物の分散物を薄膜にした後に、ストリークカメラを用い、過渡PL特性を測定することで、蛍光成分とリン光成分の分離を行い、そのエネルギー差をΔEstとして最低励起一重項エネルギーから最低励起三重項エネルギーを求めることができる。
測定・評価にあたって、絶対PL量子収率の測定については、絶対PL量子収率測定装置C9920-02(浜松ホトニクス社製)を用いた。発光寿命は、ストリークカメラC4334(浜松ホトニクス社製)を用いて、サンプルをレーザー光で励起させながら測定した。
本発明の有機EL素子は、陽極と陰極の間に少なくとも1層の発光層を含む有機層を有する有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子であって、当該発光層の少なくとも1層が、HOMOとLUMOの電子密度分布の重なりがなく、前記HOMOと前記LUMO間の電子遷移が、同一分子内のスルースペース相互作用で起こり、かつ、前記HOMO又は前記LUMOの少なくとも一方が局在化する部位にπ共役系芳香族環を含むπ共役系化合物を含有することを特徴とする。該π共役系化合物のHOMOとLUMOは、汎関数としてB3LYP及び基底関数として6-31G(d)を用いた分子軌道計算により求めることができる。
以下、本発明の有機EL素子について順を追って説明する。
本発明の有機EL素子における代表的な素子構成としては、以下の構成を挙げることができるが、これらに限定されるものではない。
(1)陽極/発光層/陰極
(2)陽極/発光層/電子輸送層/陰極
(3)陽極/正孔輸送層/発光層/陰極
(4)陽極/正孔輸送層/発光層/電子輸送層/陰極
(5)陽極/正孔輸送層/発光層/電子輸送層/電子注入層/陰極
(6)陽極/正孔注入層/正孔輸送層/発光層/電子輸送層/陰極
(7)陽極/正孔注入層/正孔輸送層/(電子阻止層/)発光層/(正孔阻止層/)電子輸送層/電子注入層/陰極
上記の中で(7)の構成が好ましく用いられるが、これに限定されるものではない。
本発明に用いられる発光層は、単層又は複数層で構成されており、発光層が複数の場合は各発光層の間に非発光性の中間層を設けてもよい。
本発明に用いられる電子輸送層とは、電子を輸送する機能を有する層であり、広い意味で電子注入層、正孔阻止層も電子輸送層に含まれる。また、複数層で構成されていてもよい。
本発明に用いられる正孔輸送層とは、正孔を輸送する機能を有する層であり、広い意味で正孔注入層、電子阻止層も正孔輸送層に含まれる。また、複数層で構成されていてもよい。
上記の代表的な素子構成において、陽極と陰極を除いた層を「有機層」ともいう。
また、本発明の有機EL素子は、少なくとも1層の発光層を含む発光ユニットを複数積層した、いわゆるタンデム構造の素子であってもよい。
タンデム構造の代表的な素子構成としては、例えば以下の構成を挙げることができる。
陽極/第1発光ユニット/中間層/第2発光ユニット/中間層/第3発光ユニット/陰極
ここで、上記第1発光ユニット、第2発光ユニット及び第3発光ユニットは全て同じであっても、異なっていてもよい。また二つの発光ユニットが同じであり、残る一つが異なっていてもよい。
複数の発光ユニットは直接積層されていても、中間層を介して積層されていてもよく、中間層は、一般的に中間電極、中間導電層、電荷発生層、電子引抜層、接続層、中間絶縁層とも呼ばれ、陽極側の隣接層に電子を、陰極側の隣接層に正孔を供給する機能を持った層であれば、公知の材料構成を用いることができる。
発光ユニット内の好ましい構成としては、例えば、上記の代表的な素子構成で挙げた(1)~(7)の構成から、陽極と陰極を除いたもの等が挙げられるが、本発明はこれらに限定されない。
本発明に用いられる発光層は、電極又は隣接層から注入されてくる電子及び正孔が再結合し、励起子を経由して発光する場を提供する層であり、発光する部分は発光層の層内であっても、発光層と隣接層との界面であってもよい。本発明に用いられる発光層は、本発明で規定する要件を満たしていれば、その構成に特に制限はない。
発光層の層厚の総和は、特に制限はないが、形成する膜の均質性や、発光時に不必要な高電圧を印加するのを防止し、かつ、駆動電流に対する発光色の安定性向上の観点から、2nm~5μmの範囲に調整することが好ましく、より好ましくは2~500nmの範囲に調整され、更に好ましくは5~200nmの範囲に調整される。
また、本発明に用いられる個々の発光層の層厚としては、2nm~1μmの範囲に調整することが好ましく、より好ましくは2~200nmの範囲に調整され、更に好ましくは3~150nmの範囲に調整される。
発光ドーパントとしては、蛍光発光性ドーパント(蛍光発光性化合物、蛍光ドーパント、蛍光性化合物ともいう。)、遅延蛍光性ドーパント、リン光発光性ドーパント(リン光発光性化合物、リン光ドーパント、リン光性化合物ともいう。)が好ましく用いられる。
本発明においては、発光層が、本発明に係るπ共役系化合物を蛍光発光性化合物又は発光補助剤(アシストドーパント)として、5~40質量%の範囲内で含有し、特に、10~30質量%の範囲内で含有することが好ましい。
また、本発明に係るπ共役系化合物は、複数種を併用して用いてもよく、構造の異なる他の蛍光発光性化合物同士の組み合わせや、蛍光発光性化合物とリン光発光性化合物とを組み合わせて用いてもよい。これにより、任意の発光色を得ることができる。
なお、本発明に係るπ共役系化合物を異なる蛍光発光性化合物やリン光発光性化合物の発光を補助するために使用する場合、発光層に含まれる物質はホスト化合物も含み3成分以上であることが好ましい。
本発明においては、1層又は複数層の発光層が、発光色の異なる複数の発光ドーパントを含有し、白色発光を示すことも好ましい。
白色を示す発光ドーパントの組み合わせについては特に限定はないが、例えば青と橙や、青と緑と赤の組み合わせ等が挙げられる。
本発明の有機EL素子における白色とは、2度視野角正面輝度を前述の方法により測定した際に、1000cd/m2でのCIE1931表色系における色度がx=0.39±0.09、y=0.38±0.08の領域内にあることが好ましい。
本発明の有機EL素子は、HOMOとLUMOの電子密度分布の重なりがなく、HOMOとLUMO間の電子遷移が、同一分子内のスルースペース相互作用で起こり、かつ、前記HOMO又は前記LUMOの少なくとも一方が局在化する部位にπ共役系芳香族環を含むπ共役系化合物を発光層に含有する。該発光材料のHOMOとLUMOは、汎関数としてB3LYP及び基底関数として6-31G(d)を用いた分子軌道計算により得られる。
本発明の有機EL素子は、少なくとも1層の発光層に発光材料として、下記一般式(A)で表される構造を有する化合物を含有することが好ましい。
Lは、前記電子供与性基Dと前記電子求引性基Aを連結する連結部であって、HOMO及びLUMOの電子密度分布が10%未満を占める部位であり、
前記一般式(A)で表される構造を有する化合物の基底状態の安定化構造において、前記電子供与性基D上に局在化したHOMOの重心と当該電子供与性基Dに隣接した前記連結部Lの原子の重心とを結ぶ直線と、前記電子求引性基A上に局在化したLUMOの重心と当該電子求引性基Aに隣接した前記連結部Lの原子の重心とを結ぶ直線とがなす角度をθDAとしたとき、当該角度θDAが、90°未満である。
一方、一般式(A)は、下記の観点でも定義できる。一般式(A)中、Lは、HOMOの電子密度分布、及び.LUMOの電子密度分布の10%未満を占める部位であり、Lは電子供与性基Dと電子求引性基Aを連結する連結部であって、(電子供与性基DのHOMOの重心)-L-(電子求引性基AのLUMOの重心) で形成される角度θDAが90°未満であり、電子供与性基D部から電子求引性基A部への電子遷移確率が、80%以上である。好ましくは、90%以上である。
[一般式(1)で表される化合物]
また、R11、R12、R13及びR14の少なくとも他の一つは、上記一般式(1-B)で表される。一般式(1-B)において、Y12は2価の連結基、Z2は、電子求引性の芳香族炭化水素環基又は芳香族複素環基を表す。x、p1、p2は、0又は1の整数を表す。
なお、後述の一般式(2)~(5)において、Rb、Rc、Rd、R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26、R31、R32、R33、R34、R35、R36、R37、R38、Re、R41、R51、R52、R53、R54、R55又はR56が置換基を表す場合、その置換基としては、R11、R12、R13、R14、R15、R16、R17、R18、R19、及びR20と同様に、上記置換基が挙げられる。
前記一般式(A)で表される構造が、下記一般式(2)で表される構造であることが好ましい。
Xa及びXbがそれぞれNRcで表される場合、Rcが互いに結合して環を形成してもよい。
前記一般式(A)で表される構造が、下記一般式(3)で表される構造であることが好ましい。
前記一般式(A)で表される構造が、下記一般式(4)で表される構造であることが好ましい。
上記π共役系化合物は、例えば以下の文献、又は、その文献に記載の参照文献に記載の方法を参照することにより合成することができる。
(1)S. Riedmuller and Boris J Nachtsheim.,Beilstein J.Org.Chem.2013,9,1202-1209
(2)Wako Organic Square No.27(2009)
(3)N.M.Moazzam et al.,Appl.Organomet.Chem.,2012,26,7,330-334
(4)H.Kawai,et al.,Chemical Communication,2008,12,1464-1466
(5)S.Oi,et al.,Tetrahedron,2008,64,26,6051-6059
(6)S.Oi,et al.,Organic Letters,2008,10,9,1832-1826
(7)H.Uoyama,et al.,Nature,2012,492,234-238(前述の非特許文献2)
(8)Y.Nakamura,et al.,Bull.Chem.Soc.Jpn.,2009,82,2743.
