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WO1997019814A1 - Stratifie recyclable et son procede de fabrication - Google Patents

Stratifie recyclable et son procede de fabrication Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1997019814A1
WO1997019814A1 PCT/EP1995/004963 EP9504963W WO9719814A1 WO 1997019814 A1 WO1997019814 A1 WO 1997019814A1 EP 9504963 W EP9504963 W EP 9504963W WO 9719814 A1 WO9719814 A1 WO 9719814A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cardboard
glue
pressing
cold
layers
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/EP1995/004963
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Bruno Steinhoff
Eugen Karl MÖSSNER
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
STEINHOFF LAMINAT GmbH
Original Assignee
STEINHOFF LAMINAT GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by STEINHOFF LAMINAT GmbH filed Critical STEINHOFF LAMINAT GmbH
Priority to AU43453/96A priority Critical patent/AU4345396A/en
Publication of WO1997019814A1 publication Critical patent/WO1997019814A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
    • B32B37/14—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers
    • B32B37/146—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers whereby one or more of the layers is a honeycomb structure
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47B—TABLES; DESKS; OFFICE FURNITURE; CABINETS; DRAWERS; GENERAL DETAILS OF FURNITURE
    • A47B96/00—Details of cabinets, racks or shelf units not covered by a single one of groups A47B43/00 - A47B95/00; General details of furniture
    • A47B96/20—Furniture panels or like furniture elements
    • A47B96/205—Composite panels, comprising several elements joined together
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
    • B32B3/10—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. formed of separate pieces of material
    • B32B3/12—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. formed of separate pieces of material characterised by a layer of regularly- arranged cells, e.g. a honeycomb structure
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/10—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products
    • E04C2/16—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products of fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/30—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure
    • E04C2/34—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure composed of two or more spaced sheet-like parts
    • E04C2/36—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure composed of two or more spaced sheet-like parts spaced apart by transversely-placed strip material, e.g. honeycomb panels
    • E04C2/365—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure composed of two or more spaced sheet-like parts spaced apart by transversely-placed strip material, e.g. honeycomb panels by honeycomb structures
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2317/00—Animal or vegetable based
    • B32B2317/12—Paper, e.g. cardboard

