WO2011121970A1 - 抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子のフォーミング方法及び抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置 - Google Patents
抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子のフォーミング方法及び抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置 Download PDFInfo
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- G11C13/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
- G11C13/0002—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements
- G11C13/0007—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements comprising metal oxide memory material, e.g. perovskites
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- G11C13/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
- G11C13/0002—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements
- G11C13/0021—Auxiliary circuits
- G11C13/0069—Writing or programming circuits or methods
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/011—Manufacture or treatment of multistable switching devices
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- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/20—Multistable switching devices, e.g. memristors
- H10N70/24—Multistable switching devices, e.g. memristors based on migration or redistribution of ionic species, e.g. anions, vacancies
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- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/801—Constructional details of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/821—Device geometry
- H10N70/826—Device geometry adapted for essentially vertical current flow, e.g. sandwich or pillar type devices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/801—Constructional details of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/881—Switching materials
- H10N70/883—Oxides or nitrides
- H10N70/8833—Binary metal oxides, e.g. TaOx
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C13/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
- G11C13/0002—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements
- G11C13/0021—Auxiliary circuits
- G11C13/0069—Writing or programming circuits or methods
- G11C2013/0073—Write using bi-directional cell biasing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C13/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
- G11C13/0002—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements
- G11C13/0021—Auxiliary circuits
- G11C13/0069—Writing or programming circuits or methods
- G11C2013/0083—Write to perform initialising, forming process, electro forming or conditioning
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to G11C13/00 for features not covered by this group
- G11C2213/30—Resistive cell, memory material aspects
- G11C2213/32—Material having simple binary metal oxide structure
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to G11C13/00 for features not covered by this group
- G11C2213/70—Resistive array aspects
- G11C2213/79—Array wherein the access device being a transistor
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- H10B—ELECTRONIC MEMORY DEVICES
- H10B63/00—Resistance change memory devices, e.g. resistive RAM [ReRAM] devices
- H10B63/30—Resistance change memory devices, e.g. resistive RAM [ReRAM] devices comprising selection components having three or more electrodes, e.g. transistors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a forming method for a resistance change type nonvolatile memory element whose resistance value reversibly changes based on an electric signal to stably change the resistance, and a resistor having such a function.
- the present invention relates to a variable nonvolatile memory device.
- nonvolatile memory device having a memory cell configured using a variable resistance nonvolatile memory element (hereinafter also simply referred to as a “resistance variable element”).
- resistance variable element refers to an element having a property that the resistance value reversibly changes by an electrical signal, and further capable of storing data corresponding to the resistance value in a nonvolatile manner.
- a so-called 1T1R type in which a MOS transistor and a resistance change element are connected in series at a position near the intersection of a bit line and a word line arranged orthogonal to each other
- a nonvolatile memory device in which memory cells are arranged in a matrix is generally known.
- one end of the two-terminal variable resistance element is connected to the bit line or the source line, and the other end is connected to the drain or source of the transistor.
- the gate of the transistor is connected to the word line.
- the other end of the transistor is connected to a source line or a bit line to which one end of the variable resistance element is not connected.
- the source line is arranged in parallel with the bit line or the word line.
- Nonvolatile memory devices arranged in a matrix are also generally known.
- Non-Patent Document 1 Patent Documents 1 and 2.
- Non-Patent Document 1 discloses a nonvolatile memory composed of 1T1R type memory cells using a transition metal oxide as a resistance change element.
- the transition metal oxide thin film has an extremely high resistance that is usually close to that of an insulator before forming, and does not change even when a pulse is applied.
- a forming process is performed to form a conductive path capable of switching between a high resistance state and a low resistance state.
- the forming (or forming process) is an initialization process for the resistance change element, and is applied from a state having an extremely high resistance value after manufacture (that is, a state in which no voltage is applied after manufacture).
- This is a process for changing the resistance change element to a state in which the high resistance state and the low resistance state can be reversibly transitioned according to the pulse voltage, in other words, the resistance change element has not yet functioned as a resistance change element. It is a process for changing from a state after manufacture to a state capable of functioning as a resistance change element, and is usually performed only once after manufacture.
- FIG. 25 is a characteristic diagram showing the dependence of the forming voltage (V_form) shown in Non-Patent Document 1 on the transition metal oxide film thickness (TMO Thickness).
- the forming voltage is a voltage that enables the forming process.
- As the transition metal oxide four types of characteristics of NiO, TiO 2 , HfO 2 , and ZrO 2 are shown, and the forming voltage depends on the type of the transition metal oxide, and the film thickness of the transition metal oxide The higher the thickness, the higher. For this reason, it is disclosed that in order to reduce the forming voltage, it is preferable to select a transition metal oxide such as NiO and reduce the thickness of the transition metal oxide film.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a metal ion conduction type nonvolatile memory element using a rare earth oxide thin film as a resistance change element.
- FIG. 26 is a schematic view of a cross section of the memory cell disclosed in Patent Document 1.
- a lower electrode 2 is formed on a substrate 1 having high electrical conductivity (for example, a silicon substrate 1 doped with P-type high-concentration impurities), and a metal element serving as an ion source is formed on the lower electrode 2.
- the contained ion source layer 3 is formed, a memory layer 4 having a relatively high resistance value is formed thereon, and is connected to the memory layer 4 through an opening formed in the insulating layer 5 on the memory layer 4.
- the upper electrode 6 is formed and configured.
- the material used for the ion source layer 3 is disclosed as CuTe, GeSbTe, AgGeTe, and the material as the memory layer 4 is disclosed as a rare earth element oxide (rare (earth element oxide) such as gadolinium oxide.
- the lower electrode 2 and the upper electrode 6 are made of a normal semiconductor wiring material such as TiW or TaN.
- the gadolinium oxide of the memory layer 4 is added with an amount of metal particles, for example, Cu, in an amount that is insufficient to form a layer, that is, the memory layer 4 is maintained to the extent that the insulating property or the semi-insulating property is maintained. Yes.
- FIG. 27 is an IV characteristic diagram from the initial state in the memory cell of FIG. 26.
- the initial state transitions from the high resistance state to the low resistance state with a relatively high negative voltage.
- the voltage at this time is defined as an initialization voltage Vo.
- the erase voltage Ve transitions from the low resistance state to the high resistance state.
- a transition is made from the high resistance state to the low resistance state at the recording voltage Vr having an absolute value smaller than the initialization voltage Vo.
- Patent Document 1 after initializing with a high voltage Vo, the resistance can be changed with a low erasing voltage Ve and recording voltage Vr. Further, the initializing voltage Vo is obtained by adding metal particles to the memory layer 4. In addition, it is disclosed that control is possible by forming a defect due to a metal element in the memory layer 4.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a method for initializing (forming) an ion conduction type nonvolatile variable resistance element that makes it possible to perform data writing and erasing after initialization at high speed.
- FIG. 28 shows an initialization pulse waveform for performing initialization, which is disclosed in Patent Document 2.
- initialization is performed by one set of write voltage pulse and erase voltage pulse. Rather, from the long pulse of about several hundreds ms required for initialization to the desired pulse width for writing / erasing data, the pulse width is gradually reduced to allow writing and erasing. Repeat alternately.
- the first set of write voltage pulse PW1 and erase voltage pulse PE1 are long pulses of about several hundred milliseconds.
- the second set of write voltage pulses PW2 and erase voltage pulse PE2 have a slightly shorter pulse width than the first set of pulses PW1 and PE1.
- the third set of write voltage pulse PW3 and erase voltage pulse PE3 further shortens the pulse width.
- the fourth set of write voltage pulse PW4 and erase voltage pulse PE4 have the same pulse width as the voltage pulse for performing subsequent data write and erase.
- initialization (forming) to change the pulse width from a long pulse width to a short pulse width enables data writing / erasing to be executed at high speed with a short pulse width. Is disclosed.
- Non-Patent Document 1 it is shown that some transition metal oxides exhibit a nonvolatile resistance change phenomenon by application of an electric pulse. Yes. Moreover, it is disclosed that they are in a very high resistance state after manufacturing, and that resistance can be changed by initialization (forming), which is considered to form a conductive path, and which is applied with a relatively high voltage.
- Patent Document 1 it is necessary to apply a relatively high voltage even in a metal ion conductivity type resistance change element made of a material different from a transition metal oxide, and by performing an initialization process, It has been shown that the resistance can be changed by a dynamic pulse.
- Patent Document 2 before information is recorded on the variable resistance element for the first time, as an initialization process, not only the first voltage application having a long pulse width but also a short time is gradually applied to the variable resistance element. It is disclosed that a forming process is performed by continuously applying pulses, and resistance can be changed even with a short pulse.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory element with a simple structure in which two electrodes are sandwiched between two electrodes.
- a conductive path is formed, and then a low-resistance state (LR) and a high-resistance state (HR) can be reversibly and stably controlled simply by applying a short pulse electric signal. And their state has been shown to be non-volatile.
- LR low-resistance state
- HR high-resistance state
- Ta tantalum
- Ta oxide Ta oxide
- switch element a variable resistance nonvolatile memory device in which a memory cell is composed of a variable resistance layer of Ta oxide (hereinafter abbreviated as Ta oxide) and a switch element is being studied.
- the oxygen-deficient oxide refers to an oxide in which oxygen is insufficient from the stoichiometric composition.
- FIG. 29 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of a 1T1R type memory cell using a conventional resistance change element (configuration for 1 bit). As shown in FIG. 29, a 1T1R type memory cell is usually an NMOS transistor. And the variable resistance element 100.
- the resistance change element 100 includes a lower electrode 100a and a low-resistance first transition metal oxide layer including the oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide (here, Ta oxide). (Here, TaO x , 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2.5) 100b-1 and a high-resistance second transition metal oxide layer (here TaO y , x ⁇ y) 100b-2 are stacked. The layer 100b and the upper electrode 100c are stacked. A lower electrode terminal B (105) is drawn from the lower electrode 100a, and an upper electrode terminal A is drawn from the upper electrode 100c. Further, the NMOS transistor 104 which is a selection transistor (that is, an example of a switch element) includes a gate terminal G.
- the lower electrode terminal B (105) of the resistance change element 100 and the source or drain (N + diffusion) region of the NMOS transistor 104 are connected in series, and the other drain or source (N + diffusion) region not connected to the resistance change element 100 Is drawn out as a lower electrode side terminal C, and the substrate terminal is connected to the ground potential.
- the high-resistance second transition metal oxide layer 100 b-2 is disposed on the upper electrode terminal A side opposite to the NMOS transistor 104.
- the material of the upper electrode 100c for example, Pt (platinum), Ir (iridium), Pd (palladium), Ag (silver), Ni, as disclosed in the above-mentioned Patent Document 4, which is a related patent. (Nickel), W (tungsten), Cu (copper), etc. can be used. Resistance change is likely to occur near the interface between the electrode material having a higher standard electrode potential than Ta, which is a constituent element of the resistance change layer 100b, and the resistance change layer. Conversely, an electrode material having a lower standard electrode potential than Ta has a resistance change.
- the resistance change is more likely to occur as the difference between the electrode material and the standard electrode potential of the metal constituting the resistance change layer is larger, and the resistance change is less likely to occur as the difference is smaller.
- the standard electrode potential is one index of the degree of ease of oxidation. If this value is large, it means that it is difficult to oxidize, and if it is small, it means that it is likely to be oxidized. In particular, when Pt and Ir having a high standard electrode potential are used for the electrodes, a good resistance change operation is obtained, which is desirable.
- the resistance change element is initially set in order to change the forming voltage for each resistance change element constituting the memory cell array or to change to a state in which the resistance change starts.
- the forming voltage to be applied to is increased.
- the present invention has been made in order to solve the above-described problems, and is a resistance change type nonvolatile memory capable of lowering the forming voltage and avoiding the variation of the forming voltage for each resistance change element as compared with the prior art.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an element forming method and a variable resistance nonvolatile memory device that realizes the element forming method.
- one embodiment of a forming method of a variable resistance nonvolatile memory element according to the present invention is a voltage applied to a memory cell in which a variable resistance nonvolatile memory element and a switch element are connected in series.
- the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element is not in a state capable of reversibly transitioning between a high resistance state and a low resistance state depending on the polarity of the applied voltage pulse.
- a forming method for changing from a state to a state in which a high resistance state and a low resistance state can be reversibly transitioned according to the polarity of an applied voltage pulse wherein the resistance change nonvolatile memory element includes: A connected first electrode; a second electrode; and an oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide layer sandwiched between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the transition metal oxide layer comprises: A first transition metal oxide layer in contact with the first electrode, and a second transition metal oxide layer in contact with the second electrode and having a lower oxygen deficiency than the first transition metal oxide layer.
- the resistance change type nonvolatile memory element is applied with a low resistance voltage pulse that is a voltage pulse equal to or higher than a first threshold voltage having a positive potential with respect to the first electrode with respect to the second electrode. Then, when the high resistance voltage pulse, which is a voltage pulse equal to or higher than the second threshold voltage having a positive potential with respect to the second electrode with respect to the first electrode as a reference, is applied to the low resistance state.
