CN105126105A - 不适合二甲双胍治疗的患者的糖尿病的治疗 - Google Patents
不适合二甲双胍治疗的患者的糖尿病的治疗 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105126105A CN105126105A CN201510477492.8A CN201510477492A CN105126105A CN 105126105 A CN105126105 A CN 105126105A CN 201510477492 A CN201510477492 A CN 201510477492A CN 105126105 A CN105126105 A CN 105126105A
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Abstract
本发明涉及某些DPP-4抑制剂,其特别适于治疗和/或预防由于对二甲双胍不耐受或禁忌而不适合二甲双胍治疗的患者的代谢疾病,特别是糖尿病。
Description
本申请是申请号为200980129309.8的中国专利申请(国际申请日:2009年8月5日,国际申请号:PCT/EP2009/060170,发明名称:不适合二甲双胍治疗的患者的糖尿病的治疗)的分案申请。
本发明涉及用于某些DPP-4抑制剂,其用于治疗和/或预防不适合正常二甲双胍治疗(由于对二甲双胍不耐受或禁忌)的患者的代谢疾病(metabolicdiseases),尤其是糖尿病(尤其II型糖尿病)及其相关病症,以及涉及这些DPP-4抑制剂在所述治疗和/或预防中的用途。本发明还包含用于治疗和/或预防这些患者的代谢疾病(特别是糖尿病)的药物组合物(composition)及组合(combination),其包含如本文所定义的DPP-4抑制剂以及任选地一种或多种其它活性物质。
II型糖尿病为世界范围内患病率日益增加的常见疾病,且伴随有大血管并发症(例如,心血管疾病)和/或微血管并发症(例如,失明、肾病和/或肾损伤或衰竭)。
患糖尿病的人群出现肾损伤的原因有许多。糖尿病的典型长期并发症中一种为糖尿病性肾病,其可在一些情形下发展成肾衰竭。
尽管高血糖的强化治疗可降低慢性损害的发病率,但许多患有II型糖尿病的患者仍不能得以充分治疗,部分地是由于现有抗高血糖疗法在长期功效、耐受性及给药不便方面的限制。
饮食疗法和锻炼疗法对糖尿病的治疗至关重要。当这些疗法不足以控制患者的病症(特别是他们的血糖浓度)时,需要额外使用口服或非口服的抗糖尿病药物治疗糖尿病。常规的抗糖尿病或抗高血糖药物包括但不限于:二甲双胍、磺酰脲类(sulphonylureas)、噻唑烷二酮类(thiazolidinediones)、列奈类(glinides)、α-糖苷酶阻断剂类、GLP-1和GLP-1类似物,及胰岛素和胰岛素类似物。然而,使用这些常规抗糖尿病和抗高血糖药物可伴随多种副作用。例如,二甲双胍可伴随乳酸性酸中毒或胃肠道副作用;磺酰脲类、列奈类和胰岛素和胰岛素类似物可伴随低血糖和体重增加;噻唑烷二酮类可伴随水肿、骨折、体重增加或心力衰竭/心脏副作用;和α-糖苷酶阻断剂类和GLP-1和GLP-1类似物可伴随胃肠道副作用(例如,消化不良、肠胃气胀或腹泻、或恶心或呕吐)。
二甲双胍为改良患有II型糖尿病的患者的葡萄糖耐受性的抗高血糖药物。二甲双胍可单独使用或与其它抗高血糖药物组合使用,以在二甲双胍响应的II型糖尿患者中改良血糖控制。二甲双胍还可在治疗肥胖或超重糖尿患者或患有多囊卵巢综合症的患者中颇具价值。然而,利用二甲双胍治疗伴随有副作用,例如,胃肠症状或(有时)严重副作用乳酸性酸中毒(其可致命),对其而言一个公认的危险因素为降低肾功能。此外,由于二甲双胍在很大程度上由肾经肾小球过滤及肾小管分泌而无变化的消除,故其对患有肾疾病或肾损伤的患者禁忌。因此,常规的二甲双胍治疗由于(例如)对二甲双胍不耐受或禁忌而不适于一些患者。因此不符合二甲双胍的患者的数量相当大,而且包括相当大百分比的原本将受益于此药物的患者。因此,本领域仍需要为这些不符合二甲双胍治疗的糖尿患者提供有效、安全及可耐受的抗糖尿病疗法。
在糖尿病治疗的监测中,HbA1c值(血红蛋白B链的非酶促糖化作用的产物)异常重要。由于其形成基本上依赖于血糖浓度及红细胞寿命,故HbA1c在“血糖记忆”意义上反映前4-12周的平均血糖浓度。其HbA1c浓度通过更强化糖尿病治疗长期得以良好控制的糖尿患者(即,在样本中总血红蛋白<6.5%)明显较好地防止糖尿病性微血管病。糖尿病的现有治疗可在糖尿患者中产生大约1.0-1.5%的HbA1c浓度的平均改良。该HbA1c浓度减少并不足以在所有糖尿患者中使其达成<7.0%、优选<6.5%且更优选<6%HbA1c的期望目标范围。
在血糖控制内,除改良HbA1c浓度外,对II型糖尿患者的其它建议治疗目标为改良空腹血糖(FPG)和餐后血糖(PPG)浓度至正常或尽可能接近正常。餐前(空腹)血糖的建议期望目标范围为90-130毫克/dL或<110毫克/dL,且餐后2小时血糖的建议期望目标范围为<180毫克/dL或<140毫克/dL。
在本发明含义内,不充足或不充分的血糖控制特别是指患者显示HbA1c值超过6.5%,特别超过7.0%,甚至更优选超过7.5%,尤其超过8%的病症。不充足或不充分的血糖控制的患者的实施方案,包括但不限于,患者具有7.5至10%(在其他实施方案中为7.5%至11%)的HbA1c值。不充分控制的患者的特别亚实施方案涉及患者具有不良的血糖控制,包括但不限于患者具有≥9%的HbA1c值。
在本发明含义内,无资格选用二甲双胍治疗的患者(patientsineligibleformetformintherapy)包括
-禁忌使用二甲双胍治疗的患者,例如,具有一种或多种标签指明的二甲双胍治疗禁忌症的患者,例如具有至少一种选自以下的禁忌症的患者:
肾疾病(renaldisease)、肾损伤(renalimpairment)或肾功能障碍(renaldysfunction)(例如,如当地批准的二甲双胍的产品信息所规定),
脱水(dehydration),
不稳定性或急性充血性心力衰竭(unstableoracutecongestiveheartfailure),
急性或慢性代谢性酸中毒(acuteorchronicmetabolicacidosis),和遗传性半乳糖不耐受(hereditarygalactoseintolerance);
和
-遭受一种或多种由二甲双胍引起的不能容忍的副作用,特别是与二甲双胍相关的胃肠副作用的患者,例如遭受至少一种选自下列的胃肠副作用的患者:
恶心,
呕吐,
腹泻,
肠积气,和
严重腹部不适。
此外,由于对副作用的敏感性增加,故老年患者(例如,≥60-70岁)的治疗应经常伴随有肾功能的谨慎监测。除非肌酸酐清除率的测量证实不会降低肾功能,否则通常不建议二甲双胍用于老年个体,特别是≥80岁的个体。因此,不符合二甲双胍治疗的患者还可包括但不限于(例如)≥60-65岁或特别是≥80岁的老年患者。
在本发明含义内,无资格选用二甲双胍治疗的患者的具体实施方案涉及患有肾疾病、肾功能障碍或肾功能不全或损伤(insufficiencyorimpairementofrenalfunction)(包括轻度、中度及重度肾损伤)的患者,如由血清肌酸酐浓度升高(例如,血清肌酸酐浓度高于其年龄所具有的正常上限,例如,在男性中≥130-150μmol/l,或≥1.5mg/dl(≥136μmol/l),在女性中≥1.4mg/dl(≥124μmol/l))或异常肌酸酐清除率(例如,肾小球滤过率(GFR)≤30-60ml/min,例如中度或重度肾损伤,包括ESRD)所表示。
上下文中,为了更详细,轻微肾损伤可由(例如)50-80ml/min的肌酸酐清除率(大约对应于男性中≤1.7mg/dL及女性中≤1.5mg/dL的血清肌酸酐浓度)表示;中度肾损伤可由(例如)30-50ml/min的肌酸酐清除率(大约对应于男性中>1.7至≤3.0mg/dL及女性中>1.5至≤2.5mg/dL的血清肌酸酐浓度)表示;且重度肾损伤可由(例如)<30ml/min的肌酸酐清除率(大约对应于男性中>3.0mg/dL及女性中>2.5mg/dL的血清肌酸酐浓度)表示。患有晚期肾疾病的患者需要透析(例如,血液透析或腹膜透析)。
为了更详细,患有肾疾病、肾功能障碍或肾损伤的患者包括患有慢性肾功能不全或损伤的患者,可根据肾小球滤过率(GFR,ml/min/1.73m2)将其分成5个疾病阶段:阶段1的特征在于正常GFR≥90加上持久蛋白尿或已知的结构性或遗传性肾疾病;阶段2的特征在于GFR轻微降低(GFR60-89),说明轻微肾损伤;阶段3的特征在于GFR中度降低(GFR30-59),说明中度肾损伤;阶段4的特征在于GFR严重降低(GFR15-30),说明重度肾损伤;最终阶段5的特征在于需要透析或GFR<15,说明肾衰竭确定(晚期肾疾病,ESRD)。
由二甲双胍引起的一些其它不能容忍的(胃肠)副作用(例如,恶心、呕吐、积气、腹泻)可与药物的剂量相关,因此若减少二甲双胍的剂量可使这些副作用最小化。在本发明患者内,除那些不应或不能使用二甲双胍的患者外,还存在仅可以以降低剂量使用二甲双胍的大量患者,因此二甲双胍的剂量必须基于有效性、安全性及耐受性高度单独调节(例如,通过剂量滴定),经常作为有效性及安全性/耐受性间的折中方法。因此,本领域还仍需要为由于对二甲双胍耐受性降低、不耐受或禁忌而需要低剂量二甲双胍治疗的这些糖尿患者提供较好(例如,更有效)的抗糖尿病疗法。
二甲双胍通常以约500毫克至2000毫克,高达2500毫克/天变化的剂量使用,约100毫克至500毫克或200毫克至850毫克(每天1-3次)、或约300毫克至1000毫克(每天一次或两次)的多种给药方案给予,或以约100毫克至1000毫克或优选500毫克至1000毫克(每天一次或两次),或约500毫克至2000毫克(每天一次)的剂量给予延迟释放的(delayed-release)二甲双胍。具体的剂量强度可为250、500、625、750、850及1000毫克的盐酸二甲双胍。
酶DPP-4(二肽基肽酶IV,还称为CD26)为丝氨酸蛋白酶,已知其可导致二肽自N末端具有脯氨酸或丙氨酸残基的许多蛋白的N-末端解离。由于此特性,DPP-4抑制剂干扰包括肽GLP-1在内的生物活性肽的血浆浓度,且将其视为治疗糖尿病的颇具前景的药物。