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a sheet material, in particular for furniture production, which is made from several layers of cardboard, cardboard or the like, pressed into laminate with the insertion of a binder.
  • the invention further relates to corresponding methods for producing the plate material.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a corresponding sheet material which consists only of environmentally friendly, natural or recycled materials which can be recycled itself, i.e. , can be returned to the material cycle, and which is also sufficiently stable and inexpensive to manufacture.
  • the cardboard and / or the cardboard is largely free of glue and the binder is a glue consisting essentially of a natural material, which is solidified in the cold, dry state after pressing.
  • the plate material according to the invention can, for. B. serve as a replacement for hardboard in cabinet back walls. These hardboard are among others not easily recyclable due to the high resinous glue.
  • the material used is an equally large plate from
  • the plate material according to the invention only about a third of the material use of a conventional hardboard. Furthermore, the plate material according to the invention has the advantage that both sides are smooth and, for. B. appropriate painting, can serve as decorative surfaces.
  • the surface can of course also be glued and pressed with a plywood layer and / or a veneer, so that natural wood decors are also possible. It is also possible to apply decorative foils, fabrics or to apply flocking to the surface.
  • the decorative materials can be easily peeled off and separated from the core material mass after the core material has been dissolved or dissolved.
  • the plate material according to the invention is therefore not limited to the use of cabinet rear walls, but it is of course also possible to produce side walls, front surfaces or other items therefrom. Since a shape other than the simple straight plate shape is also possible when pressing, rounded edges for furniture or the like can also be produced from the plate material.
  • the same contains a core of expanded paper honeycomb material, the honeycomb cells of which are pressed on both sides with several, preferably two, layers of glued cardboard, which is solidified in the cold, dry state.
  • a core of expanded paper honeycomb material the honeycomb cells of which are pressed on both sides with several, preferably two, layers of glued cardboard, which is solidified in the cold, dry state.
  • Such plate material offers z. B. od as a replacement for kitchen worktops. Like. For this purpose, only the outer peripheral edges would have to be provided with end pieces made of wood, plastic, metal or a combination of the different materials.
  • This Panel material with a honeycomb core is extremely stable and at the same time very light.
  • the cardboard preferably consists essentially of glue-free cellulose, in particular of recycled material, and has a weight per unit area of 350 to 380 g / m 2 and a thickness of approximately 0.57 mm.
  • the glue is preferably a melt glue or a cold glue made of starch and contains small amounts of polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetate. The production of the glue from potato starch is particularly cheap. In order to obtain a higher quality natural glue, corn starch is particularly suitable. The amount of water in the glue is preferably about 50% before use.
  • the board material contains a total of about 10% binder in the dry state.
  • the cardboard is at least pulled off a roll or removed from a stack, glued with cold glue, cut to a board size, laid on top of one another, pressed together for a predetermined time and then dried, spaced apart, stacked and ventilated.
  • the pressing time itself preferably takes about 2 to 3 minutes.
  • the method according to the invention is therefore extremely fast and therefore inexpensive.
  • Conventional known tools can also be used for pressing.
  • the plate material is advantageously subjected to a first pressing phase with a heating temperature corresponding to the evaporation temperature of the binder moisture at the respective pressing pressure for a predetermined time and then exposed to a deaeration and drying phase which lasts for a predetermined time, whereupon a second cold pressing phase for a second time predetermined time and the subsequent spaced stacking and drying follows.
  • the warm press phase must be timed so that there is sufficient heat flow in the entire material block. It is therefore dependent, among other things, on the material selected, in particular the thickness of the cardboard or cardboard layers.
  • the cold pressing time takes about 2 to 3 minutes.
  • the venting and drying phase between the two pressing operations is preferably about 15 seconds.