連結部L部位のHOMOの電子密度の割合が、10%未満ということは、分子軌道計算により算出されるHOMOの全電子密度分布を100%としたときに、L部位の原子のHOMOの電子密度の割合が10%未満であることを表す。L部位の電子密度分布が、10%未満ということはその部位にほとんど電子密度分布がないことを意味している。
電子密度分布の割合は、以下のような手順で計算した。最初に、対象とする分子の基底状態の安定構造をGaussian09を用いて、DFT(B3LYP/6-31G*)で計算する。キーワードとして#p とpop=regular を使用することによりHOMOとLUMOの分子軌道が出力される。そこで得られた分子軌道のHOMO部位の電子分布を解析することによって得られる。具体的には、HOMOに相当する軌道の全原子の係数を2乗して加算し、Lに相当する部分の炭素原子、ヘテロ原子の割合を算出した。
LUMOについても同様の解析で値を得ることができる。この場合も、L部位のLUMO電子密度の割合が、10%未満ということは、分子軌道計算により算出されるLUMOの全電子密度分布を100%としたときに、L部位の炭素原子、ヘテロ原子のLUMOの電子密度の割合が10%未満であることを表す。
軌道重心間距離rとは、異なる二つの分子軌道の空間分布を考えた時、それぞれの分布の重心間の距離として定義される。本発明では以上の定義に従い、分子のHOMOとLUMOの軌道重心間距離rを以下のような手順で計算した。最初に、対象とする分子の基底状態の安定構造をGaussian09を用いて、DFT(B3LYP/6-31G*)で計算する。次に、基底状態の安定構造計算で求めたHOMO、又はLUMOの分子軌道ベクトル、及び、双極子モーメント行列からHOMO、又はLUMOの分子軌道の重心座標を求める。ここで、双極子モーメント行列は基底状態においてiop(3/33=1)というキーワードを用いてDFT(B3LYP/6-31G*)のエネルギー一点計算から算出した。最後に、以上で求めたHOMOとLUMOの重心座標の差(Δx,Δy,Δz)を求めた後、その大きさを計算する(r=(Δx+Δy+Δz)1/2)ことで軌道重心間距離rを算出した。D又はAが複数ある場合には、それぞれHOMO、LUMOの電子密度が最大の部位間での重心間距離とした。
電子の遷移確率は、HOMOからLUMOへの電子の遷移確率を表し、Gaussian09を用いたTDDFT計算により算出した。具体的には、以下のような手順で計算した。最初に、対象とする分子の基底状態の安定構造をGaussian09を用いて、DFT(B3LYP/6-31G*)で計算する。この構造に対して、同じ汎関数と基底関数を用いて、TDDFT計算を、キーワードとしてTD(nstates=3,TD=50-50)を使用することにより、電子の遷移確率を求めた。ここでは、singletの最低励起状態の電子遷移確率として、HOMOからLUMOに相当する遷移の係数として出力された値を2乗した後に2倍にした値を電子遷移確率として求めた。
図3は、一般式(A)で表される構造を有するπ共役系化合物の角度θDAを説明する模式図である。
DはHOMOが局在化する電子供与性基、AはLUMOが局在化する電子求引性基、LはDとAを連結する連結部である。
θDAについて、図3を用いて例示化合物46の例で説明する。ここで、θDAは、基底状態の最安定化構造において、電子供与性基DのHOMOの重心(★)Gdと、電子供与性基Dに隣接した連結部Lの原子(ベンゼン環の炭素原子)の重心Ldとを結ぶ直線Xと、電子求引性基AのLUMOの重心(★)Gaと、電子求引性基Aに隣接した連結部Lの原子(ベンゼン環に置換する酸素原子)の重心Laとを結ぶ直線Yとがなす角度θとして定義する。
XとYの内積(=X・Y)と、X、Yの絶対値(それぞれ|X|、|Y|)を求めて以下の式から求めた。
式:cosθDA=(X・Y)/(|X|×|Y|)
ここで、X及びYは、それぞれ直線X及び直線Yのベクトルを表している。
図5は、例示化合物46の電子供与性基D、電子求引性基A及び連結部Lの範囲を説明する模式図である。それぞれ破線で囲まれた部分が、電子供与性基D部(D)、電子求引性基A部(A)及び連結部L部(L)を表している。
本発明に用いられる発光材料として、公知の蛍光発光性化合物を使用することができる。また、本発明に係るπ共役系化合物も蛍光発光性化合物として用いることができる。
公知の蛍光発光性化合物としては、クマリン系色素、ピラン系色素、シアニン系色素、クロコニウム系色素、スクアリウム系色素、オキソベンツアントラセン系色素、フルオレセイン系色素、ローダミン系色素、ピリリウム系色素、ペリレン系色素、スチルベン系色素、ポリチオフェン系色素又は希土類錯体系蛍光体や、レーザー色素に代表される蛍光量子収率が高い化合物等が挙げられる。
本発明に用いられるリン光発光性ドーパントは、励起三重項からの発光が観測される化合物であり、具体的には、室温(25℃)にてリン光発光する化合物であり、リン光量子収率が、25℃において0.01以上の化合物であると定義されるが、好ましいリン光量子収率は0.1以上である。
上記リン光量子収率は、第4版実験化学講座7の分光IIの398頁(1992年版、丸善)に記載の方法により測定できる。溶液中でのリン光量子収率は種々の溶媒を用いて測定できるが、本発明に用いられるリン光ドーパントは、任意の溶媒のいずれかにおいて上記リン光量子収率(0.01以上)が達成されればよい。
Nature 395,151 (1998)、Appl. Phys. Lett.
78, 1622 (2001)、Adv. Mater. 19, 739 (2007)、Chem. Mater. 17, 3532 (2005)、Adv. Mater. 17, 1059 (2005)、国際公開第2009/100991号、国際公開第2008/101842号、国際公開第2003/040257号、米国特許出願公開第2006/835469号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2006/0202194号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2007/0087321号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2005/0244673号明細書、Inorg. Chem. 40, 1704 (2001)、Chem. Mater. 16, 2480 (2004)、Adv.