例如,DPP-4抑制剂及其用途、特别是其在代谢疾病(尤其糖尿病)中的用途公开于WO2002/068420、WO2004/018467、WO2004/018468、WO2004/018469、WO2004/041820、WO2004/046148、WO2005/051950、WO2005/082906、WO2005/063750、WO2005/085246、WO2006/027204、WO2006/029769或WO2007/014886中;或公开在WO2004/050658、WO2004/111051、WO2005/058901或WO2005/097798中;或公开在WO2006/068163、WO2007/071738或WO2008/017670中;或公开在WO2007/128721或WO2007/128761中。
作为其它DPP-4抑制剂,可提及以下化合物:
-西他列汀(Sitagliptin,MK-0431),其具有以下结构式A,其为(3R)-3-氨基-1-[3-(三氟甲基)-5,6,7,8-四氢-5H-[1,2,4]三唑并[4,3-a]吡嗪-7-基]-4-(2,4,5-三氟苯基)丁-1-酮,还称为(2R)-4-氧代-4-[3-(三氟甲基)-5,6-二氢[1,2,4]三唑并[4,3-a]吡嗪-7(8H)-基]-1-(2,4,5-三氟苯基)丁-2-胺,
在一个实施方案中,西他列汀呈其磷酸二氢盐的形式,即磷酸西他列汀。在另一个实施方案中,磷酸西他列汀呈结晶无水合物或单水合物的形式。此类实施方案指磷酸西他列汀单水合物。西他列汀游离碱及其可药用盐公开在美国专利6,699,871中及公开在WO03/004498的实施例7中。结晶磷酸西他列汀单水合物公开在WO2005/003135及WO2007/050485中。
因此,例如关于有关该化合物或其盐的制备、配制或使用方法的细节,可参考这些文件。
西他列汀的片剂制剂可以商品名购得。西他列汀/二甲双胍组合的片剂制剂可以商品名购得。
-维格列汀(Vildagliptin,LAF-237),其具有以下结构式B,其为(2S)-{[(3-羟基金刚烷-1-基)氨基]乙酰基}吡咯烷-2-甲腈,还称为(S)-1-[(3-羟基-1-金刚烷基)氨基]乙酰基-2-氰基-吡咯烷,
维格列汀具体公开在美国专利6,166,063中及公开在WO00/34241的实施例1中。维格列汀的具体盐公开在WO2007/019255中。维格列汀的结晶形式以及维格列汀片剂制剂公开在WO2006/078593中。维格列汀可如WO00/34241或WO2005/067976中所阐述配制。改良释放的维格列汀制剂阐述于WO2006/135723中。
因此,例如关于有关该化合物或其盐的制备、配制或使用方法的细节,可参考这些文件。
维格列汀的片剂制剂可以商品名购得。维格列汀/二甲双胍组合的片剂制剂可以商品名购得。
-沙格列汀(Saxagliptin,BMS-477118),其具有以下结构式C,其为(1S,3S,5S)-2-{(2S)-2-氨基-2-(3-羟基金刚烷-1-基)乙酰基}-2-氮杂二环[3.1.0]己烷-3-甲腈,还称为(S)-3-羟基金刚烷基甘氨酸-L-顺式-4,5-亚甲基丙腈(methanoprolinenitrile),
沙格列汀具体公开在美国专利6,395,767及WO01/68603的实施例60中。
在一个实施方案中,沙格列汀呈其HCl盐或其单苯甲酸盐形式,如WO2004/052850中所公开。在另一个实施方案中,沙格列汀呈游离碱形式。在另一个实施方案中,沙格列汀呈游离碱的单水合物形式,如WO2004/052850中所公开。沙格列汀的HCl盐及游离碱的结晶形式公开在WO2008/131149中。制备沙格列汀的方法还公开在WO2005/106011及WO2005/115982中。沙格列汀可以片剂形式配方,如WO2005/117841中所阐述。
因此,例如关于有关该化合物或其盐的制备、配制或使用方法的细节,可参考这些文件。
-阿格列汀(Alogliptin,SYR-322),其具有以下结构式E,其为2-({6-[(3R)-3-氨基哌啶-1-基]-3-甲基-2,4-二氧代-3,4-二氢-2H-嘧啶-1-基}甲基)苄腈
阿格列汀特别公开在US2005/261271、EP1586571及WO2005/095381中。
在一个实施方案中,阿格列汀呈其苯甲酸盐、其盐酸盐或其甲苯磺酸盐的形式,各如WO2007/035629中所公开。此类实施方案指苯甲酸阿格列汀。苯甲酸阿格列汀的多晶型公开在WO2007/035372中。制备阿格列汀的方法公开在WO2007/112368中且特别公开在WO2007/035629中。阿格列汀(即其苯甲酸盐)可以片剂形式配制并给予,如WO2007/033266中所阐述。阿格列汀与二甲双胍或吡格列酮的制剂分别阐述于WO2008/093882或WO2009/011451中。
因此,例如关于有关该化合物或其盐的制备、配制或使用方法的细节,可参考这些文件。
-(2S)-1-{[2-(5-甲基-2-苯基-唑-4-基)-乙基氨基]-乙酰基}-吡咯烷-2-甲腈或其可药用盐,优选为甲磺酸盐,或
(2S)-1-{[1,1-二甲基-3-(4-吡啶-3-基-咪唑-1-基)-丙基氨基]-乙酰基}-吡咯烷-2-甲腈或其可药用盐:
这些化合物及其制备方法公开在WO03/037327中。
前面化合物的甲磺酸盐以及其结晶多晶型公开在WO2006/100181中。后面化合物的富马酸盐以及其结晶多晶型公开在WO2007/071576中。这些化合物可以药物组合物形式配制,如WO2007/017423中所阐述。
因此,例如关于有关这些化合物或其盐的制备、配制或使用方法的细节,可参考这些文件。
-(S)-1-((2S,3S,11bS)-2-氨基-9,10-二甲氧基-1,3,4,6,7,11b-六氢-2H-吡啶并[2,1-a]异喹啉-3-基)-4-氟甲基-吡咯烷-2-酮或其可药用盐:
该化合物及其制备方法公开在WO2005/000848中。制备此化合物(尤其是其二盐酸盐)的方法还公开在WO2008/031749、WO2008/031750及WO2008/055814中。此化合物可以药物组合物形式配制,如WO2007/017423中所阐述。
因此,例如关于有关该化合物或其盐的制备、配制或使用方法的细节,可参考这些文件。
-(3,3-二氟吡咯烷-1-基)-((2S,4S)-4-(4-(嘧啶-2-基)哌嗪-1-基)吡咯烷-2-基)甲酮(还称为戈塞列汀(gosogliptin))或其可药用盐:
该化合物及其制备方法公开在WO2005/116014及US7291618中。
因此,例如关于有关该化合物或其盐的制备、配制或使用方法的细节,可参考这些文件。
-(1((3S,4S)-4-氨基-1-(4-(3,3-二氟吡咯烷-1-基)-1,3,5-三嗪-2-基)吡咯烷-3-基)-5,5-二氟哌啶-2-酮或其可药用盐:
该化合物及其制备方法公开在WO2007/148185及US20070299076中。因此,例如关于有关该化合物或其盐的制备、配制或使用方法的细节,可参考这些文件。
-(2S,4S)-1-{2-[(3S,1R)-3-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基甲基)环戊基氨基]-乙酰基}-4-氟吡咯烷-2-甲腈(还称为米格列汀(melogliptin))或其可药用盐:
该化合物及其制备方法公开在WO2006/040625及WO2008/001195中。明确要求保护的盐包括甲磺酸盐及对甲苯磺酸盐。因此,例如关于有关该化合物或其盐的制备、配制或使用方法的细节,可参考这些文件。
-(R)-2-[6-(3-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-3-甲基-2,4-二氧代-3,4-二氢-2H-嘧啶-1-基甲基]-4-氟-苄腈或其可药用盐:
该化合物及其制备方法及用途公开在WO2005/095381、US2007060530、WO2007/033350、WO2007/035629、WO2007/074884、WO2007/112368、WO2008/114807、WO2008/114800及WO2008/033851中。明确要求保护的盐包括琥珀酸盐(WO2008/067465)、苯甲酸盐、苯磺酸盐、对甲苯磺酸盐、(R)-扁桃酸盐及盐酸盐。因此,例如关于有关该化合物或其盐的制备、配制或使用方法的细节,可参考这些文件。
-5-{(S)-2-[2-((S)-2-氰基-吡咯烷-1-基)-2-氧代-乙基氨基]-丙基}-5-(1H-四唑-5-基)-10,11-二氢-5H-二苯并[a,d]环庚三烯-2,8-二甲酸双-二甲基酰胺或其可药用盐:
该化合物及其制备方法公开在WO2006/116157及US2006/270701中。因此,例如关于有关该化合物或其盐的制备、配制或使用方法的细节,可参考这些文件。
-3-{(2S,4S)-4-[4-(3-甲基-1-苯基-1H-吡唑-5-基)哌嗪-1-基]吡咯烷-2-基羰基}噻唑烷(还称为特力列汀(teneligliptin))或其可药用盐:
该化合物及其制备方法公开在WO02/14271中。具体盐公开在WO2006/088129及WO2006/118127中(尤其包括盐酸盐、氢溴酸盐)。使用此化合物的组合疗法阐述于WO2006/129785中。因此,例如关于有关该化合物或其盐的制备、配制或使用方法的细节,可参考这些文件。
-[(2R)-1-{[(3R)-吡咯烷-3-基氨基]乙酰基}吡咯烷-2-基]硼酸(还称为度特列汀(dutogliptin))或其可药用盐:
该化合物及其制备方法公开在WO2005/047297、WO2008/109681及WO2009/009751中。具体盐公开在WO2008/027273中(包括柠檬酸盐、酒石酸盐)。此化合物的制剂阐述于WO2008/144730中。因此,例如关于有关该化合物或其盐的制备、配制或使用方法的细节,可参考这些文件。
-(2S,4S)-1-[2-[(4-乙氧基羰基二环[2.2.2]辛-1-基)氨基]乙酰基]-4-氟吡咯烷-2-甲腈或其可药用盐:
该化合物及其制备方法公开在WO2005/075421、US2008/146818及WO2008/114857中。因此,例如关于有关该化合物或其盐的制备、配制或使用方法的细节,可参考这些文件。
-2-({6-[(3R)-3-氨基-3-甲基哌啶-1-基]-1,3-二甲基-2,4-二氧代-1,2,3,4-四氢-5H-吡咯并[3,2-d]嘧啶-5-基}甲基)-4-氟苄腈或其可药用盐,或6-[(3R)-3-氨基-哌啶-1-基]-5-(2-氯-5-氟-苄基)-1,3-二甲基-1,5-二氢-吡咯并[3,2-d]嘧啶-2,4-二酮或其可药用盐:
这些化合物及其制备方法分别公开在WO2009/084497及WO2006/068163中。因此,例如关于有关这些化合物或其盐的制备、配制或使用方法的细节,可参考这些文件。
为避免任何疑问,上文所引用各上述文件的公开内容的全文在此引入作为参考。
在本发明范围内,现在已令人吃惊地发现,如本文所定义的DPP-4抑制剂具有令人吃惊且特别有利的性质,这些特性使得它们特别适于治疗和/或预防(包括预防或减缓进展)代谢疾病,特别是糖尿病(尤其是II型糖尿病)及其相关病症(例如,糖尿病并发症),尤其是在由于对二甲双胍不耐受或禁忌而不适合二甲双胍治疗的患者(inpatientsforwhommetformintherapyisinappropriateduetointolerabilityorcontraindicationagainstmerformin)中,例如由于对二甲双胍不耐受或禁忌而无资格选用二甲双胍治疗的患者或需要二甲双胍剂量减少的患者。
因此,本发明提供如本文定义的DPP-4抑制剂,其用于治疗和/或预防由于对二甲双胍不耐受或禁忌而不适合二甲双胍治疗的患者的代谢疾病,特别是II型糖尿病。
本发明进一步提供如本文定义的DPP-4抑制剂的用途,其用于制备治疗和/或预防由于对二甲双胍不耐受或禁忌而不适合二甲双胍治疗的患者的代谢疾病,特别是II型糖尿病的药物组合物。
本发明进一步提供一种药物组合物,其用于治疗和/或预防由于对二甲双胍不耐受或禁忌而不适合二甲双胍治疗的患者的代谢疾病,特别是II型糖尿病,所述药物组合物包含如本文定义的DPP-4抑制剂以及任选地一种或多种可药用载体和/或稀释剂。
本发明进一步提供固定或不固定组合(fixedornon-fixedcombination),包括试剂盒,其用于治疗和/或预防由于对二甲双胍不耐受或禁忌而不适合二甲双胍治疗的患者的代谢疾病,特别是II型糖尿病,所述组合包含如本文定义的DPP-4抑制剂和任选地一种或多种其它活性物质,例如任一本文所提及的其他活性物质。
本发明进一步提供如本文定义的DPP-4抑制剂与一种或多种其它活性物质(例如,任一本文所提及的其他活性物质)组合在制备药物组合物中的用途,所述药物组合物用于治疗和/或预防由于对二甲双胍不耐受或禁忌而不适合二甲双胍治疗的患者的代谢疾病,特别是II型糖尿病。
本发明进一步提供药物组合物,其用于治疗和/或预防由于对二甲双胍不耐受或禁忌而不适合二甲双胍治疗的患者的代谢疾病,特别是II型糖尿病,该药物组合物包含如本文定义的DPP-4抑制剂和任选地一种或多种其它活性物质(例如,任一本文所提及的其他活性物质),例如单独(separate)、依次(sequential)、同时(simultaneous)、并行(concurrent)或按时间顺序交叉(chronologicallystaggered)使用这些活性成份。
本发明进一步提供一种治疗和/或预防由于对二甲双胍不耐受或禁忌而不适合二甲双胍治疗的患者的代谢疾病,特别是II型糖尿病的方法,所述方法包含向有此需要的患者(特别是人类患者)给药有效量的如本文定义的DPP-4抑制剂,其任选单独给予或与有效量的一种、两种或更多种其它活性物质(例如,任一本文所提及的其他活性物质)组合,例如单独、依次、同时、并行或按时间顺序交叉给予。
此外,如本文定义的DPP-4抑制剂可用于在由于对二甲双胍不耐受或禁忌而不适合二甲双胍治疗的患者中的一种或多种下述方法:
-预防代谢疾病、减缓代谢疾病的进展、延迟或治疗代谢疾病;
-改良血糖控制和/或减少空腹血糖、餐后血糖和/或糖基化血红蛋白HbA1c;
-预防选自糖尿病并发症的病况或病症、减缓该病况或病症的进展、延迟或治疗该病况或病症;
-减轻体重或防止体重增加或促进体重减轻;
-预防或治疗胰腺β细胞变性和/或改良和/或恢复胰腺β细胞功能和/或刺激和/或恢复胰腺胰岛素分泌功能;和/或
-维持和/或改良胰岛素敏感性和/或治疗或预防高胰岛素血症和/或胰岛素抵抗。
在无资格选用二甲双胍治疗的患者中,通过本发明疗法改善的这些代谢疾病或病症的实例,包括但不限于,I型糖尿病、II型糖尿病、葡萄糖耐受不良(inadequateglucosetolerance)、胰岛素抵抗、高血糖、高血脂、高胆固醇血症、血脂异常、代谢综合征X、肥胖症、高血压、慢性全身性炎症、视网膜病变、神经病、肾病、动脉粥样硬化、内皮功能障碍及骨质疏松症。
本发明进一步提供如本文定义的DPP-4抑制剂在制备药物中的用途,该药物用于一种或多种以下目的:
-预防、减缓代谢疾病或疾病的进展、延迟或治疗该代谢疾病或疾病,例如,I型糖尿病、II型糖尿病、葡萄糖耐受不良(impairedglucosetolerance,IGT)、空腹血糖异常(impairedfastingbloodglucose,IFG)、高血糖、餐后高血糖、超重、肥胖症、血脂异常、高血脂、高胆固醇血症、高血压、动脉粥样硬化、内皮功能障碍、骨质疏松症、慢性全身性炎症、视网膜病变、神经病、肾病和/或代谢综合征;
-改良血糖控制和/或减少空腹血糖、餐后血糖和/或糖基化血红蛋白HbA1c;
-预防、减缓、延迟或逆转葡萄糖耐受不良(IGT)、空腹血糖异常(IFG)、胰岛素抵抗和/或自代谢综合征至II型糖尿病的进展;
-预防糖尿病并发症、降低其风险、减缓其进展、延迟或治疗该糖尿病并发症,例如微血管及大血管病变,例如肾病、微量或大量蛋白尿(macroalbuminuria)、蛋白尿(proteinuria)、视网膜病变、白内障、神经病、学习或记忆损伤、神经变性或认知障碍、心血管或脑血管疾病、组织缺血、糖尿病足或溃疡、动脉粥样硬化、、高血压、内皮功能障碍、心肌梗塞、急性冠状动脉综合症、不稳定型心绞痛、稳定型心绞痛、外周动脉闭塞性疾病、心肌病、心力衰竭、心率失调、血管狭窄和/或中风;
-减轻体重或防止体重增加或促进体重减轻;
-预防、减缓、延迟或治疗胰腺β细胞变性和/或胰腺β细胞功能衰退和/或改良和/或恢复胰腺β细胞功能和/或刺激和/或恢复胰腺胰岛素分泌功能;
-预防、减缓、延迟或治疗非酒精性脂肪肝疾病(NAFLD),包括肝脏脂肪变性、非酒精性脂肝炎(NASH)和/或肝纤维化;
-预防第一次或第二次常规(口服)抗高血糖单一或组合疗法无效的II型糖尿病、减缓其进展、延迟或治疗所述疾病;
-达成充足治疗效果所需的常规的抗高血糖药物的剂量减少;
-降低与常规的抗高血糖药物相关的副作用的风险;和/或
-维持和/或改良胰岛素敏感性和/或治疗或预防高胰岛素血症和/或胰岛素抵抗;
特别是在由于对二甲双胍不耐受或禁忌而不适合二甲双胍治疗的患者和/或患有肾疾病、肾功能障碍、或肾功能不全或损伤的患者(包括患有慢性肾功能不全的患者)中,其任选与一种或多种其它活性物质(例如,任何本文所提及的其它活性物质)组合。
此外,根据本发明的另一个实施方案,提供如本文定义的DPP-4抑制剂,其用于治疗和/或预防(包括降低其发生或进展的风险)患有肾疾病、肾功能障碍、或肾功能不全或损伤的患者(包括患有慢性肾功能不全的患者)的代谢性病症或疾病,尤其是糖尿病(特别是II型糖尿病),其任选与一种或多种其它活性物质(例如,选自那些本文所提及的其它活性物质)组合。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,符合使用此处所述的DPP-4抑制剂治疗的且任选组合(追加(add-on)或起始(initial))一种或两种常规抗高血糖药物(选自磺酰脲类、噻唑烷二酮类、列奈类、α-糖苷酶阻断剂类、GLP-1和GLP-1类似物,以及胰岛素和胰岛素类似物)的此处所述患者,包括但不限于,首次使用药物的(drug)以及预先治疗的糖尿病患者,例如尽管进行常规抗糖尿病治疗却血糖控制不充分的患者(例如第一次或第二次药物失效),例如尽管使用药物疗法(例如尽管使用最大耐受口服剂量的治疗)却血糖控制不充分的患者,所述患者使用一种、两种或三种常规抗高血糖药物(选自二甲双胍、磺酰脲类、噻唑烷二酮类、列奈类、α-糖苷酶阻断剂类、GLP-1和GLP-1类似物,及胰岛素和胰岛素类似物),例如尽管使用磺酰脲、吡格列酮或(基本的)胰岛素的单一疗法,或尽管使用磺酰脲/吡格列酮、磺酰脲/(基本的)胰岛素或吡格列酮/(基本的)胰岛素组合的双重组合治疗。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,提供本文所定义的DPP-4抑制剂,任选与一种或多种常规抗高血糖药物(选自磺酰脲类、噻唑烷二酮类(例如吡格列酮)、列奈类、α-糖苷酶阻断剂类、GLP-1和GLP-1类似物,以及胰岛素和胰岛素类似物)组合,用于(由于不耐受或禁忌二甲双胍)不适合二甲双胍治疗的II型糖尿病患者的(一线)治疗。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,提供本文所定义的DPP-4抑制剂,任选与一种或多种常规抗高血糖药物(选自磺酰脲类、噻唑烷二酮类(例如吡格列酮)、列奈类、α-糖苷酶阻断剂类、GLP-1和GLP-1类似物,以及胰岛素和胰岛素类似物)组合,用于(由于不耐受或禁忌二甲双胍)不适合二甲双胍治疗的II型糖尿病患者和对所述常规抗高血糖药物控制不充分的患者的(二线或三线)治疗。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,提供本文所定义的DPP-4抑制剂与吡格列酮组合,用于本发明所述的(由于不耐受或禁忌二甲双胍)不适合二甲双胍治疗的II型糖尿病患者(特别是超重的患者)。
本领域技术人员根据上文及下文说明将易知本发明的其它方面。
在本发明范围内的DPP-4抑制剂,包括但不限于,上文及下文所提及的那些DPP-4抑制剂中的任一种,优选口服有效的DPP-4抑制剂。
本发明的具体实施方案涉及DPP-4抑制剂,其用于治疗具有不充分血糖控制的患者的II型糖尿病,这些患者由于对二甲双胍不耐受或禁忌而不适合二甲双胍治疗。
本发明的另一具体实施方案涉及DPP-4抑制剂,其用于治疗和/或预防由于对二甲双胍不耐受或禁忌而不适合二甲双胍治疗的患者(特别是患有肾疾病、肾功能障碍或肾损伤的患者)的代谢疾病(特别是II型糖尿病),其特征在于该DPP-4抑制剂以与具有正常肾功能的患者相比降低的剂量或有利地相同剂量给药至这些患者,因此,例如,所述DPP-4抑制剂不需针对肾功能损害下调剂量。