  • the separating metal plates are preferably kept apart from one another during the venting and drying phase in order to achieve better ventilation and faster drying.
  • the plate material is therefore not solidified in the press but only when it cools or dries. This prevents the steam generated during pressing from binding the glue degraded or destroyed. It also has the advantage that the total time in the press is kept relatively short, so that the production rate per press is relatively high. There then only has to be adequate space for drying and storage.
  • the cardboard is pulled off from at least one roll or removed from a stack, cut to a sheet size, laid on top of one another in layers including the glue and subjected to hot pressing until the melt glue has melted completely followed by stacking and cooling for solidification.
  • the expanded and solidified honeycomb core, the cardboard layers and possibly the plywood layer and / or the veneer are glued with cold glue and placed one on top of the other in a press and subjected to cold pressing for a predetermined time, followed by spaced stacking and Drying takes place.
  • the cold pressing time is preferably 2 to 3 minutes.
  • the expansion of the expanded honeycomb core before covering and pressing with the cardboard layers can be achieved by treating the honeycomb material with a natural impregnating material, preferably water-based cold glue, and then drying it.
  • a natural impregnating material preferably water-based cold glue
  • the pressing jaws are preferably moved to a predetermined plate thickness dimension which is somewhat smaller than the total thickness the honeycomb core with the cardboard layers and possibly the plywood layers and / or the veneer layers before the pressing.
  • the base material is more absorbent than other carrier material such.
  • B. plywood or chipboard there is the possibility here to glue a glued decorative layer, including veneer, after which die ⁇ e pulls completely smooth without subsequent press treatment when setting the glue. This has the advantage that a further work step and tool costs can be saved and, in addition, the decorative layer can be separated from the carrier material without problems during recycling.
  • a cassette structure can advantageously be introduced into the surface by cutting in the edges of the zone to be lowered and, during pressing, the cut-out areas are lowered by pressing the honeycomb cell core through appropriate inserts in the tool.
  • the edges of the lowered areas are advantageously clad with profile strips. This can e.g. B. be about Z-shaped wooden profile strips.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a piece of sheet material according to the invention from two layers of cardboard
  • FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a sheet material according to the invention, consisting of two layers of cardboard and a decorative layer made of veneer,
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a sheet material according to the invention made of three layers of cardboard and a decorative cover layer made of plywood,
  • FIG. 4 is a perspective view with partial section of a piece of sheet material with a core made of expanded paper honeycomb material and two layers of glued cardboard on the top and bottom,
  • Fig. 5 is a perspective view of a section through a piece of semi-finished plate with a decorative recess, for. B. for a cassette door; to the right of the dashed line is the right edge of the cassette-shaped recess with the decorative profile frame strip already inserted, to the left of the dashed line is the left edge of the cassette recess before inserting the decorative profile frame strip.
  • the sheet material (P, P *) consists of several layers of cardboard (Kl, Kl *; K2, K2 *, K3), cardboard or the like, which is pressed into laminate by inserting a binder (B).
  • the raw cardboard (Kl, Kl *; K2, K2 *, K3) is largely glue-free and consists essentially of glue-free cellulose. This is preferably recycled material.
  • the cardboard (Kl, Kl *; K2, K2 *, K3) has a basis weight of 350 to 380 g / m 2 in the present exemplary embodiments and a thickness of approximately 0.57 mm.
  • the binder (B) is a glue consisting essentially of a natural product.
  • This glue can be both a melt glue and a cold glue and is preferably made from starch, in particular corn or potato starch. It contains small amounts of polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetate. Before use, the glue contains about 50% water.
  • the glue can be prepared either as a long-term stable emulsion or shortly before use as a short-term stable dispersion without stabilizers.
  • the finished plate material (P, P *) contains approximately 10% binder (B).
  • the plate material (P, P *) has a core (W) made of expanded honeycomb material (W).
