JP2011510930A - (3s)−アミノメチル−5−ヘキサン酸プロドラッグの結晶形態及びその使用 - Google Patents
(3s)−アミノメチル−5−ヘキサン酸プロドラッグの結晶形態及びその使用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2011510930A JP2011510930A JP2010544448A JP2010544448A JP2011510930A JP 2011510930 A JP2011510930 A JP 2011510930A JP 2010544448 A JP2010544448 A JP 2010544448A JP 2010544448 A JP2010544448 A JP 2010544448A JP 2011510930 A JP2011510930 A JP 2011510930A
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- methyl
- carbonylaminomethyl
- isobutanoyloxyethoxy
- crystalline
- hexanoic acid
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Abstract
Description
(3S)−アミノメチル−5−ヘキサン酸プロドラッグの結晶形態、(3S)−アミノメチル−5−ヘキサン酸プロドラッグの結晶形態を含む医薬組成物、及び(3S)−アミノメチル−5−ヘキサン酸プロドラッグの結晶形態を製造する方法が開示される。この(3S)−アミノメチル−5−ヘキサン酸プロドラッグの結晶形態は、例えば、神経障害痛、癲癇、全般性不安障害、線維筋痛、片頭痛、一過性熱感、下肢静止不能症候群、及び睡眠障害を含むある種の疾患及び障害の治療における治療薬として使用されてもよい。
一般に、薬物の結晶形態は、部分的にはそれらの優れた安定性のために、薬物の非晶形態よりも好ましい。例えば、多くの状況において、非晶性薬物は、保存に応じて結晶性薬物形態に変換する。薬物の非晶形態及び結晶形態は、典型的には、異なる物理的/化学的特性、潜在力及び/又は生物学的利用能を有するため、このような相互変換は医薬的な投与には安定性の理由で望ましくない。いずれかの結晶性薬物物質の主要な特徴は、このような材料の多形である。結晶格子が分子の異なる整列を含むため、多形は異なる物理的特性を有する同じ文勢の結晶である。多形によって示される異なる物理的特性は、重要な医薬的パラメータ、例えば、保存、安定性、圧縮性、密度(製剤及び製品製造において重要である)、並びに溶解速度(生物学的利用能の決定に重要である)に影響を及ぼす場合がある。安定性の相違は、化学反応性(例えば、異なった加水分解又は酸化、その結果、投薬形態は、別の多形よりはむしろ1つの多形を含む場合にはより急速に変色する)、機械的変化(例えば、動力学的に好ましい結晶形態が熱力学的により安定な結晶形態に変換するので、錠剤は保存中に崩壊する)、又はその両方(例えば、1多形の錠剤は高湿度で分解により影響を受けやすい)における変化に起因する可能性がある。多形間の安定性の相違は、極限状態において、結果として、効力を欠如する及び/又は毒性である結晶形態に移行する場合がある。さらに、結晶形態の物理的特性は、製剤過程で重要であり得る。例えば、特定の結晶形態は、より迅速に溶媒和物を形成してもよく、又は他の形態よりも不純物がなく、ろ過及び洗浄がより困難であってもよい(例えば、粒子形状及びサイズ分布は、他の形態と比較して1つの形態で異なっていてもよい)。
したがって、製剤過程及び医薬組成物において好都合に使用可能である物理化学的特性を有した(3S)−{[1−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸(1)の血漿形態及びその医薬として許容される塩の必要性がある。
定義
「生物学的利用能」とは、薬物又はそのプロドラッグの患者への投与後に、患者の全身循環に到達する薬物の量を指し、例えば、薬物の血漿又は血中濃度対時間プロフィールを評価することによって決定されてもよい。血漿又は血中濃度対時間曲線の特徴付けに有用なパラメータには、曲線下の面積(AUC)、濃度が最大となる時間(Tmax)、及び最大薬物濃度(Cmax)が挙げられ、ここで、Cmaxは、ある投薬量の薬物又はそのプロドラッグの患者への投与後に患者の血漿又は血液中の薬物の最大濃度であり、Tmaxは、ある投薬量の薬物又はそのプロドラッグの患者への投与後に患者の血漿又は血液の最大濃度(Cmax)までの時間である。
「疾患」とは、疾患、障害、状態、症状、又は兆候を指す。
「水和物」とは水との関連を意味する。
「医薬組成物」とは、本開示によって提供される少なくとも1つの化合物、該化合物と共に患者に投与される少なくとも1つの医薬として許容されるビヒクルを含む組成物を意味する。
化合物(1)の個々のジアステレオマーは、結晶性固体として単離されるべきそれらの特性において相違するカルシウム塩を形成する。このようにして、(3S)−{[1−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸(1)のジアステレオマー塩、即ち、(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム、及び(3S)−{[(1S)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウムについて、1つの異性体である(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム(1−R):
(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸塩(3)は、この化合物について、慣習の化学構造の全ての可能な互変異性形態、及びこの化合物の全ての同位体(例えば、2H、3H、13C、14C、15N、17O、18Oなど)標識された誘導体を含む。
ある種の態様では、結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物は約2wt%の水〜約5wt%の水を含む。ある種の態様では、結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物は、約2.6wt%の水を含む。ある種の態様では、結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物は、約105℃〜約120℃の間で融液相遷移を受ける。ある種の態様では、結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物は、約107℃〜約115℃の間で融液相遷移を受ける。ある種の態様では、結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物は、約107℃〜約111℃の間で融液相遷移を受ける。ある種の態様では、結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物は、約91℃〜約129℃の間で融液相遷移を受ける。