本发明的具体实施方案涉及DPP-4抑制剂,其用于治疗由于对二甲双胍不耐受或禁忌(例如,任一那些上文或下文定义的不耐受或禁忌症)而无资格选用二甲双胍治疗的患者的II型糖尿病。
在本发明范围内,本发明疗法所关注患者的具体亚群涉及患有慢性肾功能不全或损伤(特别是中度、严重或最终阶段)的患者。
患有肾疾病、肾功能障碍或肾损伤的患者需要特别基于个别药物的性质及特性(例如,其药代动力学、药效学、新陈代谢、消除途径)及患者的肾损伤等级谨慎评定其药物及给药方案的适当选择。
出于本发明目的建议的DPP-4抑制剂(尤其对于患有肾功能不良的患者)为该口服DPP-4抑制剂,该DPP-4抑制剂及其活性代谢产物优选具有相对较宽(例如,约>100倍)的治疗窗,和/或尤其其主要经肝脏代谢或胆汁分泌消除。
更详细地,特别适合本发明目的的DPP-4抑制剂(尤其对于患有肾功能损害的患者)为口服给药的DPP-4抑制剂,其具有相对较宽(例如,>100倍)的治疗窗和/或其满足一种或多种以下药代动力学特性(优选在其治疗口服剂量水平):
-DPP-4抑制剂基本上或主要经肝排泄(例如,>80%或甚至>90%所给予的口服剂量),和/或其中肾排泄基本上不代表消除途径或仅代表次要消除途径(例如,<10%、优选<7%所给予的口服剂量,例如根据放射性标记碳(14C)物质口服剂量的消除测量);
-DPP-4抑制剂主要以母体药物无变化地排泄(例如,在口服服用放射性标记碳(14C)物质后,尿及粪便中所排泄放射性平均为>70%、或>80%、或优选90%),和/或其非大部分地(non-substantial)或仅有一小部分(例如,<30%、或<20%、或优选10%)经新陈代谢消除;
-DPP-4抑制剂的(主要)代谢产物在药理上无活性。例如,主要代谢产物不结合至目标酶DPP-4或不抑制其活性,且任选,与母体化合物相比,其快速消除(例如,终末半衰期≤20小时、或优选≤约16小时,例如15.9小时)。
在一个实施方案中,具有3-氨基-哌啶-1-基取代基的DPP-4抑制剂的(主要)代谢产物(其可在药理上无活性)为3-氨基-哌啶-1-基部分的氨基经羟基替代,以形成3-羟基-哌啶-1-基部分的衍生物。
可对本发明目的具有吸引力的DPP-4抑制剂的其它特性可为以下的一种或多种:快速达到稳态(例如,在用治疗口服剂量治疗的第二天与第五天间达到稳态血药浓度(steadystateplasmaconcentration)(大于稳态血药浓度的90%))、较少累积(例如,在治疗口服剂量下平均累积比RA,AUC≤1.4)、和/或优选在每天使用一次时保持DPP-4抑制的持久效应(例如,在治疗口服剂量水平具有几乎完全(>90%)DPP-4抑制、在每天一次摄取治疗口服药物剂量后经24小时间隔有>80%抑制)、在治疗剂量水平餐后2小时血液葡萄糖偏移显着降低达≥80%(在疗法的第一天时即已达到此降低),且在第一天尿中所排泄无变化母体化合物的累积量低于所给予剂量的1%且在稳态下增加至不超过约3-6%。
因此,本发明还涉及DPP-4抑制剂,其用于治疗和/或预防由于对二甲双胍不耐受或禁忌而不适合二甲双胍治疗的患者(更具体而言,患有肾疾病、肾功能障碍或肾损伤的患者)的代谢疾病(尤其II型糖尿病),其特征在于该DPP-4抑制剂非大部分地或仅有一小部分(例如,<10%、优选<7%的所给予的口服剂量)经肾排泄(例如根据放射性标记碳(14C)物质口服剂量的消除测量)。
此外,本发明涉及DPP-4抑制剂,其用于治疗和/或预防由于对二甲双胍不耐受或禁忌而不适合二甲双胍治疗的患者(更具体而言,患有肾疾病、肾功能障碍或肾损伤的患者)的代谢疾病(尤其II型糖尿病),其特征在于该DPP-4抑制剂基本上或主要经肝排泄(例如根据放射性标记碳(14C)物质口服剂量的消除测量)。
此外,本发明涉及DPP-4抑制剂,其用于治疗和/或预防代谢疾病(尤其由于对二甲双胍不耐受或禁忌而不适合二甲双胍治疗的患者、更具体而言,患有肾疾病、肾功能障碍或肾损伤的患者的II型糖尿病),其特征在于该DPP-4抑制剂主要以母体药物无变化地排泄(例如,在口服给药放射性标记碳(14C)物质后,尿及粪便中所排泄放射性平均为>70%、或>80%、或优选90%),该DPP-4抑制剂非大部分地或仅有一小部分经新陈代谢消除,和/或该DPP-4抑制剂的主要代谢产物在药理上无活性或具有相对较宽治疗窗。
在第一个实施方案(实施方案A)中,在本发明上下文中的DPP-4抑制剂为以下DPP-4抑制剂中的任一种:
式(I)
或式(II)
或式(III)
或式(IV)
其中R1表示([1,5]二氮杂萘-2-基)甲基、(喹唑啉-2-基)甲基、(喹喔啉-6-基)甲基、(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基、2-氰基-苄基、(3-氰基-喹啉-2-基)甲基、(3-氰基-吡啶-2-基)甲基、(4-甲基-嘧啶-2-基)甲基或(4,6-二甲基-嘧啶-2-基)甲基,且R2表示3-(R)-氨基-哌啶-1-基、(2-氨基-2-甲基-丙基)-甲基氨基或(2-(S)-氨基-丙基)-甲基氨基,或其可药用盐。
在第二实施方案(实施方案B)中,在本发明上下文中的DPP-4抑制剂选自以下的DPP-4抑制剂:西他列汀、维格列汀、沙格列汀、阿格列汀,
(2S)-1-{[2-(5-甲基-2-苯基-唑-4-基)-乙基氨基]-乙酰基}-吡咯烷-2-甲腈,
(2S)-1-{[1,1-二甲基-3-(4-吡啶-3-基-咪唑-1-基)-丙基氨基]-乙酰基}-吡咯烷-2-甲腈,
(S)-1-((2S,3S,11bS)-2-氨基-9,10-二甲氧基-1,3,4,6,7,11b-六氢-2H-吡啶并[2,1-a]异喹啉-3-基)-4-氟甲基-吡咯烷-2-酮,
(3,3-二氟吡咯烷-1-基)-((2S,4S)-4-(4-(嘧啶-2-基)哌嗪-1-基)吡咯烷-2-基)甲酮,
(1((3S,4S)-4-氨基-1-(4-(3,3-二氟吡咯烷-1-基)-1,3,5-三嗪-2-基)吡咯烷-3-基)-5,5-二氟哌啶-2-酮,
(2S,4S)-1-{2-[(3S,1R)-3-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基甲基)环戊基氨基]-乙酰基}-4-氟吡咯烷-2-甲腈,
(R)-2-[6-(3-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-3-甲基-2,4-二氧代-3,4-二氢-2H-嘧啶-1-基甲基]-4-氟-苄腈,
5-{(S)-2-[2-((S)-2-氰基-吡咯烷-1-基)-2-氧代-乙基氨基]-丙基}-5-(1H-四唑-5-基)-10,11-二氢-5H-二苯并[a,d]环庚三烯-2,8-二甲酸双-二甲基酰胺,
3-{(2S,4S)-4-[4-(3-甲基-1-苯基-1H-吡唑-5-基)哌嗪-1-基]吡咯烷-2-基羰基}噻唑烷,
[(2R)-1-{[(3R)-吡咯烷-3-基氨基]乙酰基}吡咯烷-2-基]硼酸,
(2S,4S)-1-[2-[(4-乙氧基羰基二环[2.2.2]辛-1-基)氨基]乙酰基]-4-氟吡咯烷-2-甲腈,
2-({6-[(3R)-3-氨基-3-甲基哌啶-1-基]-1,3-二甲基-2,4-二氧代-1,2,3,4-四氢-5H-吡咯并[3,2-d]嘧啶-5-基}甲基)-4-氟苄腈,和
6-[(3R)-3-氨基-哌啶-1-基]-5-(2-氯-5-氟-苄基)-1,3-二甲基-1,5-二氢-吡咯并[3,2-d]嘧啶-2,4-二酮,
或其可药用盐。
关于第一个实施方案(实施方案A),优选的DPP-4抑制剂为以下化合物中的任一种或全部及其可药用盐:
●1-[(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤(参照WO2004/018468,实施例2(142)):
●1-[([1,5]二氮杂萘-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤(参照WO2004/018468,实施例2(252)):
●1-[(喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤(参照WO2004/018468,实施例2(80)):
●2-((R)-3-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-3-(丁-2-炔基)-5-(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基甲基)-3.5-二氢-咪唑并[4,5-d]哒嗪-4-酮(参照WO2004/050658,实施例136):
●1-[(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-[(2-氨基-2-甲基-丙基)-甲基氨基]-黄嘌呤(参照WO2006/029769,实施例2(1)):
●1-[(3-氰基-喹啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤(参照WO2005/085246,实施例1(30)):
●1-(2-氰基-苄基)-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤(参照WO2005/085246,实施例1(39)):
●1-[(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-[(S)-(2-氨基-丙基)-甲基氨基]-黄嘌呤(参照WO2006/029769,实施例2(4)):
●1-[(3-氰基-吡啶-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤(参照WO2005/085246,实施例1(52)):
●1-[(4-甲基-嘧啶-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤(参照WO2005/085246,实施例1(81)):
●1-[(4,6-二甲基-嘧啶-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤(参照WO2005/085246,实施例1(82)):
●1-[(喹喔啉-6-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤(参照WO2005/085246,实施例1(83)):