  • the honeycomb cells (WZ) are pressed on both sides with several, preferably two, layers of glued cardboard (Kl *, K2 *) and solidified in the cold, dry state.
  • the paper honeycomb material (W) consists of recycled material and is made with a natural impregnating material, e.g. B. water-based cold glue, treated and dried solidified.
  • a natural impregnating material e.g. B. water-based cold glue
  • the plate material (P, P *) can also be glued and pressed at least on one side with a plywood layer (SF) or a veneer (F) in order to obtain a corresponding decorative surface.
  • the material (P, P *) can of course also be lacquered or plastic coated, if this is desired.
  • the cardboard (Kl, Kl *; K2, K2 *, K3) is pulled off a roll, then glued with the cold glue and cut to a sheet size. These layers are then placed on top of each other and pressed for about 2 to 3 minutes. The finished plates (P) are then stacked at a distance from one another for drying and aerated.
  • the plate material (P, P *) can also be subjected to a first pressing phase with a heating temperature corresponding to the evaporation temperature of the binder moisture at the respective pressing pressure for a few minutes.
  • the plate material (P, P *) is then exposed to a venting and drying phase for about 15 seconds. This is followed by a second cold pressing phase for a few minutes and finally the spaced stacking and post-drying.
  • the separating metal plates kept apart during the venting and drying phase. It is also advisable to use heatable metal plates as separating plates.
  • the cardboard (Kl, Kl *; K2, K2 *, K3) is pulled off a roll and glued with the melt glue. Then the cardboard (Kl, Kl *; K2, K2 *, K3) is cut to a sheet size, laid on top of each other, including the glue, and then subjected to hot pressing until the melt glue has melted completely. This is then followed by stacking and cooling for solidification.
  • melt glue can also be applied to the individual cardboard sections after cutting or can be shot in the form of melt glue film when the cardboard sections are laid one on top of the other.
  • the honeycomb material (W) is first expanded to the desired size and solidified by treatment with a natural impregnation material, preferably water-based cold glue, and subsequent drying.
  • a natural impregnation material preferably water-based cold glue
  • the honeycomb core (W), the cardboard layers (Kl, Kl *, K2, K2 *) and, if applicable, the plywood layer (SF) or the veneer (F) are then glued with cold glue and placed one on top of the other. This layering is then placed together in a press and subjected to cold pressing for 2 to 3 minutes. Then the spaced stacking and drying follows again.
  • the press jaws are preferably brought together to a predetermined sheet thickness, which is slightly less than the total thickness of the honeycomb core (W) with the cardboard layers (Kl *, K2 *) and, if applicable, the plywood layers (SF) or the veneer layers (F ) before pressing.
  • a predetermined sheet thickness which is slightly less than the total thickness of the honeycomb core (W) with the cardboard layers (Kl *, K2 *) and, if applicable, the plywood layers (SF) or the veneer layers (F ) before pressing.
  • the plate thickness dimension in such a way that the honeycomb material is not kinked during pressing.
  • the cardboard or veneer layers (63, 64) are separated all around in at least one partial area (32a) and the honeycomb cells (4 *) are pressed together and compressed in this partial area (32a).
  • the separated cardboard layer area (64) is accordingly sunk in the manner of a cassette.
  • a cover profile strip (32d), which closes off the honeycomb cells (4) laterally, is glued in along the edge zone, preferably all around the entire partial area.
  • This can, as shown in Fig. 5, e.g. B. be an approximately Z-shaped hollow profile strip, the upper leg rests on the upper surface (63) of the plate material and the lower leg (62) rests on the lowered surface (64) of the plate material.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un stratifié (P, P*), notamment pour la fabrication de meubles, qui est produit à partir d'une pluralité de couches de cartons (K1, K1*; K2, K2*, K3), carton-pâte, ou équivalent, pressées pour former le stratifié, avec l'introduction d'un liant (B). Le carton (K1, K1*; K2, K2*, K3) et/ou le carton-pâte sont notablement dépourvus de colle et le liant (B) est un adhésif constitué essentiellement d'une substance naturelle qui, après pressage, se solidifie à froid et à sec.
PCT/EP1995/004963 1995-11-30 1995-12-15 Stratifie recyclable et son procede de fabrication Ceased WO1997019814A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU43453/96A AU4345396A (en) 1995-11-30 1995-12-15 Recyclable laminate and method of manufacturing the same