(3S)−アミノメチル−5−ヘキサン酸の薬理学的活性は、電位依存性のカルシウムチャネルのα2δサブユニットへの結合、及びノルアドレナリン、グルタミン酸塩、及びサブスタンスPなどの神経伝達物質のシナプス放出の同時減少を介して影響を受けると考えられている(例えば、Taylor et al.,Epilepsy Res 2007,73,137−50を参照)。したがって、患者への結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物の投与は、電位依存性のカルシウムチャネルのα2δサブユニットと関連した弛緩及び障害の治療に有用であると期待され得る。臨床試験では、(3S)−アミノメチル−5−ヘキサン酸は、例えば、術後の疼痛(Dahl et al.,Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004,48,1130−1136);神経障害痛(Zareba,Drugs Today 2005,41(8),509−16;Blommel and Blommel,Am J Health Syst Pharm 2007,64(14),1475−82);化学療法誘導の疼痛(Rao et al.,Cancer 2007,110(9),2110−8;Saif and Hashmi,Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2008,61,349−354);全般的不安障害(Rickels et al.,Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005,62,1022−1030);不安神経症(Pohl et al.,J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005,25,151−8);後部疱疹性神経痛及び痛みを伴う糖尿病性末梢神経障害(Freynhagen et al.,Pain 2005,115,254−63);睡眠障害(Sabatowski et al.,Pain 2004,109,26−35;Hindmarch et al.,Sleep 2005,28(2),187−93);エタノール禁断症候群(Becker et al.,Alcohol & Alcoholism 2006,41(4),399−406);線維筋痛(Crofford et al.,Arthritis and Rheumatism 2005,52,1264−73);むずむず脚症候群(Sommer et al.,Acta Neruol Scand 2007,115(5),347−50);脊髄損傷関連の疼痛(Siddall et al.,Neurology 2006,67(10),1792−800);対人恐怖症(Pande et al.,J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004,24(2),141−149)他を含む疾患及び障害の治療に効果的であることが示された。多数の研究により、α2δサブユニットに親和性を有する別のGABA類似体であるガバペンチンは、片頭痛の予防に有用であることが示されている(例えば、Mathew et al.,Headache 2001,41,119−128;Mathew,Cephalalgia 1996,16,367;Wessely et al.,Cephalalgia 1987,7(Suppl 6),477−478)。
さらに、ある種の態様では、結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物又はその医薬組成物は、様々な疾患に対する予防対策として、ヒトなどの患者に投与することができる。結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物又はその医薬組成物は、運動障害、消化器疾患、精神異常、気分障害、不安障害、睡眠障害、肺疾患、神経変性障害、炎症性疾患、神経障害痛、筋骨格系疼痛、慢性疼痛、片頭痛、一過性熱感、脱力発作、尿失禁、エタノール禁断症候群、及び早漏の素因を有する患者に予防対策として投与されてもよい。したがって、結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物又はその医薬組成物は、ある疾患又は障害の予防、及び別の疾患又は予防(例えば、消化器疾患;エタノール禁断症候群を処置しながら神経障害痛の予防)のために使用することができる。
ある種の態様では、結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物は、むずむず脚症候群を治療するために患者に投与することができ、例えば、患者は、日中の症状などの重篤な症状を有する。
結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物又はその医薬組成物は、ヒトの医薬において有意に使用されてもよい。本明細書中に開示されているように、結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物又はその医薬組成物は、運動障害、消化器疾患、精神異常、気分障害、不安障害、睡眠障害、肺疾患、神経変性障害、炎症性疾患、神経障害痛、筋骨格系疼痛、慢性疼痛、片頭痛、一過性熱感、脱力発作、尿失禁、エタノール禁断症候群、又は早漏の治療に有用である。
本開示によって与えられる医薬組成物は、結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物、並びに患者への適切な経口投与のための形態を与えるような適切な量の医薬として許容されるビヒクルを含む。
ある種の態様では、本開示によって与えられる医薬組成物は、治療的に有効量の結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物、並びに患者への適切な経口投与のための形態を与えるような適切な量の医薬として許容されるビヒクルを含む。適切な医薬としてのビヒクルには、賦形剤、例えば、スターチ、グルコース、ラクトース、スクロース、ゼラチン、モルト、ライス、フラワー、チョーク、シリカゲル、ステアリン酸ナトリウム、モノステアリン酸グリセロール、タルク、塩化ナトリウム、乾燥スキムミルク、グリセロール、プロピレン、グリコール、水、エタノールなどが含まれる。また、本開示によって提供される医薬組成物は、少量の湿潤剤若しくは乳化剤、又はpH緩衝剤を含んでもよい。さらに、助剤、安定化剤、増粘剤、潤滑剤、及び着色剤を用いてもよい。