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中でも、好ましいリン光ドーパントとしてはIrを中心金属に有する有機金属錯体が挙げられる。さらに好ましくは、金属-炭素結合、金属-窒素結合、金属-酸素結合、金属-硫黄結合の少なくとも一つの配位様式を含む錯体が好ましい。
本発明に用いられるホスト化合物は、発光層において主に電荷の注入及び輸送を担う化合物であり、有機EL素子においてそれ自体の発光は実質的に観測されない。
ホスト化合物は、発光層に含有される化合物の内で、その層中での質量比が20%以上であることが好ましい。
ホスト化合物は、単独で用いてもよく、又は複数種併用して用いてもよい。ホスト化合物を複数種用いることで、電荷の移動を調整することが可能であり、有機EL素子を高効率化することができる。
以下に、本発明において好ましく用いられるホスト化合物について述べる。
ホスト化合物は、発光層内においてキャリアの輸送及び励起子の生成を担う。そのため、カチオンラジカル状態、アニオンラジカル状態、及び励起状態の全ての活性種の状態において安定に存在でき、分解や付加反応などの化学変化を起こさないこと、さらに、層中において通電経時でホスト分子がオングストロームレベルで移動しないことが好ましい。
このような要件を満たすためには、ホスト化合物自体が電子のホッピング移動性が高いこと、かつ、正孔のホッピング移動が高いこと、三重項励起状態となったときの構造変化が小さいことが必要である。このような要件を満たすホスト化合物の代表格としてカルバゾール骨格、アザカルバゾール骨格、ジベンゾフラン骨格、ジベンゾチオフェン骨格又はアザジベンゾフラン骨格などの、高T1エネルギーを有し、かつ14π電子系の拡張π共役骨格を部分構造として有するものが好ましく挙げられる。特に、発光層が、カルバゾール誘導体を含有することにより、発光層内における適度なキャリアホッピングや発光材料の分散を促すことができ、素子の発光性能や薄膜の安定性を向上させる効果が得られることから、好ましい。
より好ましくは、カルバゾール骨格と、カルバゾール骨格とは異なる分子構造を持つ14π電子系の芳香族複素環化合物とが直接結合した化合物であり、さらに14π電子系の芳香族複素環化合物を分子内に二つ以上持つカルバゾール誘導体が好ましい。特に、前記カルバゾール誘導体が、14π電子以上の共役系構造部分を二つ以上有する化合物であることが、本発明の効果を一層高めるために好ましい。
R101~R104は、各々水素原子又は置換基を表し、また互いに結合して環を形成してもよい。
Ar101及びAr102は、各々芳香族環を表し、それぞれ同一でも異なっていてもよい。
n101及びn102は各々0~4の整数を表すが、R101が水素原子の場合は、n101は1~4の整数を表す。
一般式(I)におけるR101~R104は水素又は置換基を表し、ここにいう置換基は本発明に用いられるホスト化合物の機能を阻害しない範囲で有してもよいものを指し、例えば、合成スキーム上置換基が導入されてしまう場合で、本発明の効果を奏する化合物は本発明に包含される旨を規定するものである。
一般式(I)におけるy1~y8としては、好ましくは、y1~y4の内の少なくとも三つ、又はy5~y8の内の少なくとも三つがCR102で表され、より好ましくはy1~y8が全てCR102である。このような骨格は、正孔輸送性又は電子輸送性に優れ、陽極・陰極から注入された正孔・電子を効率よく発光層内で再結合・発光させることができる。
中でも、LUMOのエネルギー準位が浅く、電子輸送性に優れる構造として、一般式(I)中でX101が、NR101、酸素原子又は硫黄原子である化合物が好ましい。より好ましくは、X101及びy1~y8とともに形成される縮合環が、カルバゾール環、アザカルバゾール環、ジベンゾフラン環又はアザジベンゾフラン環である。
一般式(I)において、Ar101及びAr102により表される芳香族環としては、芳香族炭化水素環又は芳香族複素環が挙げられる。該芳香族環は単環でも縮合環でもよく、更に未置換でも、前述のR101~R104で表される置換基と同様の置換基を有してもよい。
一般式(I)において、Ar101及びAr102により表される芳香族炭化水素環としては、例えば、前述のR101~R104で表される置換基の例として挙げられた芳香族炭化水素環基と同様の環が挙げられる。
一般式(I)で表されるホスト化合物が大きなT1を有するという目的を考えた場合には、Ar101及びAr102で表される芳香族環自身のT1が高いことが好ましく、ベンゼン環(ベンゼン環が複数連結したポリフェニレン骨格(ビフェニル、テルフェニル、クォーターフェニル等)も含む)、フルオレン環、トリフェニレン環、カルバゾール環、アザカルバゾール環、ジベンゾフラン環、アザジベンゾフラン環、ジベンゾチオフェン環、ジベンゾチオフェン環、ピリジン環、ピラジン環、インドロインドール環、インドール環、ベンゾフラン環、ベンゾチオフェン環、イミダゾール環又はトリアジン環等が好ましい。より好ましくはベンゼン環、カルバゾール環、アザカルバゾール環、ジベンゾフラン環である。
Ar101及びAr102がジベンゾフラン環の場合は、2位又は4位で結合していることがより好ましい。
また、上記の目的とは別に、有機EL素子を車内に積載して使用する用途などを考えた場合においては、車内の環境温度が高くなることが想定されるため、ホスト化合物のTgが高いことも好ましい。そこで、一般式(I)で表されるホスト化合物を高Tg化するという目的から、Ar101及びAr102により表される芳香族環としては、各々3環以上の縮合環が好ましい一態様である。
また、3環以上が縮合した芳香族複素環としては、具体的には、アクリダン環、ベンゾキノリン環、カルバゾール環、カルボリン環、フェナジン環、フェナントリジン環、フェナントロリン環、カルボリン環、サイクラジン環、キンドリン環、テペニジン環、キニンドリン環、トリフェノジチアジン環、トリフェノジオキサジン環、フェナントラジン環、アントラジン環、ペリミジン環、ジアザカルバゾール環(カルボリン環を構成する炭素原子の任意の一つが窒素原子で置き換わったものを表す)、フェナントロリン環、ジベンゾフラン環、ジベンゾチオフェン環、ナフトフラン環、ナフトチオフェン環、ベンゾジフラン環、ベンゾジチオフェン環、ナフトジフラン環、ナフトジチオフェン環、アントラフラン環、アントラジフラン環、アントラチオフェン環、アントラジチオフェン環、チアントレン環、フェノキサチイン環、チオファントレン環(ナフトチオフェン環)等が挙げられる。なお、これらの環は更に置換基を有していてもよい。
n102は好ましくは0~2の整数であり、より好ましくは0又は1である。
一般式(II)において、X101を含んで形成される縮合環は、Ar101及びAr102以外にも本発明に用いられるホスト化合物の機能を阻害しない範囲でさらに置換基を有してもよい。
さらに、一般式(II)で表される化合物が下記一般式(III-1)、(III-2)又は(III-3)で表されることが好ましい。
一般式(III-1)~(III-3)において、X101を含んで形成される縮合環、カルバゾール環及びベンゼン環は、本発明に用いられるホスト化合物の機能を阻害しない範囲でさらに置換基を有してもよい。
以下に、本発明に用いられるホスト化合物として、一般式(I)、(II)、(III-1)~(III-3)で表される化合物及びその他の構造からなる化合物例を示すが、これらに限定されるものではない。
低分子化合物の場合、昇華精製が可能であるため精製が容易で、高純度の材料を得やすいという利点がある。分子量としては、昇華精製が可能な程度であれば特に制限はないが、好ましい分子量としては3000以下、より好ましくは2000以下である。
繰り返し単位を有するポリマー又はオリゴマーの場合は、ウェットプロセスで成膜しやすいという利点があり、また一般にポリマーはTgが高いため耐熱性の点でも好ましい。
本発明に用いられるホスト化合物として用いられるポリマーは、所望の素子性能が達成可能であれば特に制限はないが、好ましくは一般式(I)、(II)、(III-1)~(III-3)の構造を主鎖若しくは側鎖に有するものが好ましい。分子量としては特に制限はないが、分子量5000以上が好ましく、若しくは繰り返し単位数が10以上のものが好ましい。
ここで、ガラス転移点(Tg)とは、DSC(Differential Scanning Colorimetry:示差走査熱量法)を用いて、JIS K 7121-2012に準拠した方法により求められる値である。
本発明において電子輸送層とは、電子を輸送する機能を有する材料からなり、陰極より注入された電子を発光層に伝達する機能を有していればよい。
本発明において電子輸送層の総層厚については特に制限はないが、通常は2nm~5μmの範囲であり、より好ましくは2~500nmであり、さらに好ましくは5~200nmである。
また、有機EL素子においては発光層で生じた光を電極から取り出す際、発光層から直接取り出される光と、光を取り出す電極と対極に位置する電極によって反射されてから取り出される光とが干渉を起こすことが知られている。光が陰極で反射される場合は、電子輸送層の総層厚を数nm~数μmの間で適宜調整することにより、この干渉効果を効率的に利用することが可能である。
一方で、電子輸送層の層厚を厚くすると電圧が上昇しやすくなるため、特に層厚が厚い場合においては、電子輸送層の電子移動度は10-5cm2/V・s以上であることが好ましい。
電子輸送層に用いられる材料(以下、電子輸送材料という)としては、電子の注入性又は輸送性、正孔の障壁性のいずれかを有していればよく、従来公知の化合物の中から任意のものを選択して用いることができる。
その他、メタルフリー若しくはメタルフタロシアニン、又はそれらの末端がアルキル基やスルホン酸基等で置換されているものも、電子輸送材料として好ましく用いることができる。また、発光層の材料として例示したジスチリルピラジン誘導体も、電子輸送材料として用いることができるし、正孔注入層、正孔輸送層と同様にn型-Si、n型-SiC等の無機半導体も電子輸送材料として用いることができる。
また、これらの材料を高分子鎖に導入した、又はこれらの材料を高分子の主鎖とした高分子材料を用いることもできる。
