WO2012132678A1 - アンモニア酸化触媒、およびそれを用いた排気ガス浄化装置並びに排気ガス浄化方法 - Google Patents
アンモニア酸化触媒、およびそれを用いた排気ガス浄化装置並びに排気ガス浄化方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an ammonia oxidation catalyst, an exhaust gas purification apparatus using the same, and an exhaust gas purification method. More specifically, the present invention relates to a boiler, a gas, by spraying urea water or ammonia water as a reducing component to a selective reduction catalyst.
- Exhaust gas discharged from lean combustion engines such as boilers, lean burn gasoline engines, and diesel engines contains various harmful substances derived from fuel and combustion air depending on the structure and type.
- harmful substances include hydrocarbon (HC), soluble organic fraction (also called SOF), soot, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), etc. It is regulated by the Air Pollution Control Law.
- HC hydrocarbon
- SOF soluble organic fraction
- SOF soot
- CO carbon monoxide
- NOx nitrogen oxide
- the combustion temperature is controlled by an operation such as supplying an optimum amount of air in accordance with the type and supply amount of the fuel, so that the incompletely combusted products such as CO and THC are controlled.
- the combustion temperature may be increased, leading to generation of NOx.
- nitrogen oxide is easily discharged because the engine is operated by lean combustion.
- the operating conditions are constantly changing, and thus it has been particularly difficult to appropriately suppress the generation of harmful substances.
- the catalyst used differs depending on the harmful components discharged from the engine and exhaust gas regulations, but mainly the oxidation catalyst for purifying SOF components and the catalyst for oxidizing and purifying unburned gas components, and combining them with filters, Catalytic systems that collect and oxidize and purify soot components have been proposed. These catalysts mainly use noble metals such as Pt and Pd for the purpose of promoting the oxidation reaction. Diesel engines have a relatively large displacement compared to gasoline engines, etc., and the amount of exhaust gas that flows out is large.
- a catalyst system using a NOx storage catalyst or a selective reduction catalyst (hereinafter also referred to as SCR) as a NOx purification catalyst has been proposed.
- SCR selective reduction catalyst
- Several types of reducing agents used for NOx purification are known for SCR catalysts.
- NOx is finally reduced by the following reaction formulas (1) to (3). reduced to N 2. 4NO + 4NH 3 + O 2 ⁇ 4N 2 + 6H 2 O (1) 6NO 2 + 8NH 3 ⁇ 7N 2 + 12H 2 O (2) NO + NO 2 + 2NH 3 ⁇ 2N 2 + 3H 2 O (3)
- NH 3 gasified as a reducing component may be used.
- NH 3 itself has a harmful effect such as an irritating odor, so urea water is added from the upstream of the denitration catalyst as an NH 3 component to generate NH 3 by thermal decomposition or hydrolysis, and as a reducing agent.
- urea water is added from the upstream of the denitration catalyst as an NH 3 component to generate NH 3 by thermal decomposition or hydrolysis, and as a reducing agent.
- reaction formula for obtaining NH 3 by the decomposition of urea is as follows.
- Patent Documents 1 and 4 various catalyst technologies have been studied as an aftertreatment system in which not only the SCR catalyst but also other catalysts are added.
- an NH 3 purifying catalyst carrying platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh) or the like on a base material such as alumina is installed after the SCR.
- a purification method for oxidizing slipped NH 3 as shown in the following reaction formula (4) has also been studied. 2NH 3 + 3 / 2O 2 ⁇ N 2 + 3H 2 O (4)
- a purification catalyst in which a component having oxidative decomposition activity of NH 3 is arranged in the lower layer and a denitration component is arranged in the upper layer (Patent Document 5).
- Patent Document 5 This not only purifies NH 3 by NH 3 oxidation, but also NOx produced by NH 3 oxidation in the above reaction formulas (5) to (7) reacts with slip NH 3 not yet used in the oxidation reaction. It can also be interpreted as a catalyst responsible for the reaction.
- an exhaust gas purification catalyst using one or more oxides selected from titanium, tungsten, molybdenum, or vanadium see Patent Document 2
- an upper layer as a Ce—Ti—SO 4 —Zr component Also proposed is an ammonia oxidative decomposition catalyst using a mixed system of Fe and Si-Al oxide components (see Patent Document 3), and a purification catalyst using an Fe or Ce-containing zeolite in the upper layer (see Patent Document 6).
- Noble metals are also used as NH 3 oxidizing components in these catalysts responsible for NH 3 purification.
- a reverse micelle method is used to prevent the noble metal salt inside the catalyst micelle so that the contact area between the noble metal particles and the promoter component is not reduced by sintering. It is described that by forming composite fine particles in the state in which the metal salt is present at the same time, the promoter effect of the metal compound can be exhibited, and a high heat-resistant catalyst with high catalytic activity and low cost can be obtained.
- Patent Document 7 For example, many studies have been made on exhaust gas catalysts using Au as an alternative metal for platinum group elements in automobile catalysts.
- an object of the present invention is to supply urea water or ammonia water as a reducing component to the selective reduction catalyst by spraying, so that lean combustion of boilers, gas turbines, lean burn gasoline engines, diesel engines, etc.
- ammonia slipped from the selective reduction catalyst is effectively suppressed by-product of N 2 O and NOx even under high space velocity (SV).
- Ammonia oxidation catalyst (AMOX) capable of oxidation purification while having excellent heat resistance, small pressure loss, and capable of reducing the amount of noble metal used, exhaust gas purification apparatus and exhaust gas purification using the same It is to provide a method.
- a catalyst layer (lower layer) having a catalyst layer (upper layer) containing at least a composite oxide (C) composed of at least silica, tungsten oxide, ceria, and zirconia, and covering the catalyst layer.
- urea or ammonia is added to the exhaust gas discharged from the lean combustion engine as a nitrogen oxide reducing agent, and the nitrogen oxide is selected by the selective reduction catalyst (SCR).
- the ammonia oxidation catalyst (AMOX) for oxidizing and removing surplus ammonia during the reduction the composite oxide (A) containing at least titania and silica as main components, alumina, Alternatively, a catalyst layer (lower layer) containing a catalyst in which a noble metal element is supported on an inorganic base material containing either a composite oxide (B) made of alumina and silica, and a composite oxide made of at least silica, tungsten oxide, ceria, and zirconia
- the catalyst layer (upper layer) containing the product (C) is coated with at least two catalyst layers, and the composition of the composite oxide (C) is silica. 20 wt% or less, tungsten oxide: 1-50 wt%, ceria: 1
- the composition of the composite oxide (A) is titania: 60 to 99% by weight and silica: 1 to 40% by weight.
- An ammonia oxidation catalyst is provided.
- the composite oxide (A) further contains zirconia or alumina, and the content thereof is 30% by weight or less.
- An ammonia oxidation catalyst is provided.
- the composition of the composite oxide (B) is alumina: 70 to 99.9 wt% and silica: 0.1 to 30 wt%.
- An ammonia oxidation catalyst is provided.
- the composite oxide (C) has a composition of silica: 0.1-5 wt%, tungsten oxide: 3-30 wt%, ceria:
- an ammonia oxidation catalyst characterized by being 5 to 40% by weight and zirconia: 50 to 90% by weight.
- the catalyst layer (lower layer) further contains a composite oxide (C) or zeolite (D). Is done.
- the ammonia oxidation catalyst according to the first aspect wherein the catalyst layer (upper layer) further contains zeolite (D).
- the ammonia oxidation catalyst according to the first aspect, wherein the supported noble metal element is platinum.
- the zeolite (D) contains at least iron, and its content is 0.1 to 5% by weight in terms of Fe 2 O 3.
- An ammonia oxidation catalyst is provided.
- the content of the noble metal element supported on the inorganic base material containing the composite oxide (A) or the composite oxide (B) is an integral structure.
- An ammonia oxidation catalyst is provided which is 0.01 to 1.0 g / L per unit volume of the mold support.
- An ammonia oxidation catalyst characterized in that the coating amount is 10 to 60 g / L per unit volume of the monolithic structure type carrier is provided.
- the coating amount of the composite oxide (C) of the catalyst layer (upper layer) is 10 to 150 g / L per unit volume of the monolithic support.
- An ammonia oxidation catalyst is provided.
- the coating amount of the composite oxide (C) or zeolite (D) of the catalyst layer (lower layer) is the unit volume of the monolithic support.
- An ammonia oxidation catalyst characterized in that it is 0 to 120 g / L is provided.
- the coating amount of the zeolite (D) in the catalyst layer (upper layer) is 0 to 150 g / L per unit volume of the monolithic support.
- An ammonia oxidation catalyst is provided.
- the exhaust gas flow path includes an oxidation catalyst (DOC) having an oxidation function of nitric oxide and hydrocarbons, and a filter (DPF) for collecting and removing particulate matter. ),
- DOC oxidation catalyst
- DPF filter
- a spray means for supplying an aqueous urea solution or an aqueous ammonia solution, a selective reduction catalyst (SCR), and the ammonia oxidation catalyst (AMOX) of any one of the first to fourteenth inventions in this order.
- An exhaust gas purification device is provided.
- the selective reduction catalyst is composed of zeolite (D) containing at least an iron element, silica, tungsten oxide, ceria, and
- an exhaust gas purifying apparatus characterized in that a catalyst layer containing a composite oxide (C) made of zirconia is coated on the surface of a monolithic structure type carrier.
- the exhaust gas exhausted from the lean combustion engine is passed through the oxidation catalyst (DOC) and the filter (DPF) using the exhaust gas purification device of the fifteenth or sixteenth aspect.
- DOC oxidation catalyst
- DPF filter
- SCR selective reduction catalyst
- NH 3 component as a reducing agent is selectively reduced, for example, from 130 to 560 ° C. from a low temperature to a high temperature.
- the slipped NH 3 is purified with high efficiency even with a low noble metal loading compared to the prior art, and a new product accompanying N 2 O by-product and NH 3 oxidation is obtained.
- Generation of NOx can be suppressed.
- no harmful heavy metal such as vanadium is contained as a catalyst component, safety is high. Furthermore, since pressure loss can be reduced, it is possible to meet demands for lower fuel consumption and higher output.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing the ammonia conversion rate when the ammonia oxidation catalyst of the present invention (Example) or a conventional ammonia oxidation catalyst (Comparative Example) is used.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing the N2O emission concentration when the ammonia oxidation catalyst of the present invention (Example) or the conventional ammonia oxidation catalyst (Comparative Example) is used.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the NOx emission concentration when the ammonia oxidation catalyst of the present invention (Example) or the conventional ammonia oxidation catalyst (Comparative Example) is used.
- ammonia oxidation catalyst of the present invention the exhaust gas purification apparatus using the same, and the exhaust gas purification method will be described in detail by taking a diesel engine mainly used in an automobile as an example.
- ammonia oxidation catalyst (AMOX)
- the ammonia oxidation catalyst of the present invention (hereinafter, also referred to as “the catalyst”) is a process in which urea or ammonia is added as a nitrogen oxide reducing agent to exhaust gas discharged from a lean combustion engine, and nitrogen oxidation is performed by a selective reduction catalyst (SCR).
- SCR selective reduction catalyst
- a composite oxide (A) comprising at least titania and silica as main components on the surface of the monolithic structure type carrier
- a catalyst layer (lower layer) containing a catalyst in which a noble metal element is supported on an inorganic base material containing alumina, or a composite oxide (B) made of alumina and silica, and at least silica, tungsten oxide, ceria, and zirconia
- the lower catalyst layer is composed of a composite oxide (A) mainly composed of at least titania and silica, alumina, or a composite oxide (B) composed of alumina and silica. It contains a catalyst in which a noble metal element is supported on an inorganic base material containing any of them, and has an ammonia oxidation function.
- A composite oxide
- B composite oxide
- the noble metal component is one or more elements selected from platinum, palladium, or rhodium. Of these, platinum has high oxidation activity and exhibits excellent NH 3 oxidation performance, so it is desirable to contain it as a main noble metal component in the lower catalyst layer.
- the main noble metal component refers to a component that is contained in an amount of 50% by weight or more based on the total amount of the noble metal used in the catalyst of the present invention, and all of the noble metals may be platinum.
- the amount of the precious metal used is preferably 0.01 to 1.0 g / L per unit volume of the monolithic support when the lower catalyst layer component of the present invention is coated on the monolithic support.
- 0.02 to 0.5 g / L is more preferable. If it is less than 0.01 g / L, the activity of the noble metal cannot be fully utilized, and if it exceeds 1.0 g / L, no further improvement in the effect can be expected.
- the catalyst component forming the lower catalyst layer exhibits excellent oxidation performance when the noble metal is particularly Pt or Pd.