ある種の態様では、結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物は、1以上の他のプレガバリンプロドラッグ又はその塩、例えば、(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸塩、(3S)−{[(1S)−イソブタノイルオキシイソブトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸塩、(3S)−{[(1R)−ベンゾイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸塩、(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム、(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシイソブトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム、及び/又は(3S)−{[(1R)−ベンゾイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウムとの混合物として調合されてもよい。
結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物を含む本開示によって提供さえる投薬形態は、部分的には、インビトロの溶解プロフィールによって特徴付けられてもよい。投薬形態の溶解プロフィールを決定する方法は、当業者に周知である。米国薬局方に記載される標準的な方法論を用いてもよい。例えば、溶解プロフィールは、米国薬局方I型装置(バスケット)又は米国薬局方II型装置(パンドル)のいずれかにおいて測定されてもよい。本開示によって提供される投薬形態のための溶解プロフィールを決定する手法は、実施例15に開示されている。
結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物又はその医薬組成物は、疾患を治療するために患者に化合物を投与するために使用されてもよいキットに含めることができる。キットは、患者への投与に適した結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物を含む医薬組成物、及び患者への医薬組成物を投与するための指示書を含むことができる。キットは、1以上の医薬組成物を含む1以上の容器を含むことができ、別々のボトル又は別々のホイルパケットなどの別々の容器が含まれてもい。容器は、医薬として許容される材料からできた任意の適切な形状又は形態であってもよい。特定の容器は、投薬形態、及び提供される投薬形態の数に依存し得る。キットとともに提供される指示書は、投与のための使用法を含むことがえき、記憶補助を含んでもよい。キットで供給される指示は、印刷されるか、及び/又は、例えば、電子的に読み取り可能な媒体、ビデオカセット、オーディオテープ、フラッシュメモリデバイスとして供給されてもよく、あるいは、インターネットのウェブサイトで公開されるか、又は電子メールとして患者に配信されてもよい。記憶補助は、書面による記憶補助であってもよく、投薬処方計画の順守を促すために、医師、薬剤師、及び/又は患者のための情報及び/又は指示を含む。また、記憶補助は、機械的又は電子的であってもよい。治療処方計画が結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物及び少なくとも1つの他の治療薬を含む場合、キットは、結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物と同じであるか又は別の容器にその少なくとも1つの治療薬を含むことができる。
結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物又はその医薬組成物は、一般的には、運動障害、消化器疾患、精神異常、気分障害、不安障害、睡眠障害、肺疾患、神経変性障害、炎症性疾患、神経障害痛、筋骨格系疼痛、慢性疼痛、片頭痛、一過性熱感、脱力発作、尿失禁、エタノール禁断症候群、若しくは早漏などの疾患又は障害の治療のための使用などの意図された目的を達成するのに有効な量で使用することができる。結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物又はその医薬組成物は、治療的に有効量で投与可能である。
ある種の態様では、結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物若しくはその医薬組成物の投薬又は複数回投薬は、約10mg/日〜約2,000mg/日の(3S)−アミノメチル−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸、ある種の態様では、約50mg/日〜約1,000mg/日の(3S)−アミノメチル−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸、ある種の態様では、約100mg/日〜約600mg/日の(3S)−アミノメチル−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸を与えることができる。特定の疾患を治療するための適切な投薬範囲は、当業者に知られている方法によって容易に決定されてもよい。
ある種の態様では、結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物又はその医薬組成物は、少なくとも1つの他の治療薬を併用して使用することができる。結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物又はその医薬組成物、及び少なくとも1つの他の治療薬は、付加的又は相乗的に作用することができる。ある種の態様では、結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物を含む医薬組成物は、別の治療薬の投与と同時に投与することができ、それは、結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物と同じ医薬組成物の一部であり得て、又は他の治療薬は、異なる医薬組成物にあってもよい。結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物を含む医薬組成物は、別の治療薬の投与前又は投与後に投与することができる。