这些DPP-4抑制剂不同于结构上相当的DPP-4抑制剂,因为它们组合了优越效力和长效与有利的药理学特性、受体选择性及有利的副作用性质或带来意想不到的治疗优点或改善,当与其它药物活性物质组合时。它们的制备公开在所提及的文献中。
在本发明实施方案A的上述DPP-4抑制剂中,更优选的DPP-4抑制剂为1-[(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤,特别是其游离碱(其还称为BI1356)。
除非另有说明,否则根据本发明,应当理解上文及下文所提及的活性化合物(包括DPP-4抑制剂)的定义还包含其可药用盐以及其水合物、溶合物及多晶型形式。关于其盐、水合物及多晶型形式,特别提及的为那些在本文中所提及的物质。
关于实施方案A,用于合成本发明实施方案A的DPP-4抑制剂的方法对于本领域的技术人员是公知的。有利地,本发明实施方案A的DPP-4抑制剂可使用如文献中所阐述的合成方法来制备。因此,例如,式(I)的嘌呤衍生物可如WO2002/068420、WO2004/018468、WO2005/085246、WO2006/029769或WO2006/048427中所阐述来获得,其公开内容在此引入作为参考。式(II)的嘌呤衍生物可如(例如)WO2004/050658或WO2005/110999中所阐述来获得,其公开内容在此引入作为参考。式(III)及(IV)的嘌呤衍生物可如(例如)WO2006/068163、WO2007/071738或WO2008/017670中所阐述获得,其公开内容在此引入作为参考。上文特别提及的那些DPP-4抑制剂的制备公开在与本发明相关的所提及文献中。具体DPP-4抑制剂的多晶形晶体改良及制剂分别公开在WO2007/128721及WO2007/128724中,其公开内容在此引入作为参考。具体DPP-4抑制剂与二甲双胍或其它组合药物的制剂阐述于PCT/EP2009053978中,其公开内容在此引入作为参考。BI1356/二甲双胍双重组合的典型剂量强度为2.5/500毫克、2.5/850毫克及2.5/1000毫克。
关于实施方案B,用于合成实施方案B的DPP-4抑制剂的方法阐述于科学文献中和/或公开专利文件,特别是那些本文所引用的文献。
对于在温血脊椎动物(特别是人类)中的医药应用而言,本发明化合物通常以0.001-100毫克/千克体重、优选地以0.1-15毫克/千克的剂量使用,在每一情形下每天使用1-4次。出于此目的,任选与其它活性物质组合的化合物可与一种或多种惰性常规的载体和/或稀释剂一起掺入,例如与玉米淀粉、乳糖、葡萄糖、微晶纤维素、硬脂酸镁、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、柠檬酸、酒石酸、水、水/乙醇、水/甘油、水/山梨糖醇、水/聚乙二醇、丙二醇、十六烷基硬脂醇、羧甲基纤维素或脂肪物质(例如,硬脂肪)或其适宜混合物一起掺入到常规的盖仑制剂(例如,素片或包衣片、胶囊、粉剂、悬浮液或栓剂)中。
因此,包含如本文所定义DPP-4抑制剂的本发明药物组合物由本领域技术人员使用如本领域所述可药用制剂的赋形剂来制备。这些赋形剂的实施例包含但不限于稀释剂、粘合剂、载体、填充剂、润滑剂、流动促进剂、结晶延缓剂、崩解剂、增溶剂、着色剂、pH调节剂、表面活性剂和乳化剂。
用于实施方案A化合物的适宜稀释剂的实例包括纤维素粉末、磷酸氢钙、赤藻糖醇、低取代的羟丙基纤维素、甘露糖醇、预胶化淀粉或木糖醇。在那些稀释剂中,重点在于甘露糖醇、低取代的羟丙基纤维素和预胶化淀粉。
用于实施方案A化合物的适宜润滑剂的实例包括滑石粉、聚乙二醇、山嵛酸钙、硬脂酸钙、氢化蓖麻油或硬脂酸镁。在那些润滑剂中,重点在于硬脂酸镁。
用于实施方案A化合物的适宜粘合剂的实例包括共聚维酮(乙烯基吡咯烷酮与其它乙烯基衍生物的共聚物)、羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)、羟丙基纤维素(HPC)、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(聚维酮)、预胶化淀粉或低取代的羟丙基纤维素(L-HPC)。在那些粘合剂中,重点在于共聚维酮和预胶化淀粉。
用于实施方案A化合物的适宜崩解剂的实例包括玉米淀粉或交聚维酮。在那些崩解剂中,重点在于调玉米淀粉。
制备本发明实施方案A的DPP-4抑制剂的药物制剂的适宜方法为
●将与适宜压片赋形剂呈粉末混合物形式的活性物质直接压片;
●用适宜赋形剂制粒,随后与适宜赋形剂混合且随后压片以及薄膜包衣;或
●将粉末混合物或颗粒包装成胶囊。
适宜的制粒方法为
●在强力混合器中湿法制粒,随后通过流化床干燥;
●一罐式制粒(one-potganulation);
●流化床制粒;或
●用适宜赋形剂干法制粒(例如,通过滚筒压缩),随后压片或包装成胶囊。
本发明实施方案A的DPP-4抑制剂的示例性组合物包含第一稀释剂甘露糖醇、具有额外粘合剂特性的作为第二稀释剂的预胶化淀粉、粘合剂聚维酮、崩解剂玉米淀粉,和作为润滑剂的硬脂酸镁,其中聚维酮和/或玉米淀粉为可选的。
关于本发明DPP-4抑制剂的剂型、制剂及给药细节,可参考科学文献和/或公开的专利文件,特别是那些本文所引用的文献。
关于第一个实施方案(实施方案A),当实施方案A中本文所提及的DPP-4抑制剂经静脉内给予时,其通常所需的剂量为0.1毫克至10毫克、优选0.25毫克至5毫克,当口服给药时,为0.5毫克至100毫克、优选2.5毫克至50毫克或0.5毫克至10毫克、更优选2.5毫克至10毫克或1毫克至5毫克,在每一情形下每天给予1-4次。因此,当口服给药时,1-[(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤的剂量为例如0.5毫克至10毫克/患者/天、优选2.5毫克至10毫克或1毫克至5毫克/患者/天。
使用包含实施方案A中本文所提及的DPP-4抑制剂的药物组合物所制备的剂型以0.1-100毫克的剂量范围含有活性成份。因此,例如,1-[(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤的特定剂量强度为0.5毫克、1毫克、2.5毫克、5毫克和10毫克。
关于第二实施方案(实施方案B),在实施方案B中欲给药至哺乳动物(例如人类,例如约70千克体重)的本文所提及DPP-4抑制剂的剂量通常可为约0.5毫克至约350毫克、例如约10毫克至约250毫克、优选20-200毫克、更优选20-100毫克活性部分/人/天,或约0.5毫克至约20毫克、优选2.5-10毫克/人/天,优选地分成1-4个单个剂量,这些剂量的(例如)大小可相同。单独剂量强度包含(例如)10、25、40、50、75、100、150和200毫克DPP-4抑制剂活性部分。
DPP-4抑制剂西他列汀的剂量强度通常介于25毫克与200毫克活性部分之间。西他列汀的推荐剂量针对活性部分(游离碱无水物)计算为100毫克,每天一次。西他列汀游离碱无水物(活性部分)的单位剂量强度为25、50、75、100、150和200毫克。西他列汀的具体单位剂量强度(例如每片)为25、50及100毫克。药物组合物中使用等量的磷酸西他列汀单水合物与西他列汀游离碱无水物,即分别为32.13、64.25、96.38、128.5、192.75和257毫克。将剂量经调节的25毫克及50毫克西他列汀用于肾衰竭患者。西他列汀/二甲双胍双重组合的典型剂量强度为50/500毫克及50/1000毫克。
DPP-4抑制剂维格列汀的剂量范围通常介于每日10毫克与150毫克之间、具体而言介于每日25毫克与150毫克、25毫克与100毫克或25毫克与50毫克或50毫克与100毫克之间。每日口服剂量的特定实施例为25、30、35、45、50、55、60、80、100或150毫克。在更具体方面中,维格列汀的日给予量可介于25毫克与150毫克之间或介于50毫克与100毫克之间。在另一更具体方面中,维格列汀的日给予量可为50毫克或100毫克。活性成份的施用每天可至多发生三次、优选地每天一次或两次。具体剂量强度为50毫克或100毫克维格列汀。维格列汀/二甲双胍双重组合的典型剂量强度为50/850毫克和50/1000毫克。
阿格列汀可以如下日剂量给予患者:介于5毫克/天与250毫克/天之间,任选介于10毫克与200毫克之间,任选介于10毫克与150毫克之间,且任选介于10毫克与100毫克阿格列汀之间(在每一情形下皆基于阿格列汀的游离碱形式的分子量)。因此,可使用的具体剂量包括但不限于每天10毫克、12.5毫克、20毫克、25毫克、50毫克、75毫克和100毫克阿格列汀。阿格列汀可以其游离碱形式或可药用盐形式给予。
沙格列汀可以如下日剂量给予患者:介于2.5毫克/天与100毫克/天之间,任选介于2.5毫克与50毫克之间。可使用的具体剂量包括但不限于每天2.5毫克、5毫克、10毫克、15毫克、20毫克、30毫克、40毫克、50毫克和100毫克沙格列汀。沙格列汀/二甲双胍双重组合的典型剂量强度为2.5/500毫克及2.5/1000毫克。
本发明DPP-4抑制剂的具体实施方案指那些以低剂量治疗有效的口服给药的DPP-4抑制剂,例如以<100毫克或<70毫克/患者/天、优选<50毫克、更优选<30毫克或<20毫克、甚至更优选1毫克至10毫克/患者/天(若需要,分成1-4个单个剂量,特别是1或2个单个剂量,其大小可相同)、特别是1毫克至5毫克(更具体而言为5毫克),优选地每天一次口服给药、更优选地在一天中任何时间在伴随或不伴随食物情况下给予。