米国特許第6528187号明細書、米国特許第7230107号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2005/0025993号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2004/0036077号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2009/0115316号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2009/0101870号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2009/0179554号明細書、国際公開第2003/060956号、国際公開第2008/132085号、Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 4 (1999)、Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 449 (2001)、Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 162 (2002)、Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 162 (2002)、Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 156 (2001)、米国特許第7964293号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2009/030202号明細書、国際公開第2004/080975号、国際公開第2004/063159号、国際公開第2005/085387号、国際公開第2006/067931号、国際公開第2007/086552号、国際公開第2008/114690号、国際公開第2009/069442号、国際公開第2009/066779号、国際公開第2009/054253号、国際公開第2011/086935号、国際公開第2010/150593号、国際公開第2010/047707号、EP2311826号、特開2010-251675号公報、特開2009-209133号公報、特開2009-124114号公報、特開2008-277810号公報、特開2006-156445号公報、特開2005-340122号公報、特開2003-45662号公報、特開2003-31367号公報、特開2003-282270号公報、国際公開第2012/115034号等である。
電子輸送材料は単独で用いてもよく、また複数種を併用して用いてもよい。
正孔阻止層とは広い意味では電子輸送層の機能を有する層であり、好ましくは電子を輸送する機能を有しつつ正孔を輸送する能力が小さい材料からなり、電子を輸送しつつ正孔を阻止することで電子と正孔の再結合確率を向上させることができる。
また、前述する電子輸送層の構成を必要に応じて、正孔阻止層として用いることができる。
本発明の有機EL素子に設ける正孔阻止層は、発光層の陰極側に隣接して設けられることが好ましい。
本発明において正孔阻止層の層厚としては、好ましくは3~100nmの範囲であり、更に好ましくは5~30nmの範囲である。
正孔阻止層に用いられる材料としては、前述の電子輸送層に用いられる材料が好ましく用いられ、また、前述のホスト化合物として用いられる材料も正孔阻止層に好ましく用いられる。
本発明における電子注入層(「陰極バッファー層」ともいう)とは、駆動電圧低下や発光輝度向上のために陰極と発光層との間に設けられる層のことで、「有機EL素子とその工業化最前線(1998年11月30日エヌ・ティー・エス社発行)」の第2編第2章「電極材料」(123~166頁)に詳細に記載されている。
本発明において電子注入層は必要に応じて設け、上記のごとく陰極と発光層との間、又は陰極と電子輸送層との間に存在させてもよい。
電子注入層はごく薄い膜であることが好ましく、素材にもよるがその層厚は0.1~5nmの範囲が好ましい。また構成材料が断続的に存在する不均一な層(膜)であってもよい。
また、上記の電子注入層に用いられる材料は単独で用いてもよく、複数種を併用して用いてもよい。
本発明において正孔輸送層とは、正孔を輸送する機能を有する材料からなり、陽極より注入された正孔を発光層に伝達する機能を有していればよい。
本発明において正孔輸送層の総層厚については特に制限はないが、通常は5nm~5μmの範囲であり、より好ましくは2~500nmであり、さらに好ましくは5~200nmである。
正孔輸送層に用いられる材料(以下、正孔輸送材料という)としては、正孔の注入性又は輸送性、電子の障壁性のいずれかを有していればよく、従来公知の化合物の中から任意のものを選択して用いることができる。
例えば、ポルフィリン誘導体、フタロシアニン誘導体、オキサゾール誘導体、オキサジアゾール誘導体、トリアゾール誘導体、イミダゾール誘導体、ピラゾリン誘導体、ピラゾロン誘導体、フェニレンジアミン誘導体、ヒドラゾン誘導体、スチルベン誘導体、ポリアリールアルカン誘導体、トリアリールアミン誘導体、カルバゾール誘導体、インドロカルバゾール誘導体、イソインドール誘導体、アントラセンやナフタレン等のアセン系誘導体、フルオレン誘導体、フルオレノン誘導体、及びポリビニルカルバゾール、芳香族アミンを主鎖又は側鎖に導入した高分子材料又はオリゴマー、ポリシラン、導電性ポリマー又はオリゴマー(例えばPEDOT/PSS、アニリン系共重合体、ポリアニリン、ポリチオフェン等)等が挙げられる。
また、特表2003-519432号公報や特開2006-135145号公報等に記載されているようなヘキサアザトリフェニレン誘導体も同様に正孔輸送材料として用いることができる。
さらに不純物をドープしたp性の高い正孔輸送層を用いることもできる。その例としては、特開平4-297076号公報、特開2000-196140号公報、同2001-102175号公報の各公報、J.Appl.Phys.,95,5773(2004)等に記載されたものが挙げられる。
正孔輸送材料としては、上記のものを使用することができるが、トリアリールアミン誘導体、カルバゾール誘導体、インドロカルバゾール誘導体、アザトリフェニレン誘導体、有機金属錯体、芳香族アミンを主鎖又は側鎖に導入した高分子材料又はオリゴマー等が好ましく用いられる。
例えば、Appl.Phys.Lett.69,2160(1996)、J.Lumin.72-74,985(1997)、Appl.Phys.Lett.78,673(2001)、Appl.Phys.Lett.90,183503(2007)、Appl.Phys.Lett.51,913(1987)、Synth.Met.87,171(1997)、Synth.Met.91,209(1997)、Synth.Met.111,421(2000)、SID Symposium Digest,37,923(2006)、J.Mater.Chem.3,319(1993)、Adv.Mater.6,677(1994)、Chem.Mater.15,3148(2003)、米国特許出願公開第2003/0162053号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2002/0158242号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2006/0240279号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2008/0220265号明細書、米国特許第5061569号明細書、国際公開第2007/002683号、国際公開第2009/018009号、EP650955、米国特許出願公開第2008/0124572号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2007/0278938号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2008/0106190号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2008/0018221号明細書、国際公開第2012/115034号、特表2003-519432号公報、特開2006-135145号公報、米国特許出願番号13/585981号等である。
正孔輸送材料は単独で用いてもよく、また複数種を併用して用いてもよい。
電子阻止層とは、広い意味では正孔輸送層の機能を有する層であり、好ましくは正孔を輸送する機能を有しつつ電子を輸送する能力が小さい材料からなり、正孔を輸送しつつ電子を阻止することで電子と正孔の再結合確率を向上させることができる。
また、前述する正孔輸送層の構成を必要に応じて、本発明における電子阻止層として用いることができる。
本発明の有機EL素子に設ける電子阻止層は、発光層の陽極側に隣接して設けられることが好ましい。
本発明において電子阻止層の層厚としては、好ましくは3~100nmの範囲内であり、更に好ましくは5~30nmの範囲内である。
電子阻止層に用いられる材料としては、前述の正孔輸送層に用いられる材料が好ましく用いられ、また、前述のホスト化合物も電子阻止層に好ましく用いられる。
本発明における正孔注入層(「陽極バッファー層」ともいう)とは、駆動電圧低下や発光輝度向上のために陽極と発光層との間に設けられる層のことで、「有機EL素子とその工業化最前線(1998年11月30日エヌ・ティー・エス社発行)」の第2編第2章「電極材料」(123~166頁)に詳細に記載されている。
本発明において正孔注入層は必要に応じて設け、上記のごとく陽極と発光層又は陽極と正孔輸送層との間に存在させてもよい。
正孔注入層は、特開平9-45479号公報、同9-260062号公報、同8-288069号公報等にもその詳細が記載されており、正孔注入層に用いられる材料としては、例えば前述の正孔輸送層に用いられる材料等が挙げられる。
中でも銅フタロシアニンに代表されるフタロシアニン誘導体、特表2003-519432号公報や特開2006-135145号公報等に記載されているようなヘキサアザトリフェニレン誘導体、酸化バナジウムに代表される金属酸化物、アモルファスカーボン、ポリアニリン(エメラルディン)やポリチオフェン等の導電性高分子、トリス(2-フェニルピリジン)イリジウム錯体等に代表されるオルトメタル化錯体、トリアリールアミン誘導体等が好ましい。