- Pt is an excellent oxidizing catalytically active species, maintaining its specific surface area high can increase the active surface and exhibit high activity. Therefore, in the present invention, an inorganic base material containing titania and silica as main components, and if necessary, composite oxide (A) with addition of zirconia and alumina, alumina, or composite oxide (B) made of alumina and silica. It is preferable that a noble metal is supported on. As a result, the precious metal can be supported in a highly dispersed state, and since the heat resistance is high, the precious metal component is difficult to sinter, and the high dispersion of the precious metal during use can be maintained for a long time.
- the composite oxide (A) is an inorganic base material mainly containing titania and silica having a high specific surface area and excellent heat resistance, and can support a noble metal component such as platinum in a highly dispersed manner.
- the composition of the composite oxide (A) is preferably titania: 60 to 99% by weight and silica: 1 to 40% by weight.
- the composite oxide (A) further contains at least one of zirconia and alumina, and it is more preferable that the ratio of at least one of zirconia and alumina in the composite oxide (A) is 0 to 30% by weight.
- the composite oxide (A) essentially contains titania and silica, and a composite oxide containing at least one of zirconia and alumina in an amount of 30% by weight or less, such as titania-silica, titania-silica-zirconia, titania- Inorganic oxides such as silica-alumina or titania-silica-zirconia-alumina can be used.
- Such inorganic oxide (inorganic base material) is, speaking in terms of the dispersibility of the noble metal component, (by the BET method, hereinafter the same) specific surface area is preferably is 30 m 2 / g or more, further 100 m 2 / What is more than g is more preferable. If the specific surface area value is 30 m 2 / g or more, the noble metal can be stably supported in a highly dispersed state.
- Alumina is very useful as a base material for supporting a noble metal component such as platinum in a highly dispersed state, except for ⁇ -alumina, which has a high BET specific surface area and excellent heat resistance.
- alumina has a terminal hydroxyl group (—OH group), an O ⁇ exposed, an H 2 O coordinated to form O + , and an Al coordinative unsaturation to Al.
- + formed Since each of these has a specifically high charge (+-), it tends to function as an active point of the catalyst.
- the active site on the surface having a positive (+) charge is generally called an “acid site”, and NH 3 is adsorbed to hydrogen of a hydroxyl group (—OH group).
- the type of alumina is preferably ⁇ -alumina, ⁇ -alumina, ⁇ -alumina, or boehmite, excluding ⁇ -alumina having a low BET specific surface area.
- Composite oxide (B) In the present invention, alumina alone may be used as described above. Although alumina adsorbs NH 3 , its own acidity is weak. On the other hand, silica alone can only physically adsorb NH 3 . However, the composite oxide (B) in which silica is added to alumina strongly adsorbs NH 3 and has a large number of acid sites, so that the oxidation activity of NH 3 by a noble metal can be promoted. Therefore, in the present invention, it is preferable to use a noble metal component such as platinum supported on a composite oxide (B) made of alumina and silica having a high BET specific surface area and excellent heat resistance.
- a noble metal component such as platinum supported on a composite oxide (B) made of alumina and silica having a high BET specific surface area and excellent heat resistance.
- composition of the composite oxide (B) is not particularly limited, but is preferably alumina: 70 to 99.9% by weight, silica: 0.1 to 30% by weight, alumina: 75 to 99% by weight, silica: More preferably, it is 1 to 25% by weight.
- platinum chloride (IV) acid diammine platinum nitrite (II), platinic acid amine solution, chloroplatinic acid, platinum nitrate, dinitrodiammine palladium, palladium nitrate, chloride
- a metal salt such as palladium, rhodium (III) chloride, or rhodium nitrate (III)
- the content of the inorganic base material containing any of the composite oxide (A), alumina, or composite oxide (B) in the lower catalyst layer is 10 to 60 g / L per unit volume of the monolithic structure type carrier, In particular, it is preferably 15 to 50 g / L.
- the reason is that if the amount of the inorganic base material containing any of the composite oxide (A), alumina, or composite oxide (B) is too large, the number of useless inorganic base materials that do not contribute to the improvement of the dispersibility of the noble metal increases. On the contrary, if the amount is too small, NH 3 oxidation is not promoted and NH 3 slip may occur.
- a material having a NOx purification function is provided separately from the composite oxide (A), alumina and composite oxide (B) which are the inorganic base materials. You may have.
- a material having a NOx purification function a composite oxide (C) described later, zeolite (D) ion-exchanged with iron or the like as a transition metal, transition metal oxides such as titania, zirconia, and tungsten oxide, ceria, Examples thereof include rare earth oxides such as lanthanum, praseodymium, samarium, gadolinium, and neodymium, stealth metal oxides such as gallium oxide and tin oxide, and composite oxides thereof.
- the composite oxide (C) is a composite oxide (C) composed of at least silica, tungsten oxide, ceria, and zirconia.
- the composite oxide (C) is an optional component.
- tungsten oxide includes not only tungsten oxide but also tungsten element alone.
- the coating amount of the composite oxide (C) is 0 to 120 g / L, more preferably 0 to 100 g / L, per unit volume of the monolithic structure type carrier. The presence of the composite oxide (C) in the lower layer promotes the reaction between NH 3 and NOx and increases the SCR function.
- the inclusion of tungsten oxide and zirconia increases the NH 3 adsorption capacity, so that slip of NH 3 that could not come into contact with the noble metal in the lower catalyst layer is suppressed.
- the amount is more than 120 g / L, the relative amount increases as compared with the Pt-supported composite oxide (A) constituting the lower layer, and gas diffusion to Pt may deteriorate.
- examples of the zeolite (D) include ⁇ -type and MFI-type zeolites having a three-dimensional pore structure, and zeolites such as A, X, Y, MOR, CHA, and SAPO.
- the zeolite (D) is an optional component.
- ⁇ -type zeolite or MFI-type zeolite is preferable.
- the content of zeolite (D) in the lower layer is 0 to 120 g / L, preferably 0 to 100 g / L.
- the lower layer may include a material having a function of purifying NOx described later.
- the upper catalyst layer is composed of a composite oxide (C) composed of at least silica, tungsten oxide, ceria, and zirconia as an essential component and does not contain a noble metal component.
- the tungsten oxide in the composite oxide (C) includes not only tungsten oxide but also tungsten element alone.
- the composite oxide (C) is composed of silica: 20 wt% or less, tungsten oxide: 1-50 wt%, ceria: 1-60 wt%, and zirconia: 30-90 wt%, more preferably The composition of silica is 0.1 to 5% by weight, tungsten oxide: 3 to 30% by weight, ceria: 5 to 40% by weight, and sirconia: 50 to 90% by weight.
- each component in the composite oxide (C) is considered as follows, for example.
- Silica is known to have a high BET specific surface area compared to various metal oxides, and increases the number of active sites by increasing the BET specific surface area in a complex oxide system composed of silica and other elements. Can be made.
- silica has a porous structure having a large number of mesoporous pores having a diameter of 2 to 10 nm.
- H 2 O generated by oxidation reaction of NH 3 or NOx—NH 3 reaction into the pores, NH 3 These reactions are promoted by shifting the reaction equilibrium, such as the oxidation reaction of NOx and the NOx-NH 3 reaction, to the product side.
- Ceria is also known as a NOx adsorption functional material, and in this material system, the NOx adsorption can be promoted to promote the SCR reaction between NH 3 and NOx.
- Zirconia has other components in a thermally stable state. Functions as a dispersion holding material for high dispersion.
- tungsten oxide has strong acidity and has a large adsorption power for urea and ammonia, which are alkali components. Therefore, the use of tungsten oxide increases the denitration performance.
- tungsten (W) that can exist as tungsten oxide or even a single element of tungsten is important, and the interface between cerium (Ce) and W promotes the DeNOx reaction. Is preferred. This is because Si / W / Ce / Zr materials constituting the composite oxide (C) are extracted from W / Ce materials excluding Si and Zr, W / Zr materials excluding Si and Ce, and Si.
- the W / Ce material and the W / Zr material are This is because the NOx purification performance of the W / Ce material is higher than that of the / Zr material. If this composite oxide (C) becomes said composition and structure, it will not be specifically limited by a manufacturing method. For example, starting materials in the form of nitrate, sulfate, carbonate, acetate, chloride, etc. containing silicon, tungsten, cerium, and zirconium are dissolved in an aqueous solution at a time, mixed, and precipitated by adjusting pH, etc.
- Solids obtained by sedimentation or evaporation to dryness may be calcined, or oxides may be formed by performing the above treatment on single or multiple metal salts, and then the remaining metal.
- the salt may be supported at once or sequentially.
- Each element is manufactured by adding all elements at once, or by first producing a core powder from one or several kinds of elements and then loading the remaining elements at once or sequentially, so that each element has an optimal composition.
- the composite oxide (C) contained in can be prepared.
- the coating amount of the composite oxide (C) is preferably 10 to 150 g / L, more preferably 15 to 120 g / L, per unit volume of the monolithic structure type carrier.
- the amount is less than 10 g / L, the reaction between NH 3 and NOx decreases, the SCR function becomes insufficient, and the NH 3 adsorption capacity decreases, so NH 3 that could not come into contact with Pt in the lower catalyst layer slips. There is.
- it exceeds 150 g / L the load on the engine due to an increase in pressure loss increases, which is not preferable.
- the upper catalyst layer can contain zeolite (D) as an optional component in addition to the composite oxide (C).
- zeolite (D) examples include ⁇ -type and MFI-type zeolites having a three-dimensional pore structure, and zeolites such as A, X, Y, MOR, CHA, and SAPO. Among them, ⁇ -type zeolite or MFI-type zeolite is preferable.
- the ⁇ -type zeolite preferably used in the present catalyst is classified, for example, as a tetragonal synthetic zeolite whose unit cell composition is represented by the following average composition formula.
- M m / x [Al m Si (64-m) O 128 ] .pH 2 O (Wherein M is a cationic species, x is the valence of M, m is a number greater than 0 and less than 64, and p is a number greater than or equal to 0)
- This ⁇ -type zeolite has a relatively complicated three-dimensional pore structure composed of linear pores having a relatively large diameter and unidirectionally aligned pores and curved pores intersecting with the pores. And diffusion of gas molecules such as NH 3 are easy.
- such a structure has only a linear hole in which mordenite, faujasite, etc. are aligned in one direction, whereas it is a unique structure, and because it is such a complicated hole structure, ⁇ -zeolite is highly effective because it is difficult to cause structural breakdown due to heat and has high stability.
- zeolite needs to have an acid point capable of adsorbing a basic compound such as NH 3 , but the number of acid points varies depending on the Si / Al ratio.
- zeolite with a low Si / Al ratio has a large number of acid sites, but the degree of deterioration is large in durability in the presence of water vapor, and on the contrary, zeolite with a high Si / Al ratio is excellent in heat resistance.
- NH 3 is adsorbed on the acid sites of the zeolite, and these serve as active sites to reduce and remove nitrogen oxides such as NO 2, so the one with more acid sites (the one with a lower Si / Al ratio). This is advantageous for the denitration reaction.
- a molar ratio of SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 (hereinafter abbreviated as SAR) by component analysis is generally used.
- SAR has a trade-off relationship between durability and activity, but considering these, the SAR of zeolite is preferably 15 to 300, more preferably 17 to 60. Such characteristics are also possessed by ⁇ -type zeolite and MFI-type zeolite.
- the zeolite (D) of the present catalyst preferably contains a zeolite containing an iron element as a main component. Usually, zeolite has a cation as a counter ion as a solid acid point.
- an iron element is added as a cation species to the ⁇ -type zeolite used in the present catalyst.
- Fe- ⁇ iron element
- NO is oxidized to NO 2 on the zeolite surface to increase the reaction activity with NH 3
- the framework structure of the zeolite is It is thought that it is stabilized and contributes to the improvement of heat resistance.
- the amount of Fe added to the zeolite is preferably 0.1 to 5% by weight, more preferably 0.5 to 4.5% by weight in terms of Fe 2 O 3 . If the amount of iron element exceeds 5% by weight in terms of Fe 2 O 3 , the number of active solid acid points cannot be secured and the activity is lowered. If the amount of iron element is less than 0.1% by weight in terms of Fe 2 O 3 , it is not preferable because sufficient NOx purification performance cannot be obtained and exhaust gas purification performance is lowered. In addition, although all of the iron element added as an ion exchange seed may be ion-exchanged, a part thereof may exist in the state of iron oxide.
- the method of supporting the iron element may be an ion exchange method or an impregnation method.