在本发明范围内欲强调的特别优选的DPP-4抑制剂为1-[(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤(还称为BI1356)。BI1356显示高效力、24小时持续作用以及宽的治疗窗。在每日一次服用1、2.5、5或10毫克BI1356的多个口服剂量达12天的II型糖尿患者中,BI1356显示出有利的药效学和药代动力学性质(例如,参见下表1):快速达到稳态(例如,在所有剂量组中,在治疗第二天与第五天间达到稳态血药浓度(大于在第13天时给药前血浆浓度的90%))、较少累积(例如,在高于1毫克剂量下平均累积比RA,AUC≤1.4)以及保持DPP-4抑制的长效(例如,在5毫克及10毫克剂量水平具有几乎完全(>90%)DPP-4抑制,即在稳态下分别为92.3和97.3%抑制,及在摄取药物后经24小时间隔有>80%抑制)、以及以≥2.5毫克的剂量餐后2小时血糖偏移显着降低达≥80%(在第一天时即已达到此降低),其中在第一天尿中所排泄无变化母体化合物的累积量低于所给予剂量的1%且在第12天时增加至不超过约3-6%(对于所给予的口服剂量,肾清除率CLR,ss为约14-约70mL/min,例如对于5毫克剂量,肾清除率为约70ml/min)。在患有II型糖尿病人群中,BI1356显示出与安慰剂相似的安全性及耐受性。使用约≥5毫克的低剂量,BI1356可作为每日一次的可靠口服药物,DPP-4抑制可持续整个24小时。在治疗口服剂量水平,BI1356主要经肝排泄,仅有一小部分(约<7%的口服给药剂量)经肾排泄。BI1356主要经胆无变化地排泄。经肾消除的BI1356部分随时间及剂量的增加仅略有增加,因此根据患者的肾功能可能无需改变BI1356的剂量。非肾消除的BI1356由于其低累积可能性及宽安全边际量可对肾功能不全及糖尿病性肾患者病率较高的患者人群具有明显益处。
表1:于稳态下(第12天)BI1356的药代动力学参数的几何平均值(gMean)及几何变异系数(gCV)
*中值及范围[最小值-最大值]
NC由于大部分值低于定量下限而未计算
由于不同代谢功能病症通常同时发生,因此经常需要使多种不同活性成份相互组合。因此,视所诊断的功能病症而定,若使DPP-4抑制剂与常规用于各个病症的活性物质组合,可获得改良的治疗结果,这些活性物质为(例如)一种或多种选自其它抗糖尿病物质中的活性物质,尤其降低血液中血糖浓度或脂浓度、升高血液中HDL浓度、降低血压或治疗动脉粥样硬化或肥胖症所需的活性物质。
上述DPP-4抑制剂除其用于单一治疗外还可与其它活性物质结合使用,借此可获得改良的治疗结果。此组合治疗可作为这些物质的自由组合或以固定组合(例如以片剂或胶囊)的形式给予。为此所需组合药物的药物制剂可以药物组合物购得或者可通过本领域技术人员使用常规的方法来配制。可以药物组合物购得的活性物质在现有技术的许多地方皆有阐述,例如federalassociationofthepharmaceuticalindustry的“Rote”每年出版的药物目录中,或每年更新的关于处方药的制造商信息汇编(compilationofmanufacturers’informationonprescriptiondrugs)(称为“Physician’sDeskReference)中。
抗糖尿病组合药物的实施例为磺酰脲类,例如格列本脲、甲苯磺丁脲、格列美脲、格列吡嗪、格列喹酮、格列波脲和格列齐特;那格列奈;瑞格列奈;噻唑烷二酮类,例如罗格列酮及吡格列酮;PPARγ调节剂,例如美塔格列生(metaglidase);PPAR-γ激动剂,例如GI262570;PPAR-γ拮抗剂;PPAR-γ/α调节剂,例如替格列扎(tesaglitazar)、莫格他唑(muraglitazar)、阿格列扎(aleglitazar)、及indeglitazar、AVE0897和KRP297;PPAR-γ/α/δ调节剂;AMPK-激活剂,例如AICAR;乙酰基-CoA羧化酶(ACC1及ACC2)抑制剂;二酰甘油-乙酰基转移酶(DGAT)抑制剂;胰腺β细胞GCRP激动剂,例如SMT3-受体-激动剂及GPR119;11β-HSD-抑制剂;FGF19激动剂或类似物;α-葡糖苷酶阻断剂,例如阿卡波糖、伏格列波糖及米格列醇;α2-拮抗剂;胰岛素及胰岛素类似物,例如人胰岛素、赖脯胰岛素、谷赖胰岛素(insulinglusilin)、r-DNA-门冬胰岛素(insulinaspart)、NPH胰岛素、地特胰岛素、锌胰岛素悬浮液及甘精胰岛素(insulinglargin);肠抑胃肽(GIP);普兰林肽、达瓦林肽(davalintide);白糊精及白糊精类似物或GLP-1及GLP-1类似物,例如Exendin-4,例如艾塞那肽(exenatide)、艾塞那肽LAR、利拉鲁肽(liraglutide)、他司鲁肽(taspoglutide)、AVE-0010、LY-2428757、LY-2189265、塞马鲁肽(semaglutide)或阿必鲁肽(albiglutide);SGLT2-抑制剂,例如KGT-1251;蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶的抑制剂(例如,trodusquemine);葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶的抑制剂;果糖-1,6-双磷酸酶调节剂;糖原磷酸化酶调节剂;胰高血糖素受体拮抗剂;磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)抑制剂;丙酮酸脱氢酶激酶(PDK)抑制剂;酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(50毫克至600毫克),例如PDGF-受体-激酶(参见,EP-A-564409、WO98/35958、US5093330、WO2004/005281,和WO2006/041976);葡糖激酶/调节蛋白调节剂,包括葡糖激酶激活剂;糖原合酶激酶抑制剂;含有SH2结构域肌醇5-磷酸酶2型(SHIP2)的抑制剂;IKK抑制剂,例如高剂量水杨酸酯;JNK1抑制剂;蛋白激酶C-θ抑制剂;β3激动剂,例如利托贝隆(ritobegron)、YM178、索拉贝隆(solabegron)、他利贝隆(talibegron)、N-5984、GRC-1087、雷法贝隆(rafabegron)、FMP825;醛糖还原酶抑制剂,例如AS3201、折那司他、非达司他、依帕司他、然尼司他(ranirestat)、NZ-314、CP-744809及CT-112;SGLT-1或SGLT-2抑制剂,例如达格列净(dapagliflozin)、舍格列净(sergliflozin)、atigliflozin、larnagliflozin或坎格列净(canagliflozin)(或来自WO2009/035969的式(I-S)或(I-K)化合物);KV1.3通道抑制剂;GPR40调节剂;SCD-1抑制剂;CCR-2拮抗剂;多巴胺受体激动剂(甲磺酸溴隐亭(bromocriptinemesylate)/Cycloset);及其它DPPIV抑制剂。
组合药物(partnerdrug)吡格列酮的剂量通常为约1-10毫克、15毫克、30毫克或45毫克,每天一次。
罗格列酮通常以4毫克至8毫克剂量给予,每天一次(或分成两次)(典型剂量强度为2、4和8毫克)。
格列本脲通常以2.5-5至20毫克的剂量给予,每天一次(或分成两次)(典型剂量强度为1.25、2.5和5毫克),或微粉化格列本脲以0.75-3至12毫克的剂量给予,每天一次(或分成两次)(典型剂量强度为1.5、3、4.5和6毫克)。
格列吡嗪通常以2.5至10-20毫克的剂量每天给予一次(高达40毫克,分两次)(典型剂量强度为5毫克和10毫克),或延长释放的格列吡嗪以5-10毫克(高达20毫克)的剂量每天给予一次(典型剂量强度为2.5、5和10毫克)。
格列美脲通常以1-2至4毫克(高达8毫克)的剂量给予,每天一次(典型剂量强度为1、2合4毫克)。
格列本脲/二甲双胍双重组合物通常以1.25/250毫克(每日一次)至10/1000毫克(每日两次)的剂量给予(典型剂量强度为1.25/250、2.5/500和5/500毫克)。
格列吡嗪/二甲双胍双重组合通常以2.5/250至10/1000毫克的剂量给予,每日两次(典型剂量强度为2.5/250、2.5/500和5/500毫克)。
格列美脲/二甲双胍双重组合通常以1/250至4/1000毫克的剂量给予,每日两次。
罗格列酮/格列美脲双重组合通常以4/1毫克(每日一次或两次)至4/2毫克(每日两次)的剂量给予(典型剂量强度为4/1、4/2、4/4、8/2和8/4毫克)。
吡格列酮/格列美脲双重组合通常以30/2至30/4毫克(每日一次)的剂量给予(典型剂量强度为30/4和45/4毫克)。
罗格列酮/二甲双胍双重组合通常以1/500至4/1000毫克(每日两次)的剂量给予(典型剂量强度为1/500、2/500、4/500、2/1000和4/1000毫克)。
吡格列酮/二甲双胍双重组合通常以15/500毫克(每日一次或两次)至15/850毫克(每日三次)的剂量给予(典型剂量强度为15/500和15/850毫克)。
非磺酰脲胰岛素促分泌那格列奈通常以60至120毫克的剂量伴餐给予(高达360毫克/天,典型剂量强度为60和120毫克);瑞格列奈通常以0.5至4毫克的剂量伴餐给予(高达16毫克/天,典型剂量强度为0.5、1和2毫克)。瑞格列奈/二甲双胍双重组合可以1/500和2/850毫克的剂量强度使用。
阿卡波糖通常以25至100毫克的剂量伴餐给予(高达300毫克/天,典型剂量强度为25、50和100毫克)。米格列醇通常以25至100毫克的剂量伴餐给予(高达300毫克/天,典型剂量强度为25、50和100毫克)。
典型用于单一或双重或三重(追加或起始)组合疗法的常规抗糖尿病和抗高血糖药物可包括但不限于,二甲双胍、磺酰脲类、噻唑烷二酮类、列奈类、α-糖苷酶阻断剂类、GLP-1和GLP-1类似物,以及胰岛素和胰岛素类似物,例如此处通过实例方式指明的药物,包括它们的组合。
出于本发明目的,与本发明DPP-4抑制剂组合使用的具体抗糖尿病组合药物包括但不限于,特别是对于患有中度肾损伤的患者,格列本脲(降低的剂量)、格列美脲(降低的剂量)、格列喹酮(降低的剂量)、格列吡嗪、瑞格列奈、阿卡波糖、米格列醇、罗格列酮和吡格列酮;以及特别是对于患有重度肾损伤的患者,瑞格列奈(降低的剂量)、吡格列酮及胰岛素及胰岛素类似物。
降低血液中脂质度的组合药物实施例为HMG-CoA-还原酶抑制剂,例如辛伐他汀、阿托伐他汀、洛伐他汀、氟伐他汀、普伐他汀、匹伐他汀及罗苏伐他汀;贝特类,例如苯扎贝特、非诺贝特、氯贝丁酯、吉非贝齐、依托贝特及益多酯(etofyllinclofibrate);烟酸及其衍生物,例如阿昔莫司;PPAR-α激动剂;PPAR-δ激动剂;乙酰-辅酶A:胆固醇酰基转移酶(ACAT;EC2.3.1.26)的抑制剂,例如阿伐麦布;胆固醇吸收抑制剂,例如依折麦布(ezetimib);结合至胆汁酸的物质,例如考来烯胺、考来替泊及考来维仑;胆汁酸转运抑制剂;HDL调节活性物质,例如D4F、反向D4F(reverseD4F)、LXR调节活性物质及FXR调节活性物质;CETP抑制剂,例如托彻普(torcetrapib)、JTT-705/达彻普(dalcetrapib)或来自WO2007/005572的化合物12(anacetrapib);LDL受体调节剂;和ApoB100反义RNA。