前述の正孔注入層に用いられる材料は単独で用いてもよく、また複数種を併用して用いてもよい。
前述した本発明における有機層は、更に他の添加物が含まれていてもよい。
添加物としては、例えば臭素、ヨウ素及び塩素等のハロゲン元素やハロゲン化化合物、Pd、Ca、Na等のアルカリ金属やアルカリ土類金属、遷移金属の化合物や錯体、塩等が挙げられる。
添加物の含有量は、任意に決定することができるが、含有される層の全質量%に対して1000ppm以下であることが好ましく、より好ましくは500ppm以下であり、さらに好ましくは50ppm以下である。
ただし、電子や正孔の輸送性を向上させる目的や、励起子のエネルギー移動を有利にするための目的などによってはこの範囲内ではない。
本発明に係る有機層(正孔注入層、正孔輸送層、発光層、正孔阻止層、電子輸送層、電子注入層等)の形成方法について説明する。
本発明に係る有機層の形成方法は、特に制限はなく、従来公知の例えば真空蒸着法、湿式法(ウェットプロセスともいう)等による形成方法を用いることができる。
湿式法としては、スピンコート法、キャスト法、インクジェット法、印刷法、ダイコート法、ブレードコート法、ロールコート法、スプレーコート法、カーテンコート法、LB法(ラングミュア-ブロジェット法)等があるが、均質な薄膜が得られやすく、かつ高生産性の点から、ダイコート法、ロールコート法、インクジェット法、スプレーコート法などのロール・ツー・ロール方式適性の高い方法が好ましい。
また、分散方法としては、超音波、高剪断力分散やメディア分散等の分散方法により分散することができる。
更に層ごとに異なる成膜法を適用してもよい。成膜に蒸着法を採用する場合、その蒸着条件は使用する化合物の種類等により異なるが、一般にボート加熱温度50~450℃、真空度10-6~10-2Pa、蒸着速度0.01~50nm/秒、基板温度-50~300℃、層(膜)厚0.1nm~5μm、好ましくは5~200nmの範囲内で適宜選ぶことが望ましい。
本発明に係る有機層の形成は、一回の真空引きで一貫して正孔注入層から陰極まで作製するのが好ましいが、途中で取り出して異なる成膜法を施しても構わない。その際は作業を乾燥不活性ガス雰囲気下で行うことが好ましい。
有機EL素子における陽極としては、仕事関数の大きい(4eV以上、好ましくは4.5eV以上)金属、合金、電気伝導性化合物及びこれらの混合物を電極物質とするものが好ましく用いられる。このような電極物質の具体例としては、Au等の金属、CuI、インジウムチンオキシド(ITO)、SnO2、ZnO等の導電性透明材料が挙げられる。また、IDIXO(In2O3-ZnO)等非晶質で透明導電膜を作製可能な材料を用いてもよい。
陽極はこれらの電極物質を蒸着やスパッタリング等の方法により薄膜を形成させ、フォトリソグラフィー法で所望の形状のパターンを形成してもよく、あるいはパターン精度を余り必要としない場合は(100μm以上程度)、上記電極物質の蒸着やスパッタリング時に所望の形状のマスクを介してパターンを形成してもよい。
あるいは、有機導電性化合物のように塗布可能な物質を用いる場合には、印刷方式、コーティング方式等湿式成膜法を用いることもできる。この陽極より発光を取り出す場合には、透過率を10%より大きくすることが望ましく、また陽極としてのシート抵抗は数百Ω/□以下が好ましい。
陽極の膜厚は材料にもよるが、通常10nm~1μm、好ましくは10~200nmの範囲内で選ばれる。
陰極としては、仕事関数の小さい(4eV以下)金属(電子注入性金属と称する)、合金、電気伝導性化合物及びこれらの混合物を電極物質とするものが用いられる。このような電極物質の具体例としては、ナトリウム、ナトリウム-カリウム合金、マグネシウム、リチウム、マグネシウム/銅混合物、マグネシウム/銀混合物、マグネシウム/アルミニウム混合物、マグネシウム/インジウム混合物、アルミニウム/酸化アルミニウム(Al2O3)混合物、インジウム、リチウム/アルミニウム混合物、アルミニウム、希土類金属等が挙げられる。これらの中で、電子注入性及び酸化等に対する耐久性の点から、電子注入性金属とこれより仕事関数の値が大きく安定な金属である第二金属との混合物、例えば、マグネシウム/銀混合物、マグネシウム/アルミニウム混合物、マグネシウム/インジウム混合物、アルミニウム/酸化アルミニウム(Al2O3)混合物、リチウム/アルミニウム混合物、アルミニウム等が好適である。
なお、発光した光を透過させるため、有機EL素子の陽極又は陰極のいずれか一方が透明又は半透明であれば発光輝度が向上し好都合である。
また、陰極に上記金属を1~20nmの膜厚で作製した後に、陽極の説明で挙げる導電性透明材料をその上に作製することで、透明又は半透明の陰極を作製することができ、これを応用することで陽極と陰極の両方が透過性を有する素子を作製することができる。
本発明の有機EL素子に用いることのできる支持基板(以下、基体、基板、基材、支持体等ともいう。)としては、ガラス、プラスチック等の種類には特に限定はなく、また透明であっても不透明であってもよい。支持基板側から光を取り出す場合には、支持基板は透明であることが好ましい。好ましく用いられる透明な支持基板としては、ガラス、石英、透明樹脂フィルムを挙げることができる。特に好ましい支持基板は、有機EL素子にフレキシブル性を与えることが可能な樹脂フィルムである。
バリア膜の形成方法については特に限定はなく、例えば、真空蒸着法、スパッタリング法、反応性スパッタリング法、分子線エピタキシー法、クラスターイオンビーム法、イオンプレーティング法、プラズマ重合法、大気圧プラズマ重合法、プラズマCVD法、レーザーCVD法、熱CVD法、コーティング法等を用いることができるが、特開2004-68143号公報に記載されているような大気圧プラズマ重合法によるものが特に好ましい。
本発明の有機EL素子の発光の室温(25℃)における外部取り出し量子効率は、1%以上であることが好ましく、5%以上であるとより好ましい。
ここで、外部取り出し量子効率(%)=有機EL素子外部に発光した光子数/有機EL素子に流した電子数×100である。
また、カラーフィルター等の色相改良フィルター等を併用しても、有機EL素子からの発光色を、蛍光体を用いて多色へ変換する色変換フィルターを併用してもよい。
本発明の有機EL素子の封止に用いられる封止手段としては、例えば、封止部材と、電極、支持基板とを接着剤で接着する方法を挙げることができる。封止部材としては、有機EL素子の表示領域を覆うように配置されていればよく、凹板状でも、平板状でもよい。また、透明性、電気絶縁性は特に限定されない。
具体的には、ガラス板、ポリマー板・フィルム、金属板・フィルム等が挙げられる。ガラス板としては、特にソーダ石灰ガラス、バリウム・ストロンチウム含有ガラス、鉛ガラス、アルミノケイ酸ガラス、ホウケイ酸ガラス、バリウムホウケイ酸ガラス、石英等を挙げることができる。また、ポリマー板としては、ポリカーボネート、アクリル、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリエーテルサルファイド、ポリサルフォン等を挙げることができる。金属板としては、ステンレス、鉄、銅、アルミニウム、マグネシウム、ニッケル、亜鉛、クロム、チタン、モリブテン、シリコン、ゲルマニウム及びタンタルからなる群から選ばれる1種以上の金属又は合金からなるものが挙げられる。
7126-1987に準拠した方法で測定された酸素透過度が1×10-3ml/(m2・24h・atm)以下、JIS K 7129-1992に準拠した方法で測定された、水蒸気透過度(25±0.5℃、相対湿度90±2%)が、1×10-3g/(m2・24h)以下のものであることが好ましい。
封止部材を凹状に加工するのは、サンドブラスト加工、化学エッチング加工等が使われる。
なお、有機EL素子が熱処理により劣化する場合があるので、室温から80℃までに接着硬化できるものが好ましい。また、前記接着剤中に乾燥剤を分散させておいてもよい。封止部分への接着剤の塗布は市販のディスペンサーを使ってもよいし、スクリーン印刷のように印刷してもよい。
さらに該膜の脆弱性を改良するために、これら無機層と有機材料からなる層の積層構造を持たせることが好ましい。これらの膜の形成方法については特に限定はなく、例えば、真空蒸着法、スパッタリング法、反応性スパッタリング法、分子線エピタキシー法、クラスターイオンビーム法、イオンプレーティング法、プラズマ重合法、大気圧プラズマ重合法、プラズマCVD法、レーザーCVD法、熱CVD法、コーティング法等を用いることができる。
吸湿性化合物としては、例えば、金属酸化物(例えば、酸化ナトリウム、酸化カリウム、酸化カルシウム、酸化バリウム、酸化マグネシウム、酸化アルミニウム等)、硫酸塩(例えば、硫酸ナトリウム、硫酸カルシウム、硫酸マグネシウム、硫酸コバルト等)、金属ハロゲン化物(例えば、塩化カルシウム、塩化マグネシウム、フッ化セシウム、フッ化タンタル、臭化セリウム、臭化マグネシウム、ヨウ化バリウム、ヨウ化マグネシウム等)、過塩素酸類(例えば、過塩素酸バリウム、過塩素酸マグネシウム等)等が挙げられ、硫酸塩、金属ハロゲン化物及び過塩素酸類においては無水塩が好適に用いられる。
有機層を挟み支持基板と対向する側の前記封止膜あるいは前記封止用フィルムの外側に、素子の機械的強度を高めるために、保護膜あるいは保護板を設けてもよい。特に、封止が前記封止膜により行われている場合には、その機械的強度は必ずしも高くないため、このような保護膜、保護板を設けることが好ましい。これに使用することができる材料としては、前記封止に用いたのと同様なガラス板、ポリマー板・フィルム、金属板・フィルム等を用いることができるが、軽量かつ薄膜化ということからポリマーフィルムを用いることが好ましい。
有機EL素子は、空気よりも屈折率の高い(屈折率1.6~2.1程度の範囲内)層の内部で発光し、発光層で発生した光のうち15%から20%程度の光しか取り出せないことが一般的に言われている。これは、臨界角以上の角度θで界面(透明基板と空気との界面)に入射する光は、全反射を起こし素子外部に取り出すことができないことや、透明電極ないし発光層と透明基板との間で光が全反射を起こし、光が透明電極ないし発光層を導波し、結果として、光が素子側面方向に逃げるためである。
本発明は、これらの手段を組み合わせることにより、更に高輝度あるいは耐久性に優れた素子を得ることができる。