- a metal catalyst component it is desirable that at least a part of the zeolite is ion-exchanged with the metal catalyst component.
- the metal catalyst component may not be completely ion-exchanged, and a part thereof may exist as an oxide. There is no particular limitation on the method of loading the iron element on the zeolite.
- Zeolite to which such an iron element is added can be purchased in various grades from major zeolite manufacturers, and can also be produced as described in JP-A-2005-502451.
- zeolite may be added to an aqueous solution of nitrate, acetate, chloride, etc. containing iron element and supported by an impregnation method, or the pH is adjusted with an alkali or the like.
- the precipitate thus obtained may be dried and calcined, or the zeolite may be immersed in an aqueous solution of nitrate, acetate, chloride or the like containing the iron element and then evaporated to dryness.
- the firing temperature is preferably 300 to 800 ° C, more preferably 400 to 600 ° C.
- a heating means it can carry out by well-known heating means, such as an electric furnace and a gas furnace.
- MFI type zeolite is also known as an SCR component.
- the Si / Al ratio of the MFI type zeolite is also the same as that of the ⁇ type zeolite described above.
- the MFI type zeolite contains an iron element like the ⁇ type zeolite.
- the MFI-type zeolite containing an iron element may be hereinafter referred to as “Fe-MFI”.
- the zeolite species may be used in combination with one or more of various types of zeolite such as A, X, Y, MOR, CHA, and SAPO.
- the total proportion of the various ⁇ -type zeolites or MFI-type zeolites in the total zeolite is preferably 50 to 100%.
- the zeolite may contain other transition metals, rare earth metals, noble metals, and the like.
- transition metals such as nickel, cobalt, zirconium and copper, and rare earth metals such as cerium, lanthanum, praseodymium and neodymium.
- noble metals such as gold, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, niobium, tungsten, tantalum, ceria, cerium-zirconium composite oxide, lanthanum oxide, alumina, silica, zirconia, vanadia, tin, gallium, etc.
- Materials that can generally be used as catalyst materials such as alkali elements and alkaline earth elements, can be appropriately added within a range that does not impair the object of the present invention.
- the zeolite (D) preferably contains 50 to 100% by weight, more preferably 60 to 100% by weight, of the zeolite containing Fe element with respect to the total amount of zeolite.
- Zeolite containing no iron element also has low activity as an SCR, so it is not desirable to increase the amount of such zeolite.
- the content of zeolite (D) is 0 to 150 g / L, more preferably 0 to 120 g / L.
- the monolithic structure type carrier in the present invention is not particularly limited by the type.
- a honeycomb structure type carrier a sheet-like structure knitted with a fine fibrous material, and a felt-like noncombustible structure made of a relatively thick fibrous material can be used.
- a honeycomb structure type carrier is preferable, and a honeycomb structure type carrier whose surface is coated with a catalyst component may be hereinafter referred to as a honeycomb structure type catalyst.
- the type of the honeycomb structure type carrier is not particularly limited, and can be selected from known honeycomb structure type carriers. Such a type includes a flow-through type carrier and a wall-flow type carrier used for DPF and CSF.
- the present catalyst only purifies slip NH 3 after the selective reduction catalyst (SCR). Since it is used as an object, a flow-through type carrier is preferable.
- the honeycomb structure has an arbitrary overall shape, and can be appropriately selected according to the structure of the exhaust system to be applied, such as a cylindrical shape, a quadrangular prism shape, or a hexagonal prism shape.
- an appropriate number of holes can be determined in consideration of the type of exhaust gas to be processed, gas flow rate, pressure loss, removal efficiency, etc. It is preferably about 10 to 1500 per square inch, particularly preferably 100 to 900. If the cell density per square inch is 10 or more, the contact area between the exhaust gas and the catalyst can be secured, and a sufficient exhaust gas purification function can be obtained, and the cell density per square inch should be 1500 or less. In this case, no significant exhaust gas pressure loss occurs, so that the performance of the internal combustion engine is not impaired.
- the lower layer when the catalyst component of the present invention is used by coating it on a permeable structural carrier such as ceramics, the lower layer component penetrates the structural carrier, and all or part of the lower layer is a structural carrier. And may be integrated. Further, the structural carrier may be composed of lower layer components, and the upper layer components may be coated thereon. In some cases, a bottom layer is provided between the lower layer and the structural support for the purpose of improving the adhesion of the catalyst layer. In this case, the relationship between the bottom layer and the lower layer is the same as the relationship between the structural support and the lower layer. It is. Further, in such a honeycomb structure type carrier, the thickness of the cell wall is preferably 2 to 12 mil (milli inch), more preferably 4 to 8 mil.
- the material of the honeycomb structure type carrier includes metals such as stainless steel and ceramics such as cordierite.
- a sheet-like structure knitted from a fine fibrous material and a felt-like non-combustible structure made of a relatively thick fibrous material can be used.
- the coating amount is 200 to 900 holes per square inch and the cell wall thickness is 4 to 8 mil.
- the upper layer has a coating amount of 50% or more of the lower layer, and the total coating amount of the upper layer and lower layer is preferably 40 g / L or more, more preferably 50 g / L or more per unit volume.
- the upper limit of the coating amount is not particularly limited as long as the production cost is increased or the pores of the honeycomb are clogged, and the back pressure of the exhaust gas is not significantly increased.
- the flow-through type honeycomb is not limited.
- the carrier is preferably about 230 g / L or less, more preferably about 170 g / L.
- a solid acid, a binder, or the like can be used in addition to the above materials.
- solid acids include WO 3 / Zr, WO 3 / Ti, SO 3 / Zr, metallosilicates, etc.
- binders include alumina, silica, titania, silica-alumina, zirconia, and sol-gels thereof. -It is preferable to use a solution or the like.
- each layer is not particularly limited and may be, for example, 1 to 430 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably 20 to 250 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the upper layer is preferably 40 to 250 ⁇ m, and the thickness of the lower layer is preferably 1 to 180 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of each layer may be non-uniform, but the average value is preferably within the above range. If the thickness of each layer is too thin, the catalyst component will be insufficient and it will be difficult to exhibit the function as a layer. On the other hand, if the thickness of each layer is too thick, gas diffusibility will be reduced and mass transfer will be hindered. *
- a lower layer catalyst material, an upper layer catalyst material, and an integral structure type carrier are prepared.
- the catalyst material is applied to a monolithic support, it is mixed with water or a mixture of water and a water-soluble organic solvent to make a slurry mixture as necessary. It is manufactured by drying and baking.
- water or a solvent obtained by adding a water-soluble organic solvent to water is hereinafter referred to as “aqueous medium”. That is, the catalyst material and the aqueous medium are mixed at a predetermined ratio to obtain a slurry mixture.
- the aqueous medium may be used in such an amount that each catalyst component can be uniformly dispersed in the slurry.
- the lower layer catalyst material is an inorganic matrix containing either a noble metal catalyst component containing at least platinum, a composite oxide (A) containing at least titania and silica as main components, alumina, or a composite oxide (B) consisting of alumina and silica. Contains as a material.
- the noble metal catalyst component can also be supported on an inorganic base material in advance. A metal catalyst component and an inorganic base material are mixed in an aqueous medium to prepare a slurry.
- a known method can be adopted as appropriate.
- An example thereof is as follows. First, as raw materials for precious metal components, compounds such as nitrates, sulfates, carbonates, acetates, specifically platinum (IV) chloride, diammineplatinum (II) nitrite, amine hydroxide platinate, chloroplatinic acid , Platinum nitrate, dinitrodiammine palladium, palladium nitrate, palladium chloride, rhodium (III) chloride, rhodium (III) nitrate. From these, a noble metal component raw material is selected and dissolved in water or an organic solvent.
- this noble metal component raw material solution is mixed with an inorganic base material together with an aqueous medium, dried at 50 to 200 ° C. to remove the solvent, and then fired at 300 to 1200 ° C.
- a known catalyst material may be blended as an oxygen storage / release material, a binder, or the like.
- known catalyst materials include cerium-zirconium composite oxides, cerium oxide, titania, zirconia, alumina, silica, silica-alumina, alkali metal materials, alkaline earth metal materials, transition metal materials, rare earth metals. Examples thereof include materials, silver, silver salts, and the like, and if necessary, a dispersant and a pH adjuster can be used in combination.
- the catalyst composition is applied to the monolithic support as a slurry mixture to coat the catalyst composition.
- the coating method is not particularly limited, but a wash coat method is preferable.
- drying and firing are performed to obtain a monolithic structure type catalyst on which the catalyst composition is supported.
- the drying temperature is preferably from 100 to 300 ° C, more preferably from 100 to 200 ° C.
- the firing temperature is preferably from 300 to 700 ° C, particularly preferably from 400 to 600 ° C.
- the drying time is preferably 0.5 to 2 hours, and the firing time is preferably 1 to 3 hours.
- a heating means it can carry out by well-known heating means, such as an electric furnace and a gas furnace.
- the upper catalyst material contains a composite oxide (C) substantially composed of silica, tungsten oxide, ceria, and zirconia, and separately from this, zeolite can be blended as necessary as an upper catalyst material.
- C composite oxide
- the lower layer catalyst material and the upper layer catalyst material are applied twice in succession by the wash coat method, they are dried and fired at once, or after the lower layer catalyst material is applied by the wash coat method and dried.
- the material after the second layer may be coated on the top, dried, and fired at once.
- the thickness of the layer may vary depending on the part of the honeycomb. It is in the range of 1 to 250 ⁇ m, more preferably in the range of 20 to 250 ⁇ m. If the upper layer is too thin and less than 5 ⁇ m, the gas diffusibility may be lowered. If the total layer is too thick and exceeds 430 ⁇ m, the catalyst composition of the present invention is used for a commonly used honeycomb type monolithic carrier. When an object is coated, there is a concern about the load on the engine due to an increase in pressure loss. Particularly preferred thicknesses are the upper layer: 40 to 250 ⁇ m and the lower layer: 1 to 180 ⁇ m.
- an exhaust gas flow path collects and removes oxidation catalyst (DOC) having a function of oxidizing nitric oxide and hydrocarbons and particulate matter in an exhaust gas passage.
- An exhaust gas purification catalyst device is configured by arranging a filter (DPF), spray means for supplying an aqueous urea solution or an aqueous ammonia solution, a selective reduction catalyst (SCR), and the ammonia oxidation catalyst (AMOX) in this order.
- DPF filter
- spray means for supplying an aqueous urea solution or an aqueous ammonia solution
- SCR selective reduction catalyst
- AMOX ammonia oxidation catalyst
- Diesel engines have a relatively low exhaust gas temperature compared to gasoline engines due to their structural characteristics, and the temperature is generally room temperature to 700 ° C.
- the exhaust gas temperature is particularly low during start-up and low loads. However, when the temperature of the exhaust gas is low, the temperature of the catalyst does not rise sufficiently, the purification performance is not sufficiently exhibited, and NOx in the exhaust gas is easily exhausted without being sufficiently purified.
- an oxidation catalyst that oxidizes HC and CO in the exhaust gas, and a filter that collects combustible particle components contained in the exhaust gas (DPF) is arranged.
- DOC oxidation catalyst
- a known platinum or a catalyst mainly composed of activated alumina on which at least one of palladium is supported can be used.
- a catalyst containing ⁇ -type zeolite ion-exchanged with cerium may be used.
- the DOC preferably contains a platinum component or a palladium component as a noble metal component, and the amount of the noble metal component is preferably 0.1 to 4 g / L, preferably 0.5 to 3 g / L in terms of metal. It is more preferable. And the noble metal component is too much becomes a high cost, sometimes not too little Suitable NO 2 / NOx ratio.
- the noble metal component preferably contains 30 to 100 w% platinum in terms of metal, and more preferably 50 to 100 w% platinum.
- Many diesel oils used in diesel automobile fuel contain sulfur components, and exhaust gases containing such sulfur components may poison noble metals in catalyst components, but palladium is sulfur. There is a known tendency to be poisoned, whereas platinum is known to be less susceptible to sulfur poisoning. Therefore, it is preferable to use platinum as a main component in the DOC used in the present invention as a noble metal component.
- the combustible particle components collected by the DPF are then burned and removed, and the DPF function is regenerated.
- NO 2 is used for burning soot in the DPF. Combustion of soot by NO 2 is milder than oxygen and hardly induces damage to the DPF due to combustion heat.
- Some DPFs are coated with an oxidation catalyst for the purpose of promoting this combustion regeneration, and are called CSFs. In the present invention, DPF includes CSF unless otherwise specified.
- a spray means for supplying an aqueous urea solution or an aqueous ammonia solution and an SCR catalyst are arranged at the subsequent stage of these DOC and DPF.