组合药物阿托伐他汀的剂量通常为1毫克至40毫克或10毫克至80毫克,每天一次。
典型的降血脂组合药物可包括但不限于,他汀类(例如阿托伐他汀、辛伐他汀、普伐他汀、氟伐他汀、洛伐他汀或罗苏伐他汀)、依泽替米贝、贝特类(例如非诺贝特或吉非贝齐)、CETP抑制剂、胆汁酸多价螯合剂(例如考来烯胺或考来维仑)、和烟酸或烟酸类似物(其还升高血HDL浓度),及其组合(例如他汀类/依泽替米贝或他汀类/贝特类组合)。特别对于中度或重度肾损伤的患者,典型的降血脂药物可包括但不限于,阿托伐他汀、氟伐他汀、吉非贝齐、依泽替米贝、和非诺贝特,及其组合(例如阿托伐他汀/依泽替米贝;氟伐他汀/依泽替米贝;他汀类/非诺贝特或氟伐他汀/吉非贝齐组合,各任选加入依泽替米贝)。特别对于具有ESRD的患者,典型的降血脂药物可包括但不限于,阿托伐他汀、氟伐他汀、吉非贝齐和依泽替米贝,及其组合(例如阿托伐他汀/依泽替米贝或氟伐他汀/依泽替米贝组合)。
降低血压的组合药物的实例为β-阻断剂,例如阿替洛尔、比索洛尔、塞利洛尔、美托洛尔及卡维地洛;利尿剂,例如氢氯噻嗪、氯噻酮、希帕胺、呋塞米、吡咯他尼、托拉塞米、螺内酯、依普利酮、阿米洛利及氨苯蝶啶;钙通道阻断剂,例如氨氯地平、硝苯地平、尼群地平、尼索地平、尼卡地平、非洛地平、拉西地平、乐卡地平(lercanipidine)、马尼地平、伊拉地平、尼伐地平、维拉帕米、戈洛帕米及地尔硫卓;ACE抑制剂,例如雷米普利、赖诺普利、西拉普利、喹那普利、卡托普利、依那普利、贝那普利、培哚普利、福辛普利及群多普利;以及血管紧张素II受体阻断剂(ARB),例如替米沙坦、坎地沙坦、缬沙坦、氯沙坦、厄贝沙坦、奥美沙坦及依普罗沙坦。
组合药物替米沙坦的剂量通常为每天20毫克至320毫克、或40毫克至160毫克。
典型的降血压组合药物可包括但不限于,ACE抑制剂(ACEi)(例如雷米普利、赖诺普利、喹那普利、卡托普利、依那普利、贝那普利、培哚普利、群多普利、福辛普利或莫昔普利)、ARB类(例如替米沙坦、坎地沙坦、缬沙坦、氯沙坦、厄贝沙坦、奥美沙坦或依普罗沙坦)、钙通道阻断剂类(CCB类)(例如非二氢吡啶CCB类如地尔硫卓或维拉帕米,或二氢吡啶CCB类如氨氯地平、非洛地平、尼索地平或硝苯地平),噻嗪类利尿剂(例如氢氯噻嗪或氯噻酮(chlorthialidone))、α-阻断剂和β-阻断剂(例如阿替洛尔、卡维地洛或美托洛尔),及其组合(例如ACEi/ARB、ACEi/β-阻断剂、ARB/β-阻断剂、ACEi/利尿药、ARB/利尿药、ACEi/CCB或ARB/CCB组合)。
升高血液中HDL浓度的组合药物实例为胆固醇酯转运蛋白(CETP)抑制剂;内皮脂酶抑制剂;ABC1调节剂;LXRα拮抗剂;LXRβ激动剂;PPAR-δ激动剂;LXRα/β调节剂及增加载脂蛋白A-I的表达和/或血浆浓度的物质。
用于治疗肥胖症的组合药物实例为西布曲明;四氢尼泊司他汀(tetrahydrolipstatin)(奥利司他);西替利司他(cetilistat)、阿利茨默(alizyme);右芬氟拉明;阿索开(axokine);大麻素受体1拮抗剂,例如CB1拮抗剂利莫纳班(rimonobant);MCH-1受体拮抗剂;MC4受体激动剂;NPY5以及NPY2拮抗剂;β3-AR激动剂,例如SB-418790及AD-9677;5HT2c受体激动剂,例如APD356/氯卡色林(lorcaserin);筒箭毒碱抑制剂;Acrp30及脂连素;硬脂酰基CoA去饱和酶(SCD1)抑制剂;脂肪酸合酶(FAS)抑制剂;CCK受体激动剂;多肽格那啉(Ghrelin)受体调节剂;Pyy3-36;阿立新受体拮抗剂;及特索芬辛(tesofensine);以及布普品(bupropion)/纳曲酮,布普品/唑尼沙胺,托吡酯/芬特明和普兰林肽/美曲普汀的双重组合。
治疗动脉粥样硬化的组合药物实施例为磷脂酶A2抑制剂;酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(50毫克至600毫克),例如PDGF-受体-激酶(参见EP-A-564409、WO98/35958、US5093330、WO2004/005281和WO2006/041976);oxLDL抗体及oxLDL疫苗;apoA-1Milano;ASA;和VCAM-1抑制剂。
对于本文所提及药物在患有肾疾病、肾功能障碍或肾功能不全的患者中的使用,在某些情形下-视个别药物(例如,其药代动力学、药效学、新陈代谢、消除途径)及患者肾损伤的等级而定-对于肾功能不良的患者可能需要调节或降低其剂量。
本发明的范围并不限于本文所述具体实施方案。除本文所述的那些以外,那些本领域技术人员由本发明公开内容应可明了本发明的各种修改。这些修改意欲属于随附的权利要求的范围内。
本文所引用的所有专利申请案的全文在此引入作为参考。
由以下实施例可明了本发明其它实施方案、特征及优点。以下实施例用于以示例性方式说明本发明的原理,而非对其加以限制。
实施例
可使用临床试验测试本发明DPP-4抑制剂对于本发明目的的可用性:
例如,在随机、双盲、平行组试验中,比较本发明DPP-4抑制剂(例如,每日一次口服给药的5毫克BI1356)与安慰剂在由于对二甲双胍不耐受或禁忌而无资格选用二甲双胍治疗的患有II型糖尿病及不充分血糖控制(例如,HbA1c7%至10%)的患者中,经18周治疗阶段之后34周双盲扩展阶段(安慰剂换为格列美脲)的安全性和功效。
无资格选用二甲双胍治疗的患者定义如下:
标签指明的二甲双胍治疗禁忌症,例如:
肾疾病或肾功能不全(例如,如当地批准的二甲双胍的产品信息所规定的),
由研究者临床判断的脱水,
不稳定性或急性充血性心力衰竭,
急性或慢性代谢性酸中毒(患者病史中的目前病况),
遗传性半乳糖不耐受;
或二甲双胍引起的已确定的不能容忍的副作用,例如:
恶心,
呕吐,
腹泻,
肠积气,
严重腹部不适。
在此研究中,研究本发明DPP-4抑制剂与磺酰脲药物(格列美脲)相比,在此患者群体中经18周较短期治疗时期的功效,且研究经最长52周的较长期治疗时期的安全性/耐受性。
通过测定HbA1c值、通过与初始值和/或对安慰剂的值比较,测试治疗是否成功。与初始值和/或安慰剂值相比,HbA1c值显著变化证实DPP-4抑制剂的治疗功效。还可通过测定空腹血糖值、通过与初始值和/或安慰剂组的值比较测试治疗是否成功。空腹血糖浓度显著降低证实治疗有效。此外,出现治疗目标响应(即,在治疗下HbA1c<7%或<6.5%)证实治疗有效。
通过评价患者的病况及偏离基线的相关变化(例如副反应(例如,肾副反应、低血糖发作等)的发病率及强度或体重增加)研究在格列美脲疗法下与DPP-4抑制剂治疗相比的治疗安全性和耐受性。
对于其它实例而言,在随机、双盲、平行组试验中,比较本发明DPP-4抑制剂(例如,5毫克BI1356)与安慰剂在患有重度慢性肾损伤的II型糖尿病男性及女性患者(GFR<30ml/min,其未进行慢性透析)(包括服用胰岛素和/或磺酰脲背景药物的患者)中,经52周治疗阶段的安全性、功效和耐受性。
通过评定患者的状况研究治疗的安全性和耐受性。功效可通过在12周治疗后HbA1c偏离基线的变化、通过空腹血糖参数的变化、或通过52周后胰岛素和/或磺酰脲剂量与基线相比且随时间的变化来研究。
用于本发明目的的DPP-4抑制剂的新陈代谢及消除特性:
可使用口服给药的放射性标记(例如,[14C]标记)的DPP-4抑制剂研究本发明DPP-4抑制剂在人类个体中的排泄途径、质量平衡和新陈代谢,例如,如下针对测定化合物是否适于本发明目的:
口服给药10毫克[14C]BI1356/个体(例如,健康男性志愿者)后,总放射性主要经粪便消除,其中平均83.8%的给予剂量在16天内排泄出。在给药9天后,肾排泄占所给予剂量的6.6%。总放射性的回收率介于所给予剂量的86.1%-95.1%间(平均:90.4%)。
在口服给药[14C]BI1356后,在所有研究基质中,母体化合物为最丰富的放射性物质。在口服给药后,在血浆中母体化合物[14C]BI1356平均占样本放射性的74%(样本池:1.5+3+6小时)。在混合的样本(pooledsample)中,在血浆中鉴别了无活性的主要代谢产物,其具有样本放射性的16.9%。母体化合物[14C]BI1356在口服给药后无变化地排泄于尿和粪便中,其中平均所排泄放射性为90%。在排泄物中,代谢产物(包括主要代谢产物)个别地<10%。
Claims (27)
1.口服给药的DPP-4抑制剂,其用于治疗和/或预防由于对二甲双胍不耐受或禁忌而不适合二甲双胍治疗的患者的代谢疾病。
2.权利要求1的DPP-4抑制剂,其用于治疗和/或预防由于对二甲双胍不耐受或禁忌而无资格选用二甲双胍治疗的患者的代谢疾病。
3.权利要求1的DPP-4抑制剂,其用于治疗和/或预防由于对二甲双胍耐受性降低、不耐受或禁忌而需要降低剂量的二甲双胍治疗的患者的代谢疾病。
4.权利要求1至3中任一项的DPP-4抑制剂,其用于治疗和/或预防具有至少一种选自下列禁忌症的患者的II型糖尿病:
肾疾病、肾损伤或肾功能障碍,
脱水,
不稳定性或急性充血性心力衰竭,
急性或慢性代谢性酸中毒,和
遗传性半乳糖不耐受。
5.权利要求4的DPP-4抑制剂,其用于治疗和/或预防患有肾疾病、肾损伤或肾功能障碍的患者的II型糖尿病。
6.权利要求1至5中任一项的DPP-4抑制剂,其为
在第一个实施方案(实施方案A)中,
其中R1表示([1,5]二氮杂萘-2-基)甲基、(喹唑啉-2-基)甲基、(喹喔啉-6-基)甲基、(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基、2-氰基-苄基、(3-氰基-喹啉-2-基)甲基、(3-氰基-吡啶-2-基)甲基、(4-甲基-嘧啶-2-基)甲基或(4,6-二甲基-嘧啶-2-基)甲基,且R2表示3-(R)-氨基-哌啶-1-基、(2-氨基-2-甲基-丙基)-甲基氨基或(2-(S)-氨基-丙基)-甲基氨基,
或其可药用盐;
或者,在第二实施方案(实施方案B)中,其选自:
西他列汀、维格列汀、沙格列汀、阿格列汀、
(2S)-1-{[2-(5-甲基-2-苯基-唑-4-基)-乙基氨基]-乙酰基}-吡咯烷-2-甲腈,
(2S)-1-{[1,1-二甲基-3-(4-吡啶-3-基-咪唑-1-基)-丙基氨基]-乙酰基}-吡咯烷-2-甲腈,