- the characteristic of transition to the high resistance state, the nonlinear current / voltage characteristic in the initial state, and the current flowing through the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element in the initial state increase, the forming time decreases exponentially.
- the forming method includes: (1) having a positive potential with respect to the second electrode with respect to the first electrode when the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element is in the initial state; An amplitude greater than a predetermined voltage greater than a voltage, or a negative potential with respect to the second electrode with respect to the first electrode, and an amplitude greater than a predetermined voltage greater than the first threshold voltage, and (2) a first voltage applying step of applying a first voltage pulse having a first pulse width to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element; and applying the first voltage pulse in the first voltage applying step.
- a determination step for determining whether or not forming is completed, and the first voltage application step and the determination step are repeated until it is determined in the determination step that the forming is completed. In the repetition, in the first voltage application step, a new first voltage pulse having a pulse width longer than the pulse width of the first voltage pulse applied in the immediately preceding first voltage application step is applied. Applied to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element.
- the first voltage pulse has (1) an amplitude greater than or equal to the predetermined voltage having a positive potential with respect to the second electrode with respect to the first electrode. And (2) applying a first positive voltage pulse having the first pulse width to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element, and in the determining step, a voltage equal to or higher than a voltage amplitude of the low resistance voltage pulse. After applying a first negative voltage pulse having an amplitude and the same polarity as the low resistance voltage pulse to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element, the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element is in the low resistance state It may be determined whether or not the forming is completed by determining whether or not the above-described forming is complete.
- the resistance value is determined after applying a negative voltage pulse for changing the resistance variable nonvolatile memory element to the low resistance state, and thus such a negative voltage pulse is not applied.
- the resistance value of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element after the completion of forming becomes low, the determination of the completion of forming becomes easy or accurate.
- the pulse width of the first voltage pulse applied in the immediately preceding first voltage application step is exponentially increased. It is preferable that a new first voltage pulse having a different pulse width is applied to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element.
- the pulse width of the first negative voltage pulse is preferably the same as the pulse width of the low resistance voltage pulse.
- a second positive voltage pulse having the same polarity, voltage amplitude, and pulse width as the first positive voltage pulse is stored in the resistance change nonvolatile memory. It may be configured to include a second voltage applying step applied to the element, or may be configured such that the pulse width of the first negative voltage pulse is longer than the pulse width of the low resistance voltage pulse. As a result, the positive voltage pulse is applied again, or the pulse width of the negative voltage pulse is as short as that of the voltage pulse in normal writing. The problem of sticking to the low resistance state of the element is avoided.
- the present invention provides a variable resistance nonvolatile memory device using a memory cell in which a variable resistance nonvolatile memory element and a switch element are connected in series, wherein the variable resistance
- the nonvolatile memory element includes a first electrode connected to the switch element, a second electrode, and an oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide layer sandwiched between the first electrode and the second electrode.
- the transition metal oxide layer is in contact with the first transition metal oxide layer in contact with the first electrode and the second electrode, and has a lower oxygen deficiency than the first transition metal oxide layer.
- the resistance variable nonvolatile memory element is equal to or higher than a first threshold voltage having a positive voltage with respect to the first electrode with respect to the second electrode.
- Transition to the low resistance state when a low-resistance voltage pulse is applied, Transition to the low resistance state, when a high resistance voltage pulse that is a voltage pulse equal to or higher than a second threshold voltage having a positive voltage with respect to the second electrode with respect to the first electrode is applied, Non-linear current / voltage characteristics in the initial state after manufacture, in which the transition to the resistance state and the state where the high-resistance state and the low-resistance state are not reversibly transitionable depending on the polarity of the applied voltage pulse.
- a voltage pulse having a voltage equal to or higher than a predetermined voltage is applied in the initial state and the voltage is continuously applied for a predetermined time, the high resistance state and the low resistance state are changed from the initial state according to the polarity of the applied voltage pulse.
- the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device includes a memory cell array including a plurality of memory cells in which the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element and a switch element are connected in series, and the memory A selection unit that selects at least one memory cell from the cell array, and a forming power source that generates a forming voltage for forming a variable resistance nonvolatile memory element included in the memory cell selected by the selection unit And the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element included in the memory cell selected by the selection unit are changed from the high resistance state to the low resistance state, or from the low resistance state to the high resistance state.
- Power supply unit for generating a write voltage for use, and a resistance change nonvolatile memory included in the memory cell selected by the selection unit
- Pulse voltage variable write voltage pulse for generating variable pulse width write voltage pulse for transitioning the resistance state of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element to a desired state when the element is formed or written
- a generating unit a forming determination unit that determines whether or not forming of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element included in the memory cell selected by the selection unit is completed, and a memory cell selected by the selection unit
- a read-out unit having a normal determination unit that determines whether the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element included is in a high-resistance state or a low-resistance state
- the pulse width variable write voltage pulse generation unit includes the resistance-change nonvolatile memory (1) having a positive potential with respect to the second electrode with respect to the first electrode, and forming the second threshold voltage A greater amplitude than a predetermined voltage, or a negative potential with respect to the second electrode with respect to
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory device having a configuration in which a new first voltage pulse having a pulse width longer than the pulse width is applied to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element It may be realized as.
- the present invention provides a variable resistance nonvolatile memory element that is connected in series with a switch element to constitute a memory cell, the first electrode connected to the switch element, A second electrode; and an oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide layer sandwiched between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the transition metal oxide layer is in contact with the first electrode.
- the resistance variable nonvolatile memory element comprising: a metal oxide layer; and a second transition metal oxide layer in contact with the second electrode and having a lower oxygen deficiency than the first transition metal oxide layer Transitions to the low resistance state when a low resistance voltage pulse that is a voltage pulse equal to or higher than a first threshold voltage having a positive potential with respect to the first electrode with respect to the second electrode is applied, A positive voltage with respect to the second electrode with respect to the first electrode.
- the high-resistance state and the low-resistance state are reversible depending on the characteristics of transition to the high-resistance state and the polarity of the applied voltage pulse
- the initial state after manufacture that is not in a state that can be transitively, a non-linear current-voltage characteristic in the initial state, a voltage pulse of a voltage equal to or higher than a predetermined voltage in the initial state, and a predetermined time
- forming occurs, and when the current flowing through the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element increases, the forming time decreases exponentially and the forming is applied.
- the characteristic that the probability of completion of forming increases as the cumulative pulse application time of at least one voltage pulse increases. It may be implemented as an anti-change nonvolatile memory element.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory element forming method and variable resistance nonvolatile memory device of the present invention it is possible to lower the forming voltage compared to the conventional case and to avoid the variation of the forming voltage for each variable resistance element. Therefore, it is possible to form all the memory cells having variations in forming characteristics within a practical voltage range and without increasing the array area, thereby enabling high reliability and a small area. Furthermore, since positive voltage pulses and negative voltage pulses can be additionally applied only to memory cells that require forming, forming can be performed at high speed on the memory cell array.
- the pulse width of the negative voltage pulse is set to be the same as the pulse width of the low resistance voltage pulse in the normal data writing process, thereby eliminating the problem of sticking to a lower LR state.
- a highly reliable forming method can be realized and the yield can be improved.
- FIG. 1 is a forming flow diagram of a 1T1R type memory cell of the present invention.
- FIG. 2A is a circuit diagram of a memory cell for measuring the relationship between the cumulative pulse application time and the resistance value of the resistance change element of each bit when the forming process is performed by continuous application of positive voltage pulses.
- FIG. 2B is a diagram showing the measurement results.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a resistance transition when the 1T1R type memory cell is formed in accordance with the forming flow of the 1T1R type memory cell of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the relationship between the voltage pulse voltage used for forming the 1T1R type memory cell of the present invention and the accumulated pulse time required for forming at that time.
- FIG. 1 is a forming flow diagram of a 1T1R type memory cell of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is an operating point analysis diagram for considering operating points during forming in the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the relationship between the average forming time and the forming current of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the relationship between the resistance change element terminal voltage Ve and the forming current in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is an IV characteristic diagram from the initial state of the 1T1R type cell according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the dependence of the cumulative probability distribution of the forming voltage Vb on the selection transistor gate width in the variable resistance element (upper electrode Ir) of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a timing chart showing voltage waveforms of voltage pulses applied to the memory cell in the forming process and the normal data writing process of the 1T1R type memory cell of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a resistance change characteristic diagram when applying positive and negative alternating pulses to the 1T1R type memory cell of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a timing chart showing voltage waveforms of voltage pulses applied to the memory cells in the forming process and the normal data writing process of the 1T1R type cell as basic data of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram for explaining a problem of resistance change when a positive / negative alternating pulse is applied to a 1T1R type memory cell as basic data of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a resistance change characteristic diagram when applying positive and negative alternating pulses to the 1T1R type memory cell of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a timing chart showing voltage waveforms of voltage pulses applied to the memory cells in the forming process and the normal data writing process of the 1T
- FIG. 14 is a timing chart showing voltage waveforms of voltage pulses applied to the memory cells in the forming process and the normal data writing process of the 1T1R type memory cell as a modification of the present invention.
- FIG. 15 is a resistance change characteristic diagram when applying positive and negative alternating pulses to the 1T1R type memory cell of the present invention.
- FIG. 16 is a configuration diagram of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 17 is a circuit diagram showing an example of the configuration of the sense amplifier according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a diagram for explaining the sense amplifier determination level according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 19 is a diagram for explaining the set voltage in each mode according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 20 is a pulse width step-up forming flowchart in the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 21A to 21C are explanatory diagrams of operation timings of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 22 is an explanatory diagram of the forming operation timing of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 23 is a cumulative forming rate distribution diagram with respect to the cumulative pulse application time in the array of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 24 is a cumulative forming rate distribution diagram with respect to cumulative pulse application time in an array of variable resistance nonvolatile memory devices as basic data.
- FIG. 25 is a characteristic diagram showing the dependence of the forming voltage on the thickness of the transition metal oxide film in the conventional variable resistance nonvolatile memory.
- FIG. 26 is a schematic diagram of a cross section of a memory cell in a conventional variable resistance nonvolatile memory element.
- FIG. 27 is an IV characteristic diagram from the initial state in the conventional variable resistance nonvolatile memory element.
- FIG. 28 is an initialization pulse waveform diagram of a conventional variable resistance nonvolatile memory element.
- FIG. 29 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a 1T1R type memory cell using a conventional resistance change element.
- FIG. 30 is a cumulative probability distribution diagram of the forming voltage Vb in the conventional variable resistance element (upper electrode Pt).
- FIG. 31 is a cumulative probability distribution diagram of the forming voltage Vb in the conventional variable resistance element (upper electrode Ir).
- the resistance change layer includes the first transition metal oxide layer 100b-1 (here, TaO x , 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2.5) and the second transition metal oxide layer 100b-
- first transition metal oxide layer 100b-1 here, TaO x , 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2.5
- second transition metal oxide layer 100b- For a 1T1R type memory cell composed of a resistance change element composed of 2 (TaO y , x ⁇ y), when Pt (platinum) is used for the upper electrode 100c and Ir (iridium) is used for the upper electrode 100c
- Pt platinum
- Ir iridium
- TaO x : X 1.54, film thickness: 44.5 nm
- the NMOS transistor as the switch element has a gate width W of 0.44 ⁇ m, a gate length L of 0.18 ⁇ m, and a gate insulating film thickness Tox of 3.5 nm.
- the second transition metal oxide layer 100b-2 (here, TaO 2.47 ) is formed by sputtering the first transition metal oxide layer 100b-1 (here, TaO 2.47 ) formed by sputtering before the manufacturing process of the upper electrode 100c. 1.54 ) surface is made by plasma oxidation treatment. Therefore, the oxygen content is higher (in other words, the degree of oxygen deficiency is lower) than that of the first transition metal oxide layer 100b-1 (here, TaO 1.54 ), that is, the resistance value is very high (> 1 M ⁇ ). )
- the structure In order to perform the resistance change operation, it is necessary to first apply a constant forming voltage and form a conductive path in the second transition metal oxide layer 100b-2.
- the forming process is performed on the upper electrode terminal A in a state where 0 V is applied to the lower electrode side terminal C and 3.3 V is applied to the gate terminal G as a first step for the 1T1R type memory cell 110 shown in FIG.
- a pulse having a voltage width of 50 ns and a pulse width of 50 ns is applied only once in the direction in which the resistance change element 100 increases the resistance.
- the upper electrode terminal A is 0 V
- the gate terminal G is 3.3 V
- the lower electrode side terminal A pulse having a pulse width of 50 ns and the same forming voltage VPA is applied to C only once in the direction in which the resistance change element 100 reduces the resistance.
- the lower electrode side terminal C is 0 V and the gate terminal G is 1.8 V.
- a voltage of about 0.4 V (a voltage equal to or lower than the write threshold voltage of the resistance change element 100) is applied to the upper electrode terminal A and flows to the 1T1R type memory cell 110.
- Flow is determined whether a predetermined amount or more current flows (i.e., in the low resistance state) or not at the forming is completed. If it is determined that the forming is not completed, the forming voltage VPA is increased by 0.1 V, and the same processing is repeated again until the maximum is 3.3 V.