- the combustion engine to which the present invention is applied ranges from a small automobile having a displacement of about 1 L to a heavy-duty diesel engine having a displacement of more than 50 L, and exhausted from these diesel engines.
- NOx in the exhaust gas varies greatly depending on its operating state, combustion control method, and the like.
- the SCR catalyst used in order to purify NOx in the exhaust gas discharged from these diesel engines can also be selected according to the variety of diesel engine exhaust amount exceeding about 1L to more than 50L.
- a NOx occlusion catalyst may be used separately from the SCR, which is referred to as LNT (Lean NOx Trap).
- LNT Lean NOx Trap
- the NOx occluded in the LNT purifies the NOx using HC and CO, which are reducing components in the exhaust gas, as a reducing agent, but the SCR may be combined with such an LNT.
- the SCR selective reduction formed by coating the surface of a monolithic support with a catalyst layer containing a zeolite containing at least an iron element and a composite oxide substantially composed of silica, tungsten oxide, ceria, and zirconia. It is preferred to use a type catalyst (SCR).
- SCR type catalyst
- the composite oxide in addition to the composite oxide (C) that is a component of the catalyst, a material obtained by removing silica from the composite oxide (C) can be used.
- Zeolite (D) described below is preferred as the zeolite that is a component of the SCR catalyst.
- Zeolite (D) preferably contains 20 to 80% by weight of Fe- ⁇ , more preferably 30 to 70% by weight, based on the total amount of zeolite. In the case of using a mixture of Fe- ⁇ and Fe, Ce- ⁇ , the proportion of Fe- ⁇ and Fe, Ce- ⁇ is preferably 20 to 50% by weight with respect to the total amount of zeolite, preferably 20 to 40%. Weight percent is more preferred.
- Zeolite to which iron element is added can be purchased in various grades from major zeolite manufacturers, and can also be produced as described in JP-A-2005-502451.
- Zeolite (D) is a denitration component containing at least an iron element. Examples thereof include ⁇ -type and MFI-type zeolites having a three-dimensional pore structure, and zeolites such as A, X, Y, and MOR. .
- the composition of the composite oxide (C) is the same as above: silica: 20% by weight or less, tungsten oxide: 1-50% by weight, ceria: 1-60% by weight, and zirconia: 30-90% by weight. More preferably, silica: 5% by weight or less, tungsten oxide: 3-30% by weight, ceria: 5-40% by weight, and zirconia: 50-90% by weight.
- the coating amount is preferably 10 to 80% by weight with respect to the entire catalyst layer. This is because when the coating amount is less than 10% by weight with respect to the entire catalyst layer, the denitration performance becomes insufficient, and when it exceeds 80% by weight, the combined effect with zeolite (D) cannot be expected.
- the SCR catalyst when the reducing agent is urea, includes a composite oxide (E) as a hydrolysis component of the urea component in addition to the zeolite (D) and the composite oxide (C) as the denitration component. It is desirable to contain.
- the composite oxide (E) is preferably a composite oxide substantially composed of titania, silica, and zirconia. More preferably, the composition is titania: 70 to 95% by weight, silica: 1 to 10% by weight, and zirconia: 5 to 20% by weight.
- the coating amount of the denitration component (D), composite oxide (C) and urea hydrolysis component (E) constituting the catalyst layer is preferably 200 to 350 g / L, more preferably 220 to 330 g / L. preferable. If the coating amount is too small, the denitration effect may not be sufficiently obtained. If the coating amount is too large, the pores of the honeycomb may be clogged, and the exhaust gas back pressure will increase significantly, reducing the engine performance. There is a fear.
- the coating amount of zeolite (D) is 10 to 80% by weight with respect to the entire catalyst layer, and the coating amount of composite oxide (C) is 10 to 80% with respect to the entire catalyst layer. It is preferable that the coating amount of the composite oxide (E) is 1 to 30% by weight with respect to the entire catalyst layer.
- the SCR catalyst may be coated with a single layer structure on a monolithic structure type carrier, or may be coated and laminated so as to have a two-layer structure or more.
- the lower layer contains 50 to 90% by weight of zeolite (D), 10 to 40% by weight of composite oxide (C), and 1 to 30% by weight of composite oxide (E), while the upper layer contains zeolite (D).
- the coating amount of the lower layer is preferably 20 to 50% by weight, and the coating amount of the upper layer is preferably 50 to 80% by weight.
- the coating amount of the upper layer is 30 to 45% by weight, and the coating amount of the upper layer is 55 to 70% by weight.
- the present catalyst having an NH 3 purification function is disposed downstream of the SCR catalyst.
- the catalyst is excellent in NH 3 purifying performance with respect to exhaust gas flow, it is possible to oxidize NH 3 coming slipping from the SCR catalyst efficiently.
- NH 3 slip for example, when the exhaust gas temperature rapidly rises due to rapid acceleration while NH 3 is adsorbed on the SCR catalyst, the desorbed NH 3 does not contribute to the NOx purification reaction at the SCR catalyst. appear. Under these conditions, the ammonia oxidation catalyst installed downstream of the SCR catalyst is also at a relatively low temperature, but the ammonia oxidation catalyst (AMOX) of the present invention can effectively oxidize and purify NH 3 even with a small amount of noble metal. .
- AMOX ammonia oxidation catalyst
- the ammonia oxidation catalyst (AMOX) of the present invention can suppress NOx emission because the upper layer has a catalyst component having an SCR function. That is, the slipped NH 3 flows into the ammonia oxidation catalyst (AMOX), a part is adsorbed and held in the upper layer, and a part passes through the upper layer and reaches the lower layer. NH 3 arriving at the lower layer is oxidized by the noble metal component (Pt) into NOx components such as N 2 O, NO, NO 2 , these NOx move to the upper layer, and react with NH 3 adsorbed and held on the upper layer, It is discharged as N 2 and H 2 O.
- the catalyst component having an SCR function optionally contained in the lower layer also adsorbs and holds NH 3 that reaches the lower layer, and NOx generated by the NH 3 oxidation reacts with these and is discharged as N 2 and H 2 O.
- NH 3 flowing into the ammonia oxidation catalyst (AMOX) of the present invention has a catalytic component having an SCR function in the upper layer, it is used for the SCR reaction as described above, so NH 3 consumed in the oxidation reaction. Is less than the NH 3 obtained. As a result, N 2 O by-produced by the oxidation reaction of NH 3 can also be suppressed.
- the NH 3 oxidation catalyst of the present invention is divided into a case where it is divided into a low temperature range of approximately 300 ° C. or less and a high temperature range of approximately 300 ° C. or more. Is excellent in NH 3 oxidation purification activity in the low temperature range, suppresses by-product N 2 O, and emits NOx in the high temperature range where the NH 3 oxidation purification activity reaches almost 100% by the above-described catalyst structure. Can be suppressed.
- the purification apparatus and purification method using the ammonia oxidation catalyst (AMOX) of the present invention are not limited to the above-described combination, that is, the mode of DOC + DPF + spraying apparatus + SCR + AMOX.
- the ammonia oxidation catalyst (AMOX) of the present invention can be used as long as ammonia flows in.
- the embodiment as the SRO described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2008-279334 is also one of the purification apparatus and the purification method using the ammonia oxidation catalyst (AMOX) of the present invention.
- this titania mixed powder C is impregnated and supported with a platinum chloride aqueous solution as a noble metal component raw material, and Pt-supported titania mixed powder C (Pt conversion 0.356% by weight, final amount of Pt supported per carrier volume of catalyst) Corresponding to 0.1 g / L).
- Pt-supported titania mixed powder C (281 g), a binder (20 g), and water were put into a ball mill and milled until a predetermined particle size was obtained, thereby obtaining a slurry A for NH 3 oxidation catalyst layer.
- an integral structure carrier that is, a honeycomb flow-through cordierite carrier (300 cells 5 mil, ⁇ 25.4 mm ⁇ 24 mm length) was immersed in this slurry A, and the catalyst loading per unit volume was 30.1 g / It was applied by a wash coat method so as to be L. Then, it was dried at 150 ° C. for 1 hour and calcined at 500 ° C. for 2 hours in an air atmosphere to obtain catalyst A with a lower layer applied.
- a honeycomb flow-through cordierite carrier 300 cells 5 mil, ⁇ 25.4 mm ⁇ 24 mm length
- the lower layer-coated catalyst A was immersed in this slurry B and applied by a wash coat method so that the amount of catalyst supported per unit volume was 104 g / L. Then, it was dried at 150 ° C. for 1 hour and calcined at 500 ° C. for 2 hours in an air atmosphere to obtain AMOX (1) shown in Table 1. Then, by using the NH 3 oxidation catalysts obtained were carried out following the catalyst performance evaluation.
- Example 2 Production of AMOX (2) The precious metal concentration of the Pt-supported titania powder was changed, the amount of Pt supported per unit volume of the final catalyst was 0.03 g / L, and the amount of Pt-supported titania powder to be charged into the ball mill was 280.3 g. As shown in Table 1, AMOX (2) shown in Table 1 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the catalyst loading per unit volume of the lower layer was changed to 30.03 g / L. The evaluation results of the catalyst performance are shown in FIGS.
- C (1 wt% SiO 2/10 wt% WO 3/23 wt% CeO 2/66 wt% ZrO 2
- the indicated AMOX (5) was obtained.
- the evaluation results of the catalyst performance are shown in FIGS.
- Example 7 Production of AMOX (7)
- the unit volume of the lower layer AMOX (7) shown in Table 1 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 5 except that the amount of the catalyst supported per unit was changed to 30.05 g / L.
- the evaluation results of the catalyst performance are shown in FIGS.
- the obtained Pt-supported titania powder and water were put into a ball mill and milled to a predetermined particle size to obtain a slurry C for NH 3 oxidation catalyst layer.
- an integral structure carrier that is, a honeycomb flow-through cordierite carrier (300 cells 5 mil, ⁇ 25.4 mm ⁇ 24 mm length) was immersed in this slurry C, and the catalyst loading per unit volume was 30.1 g / It was applied by a wash coat method so as to be L. Then, it was dried at 150 ° C. for 1 hour and calcined at 500 ° C. for 2 hours in an air atmosphere to obtain catalyst B with a lower layer applied.
- a honeycomb flow-through cordierite carrier 300 cells 5 mil, ⁇ 25.4 mm ⁇ 24 mm length
- Example 9 Production of AMOX (9) Instead of the composite oxide of titania powder A is a type of (A) (87 wt% TiO 2/10 wt% ZrO 2/3 wt% SiO 2), titania powder D (97 wt% TiO 2/3 wt% SiO 2 )) was used in the same manner as in Example 8 except that AMOX (9) shown in Table 1 was obtained. The evaluation results of the catalyst performance are shown in FIGS.
- Example 10 Instead of AMOX (10) producing a titania powder A (87 wt% TiO 2/10 wt% ZrO 2/3 wt% SiO 2) of a composite oxide (B) powder (98.5 wt% Al 2 O 3 / AMOX (10) shown in Table 1 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 8 except that 1.5 wt% SiO 2 ) was used. The evaluation results of the catalyst performance are shown in FIGS.
- Example 11 Production of AMOX (11) After applying the lower layer slurry C of Example 8 by the wash coat method, the upper layer slurry B of Example 1 was applied by the wash coat method to obtain AMOX (11) shown in Table 1. The evaluation results of the catalyst performance are shown in FIGS.
- an integral structure carrier that is, a honeycomb flow-through cordierite carrier (300 cells 5 mil, ⁇ 25.4 mm ⁇ 24 mm length) was immersed in this slurry F, and the catalyst loading per unit volume was 33.1 g / It was applied by
- C poured composite oxide
- an integral structure carrier that is, a honeycomb flow-through cordierite carrier (300 cells, 5 mil, ⁇ 25.4 mm ⁇ 24 mm length) was immersed in this slurry G, and the catalyst loading per unit volume was 63.4 g / It was applied by a wash coat method so as to be L. Then, it was dried at 150 ° C. for 1 hour and calcined at 500 ° C. for 2 hours in an air atmosphere to obtain catalyst E with a lower layer applied.
- a honeycomb flow-through cordierite carrier 300 cells, 5 mil, ⁇ 25.4 mm ⁇ 24 mm length
- the lower layer-coated catalyst E was immersed in this slurry H and applied by a wash coat method so that the amount of the catalyst supported per unit volume was 124 g / L. Then, it was dried at 150 ° C. for 1 hour and calcined at 500 ° C. for 2 hours in an air atmosphere to obtain AMOX (14) shown in Table 1.
- AMOX (14) shown in Table 1 The evaluation results of the catalyst performance are shown in FIGS.