(S)-1-((2S,3S,11bS)-2-氨基-9,10-二甲氧基-1,3,4,6,7,11b-六氢-2H-吡啶并[2,1-a]异喹啉-3-基)-4-氟甲基-吡咯烷-2-酮,
(3,3-二氟吡咯烷-1-基)-((2S,4S)-4-(4-(嘧啶-2-基)哌嗪-1-基)吡咯烷-2-基)甲酮,
(1((3S,4S)-4-氨基-1-(4-(3,3-二氟吡咯烷-1-基)-1,3,5-三嗪-2-基)吡咯烷-3-基)-5,5-二氟哌啶-2-酮,
(2S,4S)-1-{2-[(3S,1R)-3-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基甲基)环戊基氨基]-乙酰基}-4-氟吡咯烷-2-甲腈,
(R)-2-[6-(3-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-3-甲基-2,4-二氧代-3,4-二氢-2H-嘧啶-1-基甲基]-4-氟-苄腈,
5-{(S)-2-[2-((S)-2-氰基-吡咯烷-1-基)-2-氧代-乙基氨基]-丙基}-5-(1H-四唑-5-基)-10,11-二氢-5H-二苯并[a,d]环庚三烯-2,8-二甲酸双-二甲基酰胺,
3-{(2S,4S)-4-[4-(3-甲基-1-苯基-1H-吡唑-5-基)哌嗪-1-基]吡咯烷-2-基羰基}噻唑烷,
[(2R)-1-{[(3R)-吡咯烷-3-基氨基]乙酰基}吡咯烷-2-基]硼酸,
(2S,4S)-1-[2-[(4-乙氧基羰基二环[2.2.2]辛-1-基)氨基]乙酰基]-4-氟吡咯烷-2-甲腈,
2-({6-[(3R)-3-氨基-3-甲基哌啶-1-基]-1,3-二甲基-2,4-二氧代-1,2,3,4-四氢-5H-吡咯并[3,2-d]嘧啶-5-基}甲基)-4-氟苄腈,和
6-[(3R)-3-氨基-哌啶-1-基]-5-(2-氯-5-氟-苄基)-1,3-二甲基-1,5-二氢-吡咯并[3,2-d]嘧啶-2,4-二酮,
或其可药用盐。
7.权利要求1至6中任一项的DPP-4抑制剂,其中该DPP-4抑制剂选自:
1-[(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤,
1-[([1,5]二氮杂萘-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤,
1-[(喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤,
2-((R)-3-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-3-(丁-2-炔基)-5-(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基甲基)-3,5-二氢-咪唑并[4,5-d]哒嗪-4-酮,
1-[(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-[(2-氨基-2-甲基-丙基)-甲基氨基]-黄嘌呤,
1-[(3-氰基-喹啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤,
1-(2-氰基-苄基)-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤,
1-[(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-[(S)-(2-氨基-丙基)-甲基氨基]-黄嘌呤,
1-[(3-氰基-吡啶-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤,
1-[(4-甲基-嘧啶-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤,
1-[(4,6-二甲基-嘧啶-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤,和
1-[(喹喔啉-6-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤,
或其可药用盐。
8.权利要求1至7中任一项的DPP-4抑制剂,其中该DPP-4抑制剂为1-[(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤。
9.权利要求1至6中任一项的DPP-4抑制剂,其中该DPP-4抑制剂选自:
沙格列汀、阿格列汀、
(2S)-1-{[2-(5-甲基-2-苯基-唑-4-基)-乙基氨基]-乙酰基}-吡咯烷-2-甲腈,
(2S)-1-{[1,1-二甲基-3-(4-吡啶-3-基-咪唑-1-基)-丙基氨基]-乙酰基}-吡咯烷-2-甲腈,
(S)-1-((2S,3S,11bS)-2-氨基-9,10-二甲氧基-1,3,4,6,7,11b-六氢-2H-吡啶并[2,1-a]异喹啉-3-基)-4-氟甲基-吡咯烷-2-酮,
(3,3-二氟吡咯烷-1-基)-((2S,4S)-4-(4-(嘧啶-2-基)哌嗪-1-基)吡咯烷-2-基)甲酮,
(1((3S,4S)-4-氨基-1-(4-(3,3-二氟吡咯烷-1-基)-1,3,5-三嗪-2-基)吡咯烷-3-基)-5,5-二氟哌啶-2-酮,
(2S,4S)-1-{2-[(3S,1R)-3-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基甲基)环戊基氨基]-乙酰基}-4-氟吡咯烷-2-甲腈,
(R)-2-[6-(3-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-3-甲基-2,4-二氧代-3,4-二氢-2H-嘧啶-1-基甲基]-4-氟-苄腈,
5-{(S)-2-[2-((S)-2-氰基-吡咯烷-1-基)-2-氧代-乙基氨基]-丙基}-5-(1H-四唑-5-基)-10,11-二氢-5H-二苯并[a,d]环庚三烯-2,8-二甲酸双-二甲基酰胺,
3-{(2S,4S)-4-[4-(3-甲基-1-苯基-1H-吡唑-5-基)哌嗪-1-基]吡咯烷-2-基羰基}噻唑烷,
[(2R)-1-{[(3R)-吡咯烷-3-基氨基]乙酰基}吡咯烷-2-基]硼酸,
(2S,4S)-1-[2-[(4-乙氧基羰基二环[2.2.2]辛-1-基)氨基]乙酰基]-4-氟吡咯烷-2-甲腈,
2-({6-[(3R)-3-氨基-3-甲基哌啶-1-基]-1,3-二甲基-2,4-二氧代-1,2,3,4-四氢-5H-吡咯并[3,2-d]嘧啶-5-基}甲基)-4-氟苄腈,和
6-[(3R)-3-氨基-哌啶-1-基]-5-(2-氯-5-氟-苄基)-1,3-二甲基-1,5-二氢-吡咯并[3,2-d]嘧啶-2,4-二酮,
或其可药用盐。
10.权利要求1至9中任一项的DPP-4抑制剂,其用于治疗和/或预防患有肾疾病、肾损伤或肾功能障碍的患者的II型糖尿病,其中该DPP-4抑制剂以与具有正常肾功能的患者相同的剂量用于所述患者。
11.权利要求1至10中任一项的DPP-4抑制剂,其特征在于该DPP-4抑制剂及其主要活性代谢产物具有相对较宽的治疗窗和/或主要经肝脏代谢或胆汁分泌消除。
12.权利要求1至11中任一项的DPP-4抑制剂,其中该DPP-4抑制剂主要经肝排泄。
13.权利要求1至12中任一项的DPP-4抑制剂,其中经肾排泄代表次要消除途径。
14.权利要求1至13中任一项的DPP-4抑制剂,其中该DPP-4抑制剂主要无变化地排泄。
15.权利要求1至14中任一项的DPP-4抑制剂,其中经新陈代谢的消除代表次要消除途径。
16.权利要求1至15中任一项的DPP-4抑制剂,其中该DPP-4抑制剂具有与安慰剂相似的安全性/耐受性和/或主要经肝以母体药物消除。
17.权利要求1至16中任一项的DPP-4抑制剂,其中该DPP-4抑制剂的主要代谢产物在药理上无活性或具有相对较宽的治疗窗。
18.权利要求1至17中任一项的DPP-4抑制剂,其用于患有轻度、中度或重度肾损伤或晚期肾疾病的患者。
19.权利要求1至18中任一项的DPP-4抑制剂,其用于与一种或多种选自下列的其它活性物质组合使用:抗糖尿病药、降低血糖浓度的活性物质、降低血液中脂质浓度的活性物质、升高血液中HDL浓度的活性物质、降低血压的活性物质、适应症为治疗动脉粥样硬化的活性物质,以及适应症为治疗肥胖症的活性物质。
20.权利要求1至19中任一项的DPP-4抑制剂,其用于与一种或多种选自以下的其它活性物质组合使用:磺酰脲类、噻唑烷二酮类、列奈类、α-糖苷酶阻断剂类、GLP-1和GLP-1类似物,以及胰岛素和胰岛素类似物。
21.权利要求1至20中任一项的DPP-4抑制剂,其用于与一种或多种选自瑞格列奈、吡格列酮、及胰岛素及胰岛素类似物的其它活性物质组合使用。
22.权利要求1至21中任一项的DPP-4抑制剂,其用于与吡格列酮组合使用。
23.权利要求1至3中任一项的DPP-4抑制剂,其用于治疗和/或预防正在遭受与二甲双胍相关的胃肠副作用的患者的II型糖尿病,例如至少一种选自下列的胃肠副作用:
恶心,
呕吐,
腹泻,
肠积气,和
严重腹部不适。
24.糖尿病患者口服治疗使用的DPP-4抑制剂,其特征在于<10%,优选≤7%所给予的口服剂量经肾排泄。
25.权利要求24的DPP-4抑制剂,其特征在于其主要经胆汁无变化地排泄。
26.权利要求24或25的DPP-4抑制剂,其特征在于>80%,优选≥90%所给予的口服剂量以母体药物无变化地排泄。
27.权利要求24至26中任一项的DPP-4抑制剂,其特征在于其主要代谢产物在药理上无活性。
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| US10591508P | 2008-10-16 | 2008-10-16 | |
| EP08166827 | 2008-10-16 | ||
| US61/105,915 | 2008-10-16 | ||
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| CN2009801293098A CN102105145A (zh) | 2008-08-06 | 2009-08-05 | 不适合二甲双胍治疗的患者的糖尿病的治疗 |
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