低屈折率層としては、例えば、エアロゲル、多孔質シリカ、フッ化マグネシウム、フッ素系ポリマーなどが挙げられる。透明基板の屈折率は一般に1.5~1.7程度の範囲内であるので、低屈折率層は、屈折率がおよそ1.5以下であることが好ましい。またさらに1.35以下であることが好ましい。
また、低屈折率媒質の厚さは、媒質中の波長の2倍以上となるのが望ましい。これは、低屈折率媒質の厚さが、光の波長程度になってエバネッセントで染み出した電磁波が基板内に入り込む膜厚になると、低屈折率層の効果が薄れるからである。
しかしながら、屈折率分布を二次元的な分布にすることにより、あらゆる方向に進む光が回折され、光の取り出し効率が上がる。
回折格子を導入する位置としては、いずれかの層間、若しくは媒質中(透明基板内や透明電極内)でもよいが、光が発生する場所である有機発光層の近傍が望ましい。このとき、回折格子の周期は、媒質中の光の波長の約1/2~3倍程度の範囲内が好ましい。回折格子の配列は、正方形のラチス状、三角形のラチス状、ハニカムラチス状など、二次元的に配列が繰り返されることが好ましい。
本発明の有機EL素子は、支持基板(基板)の光取出し側に、例えばマイクロレンズアレイ上の構造を設けるように加工したり、あるいは、いわゆる集光シートと組み合わせることにより、特定方向、例えば素子発光面に対し正面方向に集光することにより、特定方向上の輝度を高めることができる。
マイクロレンズアレイの例としては、基板の光取り出し側に一辺が30μmでその頂角が90度となるような四角錐を二次元に配列する。一辺は10~100μmの範囲内が好ましい。これより小さくなると回折の効果が発生して色付く、大きすぎると厚さが厚くなり好ましくない。
集光シートとしては、例えば液晶表示装置のLEDバックライトで実用化されているものを用いることが可能である。このようなシートとして例えば、住友スリーエム社製輝度上昇フィルム(BEF)などを用いることができる。プリズムシートの形状としては、例えば、基材に頂角90度、ピッチ50μmの△状のストライプが形成されたものであってもよいし、頂角が丸みを帯びた形状、ピッチをランダムに変化させた形状、その他の形状であってもよい。
また、有機EL素子からの光放射角を制御するために光拡散板・フィルムを、集光シートと併用してもよい。例えば、(株)きもと製拡散フィルム(ライトアップ)などを用いることができる。
本発明の有機EL素子は、電子機器、例えば、表示装置、ディスプレイ、各種発光装置として用いることができる。
発光装置として、例えば、照明装置(家庭用照明、車内照明)、時計や液晶用バックライト、看板広告、信号機、光記憶媒体の光源、電子写真複写機の光源、光通信処理機の光源、光センサーの光源等が挙げられるがこれに限定するものではないが、特に液晶表示装置のバックライト、照明用光源としての用途に有効に用いることができる。
本発明の有機EL素子においては、必要に応じ成膜時にメタルマスクやインクジェットプリンティング法等でパターニングを施してもよい。パターニングする場合は、電極のみをパターニングしてもよいし、電極と発光層をパターニングしてもよいし、素子全層をパターニングしてもよく、素子の作製においては、従来公知の方法を用いることができる。
本発明の有機EL素子を具備する表示装置は単色でも多色でもよいが、ここでは多色表示装置について説明する。
発光層のみパターニングを行う場合、その方法に限定はないが、好ましくは蒸着法、インクジェット法、スピンコート法及び印刷法である。
図7は有機EL素子から構成される表示装置の一例を示した模式図である。有機EL素子の発光により画像情報の表示を行う、例えば、携帯電話等のディスプレイの模式図である。
制御部Bは表示部Aと配線部Cを介して電気的に接続され、複数の画素それぞれに外部からの画像情報に基づいて走査信号と画像データ信号を送り、走査信号により走査線ごとの画素が画像データ信号に応じて順次発光して画像走査を行って画像情報を表示部Aに表示する。
表示部Aは基板上に、複数の走査線5及びデータ線6を含む配線部Cと複数の画素3等とを有する。表示部Aの主要な部材の説明を以下に行う。
図8においては、画素3の発光した光が白矢印方向(下方向)へ取り出される場合を示している。
画素3は走査線5から走査信号が印加されると、データ線6から画像データ信号を受け取り、受け取った画像データに応じて発光する。
発光の色が赤領域の画素、緑領域の画素、青領域の画素を適宜同一基板上に並置することによって、フルカラー表示が可能となる。
画素は、有機EL素子10、スイッチングトランジスタ11、駆動トランジスタ12、コンデンサー13等を備えている。複数の画素に有機EL素子10として、赤色、緑色及び青色発光の有機EL素子を用い、これらを同一基板上に並置することでフルカラー表示を行うことができる。
すなわち、有機EL素子10の発光は、複数の画素それぞれの有機EL素子10に対して、アクティブ素子であるスイッチングトランジスタ11と駆動トランジスタ12を設けて、複数の画素3それぞれの有機EL素子10の発光を行っている。このような発光方法をアクティブマトリクス方式と呼んでいる。
本発明においては、上述したアクティブマトリクス方式に限らず、走査信号が走査されたときのみデータ信号に応じて有機EL素子を発光させるパッシブマトリクス方式の発光駆動でもよい。
順次走査により走査線5の走査信号が印加されたとき、印加された走査線5に接続している画素3が画像データ信号に応じて発光する。
パッシブマトリクス方式では画素3にアクティブ素子が無く、製造コストの低減が計れる。
本発明の有機EL素子を用いることにより、発光効率が向上した表示装置が得られた。
本発明の有機EL素子は、照明装置に用いることもできる。
本発明の有機EL素子は、共振器構造を持たせた有機EL素子として用いてもよい。このような共振器構造を有した有機EL素子の使用目的としては、光記憶媒体の光源、電子写真複写機の光源、光通信処理機の光源、光センサーの光源等が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。また、レーザー発振をさせることにより上記用途に使用してもよい。
また、本発明の有機EL素子は、照明用や露光光源のような一種のランプとして使用してもよいし、画像を投影するタイプのプロジェクション装置や、静止画像や動画像を直接視認するタイプの表示装置(ディスプレイ)として使用してもよい。
動画再生用の表示装置として使用する場合の駆動方式は、パッシブマトリクス方式でもアクティブマトリクス方式でもどちらでもよい。又は、異なる発光色を有する本発明の有機EL素子を2種以上使用することにより、フルカラー表示装置を作製することが可能である。
この方法によれば、複数色の発光素子をアレー状に並列配置した白色有機EL装置と異なり、素子自体が白色発光である。
本発明の有機EL素子を具備した、本発明の照明装置の一態様について説明する。
本発明の有機EL素子の非発光面をガラスケースで覆い、厚さ300μmのガラス基板を封止用基板として用いて、周囲にシール材として、エポキシ系光硬化型接着剤(東亞合成社製ラックストラックLC0629B)を適用し、これを陰極上に重ねて透明支持基板と密着させ、ガラス基板側からUV光を照射して、硬化させて、封止し、図11及び図12に示すような照明装置を形成することができる。
図11は、照明装置の概略図を示し、本発明の有機EL素子(照明装置内の有機EL素子101)はガラスカバー102で覆われている(なお、ガラスカバーでの封止作業は、照明装置内の有機EL素子101を大気に接触させることなく窒素雰囲気下のグローブボックス(純度99.999%以上の高純度窒素ガスの雰囲気下)で行った。)。
図12は、照明装置の断面図を示し、105は陰極、106は有機層、107は透明電極付きガラス基板を示す。なお、ガラスカバー102内には窒素ガス108が充填され、捕水剤109が設けられている。
本発明の有機EL素子を用いることにより、発光効率が向上した照明装置が得られた。
本発明に用いられる発光材料として、前記一般式(A)で表される構造を有するπ共役系化合物のうち少なくとも1種を含有することを特徴とする。
これにより、有機EL素子中の電子移動度の向上、それに伴い有機EL素子中の高電流密度における発光効率の低下、すなわちロールオフの改善の効果が得られることから、発光効率を高め、寿命を改善する効果が得られる。
さらに、発光材料として本発明に用いられるπ共役系化合物は、発光性薄膜、電荷移動性薄膜、表示装置及び照明装置に用いることもできる。
ここで、本発明の発光性薄膜について説明する。
本発明の発光性薄膜は、前記有機層の形成方法と同様に作製することができる。
本発明の発光性薄膜の形成方法は、特に制限はなく、従来公知の例えば真空蒸着法、湿式法(ウェットプロセスともいう)等による形成方法を用いることができる。
湿式法としては、スピンコート法、キャスト法、インクジェット法、印刷法、ダイコート法、ブレードコート法、ロールコート法、スプレーコート法、カーテンコート法、LB法(ラングミュア-ブロジェット法)等があるが、均質な薄膜が得られやすく、かつ高生産性の点から、ダイコート法、ロールコート法、インクジェット法、スプレーコート法などのロール・ツー・ロール方式適性の高い方法が好ましい。
さらに層毎に異なる成膜法を適用してもよい。成膜に蒸着法を採用する場合、その蒸着条件は使用する化合物の種類等により異なるが、一般にボート加熱温度を50~450℃の範囲内、真空度を10-6~10-2Paの範囲内、蒸着速度0.01~50nm/秒の範囲内、基板温度-50~300℃の範囲内、層厚0.1nm~5μmの範囲内、好ましくは5~200nmの範囲内で適宜選ぶことが望ましい。
また、成膜にスピンコート法を採用する場合、スピンコーターを100~1000rpmの範囲内、10~120秒の範囲内で、乾燥不活性ガス雰囲気下で行うことが好ましい。
これにより、発光効率が改善された表示装置及び照明装置が得られる。
また、各実施例における化合物の体積%は、作製する層厚を水晶発振子マイクロバランス法により測定し、質量を算出することで、比重から求めている。
(有機EL素子1-1の作製)
50mm×50mm、厚さ0.7mmのガラス基板上に、陽極としてITO(インジウム・スズ酸化物)を150nmの厚さで成膜し、パターニングを行った後、このITO透明電極を付けた透明基板をイソプロピルアルコールで超音波洗浄し、乾燥窒素ガスで乾燥し、UVオゾン洗浄を5分間行った後、この透明基板を市販の真空蒸着装置の基板ホルダーに固定した。