- Example 15 Production of AMOX (15) Change the noble metal concentration of the Pt-supported titania powder in the lower layer, change the final catalyst-supported Pt amount per unit volume to 0.03 g / L, and change the amount of Pt-supported titania powder to be charged into the ball mill to 250.3 g.
- AMOX (15) shown in Table 1 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 12 except that the change was made so that The evaluation results of the catalyst performance are shown in FIGS.
- Example 16 Production of AMOX (16) Instead of titania powder A (87 wt% TiO 2/10 wt% ZrO 2/3 wt% SiO 2), except for using the alumina powder (100 wt% Al 2 O 3) is the method described in Example 11 Similarly, AMOX (16) shown in Table 1 was obtained. The evaluation results of the catalyst performance are shown in FIGS.
- the slurry I was immersed in an integral structure carrier, that is, a honeycomb flow-through cordierite carrier (300 cells / 5 mil, ⁇ 25.4 mm ⁇ 24 mm length), and the catalyst loading per unit volume was 85 g / L. It was applied by a wash coat method so that Then, it was dried at 150 ° C. for 1 hour and calcined at 500 ° C. for 2 hours in an air atmosphere to obtain catalyst F with a lower layer applied. The lower layer-coated catalyst F thus obtained carries 1.0 g / L of Pt per unit volume.
- an integral structure carrier that is, a honeycomb flow-through cordierite carrier (300 cells / 5 mil, ⁇ 25.4 mm ⁇ 24 mm length)
- the catalyst loading per unit volume was 85 g / L. It was applied by a wash coat method so that Then, it was dried at 150 ° C. for 1 hour and calcined at 500 ° C. for 2 hours in an air atmosphere to obtain catalyst F with a lower
- the catalyst F with the lower layer applied was immersed in this slurry J, and applied by a wash coat method so that the amount of catalyst supported per unit volume was 112 g / L. Then, it was dried at 150 ° C. for 1 hour, and calcined at 500 ° C. for 2 hours in an air atmosphere to obtain a comparative AMOX (17) shown in Table 1.
- Comparative Example 2 Comparative Example 1 except that the concentration of the noble metal in the Pt-supported titania powder was changed, the amount of Pt-supported titania powder per unit volume of the final catalyst was changed to 0.7 g / L, and the amount of Pt-supported titania powder charged into the ball mill was changed to 447 g.
- the comparative AMOX (18) shown in Table 1 was obtained in the same manner as described in 1. Similarly, it was installed in a model gas test apparatus and the catalyst performance was evaluated. The evaluation results of the catalyst performance are shown in FIGS.
- Comparative Example 3 Comparative Example 1 except that the noble metal concentration of the Pt-supported titania powder was changed, the amount of Pt-supported titania powder per unit volume of the final catalyst was changed to 0.5 g / L, and the amount of Pt-supported titania powder charged into the ball mill was changed to 445 g.
- the comparative AMOX (19) shown in Table 1 was obtained in the same manner as described in 1. Similarly, it was installed in a model gas test apparatus and the catalyst performance was evaluated. The evaluation results of the catalyst performance are shown in FIGS.
- Comparative Example 4 Comparative Example 1 except that the concentration of noble metal in the Pt-supported titania powder was changed, the amount of Pt-supported titania powder per unit volume of the final catalyst was changed to 0.1 g / L, and the amount of Pt-supported titania powder charged into the ball mill was changed to 441 g.
- the comparative AMOX (20) shown in Table 1 was obtained in the same manner as described in 1. Similarly, it was installed in a model gas test apparatus and the catalyst performance was evaluated. The evaluation results of the catalyst performance are shown in FIGS.
- the ammonia oxidation catalyst AMOX (1) to (16) contains a specific composite oxide as a catalyst component of the present invention. Compared to (17), it can be seen that the NH 3 conversion rate is particularly excellent at low temperatures (230 ° C.) as shown in FIG. 1 despite the small amount of Pt.
- Examples 1 to 16 are ammonia oxidation catalysts (17) of Comparative Example 1. Is kept lower.
- containing NOx as the gas composition shows that a sufficiently high NH 3 conversion rate of 90% or more is obtained as the by-product situation of NOx, which is a harmful component, is shown. It can be seen that the NOx concentration measured after flowing out of the catalyst is lower than the NOx concentration of 300 ppm in the gas flowing into the catalyst. This indicates that the ammonia oxidation catalysts AMOX (1) to (16) of Examples 1 to 16 suppress NOx emission.
- the slipped NH 3 is purified with high efficiency even when the amount of noble metal supported is low compared to the prior art, and the generation of new NOx due to N 2 O by-product and NH 3 oxidation is suppressed. I can confirm.
- the ammonia oxidation catalyst containing a specific composite oxide as a catalyst component of the present invention has a capability of suppressing the by-product of N 2 O and NOx, while reducing the amount of Pt used, as compared with conventional ammonia oxidation catalysts.
- the NH 3 purification performance can be improved.
- the present invention can be widely applied to a technique for removing nitrogen oxides exhausted from an automobile such as a diesel engine, and purification of slip NH 3 .
- the fuel used is biogas such as gasoline and heavy oil, alcohol, etc., and exhaust gas emitted from combustion engines that use biofuel and light oil or a mixture of biofuel and gasoline. Even applicable.
- the present invention is effective even when applied to an exhaust gas purification catalyst device that involves regeneration of a filter on which combustible particle components are deposited.
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Abstract
Description
4NO+4NH3+O2→4N2+6H2O ・・・(1)
6NO2+8NH3→7N2+12H2O ・・・(2)
NO+NO2+2NH3→2N2+3H2O ・・・(3)
NH2-CO-NH2→NH3+HNCO (尿素熱分解)
HNCO+H2O→NH3+CO2 (イソシアン酸加水分解)
NH2-CO-NH2+H2O→2NH3+CO2 (尿素加水分解)
2NH3+3/2O2→N2+3H2O ・・・(4)
2NH3+5/2O2→2NO+3H2O ・・・(5)
2NH3+7/2O2→2NO2+3H2O ・・・(6)