ある種の態様では、結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物は、手術前後の疼痛を治療するために、トラマドール、タペンタドール、及びオキシコドンから選択されるオピオイド作動薬とともに投与される。
O−[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエチル]S−メチルチオカルボネートt(5)
O−(1−イソブタノイルオキシエメチル)S−メチルチオカルボネート(180g)をGallopら(米国特許第7,227028号)に記載されるように調製し、Candida antarctica由来のリパーゼをアクリル樹脂(8.0g)に固相化し、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水、pH7.2(1.6L)中、室温で撹拌した。反応の進行は、キラル溶媒和剤である[(R)−(+)−2,2,2−トリフルオロ−1−(9−アントリル)エタノール]を用いて、1H−NMRによってモニターし、16時間以内に完了した。反応混合物をエーテルで希釈し、エーテル層を分別し、Celiteのパッドを通過させてろ過し、酵素を除去した。エーテル層を水、次にブラインで繰り返し洗浄し、無水Na2SO4上で乾燥させた。真空中での溶媒除去により、表題化合物(5)を単一の鏡像体として定量的収量(90g)を可能にした。絶対配置は次によって確立した:(i)化合物(6)への変換(下記の実施例2を参照);(ii)(6)とガバペンチンとの反応により、1−{[(α−(R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ)カルボニル]アミノメチル}−1−シクロヘキサン酢酸を得てること;並びに(iii)Gallopら(米国特許第6,927,036号)に記載される1−{[(α−(R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ)カルボニル]アミノメチル}−1−シクロヘキサン酢酸の立体選択的なBaeyer−Villiger酸化によって形成された生成物との相関。
{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルオキシ}スクシンイミド(6)
表題化合物(6)は、Gallopら(米国特許第7,227,028号)の実施例9に開示される方法に従って、化合物(5)から調製された。例えば、CH2Cl2(10mL)中の化合物(5)(1g、4.8mmol)の溶液に、N−ヒドロキシスクシンイミド(1.1g、9.5mmol)を添加し、反応混合物を0ドに冷却した。32%(V/v)過酢酸溶液(3.4mL、1.1g、14.4mmol)を10分かけて滴下して添加し、この溶液を室温で3時間撹拌した。反応混合物をエーテル(50mL)で希釈し、水(2×10mL)、飽和重炭酸ナトリウム溶液(10mL)、及びブライン(10mL)で洗浄し、次に無水硫酸ナトリウム上で乾燥させ、ろ過し、真空中で濃縮して、表題化合物(6)を無色油状物として得た(1g、77%)。ヘキサン(20mL)を用いた粉砕後、表題化合物(6)を白色固体として得た。
(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸(1−R)
化合物(6)(52.8g、0.193 mol)及びプレガバリン(31.7g、0.199mol)をアセトニトリルと水の混合物(200mL、4:1中、室温で16時間撹拌し、真空にしてアセトニトリルを除去した。残渣をMTBEと水で分割し、MTBE層を水、次にブラインで洗浄し、無水Na2SO4上で乾燥させた。真空中で溶媒を除去して、表題化合物(1−R)を無色油状物として得た(61.3g、100%収率)。
(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサンカルシウム(3)
0℃のアセトニトリル中の化合物(1−R)(16.63g,52.5mmol)の撹拌溶液に、NaHCO3(4.28g、50.9mmol)の水溶液を滴下した添加した。得られた混合物を撹拌し、1時間超音波処理し、次に、減圧下で濃縮して、アセトニトリルを完全に除去した。得られた溶液に、Ca(OAc)2・H2O(4.48g、25.4mmol)の水溶液を0℃で撹拌しながら滴下して添加した。白色固体として沈殿した表題化合物(3)をろ過し、冷水で洗浄し、次に、真空中で乾燥させ、表題化合物(3)を白色固体として得た(10.33g)。上清を凍結乾燥し、得られた白色粉末を水で洗浄して、表題化合物(3)の第2の収穫物(3.83g)を得た。表題化合物(3)をさらに、以下に記載される様々な溶媒系から結晶化した。
(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸塩の結晶化(3)
エタノール−水から:
化合物(3)(4g)を15mLの無水エタノールに45℃で溶解し、透明な溶液を形成した。この溶液に、濁りが見られるまで、脱イオン水をゆっくり添加した(約15.5mLの水)。次に、混合物を45℃に加温し、透明な溶液を形成した。この溶液を室温まで冷却し、結晶化を促進した。固体をろ過し、真空デシケーター中、室温で乾燥させ、次に、真空オーブン中、一晩、45℃で乾燥させて、水和物としての結晶(3a)(3.51g、87%回収)を白色結晶固体として得た。融点107.1〜110.9℃。この方法によって調製され、実施例10に記載されるように得た結晶水和物(3a)のX線粉末回折を図1に示す。
化合物(3)(2g)を12mLの無水エタノールに45℃で溶解し、透明は溶液を形成した。この溶液に脱イオン水を、溶液が濁るようになるまでゆっくり添加した(約24mLの水)。次に、混合物を45℃に加温し、透明な溶液を形成した。溶液を室温まで一晩かけてゆっくり冷却し、生成物を溶液から結晶化させた。固体をろ過し、真空デシケーター中、室温で乾燥させ、次に、真空デシケーター中、一晩、45℃で乾燥させて、結晶水和物(3a)を白色固体として得た(1.4g、70%回収)。融点110.1〜117.0℃。
化合物(3)(6.87g)を30mLのイソプロパノールに45℃で溶解し、透明な溶液を形成し、次に、70mLの水を添加して、濁った混合物を得た。混合物を50℃に加温し、透明な溶液を形成し、次に、最初に室温まで冷却し、一晩、4℃に冷却し、結晶化を促進した。固体をろ過し、真空デシケーター中、室温で乾燥させ、次に、真空オーブン中、一晩、45℃で乾燥させ、結晶水和物(3a)を白色固体として得た(5.06g、74%回収)。融点111.7〜117.0℃。この方法に従って調製され、実施例7に記載されるように得られた結晶水和物(3a)のX線粉末回折を図2に示す。