- the voltage VPA in the low resistance direction is applied to bring the resistance change element 100 into the low resistance state. This is to make it easy to determine whether or not the forming process is completed.
- the forming process flow is performed by a nonvolatile memory device in which 1T1R type memory cells 110 are arrayed in a 262,144 bit (256 kbit) matrix.
- this nonvolatile memory device is configured by a conventionally known circuit so as to realize these operations, and a detailed description thereof will be omitted here because the main part will be described later.
- the upper electrode 100c of the 1T1R type memory cell 110 is made of an electrode material mainly composed of platinum (Pt) having a high standard electrode potential (that is, a state in which a resistance change is likely to occur near the interface between the upper electrode and the resistance change layer).
- Pt platinum
- the lower electrode 100a is made of tantalum nitride (TaN) having a low standard electrode potential (that is, in a state in which the resistance hardly changes near the interface between the lower electrode and the resistance change layer) will be described.
- FIG. 30 is a non-volatile configuration in which 1T1R type memory cells having resistance change elements 100 in which the upper electrode 100c shown in FIG. 29 is Pt and the resistance change layer 100b is made of an oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide are arranged in an array.
- FIG. 2 shows a cumulative probability distribution diagram of voltage Vb in which forming processing for forming a conductive path for each memory cell is performed from a low voltage to a high voltage in a volatile memory device (array capacity 256 kbit), and forming is completed.
- the horizontal axis represents a positive voltage applied between the upper electrode terminal A and the lower electrode side terminal C in the memory cell of FIG. 29 with a higher voltage applied to the upper electrode terminal A than the lower electrode side terminal C with respect to the lower electrode side terminal C.
- the forming voltage of each memory cell (the voltage at which forming is determined to be completed) Vb represents the vertical axis, and the vertical axis represents the cumulative probability that the forming of the variable resistance element is completed at the forming voltage Vb (here, the ratio of the variable resistance elements that have completed forming among all the variable resistance elements).
- the Pt (platinum) layer constituting the upper electrode 100c has a thickness of 1 nm or more and 23 nm or less, preferably in physical contact with the resistance change layer, more preferably 1 nm. It is desired that the thickness is 10 nm or less. If the Pt (platinum) layer is not thinned, migration occurs from the platinum grain boundary, and a protrusion is formed on the surface of the platinum electrode (interface between the platinum electrode and the resistance change layer). This is because when a voltage pulse is repeatedly applied to the change element, electric field concentration occurs in the vicinity of the protrusion, and the resistance change layer may be destroyed and the resistance change may not occur.
- the upper electrode 100c of the 1T1R type memory cell 110 is made of an electrode material mainly composed of iridium (Ir) having a high standard electrode potential (that is, a resistance change occurs near the interface between the upper electrode and the resistance change layer).
- Ir iridium
- TaN tantalum nitride
- FIG. 31 shows a 1T1R type memory cell array in which the upper electrode 100c shown in FIG. 29 is Ir and the resistance change layer 100b has a resistance change element 100 made of an oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide (here, tantalum oxide).
- (256 kbit) shows a cumulative probability distribution diagram of the voltage Vb when the forming process for forming a conductive path for each memory cell is performed from a low voltage to a high voltage and the forming is completed. Since the horizontal axis and the vertical axis are the same as those in FIG. 30, detailed description thereof is omitted here.
- the forming process can be completed only about 40% in the array (256 kbits) even if the voltage is increased up to 4V. Therefore, in the 1T1R type memory cell 110 using Ir as the material of the upper electrode 100c, a problem has been found that an array operation for recording information with only a change in resistance can be performed only for about 40% of bits.
- the Ir electrode is used, there are advantages that the characteristic variation after the forming process is small and the reliability is good.
- the cumulative forming rate gradually increases with respect to the forming voltage, and it can be estimated that forming can be performed for all the memory cells if a further high voltage is applied.
- a design corresponding to a configuration capable of performing a very high voltage forming process is required.
- a transistor having a high breakdown voltage may be used, but in this case, it becomes difficult to reduce the cell area, which hinders cost reduction.
- the forming is incomplete and the resistance of all the bits cannot be changed stably by a conventionally known forming method.
- the variation in initial resistance before the forming process can be made much smaller than when Pt is used for the upper electrode 100c. If processing can be carried out appropriately, it is considered that variation in resistance change characteristics of memory cells can be reduced and reliability can be improved.
- the inventor of the present application uses a practical voltage pulse to form all the bits of the memory cell array, and a new resistance variable element forming method and a resistor having such a function.
- a change-type nonvolatile memory device was studied.
- the 1T1R type memory cell to which the present invention is applied has the same structure as that described with reference to FIG. 29, and is particularly composed of Ir (iridium) as a main component as the material of the upper electrode 100c.
- the lower electrode 100a, the resistance change layer 100b, the first transition metal oxide layer 100b-1, the second transition metal oxide layer 100b-2, and the upper electrode 100c of the resistance change element 100 are respectively included in the present invention. This corresponds to the first electrode, the transition metal oxide layer, the first transition metal oxide layer, the second transition metal oxide layer, and the second electrode of the resistance change element in the forming method.
- the lower electrode terminal 101 is set to a voltage (for example, the first threshold voltage) or higher (low voltage) on the lower electrode terminal 101 as a reference.
- a resistance voltage pulse is applied, the resistance change element 100 transitions to a low resistance state, while another predetermined voltage (for example, a second threshold voltage) is applied to the upper electrode terminal 102 with the lower electrode terminal 101 as a reference.
- another predetermined voltage for example, a second threshold voltage
- the resistance change element 100 transitions to the high resistance state.
- FIG. 1 is a forming flow diagram of a 1T1R type memory cell according to the present invention, which includes steps S21 to S27. That is, in this figure, by applying a voltage pulse to the memory cell in which the resistance change element 100 and the switch element are connected in series, the resistance change element 100 is brought into a high resistance state according to the polarity of the applied voltage pulse. From the initial state after manufacture that is not reversibly transitionable between the low resistance state and the low resistance state, depending on the polarity of the applied voltage pulse, the state can be reversibly transitioned between the high resistance state and the low resistance state. The procedure of the forming method to change is shown.
- the forming by the positive voltage pulse (the positive voltage pulse is applied to the upper electrode with reference to the lower electrode) will be described.
- the negative voltage pulse to the upper electrode with reference to the lower electrode
- the forming may be performed by applying a negative voltage pulse.
- step S21 initial setting is performed.
- the resistance change element 100 is in an initial state after the completion of the manufacture of the 1T1R type memory cell, is in a very high resistance state of 1 M ⁇ or more, and the pulse resistance can be changed even if a normal resistance change pulse is applied. There is no state.
- Step S22 is a first voltage application step.
- a pulse having a pulse width of 50 ns (variable) and a pulse voltage of 3.3 V (positive in the HR direction) is applied to the upper electrode terminal 102 with reference to the lower electrode terminal 101.
- Forming pulse, that is, a first voltage pulse (here, a first positive voltage pulse) is applied once.
- the voltage of the gate terminal 103 is 3.3 V (transistor, on state).
- Step S23 is the first half of the determination step.
- a pulse having a pulse width of 50 ns (constant) and a pulse voltage of 3.3 V is applied to the lower electrode terminal 101 with reference to the upper electrode terminal 102. That is, a first negative voltage pulse having a voltage amplitude equal to or greater than the voltage amplitude of the low resistance voltage pulse and having the same polarity as that of the low resistance voltage pulse is applied once.
- the voltage of the gate terminal 103 is 3.3 V (transistor, on state).
- Step S24 is the latter half of the determination step.
- a current measurement source is connected to the lower electrode terminal 101 (or upper electrode terminal 102) with reference to the upper electrode terminal 102 (or lower electrode terminal 101). Then, a current flowing from the lower electrode terminal 101 (or the upper electrode terminal 102) to the upper electrode terminal 102 (or the lower electrode terminal 101) is measured at a read voltage (for example, 0.4 V). At this time, the voltage of the gate terminal 103 is 3.3V.
- a reference value for example, 10 ⁇ A
- step S25 the applied pulse width is changed to Tp (2) (here, the pulse width is increased by 50 ns). 100 ns), and the number of forming repetitions is incremented and the process returns to step S22 again (that is, a new first voltage pulse (here, the first positive voltage pulse) is applied). Then, until it can be determined that the forming is completed in step S24, as shown in Table 1 below, the pulse width is sequentially increased to a predetermined pulse width corresponding to the number of forming repetitions n and repeated.
- step S24 determines that the forming is completed in step S24 even if a pulse of maximum 10 ms is applied (in this case, the number of forming repetitions reaches the maximum (the number of repetitions corresponding to a pulse width of 10 ms)) ), It is determined as a defective memory cell that cannot be formed, that is, cannot change resistance (S27).
- a predetermined positive voltage is applied to the upper electrode terminal 102 (in the HR direction). This corresponds to a direction in which the substrate bias effect of the NMOS transistor 104 is small, and the driving current of the transistor at the time of forming is determined. We set this direction because we can do more. That is, by applying a positive voltage to the upper electrode terminal 102, the source of the NMOS transistor 104 becomes substantially the same potential as the lower electrode side terminal C serving as the reference potential, so that the substrate bias effect can be avoided. Therefore, the NMOS transistor 104 has a larger current driving capability when a positive voltage is applied to the upper electrode terminal 102 than a current driving capability when a negative voltage is applied to the upper electrode terminal 102.
- transition of the resistance change element to the high resistance state is also referred to as “HR”
- transition of the resistance change element to the low resistance state is also referred to as “LR”.
- the voltage of the gate terminal 103 is set higher than the voltage during normal use.
- step S23 a predetermined positive voltage is applied to the lower electrode terminal 101 (LR direction).
- step S24 it is determined whether or not the forming is completed.
- the state in which the forming is completed in step S22 is set to a high resistance state, which is about 100 k ⁇ . This is about an order of magnitude smaller than the initial state (about 1 M ⁇ or more), but it is desirable that the resistance change element 100 be in a lower resistance state in order to make the determination easier and faster. For this reason, the resistance change element 100 is temporarily changed to LR in step S23. If the forming is not completed in step S22, the resistance change element 100 is maintained in the very high resistance state in the initial state even in step S23.
- step S23 the voltage at the gate terminal 103 is set to 3.3 V, which is the same as that in step S22. However, this is for the purpose of reducing time loss of voltage switching, and 2.4 V if there is no particular problem. For example, the voltage may be switched to the normal resistance change operation voltage. Further, this step S23 facilitates the determination of the completion of forming. As described above, as long as the initial state of the resistance change element and the state after the completion of forming (a difference in resistance value of about one digit) can be determined. Is not an essential step for the forming method according to the present invention.
- step S24 the current measurement is performed at a low voltage of 0.4 V, which avoids the influence of disturbance on the write state (that is, changes the resistance state of the resistance change element 100). Because. The resistance change characteristics of the resistance change element 100 immediately after forming tend to have a small change width. Therefore, the reference value of the read current is 10 ⁇ A corresponding to the memory cell current closer to the high resistance state than the intermediate value between the high resistance state and the low resistance state during normal resistance change.
- the measurement of the memory cell current is performed in the same direction as step S23 with the upper electrode terminal 102 set to the ground voltage, but this is for the purpose of reducing the time loss of voltage switching, which is particularly problematic. If not, it may be determined in the reverse direction. Further, in this step S24, the voltage of the gate terminal 103 is set to 3.3 V which is the same as that in step S23. This is also for the purpose of reducing the time loss of voltage switching. The voltage may be switched to the voltage at the normal reading operation.
- the pulse width at the start, the pulse width at the end, and the interval may be appropriately determined.
- a pulse width that increases exponentially with respect to the increment of the number of forming repetitions n may be set, or a pulse width that increases proportionally may be set. They may be mixed as shown in Table 1 above.
- the pulse width is set so that it is increased proportionally when the number of forming repetitions n is small (the pulse width is short) and exponentially increases when the number of forming repetitions n is large.
- FIG. 2A is a diagram for measuring the relationship between the cumulative pulse application time (cumulative pulse application time) and the resistance value of the resistance change element 100 of each bit when the forming process is performed by continuous positive voltage pulse application.
- FIG. 2B is a diagram showing the measurement result.
- the negative voltage pulse application in step S23 is applied to the three memory cells (memory cells comprising a series connection of the resistance change element 100 and the fixed resistance (1.5 k ⁇ )) from the forming flow shown in FIG.
- each variable resistance element 100 varies the accumulated pulse application time required for forming by one digit or more.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a resistance transition of the resistance change element 100 when the 1T1R type memory cell is formed in accordance with the forming flow of the 1T1R type memory cell.
- Case 1 Case where it is determined that the forming is completed with the 50 ns pulse width of the first Tp (1)
- Case 2 Case where it is determined that the forming is completed with the 50 ⁇ s pulse width of the eighth Tp (8) Is described as an example.
- step S21 which is the initial state after manufacture, the resistance change element 100 is in a state S1 that is much higher than 20 M ⁇ , which is the measurement limit of the measuring instrument, in any case.
- the resistance change element 100 is formed with a pulse of Tp (1): 50 ns. That is, the resistance change element 100 makes a transition from the state S1 to the state S2 (black circle).