2NH3+2O2→N2O+3H2O ・・・(7)
特に、スリップNH3浄化触媒は排気ガス浄化装置の最後尾で使用される関係で排気ガスの温度が配管内を通る間に低下し、スリップNH3浄化触媒の触媒床温度が低くなってしまうので、より低温で高いNH3浄化性能を発揮する触媒が切望されていた。
また、本発明の第3の発明によれば、第1又は2の発明において、複合酸化物(A)が、さらに、ジルコニア、又はアルミナを含み、その含有量が、30重量%以下であることを特徴とするアンモニア酸化触媒が提供される。
また、本発明の第4の発明によれば、第1の発明において、複合酸化物(B)の組成が、アルミナ:70~99.9重量%及びシリカ:0.1~30重量%であることを特徴とするアンモニア酸化触媒が提供される。
また、本発明の第5の発明によれば、第1の発明において、複合酸化物(C)の組成が、シリカ:0.1~5重量%、酸化タングステン:3~30重量%、セリア:5~40重量%、及びジルコニア:50~90重量%であることを特徴とするアンモニア酸化触媒が提供される。
また、本発明の第6の発明によれば、第1の発明において、触媒層(下層)がさらに複合酸化物(C)、又はゼオライト(D)を含むことを特徴とするアンモニア酸化触媒が提供される。
また、本発明の第7の発明によれば、第1の発明において、触媒層(上層)がさらにゼオライト(D)を含むことを特徴とするアンモニア酸化触媒が提供される。
また、本発明の第8の発明によれば、第1の発明において、担持される貴金属元素が白金であることを特徴とするアンモニア酸化触媒が提供される。
また、本発明の第9の発明によれば、第6又は7の発明において、ゼオライト(D)が少なくとも鉄を含み、その含有量がFe2O3換算で0.1~5重量%であることを特徴とするアンモニア酸化触媒が提供される。
また、本発明の第10の発明によれば、第1の発明において、複合酸化物(A)又は複合酸化物(B)を含む無機母材に担持される貴金属元素の含有量が、一体構造型担体の単位体積あたり0.01~1.0g/Lであることを特徴とするアンモニア酸化触媒が提供される。
また、本発明の第12の発明によれば、第1の発明において、触媒層(上層)の複合酸化物(C)の被覆量が、一体構造型担体の単位体積あたり10~150g/Lであることを特徴とするアンモニア酸化触媒が提供される。
また、本発明の第13の発明によれば、第6の発明において、触媒層(下層)の複合酸化物(C)、又はゼオライト(D)の被覆量が、一体構造型担体の単位体積あたり0~120g/Lであることを特徴とするアンモニア酸化触媒が提供される。
また、本発明の第14の発明によれば、第7の発明において、触媒層(上層)のゼオライト(D)の被覆量が、一体構造型担体の単位体積あたり0~150g/Lであることを特徴とするアンモニア酸化触媒が提供される。
さらに、本発明の第16の発明によれば、第15の発明において、選択還元型触媒(SCR)が、少なくとも鉄元素を含むゼオライト(D)と、実質的にシリカ、酸化タングステン、セリア、及びジルコニアからなる複合酸化物(C)を含む触媒層を一体構造型担体の表面に被覆してなることを特徴とする排気ガス浄化装置が提供される。
本発明のアンモニア酸化触媒(以下、本触媒ともいう)は、希薄燃焼機関から排出される排気ガスに、窒素酸化物の還元剤として尿素またはアンモニアを添加し選択還元型触媒(SCR)により窒素酸化物を選択的に還元する際に、余剰のアンモニアを酸化除去するためのアンモニア酸化触媒(AMOX)において、一体構造型担体の表面に、少なくともチタニア及びシリカを主成分とする複合酸化物(A)、アルミナ、又はアルミナ及びシリカからなる複合酸化物(B)のいずれかを含む無機母材に貴金属元素を担持した触媒を含む触媒層(下層)と、少なくともシリカ、酸化タングステン、セリア、及びジルコニアからなる複合酸化物(C)を含む触媒層(上層)を有する、少なくとも二層の触媒層を被覆してなり、複合酸化物(C)の組成が、シリカ:20重量%以下、酸化タングステン:1~50重量%、セリア:1~60重量%、及びジルコニア:30~90重量%であることを特徴とする。
本発明のアンモニア酸化触媒において、下層触媒層は、少なくともチタニア及びシリカを主成分とする複合酸化物(A)、アルミナ、又はアルミナ及びシリカからなる複合酸化物(B)のいずれかを含む無機母材に貴金属元素を担持した触媒を含んでおり、アンモニア酸化機能を有する。
本発明において、貴金属成分とは、白金、パラジウム、又はロジウムから選ばれる一種以上の元素である。このうち白金は酸化活性が高く、優れたNH3酸化性能を発揮するので、主要な貴金属成分として、下層触媒層に含有することが望ましい。ここで、主要な貴金属成分とは、本発明の触媒に使用される貴金属の総量に対して50重量%以上含有させる成分をいい、貴金属の全てが白金であっても良い。
この場合、貴金属の使用量は、本発明の下層触媒層成分を一体構造型担体上に被覆した場合、一体構造型担体の単位体積あたり、0.01~1.0g/Lである事が好ましく、0.02~0.5g/Lである事がより好ましい。0.01g/L未満では貴金属の活性を充分に利用できず、1.0g/Lを超えてもそれ以上の効果の向上が期待できない。
そのため、本発明では、チタニア及びシリカを主成分とし、必要に応じ、ジルコニア、アルミナを加えた複合酸化物(A)、アルミナ、又はアルミナ及びシリカからなる複合酸化物(B)を含む無機母材に貴金属が担持されることが好ましい。これにより貴金属を高分散に担持することができ、また耐熱性が高いので貴金属成分が焼結し難くなり、使用時における貴金属の高分散を長期間維持しうる。
複合酸化物(A)は、比表面積値が高く、耐熱性にも優れたチタニア及びシリカを主成分として含む無機母材であり、白金などの貴金属成分を高分散に担持することができる。
複合酸化物(A)の組成は、チタニア:60~99重量%及びシリカ:1~40重量%であることが好ましい。複合酸化物(A)は、さらに、ジルコニア、アルミナの少なくとも一種以上を含み、複合酸化物(A)に占めるジルコニア、アルミナの少なくとも一つの割合が0~30重量%であることがより好ましい。
すなわち、本発明では複合酸化物(A)としてチタニアとシリカを必須とし、30重量%以下のジルコニア、アルミナの少なくとも一つを含む複合酸化物、例えばチタニア-シリカ、チタニア-シリカ-ジルコニア、チタニア-シリカ-アルミナ、又はチタニア-シリカ-ジルコニア-アルミナなどの無機酸化物が使用できる。
このような無機酸化物(無機母材)は、貴金属成分の分散性の点からいえば、比表面積(BET法による、以下同様)が30m2/g以上であることが好ましく、更に100m2/g以上であるものがより好ましい。比表面積値が30m2/g以上であれば貴金属を高分散状態で安定に担持させることができる。
アルミナは、α-アルミナを除きBET比表面積が高く、耐熱性にも優れているので白金などの貴金属成分を高分散に担持させる母材として非常に有用である。
さらに、アルミナは、末端が水酸基(-OH基)となったものの他、O-が露出したもの、H2Oが配位してO+が形成されたもの、Alの配位不飽和によりAl+が形成されたものなどが多数存在する。これらがそれぞれ特異的に高い電荷(+-)を帯びているため、触媒の活性点として機能し易い。その内、正(+)の電荷を帯びた表面の活性点は一般に「酸点」と呼ばれ、水酸基(-OH基)の水素にNH3が吸着する。
アルミナの種類は、BET比表面積の低いα-アルミナを除く、γ-アルミナ、δ-アルミナ、θ-アルミナ、又はベーマイトのいずれかが好ましい。
本発明では、上記のようにアルミナ単独でも良いが、アルミナはNH3を吸着するものの自体の酸性は弱い。一方、シリカ単独ではNH3を物理吸着しかできない。しかし、アルミナにシリカを加えた複合酸化物(B)は、NH3を強く吸着すると共に酸点の数も多いので、貴金属によるNH3の酸化活性を促進することができる。
そのため、本発明では、BET比表面積が高く、耐熱性にも優れているアルミナ及びシリカからなる複合酸化物(B)に白金などの貴金属成分を担持して用いることが好ましい。複合酸化物(B)の組成は、特に制限されないが、アルミナ:70~99.9重量%、シリカ:0.1~30重量%であることが好ましく、アルミナ:75~99重量%、シリカ:1~25重量%であることがより好ましい。
また、本発明の一体型触媒担体に被覆される下層には、上記無機母材である複合酸化物(A)、アルミナ、複合酸化物(B)とは別に、NOxの浄化機能を有する材料を有してもよい。NOxの浄化機能を有する材料としては、後述する複合酸化物(C)、遷移金属として鉄などをイオン交換したゼオライト(D)の他、チタニア、ジルコニア、酸化タングステン等の遷移金属酸化物、セリア、ランタン、プラセオジム、サマリウム、ガドリニウム、ネオジム等の希土類酸化物、酸化ガリウム、酸化スズ等の碑金属酸化物、またはこれらの複合酸化物等があげられる。
本発明において、複合酸化物(C)は、少なくともシリカ、酸化タングステン、セリア、及びジルコニアからなる複合酸化物(C)であるが、下層において、この複合酸化物(C)は任意成分である。ここで、酸化タングステンとは、タングステンの酸化物のほか、タングステン元素単体で存在するものも含むものとする。
複合酸化物(C)の被覆量は、一体構造型担体の単位体積あたり0~120g/Lであり、より好ましくは0~100g/Lとする。
下層に複合酸化物(C)が存在することで、NH3とNOxの反応が促進され、SCR機能が増大する。また、酸化タングステンやジルコニアが含まれていることで、NH3吸着容量が多くなるので、下層触媒層で貴金属と接触できなかったNH3のスリップを抑制する。逆に120g/Lよりも多いと、下層を構成するPt担持複合酸化物(A)に比べ相対量が増大するため、Ptへのガス拡散が悪化することがある。
本発明において、ゼオライト(D)は、例えば三次元の細孔構造を有するβ型、MFI型のゼオライトをはじめ、A、X、Y、MOR、CHA、SAPOなどのゼオライトが挙げられるが、下層において、このゼオライト(D)は、任意成分である。ゼオライト(D)の中でも好ましいのは、β型ゼオライト、又はMFI型のゼオライトである。
下層におけるゼオライト(D)の含有量は、0~120g/Lであり、好ましくは0~100g/Lである。ゼオライト(D)が存在することで、NH3とNOxの反応が促進され、またNH3吸着容量が大きくなるので貴金属と接触するNH3が増え、NH3酸化が促進されるが、120g/Lを超えると、下層を構成するPt担持複合酸化物(A)に比べ相対量が増大するため、Ptへのガス拡散が悪化することがある。
また、この下層にはアンモニア酸化機能を有する材料のほかに後述するNOxを浄化する機能を有する材料を含んでも良い。
上層触媒層は、少なくともシリカ、酸化タングステン、セリア、及びジルコニアからなる複合酸化物(C)を必須成分とし、貴金属成分を含まずに構成される。複合酸化物(C)中の酸化タングステンとは、タングステンの酸化物のほか、タングステン元素単体で存在するものも含むものとする。
本触媒において、複合酸化物(C)は、シリカ:20重量%以下、酸化タングステン:1~50重量%、セリア:1~60重量%、及びジルコニア:30~90重量%から構成され、より好ましくは、シリカ:0.1~5重量%、酸化タングステン:3~30重量%、セリア:5~40重量%、及びシルコニア:50~90重量%の組成となるようにする。
シリカは、各種金属酸化物と比較してBET比表面積の高いことで知られており、シリカとその他元素で構成される複合酸化物系でのBET比表面積を増加させることで、活性点数を増大させることができる。さらに、シリカは、直径2~10nmのメソポーラスな孔を多数有する多孔質構造をとり、その孔にNH3の酸化反応やNOx-NH3反応などで生じたH2Oを取り込むことで、NH3の酸化反応やNOx-NH3反応などの反応平衡を生成物側にシフトさせることにより、それらの反応を促進する。
またセリアは、NOx吸着機能材料として知られており、本材料系においてもNOx吸着を促進することでNH3とNOxのSCR反応を促進でき、ジルコニアは、その他成分を熱的に安定な状態で高分散させる為の分散保持材料として機能する。
一方、タングステンの酸化物は、酸性が強く、アルカリ成分である尿素やアンモニアの吸着力が大きいので、タングステンの酸化物を使用することで脱硝性能が高くなる。
この複合酸化物(C)は、上記の組成、構造になれば、製法によって特に限定されない。例えば、珪素、タングステン、セリウム、ジルコニウムを含む硝酸塩、硫酸塩、炭酸塩、酢酸塩、塩化物等の形態を有する出発原料を一度に水溶液中に溶解させた後、混合し、pH調整等により沈殿物として沈降させるか蒸発乾固させるかして得られた固形物を焼成してもよいし、単一もしくは複数の金属塩に上記処理を行うことにより酸化物を形成させた後、残りの金属塩を一度にまたは逐次に担持してもよい。
一度にすべての元素を加えて製造するか、最初に核となる粉末を単数もしくは数種類の元素から製造した後、残りの元素を一度にまたは逐次に担持させることにより、各々の元素を最適な組成で含有する複合酸化物(C)を調製することができる。
上層触媒層は、複合酸化物(C)の他に、任意成分として、ゼオライト(D)を含むことができる。
本発明においてゼオライト(D)は、例えば三次元の細孔構造を有するβ型、MFI型のゼオライトをはじめ、A、X、Y、MOR、CHA、SAPOなどのゼオライトが挙げられる。中でも好ましいのは、β型ゼオライト、又はMFI型のゼオライトである。
Mm/x[AlmSi(64-m)O128]・pH2O
(式中、Mはカチオン種であり、xは前記Mの価数であり、mは0を越え64未満の数であり、pは0以上の数である)
このβ型ゼオライトは、比較的大きな径を有する一方向に整列した直線的細孔とこれに交わる曲線的細孔とからなる比較的複雑な3次元細孔構造を有し、イオン交換時のカチオンの拡散、およびNH3等のガス分子の拡散が容易である。また、このような構造はモルデナイト、ホージャサイト等が一方向に整列した直線的な空孔のみを有するのに対して、特異な構造であり、このような複雑な空孔構造であるがゆえに、βゼオライトは、熱による構造破壊が生じ難く安定性が高く、自動車用触媒にとって有効な材料である。