(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸(3)の代替合成
工程A:1−クロロ−メチルプロピルメチルチオギ酸塩(6a)
ジクロロメタン(DCM)中の1−クロロ−2−メチルプロピルメチルギ酸塩の撹拌溶液に、水中のナトリウム・メタンチオラート(CH3−SNa)(1.0当量)と0.02当量の臭化テトラブチルアンモニウムの溶液を添加した。反応物を0℃で30分間撹拌し、次に、ジクロロメタン(DCM)で希釈した。ジクロロメタン層を分別し、次に、水及びブラインで洗浄し、無水硫酸ナトリウム(Na2SO4)で乾燥させた。溶媒を除去するためのロータリーエバポレーション後、表題化合物(6a)を得た。
カルボン酸(4当量)及びジイイソプロピルエチルアミン(DIEA)(2当量)の混合物に1−クロロ−2−メチルプロピルメチルチオギ酸塩(6a)を添加した。混合物を75℃で24時間撹拌した。次に、混合物を水とメチル−tert−ブチルエーテル(MTBE)で分割した。MTBE層を水、重炭酸ナトリウム水溶液(NaHCo3)、水、及びブラインで3回洗浄し、その後、無水硫酸ナトリウム(Na2SO4)上で乾燥させた。ロータリーエバポレーションによって溶媒を除去後、ラセミ表題化合物(6b)を60〜80%収率で得た。
結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物の水分含量及び元素解析
熱重量解析は、TA Instruments 2950熱重量解析装置を用いて行った。各資料をアルミニウム試料パンに置き、熱重量炉に挿入した。炉は、最初に25℃に平衡にし、次に、窒素雰囲気下、10℃/分の速度で加熱し、最終温度を350℃とした。ニッケル及びアルメル(商標)を較正標準として用いた。実施例5に従ってエタノール/水から結晶化された(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウムの熱重量解析は、25℃〜75℃で約3%の重量喪失、75℃〜125℃で2.75%の重量喪失を示した。75℃〜125℃の間の重量喪失は、水和水の喪失に起因している可能性がある。結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物の試料の熱重量解析は、約75℃〜125℃の間で2.86%が重量喪失し、図4に示される。
(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・一水和物についての理論的な元素解析は、以下の元素成分を与える:52.16%C;7.88%H;4.05%N;5.80%Ca。一水和物の理論的な水分含量は約2.6%(w/w)である。
結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物の示差走査熱量測定
示差走査熱量測定は、Perkin ElmerのPuris Diamond示差走査熱量計(DSC)を用いて行った。30℃の平衡後、試料細胞を窒素雰囲気下で10℃/分の速度で加熱し、最終温度が150℃であった。インジウム金属を較正標準として用いた。
結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物のIR分光測定
結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物のFT−IRスペクトルを図5に示す。標準的なレンジの臭化カリウム(KBr)ビームスプリッター、及び重水素化された硫酸トリグリシン(DTGS)検出器を装備したNicolet Avatar 370 DTGS Fourier transform infrared(FT−IR)分光計(Thermo−Nicolet)でスペクトルを獲得した。CHCl3に試料を100mg/mLの濃度で溶解した。液体試料を取り外し可能なパスレングスセル(Thermo−Nicolet)に解析前に入れた。4cm-1解像度で32スキャンを用いてスペクトルを得て、後処理なしに行った。主要な吸光度頻度の割り当てを表1に列挙する。
X線粉末回折解析
X線粉末回折解析は、Shimazu XRD−6000 X線粉末回折計又はInel XRG−3000解析計を用いて、Cu−Kα放射線(1.54178Å)を使用して行った。Shimazu装置は、長いファインフォーカスのX線チューブを装備していた。チューブ電圧と電流は、それぞれ40kVと40mAに設定された。発散及び分散スリットを1°に設定し、受入スリットを150μmに設定した。回折された放射線は、NaIシンチレーション検出器によって検出された。3°/分、2.5°〜40°の2θのθ−2θ連続スキャンを使用した。シリコン標準を解析し、装置の位置合わせを確認した。データを回収し、XRD−6100/7000v.5.0ソフトウェアを用いて解析した。シリコンインサートを有するアルミニウムホルダー上に化合物を置くことによって、試料を解析のために調製した。
サルにおける(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウムの結腸内生物学的利用能
雄性カニクイザル(体重約2.3kg)を研究に用いた。研究前の一晩、投薬の4時間後までサルを絶食させた。水は随意に与えた。
結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物の結腸内投与後のプレガバリン薬物動態
結腸内投与後のプレガバリンおよび結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物の薬物動態を決定した。
a遊離酸同動物。
結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物の経口投薬形態
結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物を含む錠剤投薬製剤を調製した。結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物は、実施例1〜6に従って市販のプレガバリンから合成された。ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース(Methocel K100M Premium)をFMC Biopolymerから得た;ラクトース(Direct Tableting 5X59009(IR),Impalpable 5X73240(SR))をKerry Bioscienceから得た;微結晶性セルロース(Avicel PH 102又はAvicel PH 302)をDow Chemicalから得た;コロイド状二酸化ケイ素(Cab−O−Sil M5P)をCabotから得た;硫酸マグネシウムをMallinckrodtから得た;クロスカルメロースナトリウム(Ac−di−sol SD−711)をFMC Biopolymerから得た。