真空蒸着装置内の蒸着用るつぼの各々に、各層の構成材料を、各々素子作製に最適の量を充填した。蒸着用るつぼはモリブデン製又はタングステン製の抵抗加熱用材料で作製されたものを用いた。
次いで、ホスト化合物H-46、ドーパントとして比較化合物1が、それぞれ94%、6%の体積%になるように蒸着速度0.1nm/秒で共蒸着し、層厚35nmの発光層を形成した。
さらに、フッ化リチウムを膜厚0.5nmで形成した後に、アルミニウム100nmを蒸着して陰極を形成した。
上記素子の非発光面側を、純度99.999%以上の高純度窒素ガスの雰囲気下で、缶状ガラスケースで覆い、電極取り出し配線を設置して、有機EL素子1-1を作製した。
ドーパントを表1に示すように変えた以外は有機EL素子1-1と同様の方法で有機EL素子1-2から1-12を作製した。
有機EL素子1-1から1-12について、下記の評価を行った。
上記作製した各有機EL素子を、室温(約25℃)で、2.5mA/cm2の定電流条件下で発光させ、発光開始直後の発光輝度を、分光放射輝度計CS-2000(コニカミノルタ社製)を用いて測定した。
次いで、比較例の有機EL素子1-1の発光輝度を100とした相対発光輝度を求め、これを発光効率(外部量子収率)の尺度とした。数値が大きいほど、発光効率に優れていることを表す。
有機EL素子駆動時の各サンプルの電圧上昇は下記測定を行うことにより評価した。
各サンプルに対し、室温(約25℃)で、分光放射輝度計CS-2000(コニカミノルタ社製)を用いて、各サンプルの発光輝度を測定し、発光輝度1000cd/m2における初期駆動電圧を求めた。
上記半減寿命評価が終了したサンプルに対し、室温(約25℃)で、分光放射輝度計CS-2000(コニカミノルタ社製)を用いて、各サンプルの発光輝度を測定し、発光輝度1000cd/m2における駆動電圧を求めた。半減寿命の評価法は後述した。
駆動電圧の評価は下記式により算出した。
電圧上昇=(B)半減寿命後の発光輝度1000cd/m2における駆動電圧/(A)発光輝度1000cd/m2における初期駆動電圧
なお、表1では、電圧上昇の値は小さいほど良好なことを示している。
本発明に係る蛍光発光性化合物をドーパントとして用いた有機EL素子1-6~1-12では、外部量子収率(EQE)の向上が見られ、駆動電圧の低下が見られている。
(有機EL素子2-1の作製)
50mm×50mm、厚さ0.7mmのガラス基板上に、陽極としてITO(インジウム・スズ酸化物)を150nmの厚さで成膜し、パターニングを行った後、このITO透明電極を付けた透明基板をイソプロピルアルコールで超音波洗浄し、乾燥窒素ガスで乾燥し、UVオゾン洗浄を5分間行った後、この透明基板を市販の真空蒸着装置の基板ホルダーに固定した。
真空蒸着装置内の蒸着用るつぼの各々に、各層の構成材料を、各々素子作製に最適の量を充填した。蒸着用るつぼはモリブデン製又はタングステン製の抵抗加熱用材料で作製されたものを用いた。
次いで、ホスト化合物H-46、ドーパントとして比較化合物1が、それぞれ90%、10%の体積%になるように蒸着速度0.1nm/秒で共蒸着し、層厚35nmの発光層を形成した。
その後、DPEPOを蒸着速度0.1nm/秒で蒸着し、層厚10nmの正孔阻止層を形成した。更にその上にAlq3(電子輸送材料)を蒸着速度0.1nm/秒で蒸着し、層厚30nmの正孔輸送層を形成した。
さらに、フッ化リチウムを膜厚0.5nmで形成した後に、アルミニウム100nmを蒸着して陰極を形成した。
上記素子の非発光面側を、純度99.999%以上の高純度窒素ガスの雰囲気下で、缶状ガラスケースで覆い、電極取り出し配線を設置して、有機EL素子2-1を作製した。
ドーパント、ホスト化合物を表2に示すように変えた以外は有機EL素子2-1と同様の方法で有機EL素子2-2から2-13を作製した。
有機EL素子2-1~2-13について、下記の評価を行った。
(外部量子収率(発光輝度)の評価)
上記作製した各有機EL素子を、室温(約25℃)で、2.5mA/cm2の定電流条件下で発光させ、発光開始直後の発光輝度を、分光放射輝度計CS-2000(コニカミノルタ社製)を用いて測定した。
次いで、比較例の有機EL素子2-1の発光輝度を100とした相対発光輝度を求め、これを発光効率(外部量子収率)の尺度とした。数値が大きいほど、発光効率に優れていることを表す。
各サンプルを初期輝度3000cd/m2で連続駆動させながら、上記分光放射輝度計CS-2000を用いて輝度を測定し、測定した輝度が半減する時間(LT50)を求めた。
比較例の有機EL素子2-1のLT50を100とした相対値を求め、これを連続駆動安定性の尺度とした。その評価結果を表に示す。表中、数値が大きいほど、連続駆動安定性に優れている(長寿命である)ことを表す。
本発明に係るπ共役系化合物を用いた有機EL素子2-6から2-13において、比較例の有機EL素子と比べて外部量子収率及び半減寿命に優れていることが分かる。
実施例2で作製したそれぞれ赤色(有機EL素子2-10)、緑色(有機EL素子2-4)、青色(有機EL素子2-7)発光有機EL素子を同一基板上に並置し、図8に示すアクティブマトリクス方式フルカラー表示装置を作製した。図8には作製したフルカラー表示装置の表示部Aの模式図のみを示した。すなわち同一基板上に、複数の走査線5及びデータ線6を含む配線部と、並置した複数の画素3(発光の色が赤領域の画素、緑領域の画素、青領域の画素等)とを有し、配線部の走査線5及び複数のデータ線6は、それぞれ導電材料からなり、走査線5とデータ線6を格子状に直交して、直交する位置で画素3に接続している(詳細は図示せず)。前記複数画素3は、それぞれの発光色に対応した有機EL素子、アクティブ素子であるスイッチングトランジスタと駆動トランジスタそれぞれが設けられたアクティブマトリクス方式で駆動されており、走査線5から走査信号が印加されると、データ線6から画像データ信号を受け取り、受け取った画像データに応じて発光する。このように各赤、緑、青の画素を適宜、並置することによって、フルカラー表示が可能となる。該フルカラー表示装置を駆動することにより、輝度の高い鮮明なフルカラー動画表示が得られた。
本発明で使用されたπ共役系化合物のL部のHOMO、LUMOの電子密度、θDA、軌道重心間距離r、電子遷移確率及びΔEstを比較化合物ともに表3に示す。
なお、ΔEstは、汎関数としてB3LYP、基底関数として6-31G(d)を用いた構造最適化計算から、さらに時間依存密度汎関数法(Time-Dependent DFT)による励起状態計算を実施してS1、T1のエネルギー(それぞれE(S1)、E(T1))を求めてΔEst=E(S1)-E(T1)として算出した。
(有機EL素子3-1の作製)
50mm×50mm、厚さ0.7mmのガラス基板上に、陽極としてITO(インジウム・スズ酸化物)を150nmの厚さで成膜し、パターニングを行った後、このITO透明電極を付けた透明基板をイソプロピルアルコールで超音波洗浄し、乾燥窒素ガスで乾燥し、UVオゾン洗浄を5分間行った後、この透明基板を市販の真空蒸着装置の基板ホルダーに固定した。
真空蒸着装置内の蒸着用るつぼの各々に、各層の構成材料を、各々素子作製に最適の量を充填した。蒸着用るつぼはモリブデン製又はタングステン製の抵抗加熱用材料で作製されたものを用いた。
次いで、ホスト化合物H-46、比較化合物1が、それぞれ93%、7%の体積%になるように蒸着速度0.1nm/秒で共蒸着し、層厚35nmの発光層を形成した。
その後、化合物H-42を蒸着速度0.1nm/秒で蒸着し、層厚30nmの正孔阻止層兼電子輸送層を形成した。
さらに、フッ化リチウムを膜厚0.5nmで形成した後に、アルミニウム100nmを蒸着して陰極を形成した。
上記素子の非発光面側を、純度99.999%以上の高純度窒素ガスの雰囲気下で、缶状ガラスケースで覆い、電極取り出し配線を設置して、有機EL素子3-1を作製した。
ホスト化合物、ドーパント化合物、アシストドーパント化合物を表4に示すように変えた以外は有機EL素子3-1と同様の方法で有機EL素子3-2から3-7を作製した。
(評価)
有機EL素子3-1から3-7について、下記の評価を行った。
(外部量子収率(発光輝度)の評価)
上記作製した各有機EL素子を、室温(約25℃)で、2.5mA/cm2の定電流条件下で発光させ、発光開始直後の発光輝度を、分光放射輝度計CS-2000(コニカミノルタ社製)を用いて測定した。
次いで、比較例の有機EL素子3-1の発光輝度を100とした相対発光輝度を求め、これを発光効率(外部量子収率)の尺度とした。数値が大きいほど、発光効率に優れていることを表す。
各サンプルを初期輝度3000cd/m2で連続駆動させながら、上記分光放射輝度計CS-2000を用いて輝度を測定し、測定した輝度が半減する時間(LT50)を求めた。
比較例の有機EL素子3-1のLT50を100とした相対値を求め、これを連続駆動安定性の尺度とした。その評価結果を表に示す。表中、数値が大きいほど、連続駆動安定性に優れている(長寿命である)ことを表す。
有機EL素子3-4から3-7において、比較例の有機EL素子と比べて外部量子収率及び半減寿命に優れていることが分かる。
これは、本発明に係るπ共役系化合物が、他の蛍光発光性化合物の発光を補助している効果と考えられる。すなわち、蛍光発光性化合物よりエネルギー準位の高い本発明に係るπ共役系化合物が発光素子中で励起されたとき、そのエネルギーを蛍光発光性化合物が効率よく受け取ることにより、本発明に係るπ共役系化合物自体が発光するのと遜色ない外部量子効率が得られるものと考えられる。
D 電子供与性基
L 連結部
1 ディスプレイ
3 画素
5 走査線
6 データ線
7 電源ライン
10 有機EL素子
11 スイッチングトランジスタ
12 駆動トランジスタ
13 コンデンサー
101 照明装置内の有機EL素子
102 ガラスカバー
105 陰極
106 有機層
107 透明電極付きガラス基板
108 窒素ガス
109 捕水剤
E 表示部
F 制御部
G 配線部
Claims (10)
- 陽極と陰極の間に少なくとも1層の発光層を含む有機層を有する有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子であって、当該発光層の少なくとも1層が、HOMOとLUMOの電子密度分布の重なりがなく、前記HOMOと前記LUMO間の電子遷移が、同一分子内のスルースペース相互作用で起こり、かつ、前記HOMO又は前記LUMOの少なくとも一方が局在化する部位にπ共役系芳香族環を含むπ共役系化合物を含有することを特徴とする有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