- step S22 is a pulse application in the HR direction
- the resistance change element 100 has transitioned to a high resistance state (about 1 M ⁇ , ie, state S2 (black circle)) at the time of forming.
- Step S23 is pulse application in the LR direction. If forming is performed in step S22, the state transits to the low resistance state S3 (black circle).
- step S24 a 0.4V current measurement source is connected to measure the current flowing from the 1T1R type memory cell lower electrode terminal 101 to the upper electrode terminal 102.
- step S23 the current state transitions to the low resistance state S3 (black circle). Therefore, a large current of about 29 ⁇ A is detected. This indicates that forming is performed with a pulse of 50 ns in step S22.
- Tp (1) 50 ns
- Tp (2) 100 ns
- Tp (3) 200 ns
- Tp (4) 500 ns
- Tp (5) 1 ⁇ s
- Tp (6) 5 ⁇ s
- Tp (7) Forming is not performed in the first to seventh pulse application of 10 ⁇ s. Therefore, the resistance change element 100 is in a very high resistance state (S2 (white square) in Tp (1) to Tp (7)) exceeding the measurement limit of 20 M ⁇ , which is the same as the initial state in any case.
- S2 white square
- step S23 pulses are applied in the LR direction.
- the resistance change element 100 cannot perform resistance change and is in an emergency state exceeding the 20 M ⁇ measurement limit as in the initial state.
- the high resistance state (S3 (white square) in Tp (1) to Tp (7)) is maintained.
- the resistance change element 100 is formed with a pulse of Tp (8): 50 ⁇ s, and transitions to a high resistance state (about 260 k ⁇ , that is, S2 (white square) in Tp (8)). .
- step S23 since the forming is performed in the eighth step S22, the resistance change element 100 transitions to the low resistance state (S3 (white square) in Tp (8)).
- step S24 since the variable resistance element 100 has transitioned to the low resistance state in step S23, a large current of about 24 ⁇ A is detected, and forming is performed with the 50 ⁇ s pulse in the eighth step S22. Can be judged. In this case, a cumulative pulse width of about 67 ⁇ s is applied.
- the forming pulse time is appropriately adjusted even when the forming cannot be completely performed by a known method of applying a predetermined voltage. It can be seen that forming can be done.
- FIG. 4 shows the measurement of the relationship between the voltage VP of the voltage pulse used for forming and the average forming time required for forming in the 1T1R type memory cell shown in FIG.
- This measurement measures the gate voltage of the NMOS transistor 104 under two conditions for the purpose of examining the relationship between the drive current amount of the NMOS transistor 104 and the forming time.
- the measurement is performed by using a variable resistance nonvolatile memory device in which an array in which 1T1R type memory cells shown in FIG. 29 are arranged in 256 kilobits is mounted, and the voltage pulse voltage for each 256 kilobit region while following the forming flow shown in FIG. And forming was performed by changing the gate voltage.
- FIG. 4 shows the average value of the accumulated pulse time required for forming each bit in the 256 kilobit region (this is defined as the average forming time) on the vertical axis, and the voltage pulse voltage at that time.
- VP is represented on the horizontal axis.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory device used in this measurement and the specific operation method will be described later in the section of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device, and thus will be omitted here.
- the solid line shows the characteristics when the gate voltage VG is fixed at 3.3 V (case 3), and the broken line shows the characteristics when the gate voltage VG and the voltage VP of the voltage pulse are changed in conjunction (case 4). ) Characteristics.
- the point X of the case 3 (the gate voltage VG is 3.3 V and the voltage pulse voltage VP is 2.9 V) and the point Y of the case 4 (the gate voltage VG and the voltage pulse voltage VP is 3).
- the average forming time of .0V) is the same at 0.35 ⁇ s. This is considered to be the result of the same phenomenon occurring during the forming at the point X and the point Y, in which the same forming drive current flows through the resistance change element 100 and the voltage Ve between the AB terminals of the resistance change element 100 is the same. .
- FIG. 5 is an operating point analysis diagram for considering operating points during forming in the two cases of point X and point Y in FIG.
- the static characteristic of the NMOS transistor 104 when the gate voltage VG corresponding to the point X is 3.3V is a curve (1)
- Static characteristics are represented by curve (2).
- the load characteristic of the resistance change element 100 corresponding to the point X is represented by a straight line (3)
- the load characteristic of the resistance change element 100 corresponding to the point Y is represented by a straight line (4) having the same inclination as the straight line (3).
- the points of intersection with the static characteristics of the NMOS transistor 104 are point D and point E, respectively.
- the points D and E correspond to the operating points of the NMOS transistor 104 and the resistance change element 100 during forming.
- the straight line (3) and the straight line (4) are determined as follows. That is, as described above, the point X and the point Y are considered to have the same voltage Ve between the terminals of the resistance change element 100 and the same current. That is, the plot is made by adjusting the slopes of the straight line (3) and the straight line (4) so that the current values at the point D and the point E are the same.
- FIG. 5 shows that the forming at the point X and the point Y occurs at a forming current of 395 ⁇ A and the terminal voltage Ve of the resistance change element 100 is about 2.0V. That is, in order to perform the average forming time at 0.35 ⁇ s, it is found that the forming current requires 395 ⁇ A, and the voltage Ve between the AB terminals of the resistance change element 100 is 2.0V.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram in which the relationship between the forming current and the average forming time is obtained from the average forming time corresponding to the voltage VP of each voltage pulse in FIG. 4 by the above method, and the vertical axis is the average forming time.
- the horizontal axis is the forming current.
- a point F in FIG. 6 corresponds to a point where the forming current obtained above is 395 ⁇ A and the average forming time is 0.35 ⁇ s.
- the average forming time of the variable resistance element 100 made of a material whose main component is Ir is the upper electrode 100c is shortened exponentially when the forming current is greatly driven. Newly found.
- variable resistance element in the variable resistance element according to the present invention, a voltage pulse having a voltage equal to or higher than a predetermined voltage having a positive potential with respect to the upper electrode 100c is applied to the upper electrode 100c with respect to the lower electrode 100a in an initial state, When the voltage continues to be applied, forming occurs, and when the current flowing through the variable resistance element increases, the forming time decreases exponentially.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the relationship between the forming current and the resistance change element terminal voltage Ve obtained from the average forming time corresponding to the voltage VP of each voltage pulse in FIG. 4 by the above method, and the vertical axis represents the resistance change. It is the voltage Ve between element terminals, and a horizontal axis is a forming current. Point G in FIG. 7 corresponds to point F in FIG. 6 (forming current is 395 ⁇ A, average forming time is 0.35 ⁇ s). As shown in FIG. 7, the voltage Ve between the resistance change element terminals at the time of forming does not significantly depend on the amount of current flowing through the resistance change element 100 and shows a constant value of about 2V.
- forming occurs when the voltage between the AB terminals of the resistance change element 100 reaches a predetermined threshold voltage (here, about 2 V), and even if the voltage between the AC terminals of the 1T1R type memory cell is increased, the AB of the resistance change element 100 is increased. It can be seen that the voltage between the terminals is kept in a state of being clamped at the predetermined voltage (here, about 2 V).
- FIG. 8 shows that the current before and after the forming process is directly applied to the 1T1R type memory cell shown in FIG. 29 in the initial state before the forming process by applying a voltage whose amplitude gradually increases from 0 V to a voltage equal to or higher than the forming voltage. It is the measured IV characteristic figure.
- the horizontal axis represents the applied voltage Vc to the 1T1R type memory cell when applied to the upper electrode terminal 102 with the lower electrode terminal 101 as a reference, and the vertical axis represents the memory cell current Ic flowing through the 1T1R type memory cell.
- this measurement was performed in order to directly measure the current during forming using a DC voltage source and a DC current measuring device, and each voltage application was performed in a DC state. Although it is not the same as the forming condition in which the predetermined pulse width is applied as described above, it is considered that the general phenomenon is common.
- the measurement shown in FIG. 8 was performed with a DC voltage application-current measurement device.
- each measurement is considered to take 1 millisecond (1 ms) to 10 milliseconds (10 ms).
- the forming current required for forming from 1 ms to 10 ms corresponds to about 200 ⁇ A. That is, in the measurement of FIG. 8, it is estimated that forming occurs at a voltage value in the vicinity of over 2 V and over 200 ⁇ A. In FIG. 8, 2.2 V hits the boundary of whether a 200 ⁇ A forming current flows.
- the current / voltage characteristics of the variable resistance element are considered as linear characteristics (ohmic characteristics). Actually, as shown in FIG. 8, non-linear characteristics are shown. However, the consideration in FIG. 5 is to obtain the operating point of the NMOS transistor 104 in which the characteristics of the variable resistance element 100 are the same and the characteristics are shifted in the horizontal direction and the same current is obtained at the intersections D and E. Therefore, in this consideration, the result does not affect whether the characteristic of the variable resistance element is linear or non-linear.
- the second transition metal oxide layer 100b-2 having a high resistance in contact with the upper electrode 100c made of an electrode material that easily undergoes a resistance change is predetermined as conventionally known. It is considered that a resistance changing operation occurs by forming a filament (that is, a conductive path) by applying a voltage.
- the resistance change element 100 is in a very high resistance state in the initial state, but has a characteristic that a current flows suddenly when a voltage exceeding a predetermined voltage is applied.
- the forming is not performed only by applying a voltage higher than the predetermined voltage, and the filament is formed only when the forming current continues to flow for a predetermined time or more, and the forming is completed.
- the relationship between the forming current and the forming time has a great dependency that, for example, when the forming current is doubled, the forming time is reduced to about 1/10000, which is generally known. This is considered to be different from the Joule thermal mechanism of time ⁇ 1 / (current squared).
- TDDB Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown
- the resistance change element In the initial state, the resistance change element is in a very high resistance state. Therefore, since the current flowing through the 1T1R type memory cell is very small, the voltage drop in the NMOS transistor 104 is small. But there is no big difference.
- the source voltage of the NMOS transistor 104 is The direction in which the voltage does not rise, that is, the direction in which a positive voltage is applied to the upper electrode terminal 102 with respect to the lower electrode terminal 101 can drive more current by the NMOS transistor 104, and the forming time can be shortened. This is because the negative substrate bias effect does not occur in the NMOS transistor 104 as described above.
- designing the area of the variable resistance element 100 to be smaller or processing it to a smaller area means that the current density flowing through the variable resistance element 100 is relatively increased even with the same transistor size. This is effective for shortening the forming time.
- forming can be controlled by forming time and forming current driven by a transistor. This means that in the case of configuring a larger capacity and highly integrated memory, it is desirable to design the transistor (switch element) in the memory cell as small as possible. Even in that case, forming can be performed by applying a pulse adjusted to an appropriate pulse time for forming. At this time, the forming time increases. However, since forming only needs to be performed once prior to writing data in the product inspection process, it is possible to provide a low-cost memory device without affecting the performance of the product. It becomes possible. Details of this method will be described later.
- FIG. 9 is a cumulative probability distribution diagram of the forming voltage Vb when the gate width W of the NMOS transistor 104 is (i) 0.44 ⁇ m, (ii) 0.88 ⁇ m, (iii) 1.76 ⁇ m, and (iv) 10.94 ⁇ m. . Since the horizontal axis, the vertical axis, and the measurement method are the same as those in FIG. 31, detailed description thereof is omitted here.
- the gate width W of the NMOS transistor 104 that is the selection transistor of the 1T1R type memory cell increases.
- the gate width W is ( iii) When the thickness is 1.76 ⁇ m or more, it can be seen that forming is possible when the positive voltage pulse width during forming is 50 ns.
- the optimum forming method has been shown, but it has been found that the forming method is also related to the resistance change characteristic after forming. A case where the typical forming process shown above is performed and a modification in which the forming condition is changed will be described.
- FIG. 10 is a timing chart showing voltage waveforms of voltage pulses applied to the memory cell in the forming process and the normal data writing process of the 1T1R type memory cell having the resistance change element 100 when Ir is used for the upper electrode 100c. is there.
- the vertical axis represents the voltage VP of the voltage pulse applied between the upper electrode terminal 102 and the lower electrode terminal 101 in the memory cell of FIG. 29, and the horizontal axis represents time.
- a direction in which a voltage pulse having a voltage higher than that of the lower electrode terminal 101 is applied to the upper electrode terminal 102 is defined as a positive voltage pulse, and conversely, the upper electrode terminal 102 is applied to the lower electrode terminal 101.
- a timing chart is illustrated in which a direction in which a voltage pulse having a higher voltage is applied is defined as a negative voltage pulse.
- a negative voltage pulse of ⁇ 3.3 V a current flows relatively, and a transition is made to the vicinity of a low resistance (LR) state that makes it easy to perform a verify determination to determine whether or not forming has been completed. Thereafter, a verify determination is performed. If the variable resistance element 100 has transitioned to the vicinity of the LR state, the forming process ends. If not, the positive voltage pulse (that is, a new first positive voltage) is again generated.
- Pulse), negative voltage pulse application and verify determination are repeated.
- the case where the forming is completed by applying a single positive voltage pulse is shown.