経口錠剤製剤の投与後のプレガバリンの薬物動態
4匹の雄性カニクイザルの一群を研究に使用した。平均体重は、研究開始では約2.9kgであり、研究の9カ月間で約3.4kgに増加した。動物を一晩、各試験製剤の投与後の研究の最初4時間、絶食した。水は随意に与えた。
AUCinf = AUClast + Clast/λz
ここで、tlastは、最後の定量化できる濃度(Clast)の時間であり、λzは、見掛けの終末排出期の速度定数である。
F(%) = 100×(AUCex/Doseex)/(AUCiv/Doseiv)
ここで、AUCexは、プレガバリン又は結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物製剤の血管外投与後のプレガバリン濃度対時間曲線下の面積である(μg×hr/mL);Doseexは、プレガバリンのmg当量/kg体重で表される血管外投薬である;AUCivは、プレガバリンの静脈投与後のプレガバリン濃度対時間曲線下の面積である(μg×hr/mL);Doseivは、プレガバリン濃度のmg当量/kg体重で表される静脈内投薬である。
Frel(%) = 100×(AUCPO/DosePO)/(AUCLyrica/DoseLyrica)
ここで、AUCPOは、結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物製剤の経口投与後のプレガバリン濃度対時間曲線下の面積である(μg×hr/mL);DosePOは、結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物製剤におけるプレガバリン濃度のmg当量で表されるプレガバリン投薬量である;AUCLyricaは、LYRIC製剤の経口投与後のプレガバリン濃度対時間曲線下の面積である(μg×hr/mL);DoseLyricaは、LYRICA製剤におけるプレガバリンのmgを表す経口投薬量である。
手術前後の疼痛の管理における有効性を評価するための臨床試験
全腹式子宮摘出術、腹腔鏡の子宮摘出、主要な腹腔鏡手術、及び脊髄融合手術などの様々な外科手法を受けている患者において行われる最近の臨床試験に基づいて、外科手術の1〜2時間前に投与される150mg〜300mgのプレガバリン投薬が、疼痛減少及びオピオイド使用の減少に効果的であった(Reuben et al.,Anesth Analg 2006,103(5),1271−7;Reuben et al.,J Bone and Joint Surgery 2007,89,1343−58;Buvanendran et al.,Anesthesiology 2007,107,358−359;Jokela,Pain 2008,134,106−112)。これらの研究及び他の研究に基づいて、急性術後疼痛の手術中管理のためのプレガバリンの有効な投薬のてまのCmax及びAUCinfは、それぞれ4.73〜9.46μg/mL、及び33.2〜66.3μg×hr/mLの範囲にあることが予測されることが期待される。
骨関節炎疼痛管理における有効性評価のための動物モデル
骨関節炎疼痛のヨウ化酢酸一ナトリウムラットモデルを用いて、骨関節炎疼痛の管理における結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物の有効性を評価することができる。
筋肉痛の管理における有効性評価のための動物モデル
成熟雄性Sprague−Dawleyラット(体重250〜300g)を使用する。筋肉痛を誘導するために、50μL中の1μgの濃度の0.9%NaClに希釈された組換えラットTNFは、腓腹筋又は上腕二頭筋に左右相称に注入される。TNF誘導の痛覚過敏の時間経過をパイロット実験において決定する。M.腓腹筋への注入後、加圧痛覚過敏は、約18時間後に最大となる。M.上腕二頭筋への1μgTNFの注入後、握力減少は、約6時間で最大となる。
非水性溶媒からの(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウムの結晶化
アセトン−ヘキサンから:
(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム(3)(500mg)を2mLのアセトンに溶解し、次に、ヘキサン(9mL)を抗溶媒として添加した。懸濁液を40℃に加温し、透明な溶液を形成した。この溶液を室温に冷却し、一晩放置して、結晶化させた。生成物をろ過し、真空デシケーター中で乾燥させ、(3)を白色の結晶固体として得た(338mg、67%回収)。融点103.3〜117.0℃。この方法によって調製され、実施例10に記載されるように得られる(3)のX線粉末回折結果を図3に示し、中間の無水物として特徴付けられる。
(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム(3)(200mg)を1mLのTHFに溶解し、透明な溶液を形成し、次に、抗溶媒としてのヘキサン(9mL)を添加し、懸濁液を形成した。懸濁液を45℃に加温し、透明な溶液を得た。溶液を最初に室温に冷却し、次に、4℃にし、結晶を形成させた。生成物をろ過し、真空デシケーター中で乾燥させ、(3)を白色の結晶固体として得た(78mg、39%回収)。融点95.5〜113.7℃。この方法によって調製され、実施例10に記載されるように得られる(3)のX線粉末回折結果を図3に示し、中間の無水物として特徴付けられる。
Claims (27)
- Cu−Kα放射線を用いて測定されるX線粉末回折において、少なくとも5.1°±0.2°、7.3°±0.2°、8.0°±0.2°、11.6°±0.2°、16.3°±0.2°、17.3°±0.2°、及び19.2°±0.2°の特徴的散乱角(2θ)を示す、(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物の結晶化合物。