本触媒のゼオライト(D)には、鉄元素を含むゼオライトが主成分として含有されることが好ましい。通常、ゼオライトには固体酸点として、カチオンがカウンターイオンとして存在する。カチオンとしては、アンモニウムイオンやプロトンが一般的であるが、本触媒に使用されるβ型ゼオライトにはカチオン種として鉄元素が添加され、以下、本発明では「Fe-β」ということがある。
鉄元素でイオン交換されたβ型ゼオライトによって本発明の作用が向上する理由は定かではないが、ゼオライト表面においてNOをNO2に酸化してNH3との反応活性を高め、ゼオライトの骨格構造が安定化され、耐熱性の向上に寄与していると考えられる。
ゼオライトに対するFeの添加量は、Fe2O3換算で0.1~5重量%が好ましく、0.5~4.5重量%がより好ましい。鉄元素の量がFe2O3換算で5重量%を超えると、活性な固体酸点の数が確保できなくなり活性が下がる。鉄元素の量がFe2O3換算で0.1重量%未満では、充分なNOx浄化性能が得られず排気ガスの浄化性能が低下するので好ましくない。なお、イオン交換種として添加される鉄元素は、その全てがイオン交換されても良いが、その一部が酸化鉄の状態で存在していても良い。
ゼオライトへの鉄元素の担持方法については特に制限はない。このような鉄元素を添加したゼオライトは、主要なゼオライトメーカーから様々なグレードのものが購入でき、また、特開2005-502451号公報などに記載された要領で製造できる。一般的な担持方法としては、イオン交換法の他、鉄元素を含む硝酸塩、酢酸塩、塩化物等の水溶液に、ゼオライトを加えて含浸法で担持してもよいし、アルカリ等でpH調整することにより得られた沈殿物を乾燥・焼成してもよいし、上記鉄元素を含む硝酸塩、酢酸塩、塩化物等の水溶液にゼオライトを浸漬した後、蒸発乾固させてもよい。焼成温度は、300~800℃が好ましく、400~600℃がより好ましい。加熱手段については、電気炉やガス炉等の公知の加熱手段によって行う事ができる。
また、ゼオライト種としては上記のゼオライトに加え、他にA、X、Y、MOR、CHA、SAPO等様々なタイプのゼオライトの一種以上と組み合わせて使用してもよい。
本触媒を他のタイプのゼオライトと併用する場合には、全ゼオライト中、前記各種β型ゼオライト若しくはMFI型ゼオライトのトータルの比率が50~100%であることが好ましい。
また、ゼオライトは、前記鉄元素の他に、他の遷移金属、希土類金属、また貴金属などを含んでいてもよい。具体的には、ニッケル、コバルト、ジルコニウム、銅などの遷移金属、セリウム、ランタン、プラセオジム、ネオジウムなどの希土類金属、などを挙げることができる。
また、金、銀、白金、パラジウム、ロジウム、イリジウム、ルテニウム等の貴金属やニオブ、タングステン、タンタル、セリア、セリウム・ジルコニウム複合酸化物、酸化ランタン、アルミナ、シリカ、ジルコニア、バナジアや、スズ、ガリウムなどアルカリ元素、アルカリ土類元素など一般に触媒材料として使用可能な材料を、本発明の目的を阻害しない範囲で適宜添加することができる。
ゼオライト(D)の含有量は、0~150g/Lであり、より好ましくは0~120g/Lである。ゼオライトが存在することで、NH3とNOxの反応が促進され、またNH3吸着容量が大きくなるのでPtなどの貴金属と接触するNH3が増え、NH3酸化が促進されるが、150g/Lを超えると、圧損上昇によるエンジンへの負荷が高くなり好ましくない。
本発明における一体構造型担体は、その種類によって特に制限されない。ハニカム構造型担体をはじめ、細い繊維状物を編んだシート状構造体、比較的太い繊維状物からなるフェルト様の不燃性構造体が使用できる。中でもハニカム構造型担体が好ましく、このようなハニカム構造型担体の表面に触媒成分を被覆したものを、以下、ハニカム構造型触媒ということがある。
また、このようなハニカム構造体はその全体形状も任意であり、円柱型、四角柱型、六角柱型など、適用する排気系の構造に応じて適宜選択できる。さらに開口部の孔数についても処理すべき排気ガスの種類、ガス流量、圧力損失あるいは除去効率などを考慮して適正な孔数が決められるが、通常、ディーゼル自動車の排気ガス浄化用では、1平方インチ当たり10~1500個程度、特に100~900個であることが好ましい。1平方インチ当たりのセル密度が10個以上であれば、排気ガスと触媒の接触面積を確保でき、充分な排気ガスの浄化機能が得られ、1平方インチ当たりのセル密度が1500個以下であれば、著しい排気ガスの圧力損失が生じないので内燃機関の性能を損なう事がない。
また、下層については、本発明の触媒成分を、セラミックス等の浸透性の構造担体に被覆して使用する場合、下層の成分が構造担体に浸透し、下層の全て、またはその一部が構造担体と一体化していてもよい。また、構造担体を下層の成分で構成し、その上に上層の成分を被覆しても良い。なお、下層と構造担体の間に、触媒層の密着性の向上などを目的としてボトム層を設ける場合もあるが、この場合、ボトム層と下層の関係は、前記構造担体と下層の関係に同じである。
また、このようなハニカム構造型担体は、セルの壁の厚みを2~12mil(ミリインチ)とすることが好ましく、4~8milがより好ましい。また、ハニカム構造型担体の材質としては、ステンレス等の金属、コーディエライト等のセラミックスがある。
なお、本発明では、細い繊維状物を編んだシート状構造体、比較的太い繊維状物からなるフェルト様の不燃性構造体も使用できるが、これらハニカム構造担体とは異なる一体構造型担体は、背圧が高まる恐れはあるものの、触媒成分の担持量が大きく、また排気ガスとの接触面積が大きいので、他の構造型担体よりも処理能力が高くなる場合がある。
なお、被覆量の上限は、生産コストが上昇したり、ハニカムの孔が目詰まりを起こしたりして、排気ガスの背圧が著しく上昇しない程度であれば特に限定されないが、前記フロースルー型ハニカム担体において、凡そ230g/L以下が望ましく、170g/L程度に留める事がより望ましい。使用する担体のセル密度にもよるが、現実的なセル密度のハニカム構造体を使用する場合には、230g/Lを超える量の触媒を担持すると背圧が上昇し、燃焼機関の性能を阻害する場合がある。
本発明の触媒を調製するには、まず、下層触媒材料、上層触媒材料、一体構造型担体を用意する。触媒材料は必要に応じてバインダーや界面活性剤などの添加剤を、水または水に水溶性有機溶媒を加えた溶媒と混合してスラリー状混合物にしてから、一体構造型担体へ塗工した後、乾燥、焼成する事により製造される。なお、水または水に水溶性有機溶媒を加えた溶媒については以下「水系媒体」という。
すなわち、触媒材料と水系媒体とを所定の比率で混合してスラリー状混合物を得る。本発明においては、水系媒体は、スラリー中で各触媒成分が均一に分散できる量を用いれば良い。
まず、貴金属成分の原料として硝酸塩、硫酸塩、炭酸塩、酢酸塩等の化合物、具体的には塩化白金(IV)酸、亜硝酸ジアンミン白金(II)、水酸化白金酸アミン溶液、塩化白金酸、硝酸白金、ジニトロジアンミンパラジウム、硝酸パラジウム、塩化パラジウム、塩化ロジウム(III)、硝酸ロジウム(III)として用意する。これらから貴金属成分原料を選択して水、有機溶媒に溶解する。
上記のようにして一体構造型担体へ下層触媒材料を塗工した後に乾燥、焼成し、次に、この層の上に上層触媒材料を塗工し、乾燥、焼成して本発明のアンモニア酸化触媒を調製する。上層触媒材料は、実質的にシリカ、酸化タングステン、セリア、及びジルコニアからなる複合酸化物(C)を含み、これとは別に、上層触媒原料としてゼオライトを必要により配合することができる。
このほか、ウォッシュコート法により下層触媒材料、上層触媒材料を2回続けて塗工した後に、一度で乾燥、焼成したり、あるいは、ウォッシュコート法により下層触媒材料を塗工した後に乾燥し、その上に二層目以降の材料を被覆した後乾燥し、一度に焼成してもよい。
上層が薄すぎて5μm未満であると、先のガス拡散性が低下することがあり、トータルの層が厚すぎて430μmを超えると、通常使われるハニカム型一体構造型担体に本発明の触媒組成物を被覆した場合に、圧損上昇によるエンジンへの負荷が懸念される。特に好ましい厚さは、上層:40~250μm、下層:1~180μmである。
本発明では、排気ガス流路に、一酸化窒素、炭化水素の酸化機能を有する酸化触媒(DOC)と、パティキュレートマターを捕集し燃焼除去するフィルター(DPF)と、尿素水溶液もしくはアンモニア水溶液を供給する噴霧手段と、選択還元触媒(SCR)と、前記のアンモニア酸化触媒(AMOX)をこの順序で配置することで排気ガス浄化触媒装置が構成される。
酸化触媒としては、公知の白金、またはパラジウムのうち少なくとも一種が担持された活性アルミナを主成分とする触媒を用いることができる。なおその酸化触媒の担体としては、活性アルミナがLaを含むものを使用することもできる。さらにセリウムでイオン交換したβ型ゼオライトを含有する触媒を用いても良い。
また、この貴金属成分には金属換算で30~100w%の白金を含む事が好ましく、50~100w%の白金を含む事がより好ましい。ディーゼル自動車の燃料に使用される軽油には硫黄成分を含むものが少なくなく、このような硫黄成分を含む排気ガスにより、触媒成分中の貴金属が被毒してしまうことがあるが、パラジウムは硫黄被毒し易い傾向が知られており、これに対し白金は硫黄被毒し難い傾向が知られている。そのため、本発明に使用されるDOCには貴金属成分として白金を主成分として使用する事が好ましい。
これらDOC、DPFの後段には、尿素水溶液もしくはアンモニア水溶液を供給する噴霧手段とSCR触媒が配置される。本発明が適用される燃焼機関は、ディーゼルエンジンの場合、排気量1L程度の小型自動車から、排気量50Lを超えるような重機用(ヘビーデューティー)ディーゼルエンジンまであり、また、それらディーゼルエンジンから排出される排気ガス中のNOxは、その稼動状態、また燃焼制御の方法等により大きく異なる。そして、これらディーゼルエンジンから排出される排気ガス中のNOxを浄化するために使用されるSCR触媒も、1L程度から50Lを超えるディーゼルエンジン排気量の多様性にあわせて選定できる。
また、排気ガス中のNOxを浄化する手段として、SCRとは別にNOx吸蔵触媒を使用する場合があり、LNT(Lean NOx Trap)といわれる。LNTに吸蔵されたNOxは、排気ガス中の還元成分であるHCやCOを還元剤としてNOxを浄化するが、SCRはこのようなLNTと組み合わせても良い。
また、還元剤が尿素である場合は、SCR触媒には、前記の脱硝成分であるゼオライト(D)、複合酸化物(C)に加え、尿素成分の加水分解成分として複合酸化物(E)を含有することが望ましい。複合酸化物(E)は、実質的にチタニア、シリカ、及びジルコニアからなる複合酸化物であることが好ましい。また、その組成が、チタニア:70~95重量%、シリカ:1~10重量%、及びジルコニア:5~20重量%であることがより好ましい。
そして、ゼオライト(D)の被覆量が、触媒層の全体に対して、10~80重量%であること、複合酸化物(C)の被覆量が、触媒層の全体に対して、10~80重量%であること、複合酸化物(E)の被覆量が、触媒層の全体に対して、1~30重量%であることが好ましい。
そして、下層がゼオライト(D)50~90重量%、複合酸化物(C)10~40重量%、及び複合酸化物(E)1~30重量%を含むこと、一方、上層がゼオライト(D)10~40重量%、複合酸化物(C)50~90重量%、及び複合酸化物(E)1~30重量%を含むことがより好ましい。このように、下層でゼオライト(D)の比率を高め、上層では複合酸化物(B)の比率を高めることで、排気ガス中のNOxの浄化性能を向上させることができる。
特に、下層の被覆量が全体の20~50重量%であり、上層の被覆量が全体の50~80重量%であることが好ましい。このように下層の被覆量に対して、上層の被覆量を多くすることで、十分に高い脱硝性能をあげることができる。下層の被覆量が全体の30~45重量%であり、上層の被覆量が全体の55~70重量%であることがより好ましい。
本発明では、SCR触媒の後段に、NH3浄化機能を有する本触媒が配置される。本触媒は、NH3浄化性能に優れることから、排気ガス流れに対し、SCR触媒からスリップしてくるNH3を効率的に酸化することができる。
なお、本発明のアンモニア酸化触媒(AMOX)を用いた浄化装置や浄化方法は、上述の組合せ、すなわちDOC+DPF+噴霧装置+SCR+AMOXの態様に限定されるものではない。アンモニアが流入する条件であれば本発明のアンモニア酸化触媒(AMOX)を利用できる。
例えば、特許文献6特開2008-279334に記載のSROCとしての実施形態も、本発明のアンモニア酸化触媒(AMOX)を用いた浄化装置や浄化方法の1つである。
AMOX(1)の製造
=下層(NH3酸化機能を有する触媒層;)=
複合酸化物(A)の1種であるチタニア粉末A(87重量%TiO2/10重量%ZrO2/3重量%SiO2)とチタニア粉末B(85重量%TiO2/10重量%SiO2/5重量%Al2O3)を重量比で19:9の割合で予め混合させてチタニア混合粉末Cを得て、貴金属担持用の母材とした。次に、このチタニア混合粉末Cに、貴金属成分原料としての塩化白金水溶液を含浸担持させてPt担持チタニア混合粉末C(Pt換算0.356重量%、最終的な触媒の担体体積あたりのPt担持量0.1g/Lに相当)を得た。
得られたPt担持チタニア混合粉末C(281g)とバインダー(20g)と水をボールミルに投入し、所定の粒径となるまでミリングして、NH3酸化触媒層用スラリーAを得た。
続いて、このスラリーAに一体型構造担体、すなわちハニカムフロースルー型コージェライト担体(300セル5ミル、φ25.4mm×24mm長さ)を浸漬させ、単位体積あたりの触媒担持量が30.1g/Lとなるようにウォッシュコート法で塗布した。その後、150℃で1時間乾燥させ、大気雰囲気下、500℃で2時間焼成して下層塗布済み触媒Aを得た。
=上層(SCR機能層)=
複合酸化物(C)(1重量%SiO2/10重量%WO3/23重量%CeO2/66重量%ZrO2)750gと、Feイオン交換ゼオライト(Feイオン交換量;2.2重量%Fe2O3換算、BEA型、SAR=26)250gと、バインダー40gを水とともにボールミルに投入し、所定の粒径となるまでミリングして、SCR機能層用スラリーBを得た。