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE1995144653 DE19544653C1 (de) 1995-11-30 1995-11-30 Materialkreislauffähiges Plattenmaterial und dessen Herstellungsverfahren
DE19544653.4 1995-11-30

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1997019814A1 true WO1997019814A1 (fr) 1997-06-05

Family

ID=7778813

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP1995/004963 Ceased WO1997019814A1 (fr) 1995-11-30 1995-12-15 Stratifie recyclable et son procede de fabrication

Country Status (3)

Country Link
AU (1) AU4345396A (fr)
DE (1) DE19544653C1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1997019814A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2446055C2 (ru) * 2007-07-20 2012-03-27 Фриц Эггер Гмбх Унд Ко.Ог Легкая строительная плита

Families Citing this family (16)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE1015482A3 (nl) * 2003-04-28 2005-04-05 Polyvision Nv Werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van visuele communicatiepanelen en inrichting daarbij toegepast.
AT413088B (de) * 2004-07-30 2005-11-15 Theurl Leimholzbau Gmbh Verfahren zum berührungslosen auftrag von dosierten klebstofftröpfchen auf die streifenförmige schmale fläche vom werkstück
DE102004040603A1 (de) * 2004-08-21 2006-03-09 Gaudes, Joachim Verwendung von Hohlprofilen aus Pappe, Karton oder Hartpapier zur Herstellung von Möbeln
DE202004015471U1 (de) 2004-10-04 2006-02-09 M. Kaindl Kommanditgesellschaft Leichtbauplatte und eine Platte mit einer Leichtbauplatte
WO2008156351A1 (fr) * 2007-06-19 2008-12-24 Hock Chye Ng Composant de construction composite pour un ensemble de construction et son procédé de fabrication
EP2283192B1 (fr) * 2008-03-28 2018-08-29 Noble Environmental Technologies Corporation Panneaux usines de fibres moulees et procedes de fabrication et d'utilisation associes
EP2367989B1 (fr) * 2008-12-19 2018-04-25 Inter IKEA Systems B.V. Procédé de fabrication de modules de constructions pour meuble
CN102224315A (zh) * 2009-01-09 2011-10-19 黑蒂赫-海因泽有限及两合公司 配件、家具部件、家具和用于制造板的方法
ITVI20090279A1 (it) * 2009-11-20 2011-05-21 Doorlux Srl Elemento stratificato per costruzioni o rivestimenti lignei.
DE202010007093U1 (de) 2010-05-21 2010-08-26 Hink, Torsten Flexibles Möbelbauteil und Möbelstück mit derartigem Möbelbauteil
DE102010021284A1 (de) 2010-05-21 2011-11-24 Torsten Hink Flexibles Möbelbauteil, dessen Verwendung und Möbelstück mit derartigem Möbelbauteil
FR2963729B1 (fr) * 2010-08-12 2013-04-12 Menuiserie Letondor Meuble massif a structure creuse
FR3005974B1 (fr) * 2013-05-27 2015-12-25 Gerard Sekrane Bloc pour l'isolation thermique d'une paroi d'immeuble
US20150004355A1 (en) * 2013-06-28 2015-01-01 Signode Industrial Group Llc Void filler usable as a hollow door core
GB2543637B (en) 2015-09-11 2018-08-08 Jeld Wen Uk Ltd Method and system for assembly of recessed panel doors
US11559917B2 (en) 2020-05-08 2023-01-24 Jeld-Wen, Inc. Drop roller press and method of making recessed panel doors

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US3498869A (en) * 1966-08-15 1970-03-03 Nippon Synthetic Chem Ind Method for bonding paperboards
EP0274789A2 (fr) * 1986-12-18 1988-07-20 Koninklijke Nijverdal-Ten Cate N.V. Procédé de fabrication d'une structure multicouche et structure ainsi obtenue
EP0448344A2 (fr) * 1990-03-20 1991-09-25 Green Bay Packaging Inc. Produit en carton à plusieurs couches et son procédé de production
US5383999A (en) * 1993-12-15 1995-01-24 Ta Yen Paper Box Container Co., Ltd. Method for manufacturing high hardness kraft paper-made board block
EP0665099A2 (fr) * 1994-01-14 1995-08-02 Steinhoff-Laminat GmbH Procédé et dispositif pour la fabrication d'un laminat et objets produits de ces laminats

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DE3516791C1 (de) * 1985-05-09 1987-01-22 Hukla Werke Gmbh Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Hohlkoerpers als Seitenteil fuer Polstermoebel
DE4335130A1 (de) * 1993-10-15 1995-04-20 Steinhoff Laminat Gmbh Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Formteilen aus Laminat und danach sowie damit hergestelltes Laminat-Formteil

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3498869A (en) * 1966-08-15 1970-03-03 Nippon Synthetic Chem Ind Method for bonding paperboards
EP0274789A2 (fr) * 1986-12-18 1988-07-20 Koninklijke Nijverdal-Ten Cate N.V. Procédé de fabrication d'une structure multicouche et structure ainsi obtenue
EP0448344A2 (fr) * 1990-03-20 1991-09-25 Green Bay Packaging Inc. Produit en carton à plusieurs couches et son procédé de production
US5383999A (en) * 1993-12-15 1995-01-24 Ta Yen Paper Box Container Co., Ltd. Method for manufacturing high hardness kraft paper-made board block
EP0665099A2 (fr) * 1994-01-14 1995-08-02 Steinhoff-Laminat GmbH Procédé et dispositif pour la fabrication d'un laminat et objets produits de ces laminats

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2446055C2 (ru) * 2007-07-20 2012-03-27 Фриц Эггер Гмбх Унд Ко.Ог Легкая строительная плита

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE19544653C1 (de) 1997-04-03
AU4345396A (en) 1997-06-19

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