- Cu−Kα放射線を用いて測定されるX線粉末回折において、少なくとも5.1°±0.2°、7.3°±0.2°、8.0°±0.2°、11.6°±0.2°、15.5°±0.2°、16.3°±0.2°、16.7°±0.2°、17.3°±0.2°、19.2°±0.2°、22.4°±0.2°、及び25.0°±0.2°の特徴的散乱角(2θ)を示す、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- Cu−Kα放射線を用いて測定されるX線粉末回折において、少なくとも5.1°±0.2°、7.3°±0.2°、8.0°±0.2°、11.3°±0.2°、11.6°±0.2°、12.9°±0.2°、13.0°±0.2°、15.5°±0.2°、16.3°±0.2°、16.7°±0.2°、17.3°±0.2°、17.5°±0.2°、18.1°±0.2°、18.6°±0.2°、19.7°±0.2°、20.9°±0.2°、21.3°±0.2°、22.4°±0.2°、25.1°±0.2°、及び26.0°±0.2°の特徴的散乱角(2θ)を示す、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- (3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム化合物1モルあたり約1モル〜約3モルの水を含む、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 約2wt%〜約5wt%の水を含む、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 約107℃〜約111℃の範囲に融点を示す、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 結晶性3−({[(1R)−1−(2−メチルプロパノイルオキシ)エトキシ]−カルボニルアミノ}methyl)(3S)−5−メチルヘキサン酸カルシウム・一水和物である、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 請求項1に記載の化合物及び医薬として許容されるビヒクルを含む医薬組成物。
- 医薬組成物が持続放出経口投薬製剤である、請求項8に記載の医薬組成物。
- オピオイド作動薬、選択的セロトニン再取り込み阻害薬、及び選択的ノルアドレナリン再取り込み阻害薬から選択される薬物を含む、請求項8に記載の医薬組成物。
- オピオイド作動薬を含む、請求項8に記載の医薬組成物。
- オピオイド作動薬が、トラマドール、タペンタドール、及びオキシコドンから選択される、請求項11に記載の医薬組成物。
- 医薬組成物中の請求項1に記載の化合物の量とオピオイド作動薬の量との比が約1:4〜約4:1である、請求項11に記載の医薬組成物。
- 持続放出経口投薬製剤である、請求項11に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記持続放出経口投薬製剤が、
約50mg〜約1200mgの請求項1に記載の化合物;及び
約10mg〜約400mgのオピオイド作動薬
を含む、請求項14に記載の医薬組成物。 - Cu−Kα放射線を用いて測定されるX線粉末回折において少なくとも5.1°±0.2°、7.3°±0.2°、8.0°±0.2°、11.6°±0.2°、16.3°±0.2°、17.3°±0.2°、及び19.2°±0.2°の特徴的散乱角(2θ)を示す(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物の結晶化合物を製造するための方法であって、
(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム、水、及び水混和性溶媒を含む溶液を提供し;そして
溶液の温度を調整して、結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物を提供する
工程を含む方法。 - 前記水混和性溶媒が、エタノール及びイソプロパノールから選択される、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 前記溶液が、約40v/v%〜約75v/v%の範囲の量の水を含む、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 前記化合物が、
(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム及びアルコール溶媒を含む第1溶液を提供し;
脱イオン水を前記第1溶液に添加して、混合物を提供し;
前記混合物の温度を調整して、第2溶液を提供し;そして、
前記第2溶液の温度を調整して、結晶性(3S)−{[(1R)−イソブタノイルオキシエトキシ]カルボニルアミノメチル}−5−メチル−ヘキサン酸カルシウム・水和物を提供する
ことを含む工程によって製造される、請求項16に記載の方法。 - 前記アルコール溶媒が、エタノール及びイソプロパノールから選択される、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 患者の疾患を治療する方法であって、このような治療を必要とする患者に、治療的に有効量の請求項8に記載の医薬組成物を投与することを含み、ここで、前記疾患が、運動障害、消化器疾患、精神異常、気分障害、不安障害、睡眠障害、肺疾患、神経変性障害、炎症性疾患、神経障害痛、筋骨格系疼痛、慢性疼痛、片頭痛、一過性熱感、脱力発作、尿失禁、エタノール禁断症候群、及び早漏から選択される方法。
- 前記医薬組成物が持続放出経口投薬製剤である、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 請求項8に記載の医薬組成物、並びに運動障害、消化器疾患、精神異常、気分障害、不安障害、睡眠障害、肺疾患、神経変性障害、炎症性疾患、神経障害痛、筋骨格系疼痛、慢性疼痛、片頭痛、一過性熱感、脱力発作、尿失禁、エタノール禁断症候群、及び早漏から選択される疾患を治療するための医薬組成物をそれを必要とする患者に投与するための指示書を含むキット。
- 請求項10に記載の医薬組成物、及び慢性疼痛を管理するための医薬組成物をそれを必要とする患者に投与するための指示書を含むキット。
- 患者の慢性疼痛を管理するための方法であって、そのような処置を必要とする患者に、請求項1に記載の化合物;オピオイド作動薬、選択的セロトニン再取り込み阻害薬、及び選択的ノルアドレナリン再取り込み阻害薬から選択される薬物;並びに医薬として許容されるビヒクルを含む医薬組成物を投与することを含む方法。
- 前記薬物がオピオイド作動薬である、請求項25に記載の方法。
- オピオイド作動薬が、トラマドール、タペンタドール、及びオキシコドンから選択される、請求項26に記載の方法。
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| US61/023,813 | 2008-01-25 | ||
| US12185908P | 2008-12-11 | 2008-12-11 | |
| US61/121,859 | 2008-12-11 | ||
| PCT/US2009/031867 WO2009094563A2 (en) | 2008-01-25 | 2009-01-23 | Crystalline form of calcium-salts of (3s)-aminomethyl-b-methyl-hexanoic acids and methods of use |