- Th 50 ns) (at this time, a ground potential is applied to the lower electrode terminal 101), that is, by applying a positive voltage pulse (high resistance voltage pulse) of +2.4 V, the resistance change element 100 is increased in resistance.
- FIG. 12 is a timing chart showing voltage waveforms of voltage pulses applied to the memory cell in the forming process and the normal data writing process of the 1T1R type memory cell having the resistance change element 100 when Ir is used for the upper electrode 100c. is there.
- the vertical axis and the horizontal axis are the same as those in FIG. Further, the same components as those in FIG. 10 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and description thereof is omitted.
- a negative voltage pulse having a pulse width Tn (for example, 50 ns) shorter than the pulse width Tp (for example, 1 ms) of the first positive voltage pulse is applied, and then verify determination is performed.
- the pulse width Tn of the negative voltage pulse in the forming process is set to be the same as the pulse width Tp (for example, 1 ms) of the first positive voltage pulse.
- Other voltage pulses are the same as those in FIG.
- FIG. 13 is a resistance change characteristic diagram when applying alternating positive and negative pulses (high resistance voltage pulse and low resistance voltage pulse) of the 1T1R type memory cell that has completed forming in FIG.
- the resistance change characteristic of the resistance change element 100 at the time of application of the normal pulse (high resistance voltage pulse and low resistance voltage pulse) after completion is shown.
- the resistance state of the resistance change element 100 is changed to the normal LR state (cell current approximately 41 ⁇ A), a lower LR state (cell current of about 62 ⁇ A), which has a lower resistance than that of 41 ⁇ A), is applied.
- FIG. 14 shows voltage waveforms of voltage pulses applied to the memory cell in a forming process and a normal data writing process as a modification of the 1T1R type memory cell having the resistance change element 100 when Ir is used for the upper electrode 100c. It is a timing chart figure.
- the vertical axis and the horizontal axis are the same as those in FIG.
- Other voltage pulses are the same as those in FIG.
- the resistance change element 100 exhibits a very stable pulse resistance change characteristic.
- the vertical and horizontal axes in FIG. 15 are the same as those in FIG.
- FIG. 16 is a block diagram showing a configuration of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200 according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200 includes a memory main body 201 on a semiconductor substrate, and the memory main body 201 includes the upper electrode described in FIG.
- a pulse width variable writing circuit 206 for performing forming and data writing, and detecting the amount of current flowing through the selected bit line, setting the high resistance state to data “0” and the low resistance state to data “1”.
- a sense amplifier 204 for determination and a data input / output circuit 205 that performs input / output processing of input / output data via a terminal DQ are provided.
- the sense amplifier 204 functionally includes a forming determination unit that determines whether or not a variable resistance nonvolatile memory element included in at least one memory cell selected from the memory cell array 202 is in a low resistance state, and A normal determination unit for determining whether the resistance change type nonvolatile memory element included in the memory cell is in a high resistance state or a low resistance state, and as a specific circuit configuration for realizing this, a reference current generation for normal operation is generated.
- the circuit 702 includes a forming operation reference current generation circuit 703 and a comparison circuit 704. That is, a normal determination unit is realized by the normal operation reference current generation circuit 702 and the comparison circuit 704, and a forming determination unit is realized by the forming operation reference current generation circuit 703 and the comparison circuit 704.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200 includes a high resistance (HR) power source 213 and a low resistance (LR) power source 212 as a write power source 211, and a forming power source 500. Yes.
- HR high resistance
- LR low resistance
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200 includes an address input circuit 209 that receives an address signal input from the outside, and a control circuit 210 that controls the operation of the memory body 201 based on the control signal input from the outside. And.
- the memory cell array 202 includes a plurality of memory cells in which a variable resistance nonvolatile memory element and a switch element (here, a transistor) are connected in series. More specifically, the memory cell array 202 is formed on a semiconductor substrate. A plurality of word lines WL0, WL1, WL2,... And a plurality of bit lines BL0, BL1, BL2,..., And these word lines WL0, WL1, WL2,. And a plurality of NMOS transistors N11, N12, N13, N21, N22, N23, N31, N32, N33, which are examples of switch elements, provided corresponding to the intersections of the bit lines BL0, BL1, BL2,.
- transistors N11, N12,...” And transistors N11, N12,.
- Each of which constitutes memory cells M11, M12, M13, M21, M22, M23, M31, M32, M33,... (Hereinafter referred to as “memory cells M11, M12,...”). Yes.
- the gates of the transistors N11, N21, N31,... are connected to the word line WL0, and the gates of the transistors N12, N22, N32,.
- the gates of N23, N33,... are connected to the word line WL2, and the gates of the transistors N14, N24, N34,.
- the transistors N11, N21, N31,... And the transistors N12, N22, N32,... are connected in common to the source line SL0, and the transistors N13, N23, N33,. Are connected in common to the source line SL2.
- variable resistance elements R11, R12,... are the variable resistance element 100 shown in FIG. That is, these resistance change elements are (1) a voltage pulse equal to or higher than the first threshold voltage having a positive voltage with respect to the lower electrode (first electrode) 100a with respect to the upper electrode (second electrode) 100c.
- a low-resistance voltage pulse When a low-resistance voltage pulse is applied, the state changes to a low-resistance state, and a high-resistance voltage pulse that is a voltage pulse equal to or higher than a second threshold voltage having a positive voltage with respect to the upper electrode 100c with respect to the lower electrode 100a.
- an initial state in which no voltage is applied after manufacture that is, a high resistance state and a low resistance state are reversibly changed depending on the polarity of the applied voltage pulse.
- the forming time exponentially decreases, and (4) applied in forming As the cumulative pulse application time of at least one voltage pulse increases, the probability of completion of forming increases.
- the resistance change elements R11, R12, R13, R14,... are connected to the bit line BL0, and the resistance change elements R21, R22, R23, R24,. R31, R32, R33, R34,... Are connected to the bit line BL2.
- the resistance change elements R11, R12, R13,... Corresponding to the bit lines BL0, BL1, BL2,... Are connected to the NMOS transistors N11, N12,. ..
- the configuration is not limited to this configuration. For example, in FIG. 16, each bit line BL0, BL1, BL2,...
- FIG. 16 shows a configuration example in which the source line is parallel to the word line, but the source line may be parallel to the bit line.
- the control circuit 210 outputs a forming signal instructing application of a forming voltage to the forming power source 500 and the variable pulse width writing circuit 206 during forming.
- a write signal instructing application of a write voltage is output to the pulse width variable write circuit 206 in accordance with the input data Din input to the data input / output circuit 205.
- the control circuit 210 outputs a read signal instructing a read operation to the sense amplifier 204.
- the row selection circuit 208 and the column selection circuit 203 constitute a selection unit that selects at least one memory cell from the memory cell array 202.
- the row selection circuit 208 receives the row address signal output from the address input circuit 209, and in response to the row address signal, the row driver 207 selects any one of the plurality of word lines WL0, WL1, WL2,. A predetermined voltage is applied to the selected word line from the corresponding word line driver circuit WLD.
- the row selection circuit 208 receives the row address signal output from the address input circuit 209, and in response to the row address signal, from the row driver 207, a plurality of source lines SL0, SL2,. A predetermined voltage is applied to the selected source line from the source line driver circuit SLD corresponding to any of the above.
- the pulse width variable write circuit 206 changes the resistance state of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element when forming or writing to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element included in the memory cell selected by the selection unit. This is a circuit for generating a write voltage pulse having a variable pulse width for making a transition to a desired state. For this reason, the pulse width variable write circuit 206 is set to 50 ns when a write instruction is given from the control circuit 210 in a normal operation mode (an operation mode in which the resistance change element transitions between a high resistance state and a low resistance state). Generate a pulse of width.
- variable pulse width writing circuit 206 in the forming mode (forming process), generates a forming pulse having the same width based on a pulse signal having an arbitrary width input from the forming pulse width control clock signal terminal. Generate. The writing and forming pulses generated in this way are applied to the bit line selected by the column selection circuit 203.
- variable pulse width writing circuit 206 uses the lower electrode 100a as a reference in order to form the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element included in the selected memory cell under the control of the control circuit 210.
- a first voltage pulse (here, a first positive voltage pulse) having an amplitude larger than a predetermined voltage having a positive potential with respect to the upper electrode 100c and having a first pulse width is applied to the memory cell.
- the pulse width variable write circuit 206 forms the resistance change type nonvolatile memory element included in the selected memory cell under the control of the control circuit 210 with the lower electrode 100a as a reference to the upper electrode 100c.
- a first voltage pulse having a larger amplitude than a predetermined voltage having a negative potential and having a first pulse width is applied to the memory cell, and the forming determination unit includes a first voltage pulse.
- the lower electrode 100a When the forming of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element after application of is determined to be not complete, the lower electrode 100a has an amplitude equal to or higher than a predetermined voltage having a negative potential with respect to the upper electrode 100c, a new first voltage pulse having a pulse width longer than the first pulse width may be applied to the memory cell.
- the negative voltage pulse has a larger amplitude than a predetermined voltage having a positive potential at the lower electrode 100a with respect to the upper electrode 100c, and a first voltage pulse having a first pulse width is applied. May be achieved.
- S22 is “negative pulse application (LR direction) with pulse width Tp, and S23 is omitted.
- the pulse width variable write circuit 206 resists a new first corresponding positive or negative voltage pulse having a pulse width longer than the pulse width of the first positive or negative voltage pulse applied immediately before. Applied to the variable nonvolatile memory element.
- the power supply 211 for writing is used for writing to change the resistance variable nonvolatile memory element included in the memory cell selected by the selection unit from the high resistance state to the low resistance state, or from the low resistance state to the high resistance state.
- the write power supply 211 includes an LR power supply 212 for reducing resistance and an HR power supply 213 for increasing resistance.
- the output VL0 of the LR power supply 212 is input to the row driver 207, and the output VH0 of the HR power supply 213 is input to the pulse width variable write circuit 206.
- the output VFL0 of the forming power source 500 is input to the row driver 207, and the output VFH0 is input to the pulse width variable write circuit 206.
- the normal operation reference current generation circuit 702 is activated by the read enable signal C1 during normal read (read in the normal operation mode), and transfers the read reference current to the comparison circuit 704.
- the forming operation reference current generation circuit 703 is activated by the forming enable signal C2 during the forming operation (the forming mode), and transfers the forming reference current to the comparison circuit 704.
- the comparison circuit 704 compares and determines either the reference current for reading or the reference current for forming and the memory cell current selected by the column selection circuit 203, and outputs the determination result as data input / output. Output to the circuit 205.
- FIG. 17 is a circuit diagram showing an example of a detailed configuration of the sense amplifier 204 in FIG.
- the sense amplifier 204 includes clamp transistors 219 and 220 having the same size as the current mirror circuit 218 having a mirror ratio of 1: 1, a reference circuit 221, and a differential amplifier 224.
- the reference circuit 221 includes a normal operation reference current generation circuit 702 and a forming operation reference current generation circuit 703.
- the reference transistor 222 and a reference resistor Rref (for example, 18 for normal reading and set to a resistance value corresponding to a current value approximately halfway between the high-resistance cell current and the low-resistance cell current) .2 k ⁇ ) is connected in series with one end of the branch connected to the ground potential, and the other terminal is connected to the source terminal of the clamp transistor 219.
- a read enable signal C1 is input to the gate terminal of the selection transistor 222, and the selection transistor 222 is switched between a conductive state and a nonconductive state by the read enable signal C1.
- the selection transistor 223 and the reference resistor Rb (for example, set to a resistance value slightly lower than the resistance value of the high resistance state written in normal operation for forming) 40 k ⁇ ) is connected in series with one end of the branch connected to the ground potential, and the other terminal is connected to the source terminal of the clamp transistor 219.
- the forming enable signal C2 is input to the gate terminal of the selection transistor 223, and the selection transistor 223 is switched between a conductive state and a non-conductive state by the forming enable signal C2.
- the clamp transistors VC219 (for example, 0.9V) are input to the gate terminals of the clamp transistors 219 and 220, and the source terminal of the clamp transistor 220 is connected to the memory cell via the column selection circuit 203 and the bit line.
- the drain terminals of the clamp transistors 219 and 220 are connected to the drain terminals of the transistors 225 and 226 constituting the current mirror circuit 218, respectively.
- the drain terminal potential of the clamp transistor 220 is inverted and amplified by the differential amplifier 224 to which the reference voltage VREF (1.1 V) is input, and is transmitted to the data input / output circuit 205 as the sense amplifier output SAO.
- FIG. 18 is a diagram for explaining the determination level of the sense amplifier 204.
- the sense amplifier 204 includes a reference resistor Rref for normal reading (18.2 k ⁇ as an example) between a high resistance state HR (100 k ⁇ as an example) and a low resistance state LR (10 k ⁇ as an example).
- the reference resistance Rb for forming is smaller than the high resistance state HR (for example, 40 k ⁇ as an example) and has two determination levels. Note that the forming reference resistance Rb is set to a resistance value slightly smaller than the resistance value in the high resistance state HR in order to determine whether or not the forming of the variable resistance element is completed.
- the reference resistor Rref for normal reading is smaller than the resistance value of the high resistance state HR and is low in the low resistance state LR in order to determine whether the variable resistance element is in the high resistance state or the low resistance state. A resistance value larger than the resistance value is set.