- 前記π共役系化合物が、下記一般式(A)で表される構造を有する化合物であって、Dは電子供与性基を表し、Aは電子求引性基を表し、
該DにはHOMOが局在化し、該AにはLUMOが局在化しており、
Lは、前記電子供与性基Dと前記電子求引性基Aを連結する連結部であって、HOMO及びLUMOの電子密度分布が10%未満を占める部位であり、
下記一般式(A)で表される構造を有する化合物の基底状態の安定化構造において、前記電子供与性基D上に局在化したHOMOの重心と当該電子供与性基Dに隣接した前記連結部Lの原子の重心とを結ぶ直線と、前記電子求引性基A上に局在化したLUMOの重心と当該電子求引性基Aに隣接した前記連結部Lの原子の重心とを結ぶ直線とがなす角度をθDAとしたとき、当該角度θDAが、90°未満であり、
前記電子供与性基D上に局在化したHOMOの重心と前記電子求引性基A上に局在化したLUMOの軌道重心間距離rが、0nmより大きく0.6nm以下であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
(ただし、式中、m、nは1~6の整数を表す。) - 前記π共役系化合物が、下記一般式(A)で表される構造を有する化合物であって、Dは電子供与性基を表し、Aは電子求引性基を表し、
該DにはHOMOが局在化し、該AにはLUMOが局在化しており、
Lは、前記電子供与性基Dと前記電子求引性基Aを連結する連結部であって、HOMO及びLUMOの電子密度分布が10%未満を占める部位であり、
下記一般式(A)で表される構造を有する化合物の基底状態の安定化構造において、前記電子供与性基D上に局在化したHOMOの重心と当該電子供与性基Dに隣接した前記連結部Lの原子の重心とを結ぶ直線と、前記電子求引性基A上に局在化したLUMOの重心と当該電子求引性基Aに隣接した前記連結部Lの原子の重心とを結ぶ直線とがなす角度をθDAとしたとき、当該角度θDAが、90°未満であり、
前記電子供与性基Dと前記電子求引性基Aの電子遷移確率が、80%以上であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
(ただし、式中、m、nは1~6の整数を表す。) - 前記π共役系化合物が、下記一般式(1)から(5)で表される構造を有する化合物の少なくとも1種であることを特徴とする請求項1から請求項3までのいずれか一項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
一般式(1)
(式中、R11、R12、R13、R14、R15、R16、R17、R18、R19及びR20は、各々独立に水素原子又は置換基を表す。R11、R12、R13及びR14の少なくとも一つは、下記一般式(1-A)で表される。
一般式(1-A)において、Y11は、2価の連結基、Z1は電子供与性の芳香族炭化水素環基又は芳香族複素環基を表す。R11、R12、R13及びR14の少なくとも他の一つは、上記一般式(1-B)で表される。一般式(1-B)において、Y12は2価の連結基、Z2は、電子求引性の芳香族炭化水素環基又は芳香族複素環基を表す。x、p1、p2は、0又は1の整数を表す。)
(式中、Xa及びXbは、各々独立に酸素原子、硫黄原子又はNRcを表す。X1、X2、X3、X4、X5及びX6は、各々独立に窒素原子又はCRdを表し、少なくとも一つは窒素原子である。Rc、Rd、R21、R22、R23、R24、R25及びR26は、各々独立に水素原子又は置換基を表す。L1、L2、L3、L4、L5及びL6は、2価の連結基を表す。p及びqは0又は1の整数を表す。)
(式中、X31は、PRb(=O)、SO2又はSOを表す。Rb、R31、R32、R33、R34、R35、R36、R37及びR38は、各々独立に水素原子又は置換基を表す。R31、R33、R36及びR38の少なくとも一つは、下記一般式(3-A)で表される。
一般式(3-A)において、Y31は、2価の連結基、Z3は、電子供与性の芳香族炭化水素環基又は芳香族複素環基を表す。p3は、0又は1の整数を表す。)
(式中、X41、X42、X43、X44及びX45は、各々独立に窒素原子又はCReを表す。Reは水素原子又は置換基を表す。L41は、芳香族炭化水素環基又は芳香族複素環基を表す。R41は、少なくとも一つは、下記一般式(4-A)で表される。
一般式(4-A)においてY41は2価の連結基、Z4は、電子供与性の芳香族炭化水素環基又は芳香族複素環基を表す。p4は、0又は1の整数を表す。)
(一般式(5)においてR51、R52、R53、R54、R55及びR56は、それぞれ独立に水素原子又は置換基を表す。一般式(5)においてZ51及びZ52は、それぞれ独立に電子供与性の芳香族炭化水素環基又は芳香族複素環基、電子求引性の芳香族炭化水素環基又は芳香族複素環基を表す。ただし、Z51及びZ52が同時に電子供与性の芳香族炭化水素環基又は芳香族複素環基となることはない。また、Z51及びZ52が同時に電子求引性の芳香族炭化水素環基又は芳香族複素環基となることはない。) - 前記π共役系化合物の、最低励起一重項状態と最低励起三重項状態のエネルギー差の絶対値(ΔEst)が、0.5eV以下であることを特徴とする請求項1から請求項4までのいずれか一項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
- 前記発光層が、前記π共役系化合物と、蛍光発光性化合物及びリン光発光性化合物のうち少なくとも1種とを含有することを特徴とする請求項1から請求項5までのいずれか一項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
- 前記発光層が、前記π共役系化合物と、蛍光発光性化合物及びリン光発光性化合物のうち少なくとも1種と、ホスト化合物とを含有することを特徴とする請求項1から請求項6までのいずれか一項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
- 請求項1から請求項5までのいずれか一項に記載のπ共役系化合物を含有することを特徴とする発光性薄膜。
- 請求項1から請求項7までのいずれか一項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子が具備されていることを特徴とする表示装置。
- 請求項1から請求項7までのいずれか一項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子が具備されていることを特徴とする照明装置。
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| JP2022075698A (ja) * | 2016-04-28 | 2022-05-18 | メルク パテント ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツング | π共役系化合物、有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子材料、発光材料、電荷輸送材料、発光性薄膜、有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子、表示装置及び照明装置 |
| JP7253646B2 (ja) | 2016-04-28 | 2023-04-06 | メルク パテント ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツング | π共役系化合物、有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子材料、発光材料、電荷輸送材料、発光性薄膜、有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子、表示装置及び照明装置 |
| WO2019176605A1 (ja) | 2018-03-16 | 2019-09-19 | 日鉄ケミカル&マテリアル株式会社 | 有機電界発光素子 |
| KR20200132855A (ko) | 2018-03-16 | 2020-11-25 | 닛테츠 케미컬 앤드 머티리얼 가부시키가이샤 | 유기 전계 발광 소자 |
| WO2021157593A1 (ja) * | 2020-02-04 | 2021-08-12 | 株式会社Kyulux | 組成物、膜、有機発光素子、発光組成物を提供する方法およびプログラム |
| JPWO2021157593A1 (ja) * | 2020-02-04 | 2021-08-12 | ||
| JP7594793B2 (ja) | 2020-02-04 | 2024-12-05 | 株式会社Kyulux | 組成物、膜、有機発光素子、発光組成物を提供する方法およびプログラム |
| US12180399B2 (en) | 2020-02-04 | 2024-12-31 | Kyulux, Inc. | Composition, film, organic light emitting element, method for providing light emitting composition, and program |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20190115112A (ko) | 2019-10-10 |
| US10862048B2 (en) | 2020-12-08 |
| CN106575711A (zh) | 2017-04-19 |
| KR20170021294A (ko) | 2017-02-27 |
| KR102218412B1 (ko) | 2021-02-22 |
| CN106575711B (zh) | 2018-09-18 |
| JP6827808B2 (ja) | 2021-02-10 |
| JPWO2016017760A1 (ja) | 2017-05-18 |
| KR102137347B1 (ko) | 2020-07-23 |
| US20180212157A1 (en) | 2018-07-26 |
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