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| EP (1) | EP2250143B1 (ja) |
| JP (2) | JP5291123B2 (ja) |
| CA (2) | CA2710538A1 (ja) |
| ES (1) | ES2601852T3 (ja) |
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| JP2012501986A (ja) * | 2008-09-05 | 2012-01-26 | グリュネンタール・ゲゼルシャフト・ミト・ベシュレンクテル・ハフツング | 医薬配合剤 |
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| US8299291B2 (en) * | 2008-08-07 | 2012-10-30 | Xenoport, Inc. | Methods of synthesizing 1-(acyloxy)-alkyl carbamate prodrugs |
| CN102341099A (zh) | 2009-03-03 | 2012-02-01 | 什诺波特有限公司 | R-巴氯芬前药的持续释放口服剂型 |
| US20110124705A1 (en) * | 2009-11-24 | 2011-05-26 | Xenoport, Inc. | Prodrugs of alpha-2-delta ligands, pharmaceutical compositions and uses thereof |
| US20110130454A1 (en) * | 2009-11-24 | 2011-06-02 | Xenoport, Inc. | Prodrugs of gamma-amino acid, alpha-2-delta ligands, pharmaceutical compositions and uses thereof |
| US8377956B2 (en) | 2010-03-01 | 2013-02-19 | Xenoport, Inc. | Use of (3R)-4-{[(1S)-2-methyl-1-(2-methylpropanoyloxy)propoxy]carbonylamino}-3-(4-chlorophenyl) butanoic acid for treating urinary incontinence |
| EP2961730A2 (en) | 2013-02-26 | 2016-01-06 | XenoPort, Inc. | Method of making 1-(acyloxy)-alkyl carbamate compounds |
| US9822075B2 (en) | 2013-11-05 | 2017-11-21 | Astrazeneca Ab | NMDA antagonist prodrugs |
| JPWO2019069872A1 (ja) | 2017-10-04 | 2020-09-10 | 日本化薬株式会社 | 紫外線硬化型接着剤組成物、その硬化物および紫外線硬化型接着剤組成物を用いた光学部材の製造方法 |
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- 2009-01-23 TW TW098103335A patent/TWI380812B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-01-23 CA CA2710538A patent/CA2710538A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-01-23 TW TW098103338A patent/TWI369202B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-01-23 ES ES09704800.3T patent/ES2601852T3/es active Active
- 2009-01-23 WO PCT/US2009/031873 patent/WO2009094569A2/en not_active Ceased
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- 2009-01-23 JP JP2010544448A patent/JP5291123B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-01-23 JP JP2010544450A patent/JP5563483B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-01-23 EP EP09704177.6A patent/EP2250143B1/en not_active Not-in-force
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2250143B1 (en) | 2016-04-20 |
| JP5563483B2 (ja) | 2014-07-30 |
| TWI369202B (en) | 2012-08-01 |
| JP5291123B2 (ja) | 2013-09-18 |
| TWI380812B (zh) | 2013-01-01 |
| TW200944198A (en) | 2009-11-01 |
| CA2710538A1 (en) | 2009-07-30 |
| TW200950775A (en) | 2009-12-16 |
| WO2009094569A2 (en) | 2009-07-30 |
| EP2250143A2 (en) | 2010-11-17 |
| CA2706575C (en) | 2015-07-14 |
| CA2706575A1 (en) | 2009-07-30 |
| US20090192325A1 (en) | 2009-07-30 |
| JP2011509692A (ja) | 2011-03-31 |
| ES2601852T3 (es) | 2017-02-16 |
| WO2009094569A3 (en) | 2009-10-08 |
| US8062870B2 (en) | 2011-11-22 |
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| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
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