- the initial state of the variable resistance element (here, a resistance value of 1 M ⁇ or more) is also shown for reference.
- the forming reference resistance Rb is a high value as shown in FIG.
- the resistance value need not be smaller than the resistance state HR, and may be a resistance value larger than the resistance value in the high resistance state HR (for example, 200 k ⁇ ) as long as the initial state and the high resistance state HR can be distinguished.
- the completion of forming can be determined by determining the resistance value immediately after the application of the positive voltage pulse for forming without applying the negative voltage pulse in step S23 of FIG.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200 configured as described above, first, the operation of the sense amplifier 204 will be described, and then data writing and forming of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200 will be performed. An operation in a read cycle when performing a write cycle and normal reading and verify reading will be described.
- the sense amplifier 204 applies a positive voltage pulse for forming to the target variable resistance element, and further applies a negative voltage pulse for lowering resistance.
- a target memory cell (including a target variable resistance element) is connected via the column selection circuit 203 and a bit line.
- the target memory cell has a voltage higher than a voltage (0.4V as an example) that is lowered by a threshold voltage (0.5V as an example) of the clamp transistors 219 and 220 from the clamp voltage VCLP (0.9V as an example). Is not applied.
- the selection transistor 223 is activated by the forming enable signal C2 and becomes conductive, and the forming reference resistor Rb (40 k ⁇ as an example) is selected.
- the sense amplifier 204 is determined to be “0”, that is, the forming process is determined to be failed. To do.
- the resistance value of the selected memory cell is formed in the forming process, and the resistance value after application of the negative voltage pulse for reducing the resistance becomes low resistance (for example, 12 k ⁇ ).
- the resistance value after application of the negative voltage pulse is lower than the forming reference resistance Rb (here, 40 k ⁇ )
- the sense amplifier output SAO outputs an H level. That is, when the selected memory cell is in a resistance state lower than the forming reference resistance Rb (40 k ⁇ ), the sense amplifier 204 determines “1”, that is, the forming process is a pass, and the forming of the target memory cell is Indicates completion.
- the reference circuit 221 is activated by the read enable signal C1 and the selection transistor 222 is activated. For this reason, the reference resistor Rref for normal reading is selected, and the other selection transistor 223 is deactivated by the forming enable signal C2 and is rendered non-conductive.
- the sense amplifier output SAO becomes the L level. Output. That is, when the selected memory cell is in a high resistance state (100 k ⁇ ) higher than the reference resistance Rref for normal reading (here, 18.2 k ⁇ ), the sense amplifier 204 determines that the data is “0”.
- the load current IL (22 ⁇ A) ⁇ memory cell current Ic (40 ⁇ A)
- the sense amplifier output SAO is at the H level. Output. That is, when the selected memory cell is in the low resistance state (10 k ⁇ ) lower than the reference resistance Rref (18.2 k ⁇ ) for normal reading, the sense amplifier 204 determines that the data is “1”.
- FIG. 19 shows a list of various set voltages of the bit line (BL) voltage.
- the bit line BL voltage in the application of a positive voltage pulse and a negative voltage pulse at the time of forming represents a pulse voltage having an amplitude of VH (for example, 3.3 V).
- the bit line BL voltage in “1” write (LR conversion) and “0” write (HR conversion) represents a write pulse voltage with an amplitude of VH (eg, 2.4 V).
- VH at the time of forming > VH at the time of writing.
- VL (2.4 V) is a voltage generated by the power supply 212 for LR conversion, and is applied from the word line driver circuit WLD and the source line driver circuit SLD.
- VH (2.4 V) is a voltage generated by the HR power supply 213 supplied to the variable pulse width write circuit 206.
- VL (2.4 V) is a voltage generated by the power supply 212 for LR conversion and a word line voltage applied from the word line driver circuit WLD.
- VH is a voltage generated in the HR power supply 213 supplied to the variable pulse width write circuit 206.
- VL (3.3 V) is a voltage generated by the forming power supply 500 and is a word line voltage applied from the word line driver circuit WLD.
- VL (3.3 V) is a voltage generated by the forming power supply 500, and is a word line voltage and a source line voltage applied from the word line driver circuit WLD and the source line driver circuit SLD.
- Vread is a read voltage (0.4 V) clamped by the sense amplifier 204 so that no read disturb occurs (that is, the resistance state of the variable resistance element does not change). It corresponds to the voltage value (+ 0.4V) adjusted to.
- VDD corresponds to the power supply voltage supplied to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200.
- the cell current rapidly increases due to the non-linear characteristic of the resistance change element 100 when the positive voltage is applied in the vicinity of about 2 V, regardless of whether or not the forming is possible. It will flow. For this reason, it is necessary to set the forming determination read voltage Vread to a voltage sufficiently lower than 2V (for example, 0.4V).
- Apply (S6: 6th step (first voltage application step)), and then apply a negative voltage pulse (eg, -3.3V, pulse width Tn 50 ns) as a preparation before determining whether or not forming has been completed.
- S7 Seventh step (part of the determination step)).
- the address AD of the selected memory cell is incremented (S8: eighth step), and the memory cell of the next address AD is selected. Thereafter, the fourth step (S4) to the eighth step (S8) are repeated until the address AD of the selected memory cell becomes larger than the final address ADf.
- the resistance values Rc of all the memory cells in the memory cell array 202 are formed. It is determined by an external device such as a memory tester whether the reference resistance Rb is smaller (Rc ⁇ Rb) (S9: ninth step).
- this forming flow is performed in the determination step S5 for determining whether or not the resistance value of the resistance change element 100 is smaller than the reference resistance Rb for forming, and when it is determined that the resistance value is not small (No in S5).
- the determination step S5 and the application steps S6 and S7 are repeated for all the memory cells in the memory cell array 202 (S4 to S8), and after forming the same positive voltage pulse and negative voltage pulse for the forming target memory cell, the forming is performed. If there is a cell that has not been processed, the determination step S5 and the application steps S6 and S7 are repeated again for all the memory cells (S4 to S8).
- FIG. 20 shows a flowchart of an example in which the address AD is incremented in S8 after S7 and a positive voltage pulse with each pulse width is applied to all bits.
- the process may be returned to S5, and after confirming the success of forming bit by bit, the address AD may be incremented to the next bit.
- the positive voltage pulse and the negative voltage pulse can be applied only to the memory cells that require forming. Forming can be performed on the cell array at high speed.
- FIG. 21 (a) to FIG. 21 (c) and timing charts shown in FIG. 22 show operation examples in the data write cycle, read cycle, and forming of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200 configured as described above.
- a variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200 according to the embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 16 will be described with reference to the configuration diagram.
- 21 (a) to 21 (c) are timing charts showing an operation example of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200 according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- the case where the variable resistance layer is in the high resistance state is assigned to data “0”
- the case where the resistance change layer is in the low resistance state is assigned to data “1”
- an operation example thereof is shown. Further, the description is given only for the case where data is written to and read from the memory cell M11.
- the selected bit line BL0 and the selected source line SL0 are set to the voltage VH (for example, 2.4V) and the voltage VL (for example, 2V, respectively). .4V).
- the selected word line WL0 is set to a voltage VL (for example, 2.4 V).
- VL for example, 2.4 V
- the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 in FIG. 16 is still in an off state.
- the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and the writing of data “0” is completed.
- the memory cell is selected with the source line, the word line, and the bit line.
- the resistance change element of the memory cell is reduced in resistance by applying a negative voltage pulse.
- the selected bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are set to a voltage of 0V.
- the selected word line WL0 is set to a voltage VL (for example, 2.4 V), and the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 in FIG. 16 is turned on.
- a positive voltage pulse that is, a high resistance voltage pulse
- the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and the writing of data “0” is completed.
- memory cells in the row direction are selected on the source line and the word line, and then a pulse waveform in the positive voltage direction is applied to a specific bit line to select the memory cell in the source line, the word line, and the bit line.
- the resistance change element of the memory cell is increased in resistance by applying a positive voltage pulse.
- it is not necessarily limited to this method.
- the selected bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are first set to a voltage of 0V.
- the selected word line WL0 is set to a voltage VDD (for example, 1.8 V), and the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 is turned on.
- the read bit voltage Vread is set to a predetermined voltage (for example, 0.4 V) for the predetermined bit line BL0 for a predetermined period, and the current value flowing through the selected memory cell M11 is detected by the sense amplifier 204. Is determined as data “0” or data “1”. Thereafter, the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and the data read operation is completed.
- a predetermined voltage for example, 0.4 V
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200 Next, the forming operation of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200 according to the embodiment of the present invention will be described.
- FIG. 22 is a timing chart showing an example of the forming operation of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device 200 according to the embodiment of the present invention. In the forming operation shown in FIG. 22, only one bit of the memory cell M11 whose address AD is 0 is accessed, and the forming flow shown in FIG. The fourth and eighth steps are cut).
- the voltage states of the word line WL0, the bit line BL0, and the source line SL0 of the memory cell M11 to be formed are all 0V, the forming pulse width control clock signal, and the terminal DQ Are all at the L level.
- the memory cell M11 is in the initial state.
- the width Tp (1) is set to 50 ns
- the loop number variable n is initialized to 1
- the second step (S2) it is determined that the loop number variable n is 13 or less.
- the selected word line WL0 is set to the voltage VDD (for example, 1.8 V) in order to verify-read whether or not the resistance value Rc of the selected memory cell is smaller than the forming reference resistance Rb (Rc ⁇ Rb). Then, the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 is turned on.
- VDD for example, 1.8 V
- the selected bit line BL0 is set to a read voltage Vread (for example, 0.4 V) for a predetermined period.
- Vread for example, 0.4 V
- the sense amplifier 204 By detecting the value of the current flowing through the selected memory cell M11 by the sense amplifier 204, it is determined whether or not the resistance value Rc of the selected memory cell M11 is smaller than the forming reference resistance Rb (Rc ⁇ Rb).
- the sense amplifier output SAO outputs an L level, outputs “0” data to the terminal DQ, and the forming process has failed (false) (here. , Forming processing is necessary) is transmitted to an external device (for example, a memory tester).
- the word line WL0 and the bit line BL0 are set to a voltage of 0 V, and the verify read operation is completed.
- the selected bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are set to a voltage of 0V.
- the selected word line WL0 is set to a voltage VL (for example, 3.3 V), and the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 in FIG. 16 is turned on.
- the resistance value Rc of the memory cell M11 in FIG. 16 remains in the initial state, and no forming is performed. That is, here, the forming is in a failed state.
- the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0V, and the positive voltage pulse application is completed.
- the selected bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are set to a voltage VH (for example, 3.3 V) and a voltage VL (for example, 3.3 V), respectively.
- the word line WL0 to be selected is set to a voltage VL (eg, 3.3 V).
- VL eg, 3.3 V
- a pulse waveform having a voltage VH for example, 3.3 V
- an LR negative voltage pulse for example, ⁇ 3.3 V
- the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and the negative voltage pulse application is completed.
- the same verify read (Rc ⁇ Rb?) Operation as in the first fifth step is performed, but now the resistance value Rc of the selected memory cell M11 remains in the initial resistance state, and for forming Sense amplifier output SAO outputs L level, outputs “0” data to terminal DQ, and external device (for example, memory tester) indicates that the forming has failed (false). To complete the verify read operation.
- the bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are set to a voltage of 0V.
- the selected word line WL0 is set to a voltage VL (for example, 3.3 V), and the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 in FIG. 16 is turned on.
- the memory cell M11 in FIG. 16 remains in the initial state and is not formed. That is, the forming is in a failed state. Thereafter, the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0V, and the positive voltage pulse application is completed.
- the selected bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are set to a voltage VH (for example, 3.3 V) and a voltage VL (for example, 3.3 V), respectively.
- the word line WL0 to be selected is set to a voltage VL (eg, 3.3 V).
- VL eg, 3.3 V
- the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 in FIG. 16 is still in an off state.
- a pulse waveform having a voltage VH for example, 3.3 V
- an LR negative voltage pulse for example, ⁇ 3.3 V
- the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and the negative voltage pulse application is completed.
- the same verify read (Rc ⁇ Rb?) Operation as in the fifth step of the first time is performed, but now the resistance value Rc of the selected memory cell M11 remains in the initial resistance state, and for the forming Sense amplifier output SAO outputs L level, outputs “0” data to terminal DQ, and external device (for example, memory tester) indicates that the forming has failed (false). To complete the verify read operation.
- the bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are set to a voltage of 0V.
- the selected word line WL0 is set to a voltage VL (for example, 3.3 V), and the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 in FIG. 16 is turned on.
- a pulse waveform with a voltage of 0 V is applied.
- a forming positive voltage pulse having a long pulse width Tp (10) (for example, 500 ⁇ s) is applied to the memory cell M11 in FIG. 16, and the selected memory cell M11 is in the initial high resistance state. From this, a conductive path is formed, and the resistance value after forming in the vicinity of the high resistance state HR is changed to form. This indicates that the forming has succeeded.
- the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and the forming positive voltage pulse application is completed.
- the selected bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are set to a voltage VH (for example, 3.3 V) and a voltage VL (for example, 3.3 V), respectively.
- the word line WL0 to be selected is set to a voltage VL (eg, 3.3 V).
- VL eg, 3.3 V
- the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 in FIG. 16 is still in an off state.
- a pulse waveform having a voltage VH for example, 3.3 V
- an LR negative voltage pulse (for example, ⁇ 3.3V) is applied to the memory cell M11 in FIG. 16 and the selected memory cell M11 is formed, so that the memory cell M11 is changed from the high resistance state (HR) to Transition to the low resistance state (LR).
- the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and the negative voltage pulse application is completed.
- a verify read (Rc ⁇ Rb?) Operation is performed, but now the resistance value Rc of the selected memory cell M11 is smaller than the reference resistance Rb for forming. Therefore, the sense amplifier output SAO outputs an H level, outputs “1” data to the terminal DQ, and notifies the external device (for example, a memory tester) that the forming is passed (verify), and performs a verify read. Complete the operation.
- the ninth step it is confirmed that the determination result of the immediately preceding fifth step is the forming pass (true), and the forming is completed.
- the voltage of the high resistance (HR) voltage pulse is, for example, + 2.4V
- the voltage of the low resistance (LR) voltage pulse is, for example, -2.4V
- FIG. 23 shows the relationship between time and the cumulative forming rate.
- a positive voltage pulse for example, pulse voltage VP: 3.3 V
- the vertical axis represents the cumulative forming rate of the array.
- all cells in the array 256 kbit can be formed.
- FIG. 24 shows the relationship between the cumulative pulse application time and the cumulative forming rate in this case.
- the vertical axis and the horizontal axis are the same as those in FIG.
- the source voltage of the NMOS transistor 104 rises as a forming current flows, and the drive current of the NMOS transistor 104 becomes smaller. Since a forming time (about 117 ms) that is about three orders of magnitude longer than the forming time (167 ⁇ s) is required and all the bits of the array (256 kbits) can be formed, it is not very efficient.
- FIG. 20 by adopting a forming flow in which the positive voltage pulse width is gradually lengthened to form, a practical voltage range can be obtained without increasing the array area (the gate width of the NMOS transistor). W is 0.44 ⁇ m), and all cell forming is possible.
- forming by a positive voltage pulse (a positive voltage pulse is applied to the upper electrode with the lower electrode as a reference) and a negative voltage pulse (upper with respect to the lower electrode).
- the forming by the positive voltage pulse is efficient, but in any forming, the cumulative forming with the increase of the cumulative pulse application time Common in terms of increasing rates. Therefore, it goes without saying that the present invention in which the forming is attempted while increasing the pulse width of the first voltage pulse until the forming is completed is applicable not only to the forming by the positive voltage pulse but also to the forming by the negative voltage pulse.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory device As described above, the forming method and the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the present invention have been described based on the embodiment and the modifications thereof, but the present invention is not limited to this embodiment. A forming method and a resistance variable nonvolatile that are realized by making various modifications conceived by those skilled in the art without departing from the gist of the present invention, or by arbitrarily combining the steps and components in the embodiments and modifications. A storage device is also included in the present invention.
- Ir is used as the upper electrode material of the resistance change element 100, but an alloy electrode of Ir and Pt or the like may be used.
- tantalum oxide TiO x
- a voltage (low resistance voltage pulse) higher than a predetermined voltage for example, the first threshold voltage
- a voltage (high resistance voltage pulse) higher than another predetermined voltage for example, the second threshold voltage
- the structure and material of the variable resistance element 100 constituting the memory cell that is the object of the forming method according to the present invention is as follows. That is, as shown in FIG. 29, the resistance change element 100 of the present embodiment includes a lower electrode 100a, a resistance change layer 100b, and an upper electrode 100c.
- the resistance change layer 100b includes a first transition metal oxide layer 100b-1 made of an oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide and a degree of oxygen deficiency higher than that of the first transition metal oxide layer 100b-1. And a second transition metal oxide layer 100b-2 made of a transition metal oxide having a small thickness.
- a first oxygen-deficient tantalum oxide layer (hereinafter referred to as a first Ta oxide layer) as the first transition metal oxide layer 100b-1, and a second A second tantalum oxide layer (hereinafter referred to as a second Ta oxide layer) as the transition metal oxide layer 100b-2 is laminated.
- the oxygen content of the second Ta oxide layer is higher than the oxygen content of the first Ta oxide layer.
- the oxygen deficiency of the second Ta oxide layer is less than the oxygen deficiency of the first Ta oxide layer.
- the degree of oxygen deficiency refers to the proportion of oxygen that is deficient with respect to the amount of oxygen constituting the oxide of the stoichiometric composition in each transition metal.
- the transition metal is tantalum (Ta)
- the stoichiometric oxide composition is Ta 2 O 5 , and thus can be expressed as TaO 2.5 .
- the degree of oxygen deficiency of TaO 2.5 is 0%.
- the oxygen content of Ta 2 O 5 is the ratio of oxygen to the total number of atoms (O / (Ta + O)), which is 71.4 atm%. Therefore, the oxygen-deficient tantalum oxide has an oxygen content greater than 0 and less than 71.4 atm%.
- a transition metal other than tantalum may be used.
- tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), hafnium (Hf), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), tungsten (W), or the like can be used. Since transition metals can take a plurality of oxidation states, different resistance states can be realized by oxidation-reduction reactions. For example, when hafnium oxide is used, x is 0.9 or more and 1.6 or less when the composition of the first hafnium oxide layer as the first transition metal oxide layer 100b-1 is HfO x .
- the resistance change layer 100b When the composition of the second hafnium oxide layer as the second transition metal oxide layer 100b-2 is HfO y and y is larger than the value x, the resistance change layer 100b It has been confirmed that the resistance value can be stably changed at high speed.
- the thickness of the second hafnium oxide layer is preferably 3 to 4 nm.
- zirconium oxide when the composition of the first zirconium oxide layer is ZrO x , x is 0.9 or more and 1.4 or less, and the composition of the second zirconium oxide layer is It has been confirmed that the resistance value of the resistance change layer 100b can be changed stably and rapidly when y is larger than the value of x when ZrO y is used.
- the thickness of the second zirconium oxide layer is preferably 1 to 5 nm.
- transition metals are used for the first transition metal constituting the first transition metal oxide layer 100b-1 and the second transition metal constituting the second transition metal oxide layer 100b-2. May be.
- the second transition metal oxide layer 100b-2 has a lower oxygen deficiency, that is, higher resistance than the first transition metal oxide layer 100b-1.
- the standard electrode potential of the second transition metal is preferably lower than the standard electrode potential of the first transition metal. It is considered that the resistance change phenomenon occurs when a redox reaction occurs in a minute filament (conductive path) formed in the second transition metal oxide layer 100b-2 having a high resistance and the resistance value thereof changes. Because. For example, by using an oxygen-deficient tantalum oxide for the first transition metal oxide layer 100b-1 and using a titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) for the second transition metal oxide layer 100b-2, the stability is improved. Resistance change operation is obtained.
- the standard electrode potential represents a characteristic that the higher the value, the less likely it is to be oxidized.
- the resistance change phenomenon in the resistance change layer of the laminated structure of each material described above is caused by an oxidation-reduction reaction occurring in a minute filament formed in the second transition metal oxide layer 100b-2 having high resistance. It is considered that the resistance value changes and occurs. That is, when a positive voltage is applied to the upper electrode 100c on the second transition metal oxide layer 100b-2 side with respect to the lower electrode 100a, oxygen ions in the resistance change layer 100b are converted into the second transition metal oxide. It is considered that the resistance of the microfilament is increased by causing an oxidation reaction in the microfilament formed in the second transition metal oxide layer 100b-2 by being drawn to the physical layer 100b-2 side.
- the upper electrode 100c connected to the second transition metal oxide layer 100b-2 having a lower oxygen deficiency is, for example, a second transition metal oxide layer 100b ⁇ such as platinum (Pt) or iridium (Ir). 2 and a material having a higher standard electrode potential than the material constituting the transition metal and the lower electrode 100a.
- a redox reaction occurs selectively in the second transition metal oxide layer 100b-2 in the vicinity of the interface between the upper electrode 100c and the second transition metal oxide layer 100b-2.
- a stable resistance change phenomenon can be obtained.
- the NMOS transistor is used as the selection transistor of the 1T1R type memory cell.
- a PMOS transistor may be used.
- the source of the PMOS transistor is connected to a positive potential (that is, the drain is connected to the resistance change element). This is to ensure a larger current driving capability.
- the selection transistor is used as the switch element.
- a bidirectional diode may be used as the switch element.
- the pulse width Tn of the negative voltage pulse in the forming process is the same as the pulse width Th of the high resistance voltage pulse and the pulse width Tl of the low resistance voltage pulse in the normal data writing process (for example, , 50 ns), but these pulse widths Tn, Th, Tl do not necessarily match.
- the word line WL0 voltage for example, +2.4 V
- the voltage VP of the low resistance voltage pulse for example, -2.4 V
- the voltage VP (for example, +2.4 V) of the high-resistance voltage pulse are all set to have the same absolute value of the voltage, but need not necessarily match.
- the forming process may be performed once prior to the first data write, and therefore, the forming voltage may be directly applied from the outside without providing the forming power source 500.
- the present invention can be realized not only as a resistance change nonvolatile memory element forming method and a resistance change nonvolatile memory device, but also as a resistance change nonvolatile memory element. That is, the present invention has a structure similar to that of the resistance change element 100 shown in FIG. 29, but has the following characteristics: (1) the first electrode (upper electrode 100c in the above embodiment) as a reference; When a low resistance voltage pulse, which is a voltage pulse having a positive potential and higher than the first threshold voltage, is applied to the lower electrode 100a) in the above embodiment, the state transitions to a low resistance state, and the first electrode is used as a reference.
- a low resistance voltage pulse which is a voltage pulse having a positive potential and higher than the first threshold voltage
- the present invention relates to a variable resistance nonvolatile memory element forming method and a variable resistance nonvolatile memory device, in particular, a variable resistance element whose resistance value reversibly changes based on an electrical signal, and a switch element such as a transistor.
- a variable resistance nonvolatile memory device having a memory cell configured as described above forming can be performed within a practical voltage range and without increasing the array area, so that it can be applied to electronic devices such as mobile phones and laptop computers. This is useful for realizing a highly reliable memory that can be used in a small area.
- variable resistance element resistance variable nonvolatile memory element
- Lower electrode first electrode
- Resistance change layer transition metal oxide layer
- first transition metal oxide layer 100b-1 first transition metal oxide layer
- second transition metal oxide layer 100c upper electrode (second electrode)
- DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 101,105 Lower electrode terminal 102 Upper electrode terminal 103
- Gate terminal 104
- NMOS transistor 110
- Memory cell 200
- Resistance variable nonvolatile memory device 201
- Memory main body 202
- Memory cell array Column selection circuit 204
- Sense amplifier Data input / output circuit
- Variable pulse width Write circuit 207
- Control circuit 211 Power supply for writing 212 Power supply for low resistance (LR) 213 Power supply for high resistance (HR) 218 Current mirror circuit 219, 220 Clamp transistor 221 Reference circuit 222, 223 Select transistor 224
- Differential amplifier 225, 226 Transistor 500 Forming power supply 702 Normal operation reference current generation circuit 703 Reference current generation circuit for
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Abstract
Description
ケース2:8回目のTp(8)の50μsパルス幅でフォーミングが完了したと判定された場合
の2つを例に説明している。
100a 下部電極(第1電極)
100b 抵抗変化層(遷移金属酸化物層)
100b-1 第1の遷移金属酸化物層
100b-2 第2の遷移金属酸化物層
100c 上部電極(第2電極)
101、105 下部電極端子
102 上部電極端子
103 ゲート端子
104 NMOSトランジスタ
110 メモリセル
200 抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置
201 メモリ本体部
202 メモリセルアレイ
203 列選択回路
204 センスアンプ
205 データ入出力回路
206 パルス幅可変書き込み回路
207 行ドライバ
208 行選択回路
209 アドレス入力回路
210 制御回路
211 書き込み用電源
212 低抵抗(LR)化用電源
213 高抵抗(HR)化用電源
218 カレントミラー回路
219、220 クランプトランジスタ
221 基準回路
222、223 選択トランジスタ
224 差動アンプ
225、226 トランジスタ
500 フォーミング用電源
702 通常動作用基準電流生成回路
703 フォーミング動作用基準電流生成回路
704 比較回路
Claims (25)
- 抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子とスイッチ素子とが直列に接続されたメモリセルに対して電圧パルスを印加することにより、前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子を、印加される電圧パルスの極性によって高抵抗状態と低抵抗状態とを可逆的に遷移可能な状態とはなっていない製造後の初期状態から、印加される電圧パルスの極性によって高抵抗状態と低抵抗状態とを可逆的に遷移可能な状態に変化させるフォーミング方法であって、
前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子は、前記スイッチ素子と接続された第1電極と、第2電極と、前記第1電極及び前記第2電極に挟まれた酸素不足型の遷移金属酸化物層とを有し、
前記遷移金属酸化物層は、前記第1電極と接する第1の遷移金属酸化物層と、前記第2電極と接し、前記第1の遷移金属酸化物層よりも低い酸素不足度をもつ第2の遷移金属酸化物層とを含み、
前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子は、
前記第2電極を基準として前記第1電極に対して正の電位を持つ第1の閾値電圧以上の電圧パルスである低抵抗化電圧パルスが印加されると前記低抵抗状態に遷移し、前記第1電極を基準として前記第2電極に対して正の電位をもつ第2の閾値電圧以上の電圧パルスである高抵抗化電圧パルスが印加されると高抵抗状態に遷移する特性と、
前記初期状態における非線形の電流・電圧特性と、
前記初期状態において前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に流れる電流が増加すると、指数関数的に当該フォーミング時間が減少する特性とを有し、
前記フォーミング方法は、
前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子が前記初期状態にあるときに、(1)前記第1電極を基準として前記第2電極に対して正の電位を持ち、前記第2の閾値電圧より大きい所定電圧以上の振幅、又は、前記第1電極を基準として前記第2電極に対して負の電位を持ち、前記第1の閾値電圧より大きい所定電圧以上の振幅を有し、かつ、(2)第1のパルス幅を有する第1の電圧パルスを前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に印加する第1電圧印加ステップと、
前記第1電圧印加ステップにおける前記第1の電圧パルスの印加によってフォーミングが完了したか否かを判断する判断ステップとを有し、
前記第1電圧印加ステップと前記判断ステップとは、前記判断ステップで前記フォーミングが完了したと判断されるまで繰り返され、
前記繰り返しにおいて、前記第1電圧印加ステップでは、直前の前記第1電圧印加ステップで印加した第1の電圧パルスのパルス幅よりも長いパルス幅を有する新たな第1の電圧パルスを前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に印加する
抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子のフォーミング方法。 - 前記第1電圧印加ステップでは、前記第1の電圧パルスとして、(1)前記第1電極を基準として前記第2電極に対して正の電位を持つ前記所定電圧以上の振幅を有し、かつ、(2)前記第1のパルス幅を有する第1の正電圧パルスを前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に印加し、
前記判断ステップでは、前記低抵抗化電圧パルスの電圧振幅以上の電圧振幅を有し、かつ、前記低抵抗化電圧パルスと同じ極性の第1の負電圧パルスを前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に印加した後、前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子が前記低抵抗状態にあるか否かを判断することによって、前記フォーミングが完了したか否かを判断する
請求項1に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子のフォーミング方法。 - 前記第1電圧印加ステップと前記判断ステップの繰り返しにおいて、前記第1電圧印加ステップでは、直前の前記第1電圧印加ステップで印加した第1の電圧パルスのパルス幅を指数関数的に増加させたパルス幅を有する新たな第1の電圧パルスを前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に印加する
請求項1に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子のフォーミング方法。 - 前記第1の負電圧パルスのパルス幅は、前記低抵抗化電圧パルスのパルス幅と同一である
請求項2に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子のフォーミング方法。 - さらに、前記判断ステップにおける前記第1の負電圧パルスの印加後に、前記第1の正電圧パルスと極性、電圧振幅およびパルス幅が同じ第2の正電圧パルスを前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に印加する第2電圧印加ステップを含む
請求項2に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子のフォーミング方法。 - 前記第1の負電圧パルスのパルス幅は、前記低抵抗化電圧パルスのパルス幅よりも長い
請求項5に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子のフォーミング方法。 - 前記第1電極と前記第2電極とは異なる材料から成り、
前記第2電極は、イリジウム、又は、イリジウムと白金の合金から成る
請求項1乃至請求項6のいずれか1項に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子のフォーミング方法。 - 前記第1の遷移金属酸化物層は、TaOxで表される組成を有する層であり、
前記第2の遷移金属酸化物層は、TaOy(ただし、x<y)で表される組成を有する
層である
請求項1乃至請求項7のいずれか1項に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子のフォーミング方法。 - 前記第1の遷移金属酸化物層を構成する遷移金属と、前記第2の遷移金属酸化物層を構成する遷移金属とは異なる
請求項1乃至請求項7のいずれか1項に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子のフォーミング方法。 - 前記初期状態における抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子は、前記高抵抗状態における抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子の抵抗値よりも高い初期抵抗値を有し、
前記初期抵抗値は、1MΩより大きい
請求項1乃至請求項8のいずれか1項に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子のフォーミング方法。 - 前記スイッチ素子は、MOSトランジスタである
請求項1乃至請求項10のいずれか1項に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子のフォーミング方法。 - 前記スイッチ素子は、双方向ダイオードである
請求項1乃至請求項10のいずれか1項に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子のフォーミング方法。 - 抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子とスイッチ素子とが直列に接続されたメモリセルを用いた抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置であって、
前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子は、前記スイッチ素子と接続された第1電極と、第2電極と、前記第1電極及び前記第2電極に挟まれた酸素不足型の遷移金属酸化物層とを有し、
前記遷移金属酸化物層は、前記第1電極と接する第1の遷移金属酸化物層と、前記第2電極と接し、前記第1の遷移金属酸化物層よりも低い酸素不足度をもつ第2の酸素不足型の遷移金属酸化物層とを含み、
前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子は、
前記第2電極を基準として前記第1電極に対して正の電圧をもつ第1の閾値電圧以上の電圧パルスである低抵抗化電圧パルスが印加されると、前記低抵抗状態に遷移し、前記第1電極を基準として前記第2電極に対して正の電圧をもつ第2の閾値電圧以上の電圧パルスである高抵抗化電圧パルスが印加されると、高抵抗状態に遷移する特性と、
印加される電圧パルスの極性によって高抵抗状態と低抵抗状態とを可逆的に遷移可能な状態とはなっていない製造後の初期状態における非線形の電流・電圧特性と、
前記初期状態において所定電圧以上の電圧の電圧パルスが印加され、かつ、所定時間、当該電圧が印加され続けると、前記初期状態から、印加される電圧パルスの極性によって高抵抗状態と低抵抗状態とを可逆的に遷移可能な状態に変化するフォーミングが起こり、かつ、前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に流れる電流が増加すると、指数関数的に当該フォーミング時間が減少する特性と、を有し、
前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置は、
前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子とスイッチ素子とが直列に接続された複数のメモリセルから構成されるメモリセルアレイと、
前記メモリセルアレイの中から、少なくとも1つメモリセルを選択する選択部と、
前記選択部で選択されたメモリセルに含まれる抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子をフォーミングするためのフォーミング用電圧を発生するフォーミング用電源部と、
前記選択部で選択されたメモリセルに含まれる抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子を前記高抵抗状態から前記低抵抗状態に、又は、前記低抵抗状態から前記高抵抗状態に遷移させる書き込みのための書き込み用電圧を発生する書き込み用電源部と、
前記選択部で選択されたメモリセルに含まれる抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子をフォーミングする場合、又は、書き込む場合に、当該抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子の抵抗状態を所望の状態に遷移させるためのパルス幅可変の書き込み用電圧パルスを発生するパルス幅可変書き込み用電圧パルス発生部と、
前記選択部で選択されたメモリセルに含まれる抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子のフォーミングが完了したか否かを判定するフォーミング判定部、及び、前記選択部で選択されたメモリセルに含まれる抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子が高抵抗状態か低抵抗状態かを判定する通常判定部とを有する読み出し部とを備え、
前記パルス幅可変書込み用電圧パルス発生部は、前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子をフォーミングするために、(1)前記第1電極を基準として前記第2電極に対して正の電位を持ち、前記第2の閾値電圧より大きい所定電圧以上の振幅、又は、前記第1電極を基準として前記第2電極に対して負の電位を持ち、前記第1の閾値電圧より大きい所定電圧以上の振幅を有し、かつ、(2)第1のパルス幅を有する第1の電圧パルスを前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に印加し、
前記パルス幅可変書込み用電圧パルス発生部による前記第1の電圧パルスの印加と前記フォーミング判定部による判断とは、前記フォーミング判定部で前記フォーミングが完了したと判断されるまで繰り返され、
前記繰り返しにおいて、前記パルス幅可変書込み用電圧パルス発生部は、直前に印加した第1の電圧パルスのパルス幅よりも長いパルス幅を有する新たな第1の電圧パルスを前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に印加する
抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - 前記パルス幅可変書込み用電圧パルス発生部は、前記第1の電圧パルスとして、(1)前記第1電極を基準として前記第2電極に対して正の電位を持つ前記所定電圧以上の振幅を有し、かつ、(2)前記第1のパルス幅を有する第1の正電圧パルスを前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に印加し、
前記フォーミング判定部は、前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子が前記低抵抗状態にあるか否かを判定することによって、前記第1の正電圧パルスの印加後における前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子のフォーミングが完了したか否かを判断する
請求項13に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - 前記フォーミング判定部は、前記低抵抗化電圧パルスの電圧振幅以上の電圧振幅を有し、かつ、前記低抵抗化電圧パルスと同じ極性の第1の負電圧パルスを前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に印加した後、前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子が前記低抵抗状態にあるか否かを判断する
請求項14に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - 前記第1の負電圧パルスのパルス幅は、前記低抵抗化電圧パルスのパルス幅とが同一である
請求項15に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - 前記第1電極と前記第2電極とは異なる材料から成り、
前記第2電極は、イリジウム、又は、イリジウムと白金の合金から成る
請求項13乃至請求項16のいずれか1項に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - 前記第1の遷移金属酸化物層は、TaOxで表される組成を有する層であり、
前記第2の遷移金属酸化物層は、TaOy(ただし、x<y)で表される組成を有する層である
請求項13乃至請求項17のいずれか1項に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - 前記第1の遷移金属酸化物層を構成する遷移金属と、前記第2の遷移金属酸化物層を構成する遷移金属とは異なる
請求項13乃至請求項17のいずれか1項に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - 前記初期状態における抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子は、前記高抵抗状態における抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子の抵抗値よりも高い初期抵抗値を有し、
前記初期抵抗値は、1MΩより大きい
請求項13乃至請求項19のいずれか1項に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - 前記スイッチ素子は、前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子の第1電極を基準として第2電極に対して正の電位をもつ電圧パルスが抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に印加されるときにおける電流駆動能力が、前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子の第1電極を基準として第2電極に対して負の電位をもつ電圧パルスが抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に印加されるときにおける電流駆動能力よりも大きい
請求項13乃至請求項20のいずれか1項に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - 前記スイッチ素子は、MOSトランジスタである
請求項13乃至請求項21のいずれか1項に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - 前記スイッチ素子は、双方向ダイオードである
請求項13乃至請求項21のいずれか1項に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - 前記選択部は、前記メモリセルアレイに含まれる全てのメモリセルを順に選択し、
前記パルス幅可変書込み用電圧パルス発生部は、前記選択部で選択された全てのメモリセルに含まれる前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に対して前記第1の電圧パルスを印加した後、前記選択部で選択された全てのメモリセルのうち、前記フォーミング判定部によってフォーミングが完了していないと判断された抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子を含むメモリセルに対して、前記新たな第1の電圧パルスを印加する
請求項13乃至請求項23のいずれか1項に記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - スイッチ素子と直列に接続されてメモリセルを構成する抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子であって、
前記スイッチ素子と接続された第1電極と、第2電極と、前記第1電極及び前記第2電極に挟まれた酸素不足型の遷移金属酸化物層とを有し、
前記遷移金属酸化物層は、前記第1電極と接する第1の遷移金属酸化物層と、前記第2電極と接し、前記第1の遷移金属酸化物層よりも低い酸素不足度をもつ第2の遷移金属酸化物層とを含み、
前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子は、
前記第2電極を基準として前記第1電極に対して正の電位を持つ第1の閾値電圧以上の電圧パルスである低抵抗化電圧パルスが印加されると前記低抵抗状態に遷移し、前記第1電極を基準として前記第2電極に対して正の電位をもつ第2の閾値電圧以上の電圧パルスである高抵抗化電圧パルスが印加されると高抵抗状態に遷移する特性と、
印加される電圧パルスの極性によって高抵抗状態と低抵抗状態とを可逆的に遷移可能な状態とはなっていない製造後の初期状態と、
前記初期状態における非線形の電流・電圧特性と、
前記初期状態において所定電圧以上の電圧の電圧パルスが印加され、かつ、所定時間、当該電圧が印加され続けるとフォーミングが起こり、かつ、前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に流れる電流が増加すると、指数関数的に当該フォーミング時間が減少する特性と、
前記フォーミングにおいては、印加される少なくとも1個以上の電圧パルスの累積的なパルス印加時間が大きくなるほどフォーミングが完了する確率が大きくなる特性とを有する
抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子。
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| US13/634,161 US8848421B2 (en) | 2010-03-30 | 2011-03-28 | Forming method of performing forming on variable resistance nonvolatile memory element, and variable resistance nonvolatile memory device |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN102804278A (zh) | 2012-11-28 |
| JP5291248B2 (ja) | 2013-09-18 |
| JPWO2011121970A1 (ja) | 2013-07-04 |
| US20130044534A1 (en) | 2013-02-21 |
| US8848421B2 (en) | 2014-09-30 |
| CN102804278B (zh) | 2014-10-01 |
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