続いて、このスラリーBに前記の下層塗布済み触媒Aを浸漬させ、単位体積あたりの触媒担持量が104g/Lとなるようにウォッシュコート法で塗布した。その後、150℃で1時間乾燥させ、大気雰囲気下、500℃で2時間焼成して、表1に示すAMOX(1)を得た。
その後、得られたNH3酸化触媒を用いて、以下の触媒性能評価を実施した。
触媒の性能評価に先立ち意図的に触媒性能を劣化させるために、650℃で100時間熱処理を実施した。処理には雰囲気炉を用いて、10vol%の水を含む加湿空気を流通させながら処理を行った。
<触媒性能評価>(NOx・NH3-スリップ評価)
次項記載の測定条件のもと、触媒入口出口のNH3、NO、NO2、N2Oのガス濃度を計測し、NH3転化率、NOx排出濃度、N2O排出濃度の3つの指標でAMOX(1)の触媒性能を評価した。その結果を図1~3に示した。
なお、ガス計測は所定温度に到達し所定濃度ガス流通開始後20分経過した後に、各種ガス成分の濃度が安定した状態で測定した。
なおNH3転化率、NOx排出濃度は次の算出式に基づき計算した。
(NH3転化率)[%] ={(入口NH3濃度)-(出口NH3濃度)}/(入口NH3濃度)
×100
(NOx排出濃度)[ppm] =(出口NO濃度)+(出口NO2濃度)
・評価装置;モデルガス試験装置(菱明技研製)
・定量分析装置;FTIR(サーモエレクトロン製NEXUS-670、2mガスセル)
・触媒サイズ;φ25.4mm×24mm、300セル/5ミル、12.2mL/個
・空間速度;100,000/h
・全ガス流量;20.3L/min
・モデルガス組成(表2参照)
AMOX(2)の製造
Pt担持チタニア粉末の貴金属濃度を変更し、最終的な触媒の単位体積あたりのPt担持量を0.03g/Lとして、ボールミルに投入するPt担持チタニア粉末量を280.3gとして、下層の単位体積あたりの触媒担持量が30.03g/Lとなるように変更する以外は実施例1に記載の方法と同様にして、表1に示すAMOX(2)を得た。この触媒性能の評価結果を図1~3に示す。
AMOX(3)の製造
上層用スラリーを得る為にボールミルに投入する複合酸化物(C)(1重量%SiO2/10重量%WO3/23重量%CeO2/66重量%ZrO2)を500g、Feイオン交換ゼオライト(Feイオン交換量;2.2重量%Fe2O3換算、BEA型、SAR=26)を500gとした以外は実施例1に記載の方法と同様にして、表1に示すAMOX(3)を得た。この触媒性能の評価結果を図1~3に示す。
AMOX(4)の製造
上層用スラリーを得る為にボールミルに投入する複合酸化物(C)(1重量%SiO2/10重量%WO3/23重量%CeO2/66重量%ZrO2)を250g、Feイオン交換ゼオライト(Feイオン交換量;2.2重量%Fe2O3換算、BEA型、SAR=26)を750gとした以外は実施例1に記載の方法と同様にして、表1に示すAMOX(4)を得た。この触媒性能の評価結果を図1~3に示す。
AMOX(5)の製造
上層用スラリーを得る為にボールミルに投入する複合酸化物(C)(1重量%SiO2/10重量%WO3/23重量%CeO2/66重量%ZrO2)を850g、Feイオン交換ゼオライト(Feイオン交換量;2.2重量%Fe2O3換算、BEA型、SAR=26)を150gとした以外は実施例1に記載の方法と同様にして、表1に示すAMOX(5)を得た。この触媒性能の評価結果を図1~3に示す。
AMOX(6)の製造
上層用スラリーを得る為にボールミルに投入する複合酸化物(C)(1重量%SiO2/10重量%WO3/23重量%CeO2/66重量%ZrO2)を950g、Feイオン交換ゼオライト(Feイオン交換量;2.2重量%Fe2O3換算、BEA型、SAR=26)を50gとした以外は実施例1に記載の方法と同様にして、表1に示すAMOX(6)を得た。この触媒性能の評価結果を図1~3に示す。
AMOX(7)の製造
Pt担持チタニア粉末の貴金属濃度を変更し、最終的な触媒の単位体積あたりのPt担持量を0.05g/Lとして、ボールミルに投入するPt担持チタニア粉末量を280.5gとして、下層の単位体積あたりの触媒担持量が30.05g/Lとなるように変更する以外は実施例5に記載の方法と同様にして、表1に示すAMOX(7)を得た。この触媒性能の評価結果を図1~3に示す。
AMOX(8)の製造
=下層(NH3酸化機能を有する触媒層;)=
複合酸化物(A)の一種であるチタニア粉末A(87重量%TiO2/10重量%ZrO2/3重量%SiO2)に塩化白金水溶液を含浸担持させてPt担持チタニア粉末(Pt換算0.332重量%、最終的な触媒の担体体積あたりのPt担持量0.1g/Lに相当)を得た。得られたPt担持チタニア粉末と水をボールミルに投入し、所定の粒径となるまでミリングして、NH3酸化触媒層用スラリーCを得た。
続いて、このスラリーCに一体型構造担体、すなわちハニカムフロースルー型コージェライト担体(300セル5ミル、φ25.4mm×24mm長さ)を浸漬させ、単位体積あたりの触媒担持量が30.1g/Lとなるようにウォッシュコート法で塗布した。その後、150℃で1時間乾燥させ、大気雰囲気下、500℃で2時間焼成して下層塗布済み触媒Bを得た。
=上層(SCR機能層)=
複合酸化物(C)(1重量%SiO2/10重量%WO3/23重量%CeO2/66重量%ZrO2)1000gとバインダー120gを水とともにボールミルに投入し、所定の粒径となるまでミリングして、SCR機能層用スラリーDを得た。
続いて、このスラリーDに前記の下層塗布済み触媒Bを浸漬させ、単位体積あたりの触媒担持量が112g/Lとなるようにウォッシュコート法で塗布した。その後、150℃で1時間乾燥させ、大気雰囲気下、500℃で2時間焼成して、表1に示すAMOX(8)を得た。この触媒性能の評価結果を図1~3に示す。
AMOX(9)の製造
複合酸化物(A)の一種であるチタニア粉末A(87重量%TiO2/10重量%ZrO2/3重量%SiO2)の代わりに、チタニア粉末D(97重量%TiO2/3重量%SiO2)を用いた以外は実施例8に記載の方法と同様にして、表1に示すAMOX(9)を得た。この触媒性能の評価結果を図1~3に示す。
AMOX(10)の製造
チタニア粉末A(87重量%TiO2/10重量%ZrO2/3重量%SiO2)の代わりに、複合酸化物(B)粉末(98.5重量%Al2O3/1.5重量%SiO2)を用いた以外は実施例8に記載の方法と同様にして、表1に示すAMOX(10)を得た。この触媒性能の評価結果を図1~3に示す。
AMOX(11)の製造
実施例8の下層スラリーCをウォッシュコート法で塗布後、実施例1の上層スラリーBをウォッシュコート法で塗布することにより、表1に示すAMOX(11)を得た。この触媒性能の評価結果を図1~3に示す。
AMOX(12)の製造
=下層(NH3酸化機能を有する触媒層;)=
複合酸化物(A)の1種であるチタニア粉末A(87重量%TiO2/10重量%ZrO2/3重量%SiO2)に貴金属成分原料としての塩化白金水溶液を含浸担持させてPt担持チタニア混合粉末C(Pt換算0.398重量%、最終的な触媒の担体体積あたりのPt担持量0.1g/Lに相当)を得た。
得られたPt担持チタニア粉末A(251g)とFeイオン交換ゼオライト(Feイオン交換量;2.2重量%Fe2O3換算、BEA型、SAR=26)50gとバインダー(30g)と水をボールミルに投入し、所定の粒径となるまでミリングして、NH3酸化触媒層用スラリーEを得た。
続いて、このスラリーEに一体型構造担体、すなわちハニカムフロースルー型コージェライト担体(300セル5ミル、φ25.4mm×24mm長さ)を浸漬させ、単位体積あたりの触媒担持量が33.1g/Lとなるようにウォッシュコート法で塗布した。その後、150℃で1時間乾燥させ、大気雰囲気下、500℃で2時間焼成して下層塗布済み触媒Cを得た。
この下層塗布済み触媒Cを使って上層は実施例1と同様にしてウォッシュコート法で塗布し、表1に示すAMOX(12)を得た。この触媒性能の評価結果を図1~3に示す。
AMOX(13)の製造
=下層(NH3酸化機能を有する触媒層;)=
複合酸化物(A)の1種であるチタニア粉末A(87重量%TiO2/10重量%ZrO2/3重量%SiO2)に貴金属成分原料としての塩化白金水溶液を含浸担持させてPt担持チタニア混合粉末C(Pt換算0.498重量%、最終的な触媒の担体体積あたりのPt担持量0.1g/Lに相当)を得た。
得られたPt担持チタニア粉末A(201g)と複合酸化物(C)(1重量%SiO2/10重量%WO3/23重量%CeO2/66重量%ZrO2)100gとバインダー(30g)と水をボールミルに投入し、所定の粒径となるまでミリングして、NH3酸化触媒層用スラリーFを得た。
続いて、このスラリーFに一体型構造担体、すなわちハニカムフロースルー型コージェライト担体(300セル5ミル、φ25.4mm×24mm長さ)を浸漬させ、単位体積あたりの触媒担持量が33.1g/Lとなるようにウォッシュコート法で塗布した。その後、150℃で1時間乾燥させ、大気雰囲気下、500℃で2時間焼成して下層塗布済み触媒Dを得た。
この下層塗布済み触媒Dを使って上層は実施例1と同様にしてウォッシュコート法で塗布し、表1に示すAMOX(13)を得た。この触媒性能の評価結果を図1~3に示す。
AMOX(14)の製造
=下層(NH3酸化機能を有する触媒層;)=
チタニア粉末D(97重量%TiO2/3重量%SiO2)に塩化白金水溶液を含浸担持させてPt担持チタニア粉末(Pt換算1.316重量%、最終的な触媒の担体体積あたりのPt担持量0.4g/Lに相当)を得た。得られたPt担持チタニア粉末304g、複合酸化物(C)(1重量%SiO2/10重量%WO3/23重量%CeO2/66重量%ZrO2)300gとバインダー30gを水とともにボールミルに投入し、所定の粒径となるまでミリングして、NH3酸化触媒層用スラリーGを得た。
続いて、このスラリーGに一体型構造担体、すなわちハニカムフロースルー型コージェライト担体(300セル5ミル、φ25.4mm×24mm長さ)を浸漬させ、単位体積あたりの触媒担持量が63.4g/Lとなるようにウォッシュコート法で塗布した。その後、150℃で1時間乾燥させ、大気雰囲気下、500℃で2時間焼成して下層塗布済み触媒Eを得た。
=上層(SCR機能層)=
複合酸化物(C)(1重量%SiO2/10重量%WO3/23重量%CeO2/66重量%ZrO2)900g、Feイオン交換ゼオライト(Feイオン交換量;2.2重量%Fe2O3換算、BEA型、SAR=26)300gとバインダー40gを水とともにボールミルに投入し、所定の粒径となるまでミリングして、SCR機能層用スラリーHを得た。
続いて、このスラリーHに前記の下層塗布済み触媒Eを浸漬させ、単位体積あたりの触媒担持量が124g/Lとなるようにウォッシュコート法で塗布した。その後、150℃で1時間乾燥させ、大気雰囲気下、500℃で2時間焼成して、表1に示すAMOX(14)を得た。この触媒性能の評価結果を図1~3に示す。
AMOX(15)の製造
下層のPt担持チタニア粉末の貴金属濃度を変更し最終的な触媒の単位体積あたりのPt担持量を0.03g/Lとしてボールミルに投入するPt担持チタニア粉末量を250.3gに変更し、下層用スラリーに加えるFeイオン交換ゼオライト(Feイオン交換量;2.2重量%Fe2O3換算、BEA型、SAR=26)を20gとして、下層の単位体積あたりの触媒担持量が30.03g/Lとなるように変更とする以外は実施例12に記載の方法と同様にして、表1に示すAMOX(15)を得た。この触媒性能の評価結果を図1~3に示す。
AMOX(16)の製造
チタニア粉末A(87重量%TiO2/10重量%ZrO2/3重量%SiO2)の代わりに、アルミナ粉末(100重量%Al2O3)を用いた以外は実施例11に記載の方法と同様にして、表1に示すAMOX(16)を得た。この触媒性能の評価結果を図1~3に示す。
上記のアンモニア酸化触媒AMOX(1)に代えて、下記の方法で調製したアンモニア酸化触媒AMOX(17)を用い、実施例1と同様にモデルガス試験装置に設置し、触媒性能を評価した。この触媒性能の評価結果を図1~3に示す。
NH3酸化触媒AMOX(17)の製造
=下層(NH3酸化機能を有する触媒層)=
貴金属成分原料としての塩化白金水溶液を、母材としてのチタニア粉末E(90重量%TiO2/10重量%SiO2、BET値:100m2/g)に含浸担持させPt担持チタニア粉末(Pt換算2.22重量%、最終的な触媒の担体体積あたりのPt担持量1.0g/Lに相当)を得た。
得られたPt担持チタニア粉末450gと、鉄元素でイオン交換したβ型ゼオライト{Feイオン交換量;1.76重量%(Fe2O3換算)、SAR=28}100gと、鉄元素でイオン交換したMFI型ゼオライト{Feイオン交換量;1.35重量%(Fe2O3換算)、SAR=23}200gと、バインダー100gを水と一緒にボールミルに投入し、所定の粒径となるまでミリングして、NH3酸化触媒層用スラリーIを得た。
続いて、このスラリーIを一体型構造担体、すなわちハニカムフロースルー型コージェライト担体(300セル/5ミル、φ25.4mm×24mm長さ)に浸漬させ、単位体積あたりの触媒担持量が85g/Lとなるようにウォッシュコート法で塗布した。その後、150℃で1時間乾燥させ、大気雰囲気下、500℃で2時間焼成して下層塗布済み触媒Fを得た。このようにして得た下層塗布済み触媒Fには単位体積あたりPtが1.0g/L担持されることとなる。
=上層(SCR層)=
鉄元素でイオン交換したβ型ゼオライト{Feイオン交換量;1.76重量%(Fe2O3換算)、SAR=28}400gと、鉄元素でイオン交換したMFI型ゼオライト{Feイオン交換量;1.35重量%(Fe2O3換算)、SAR=23}600gと、酸化セリウム(BET値:150m2/g)20gと、バインダー100gを水とともにボールミルに投入し所定の粒径となるまでミリングして、SCR機能層塗布用スラリーJを得た。
続いて、このスラリーJに下層塗布済み触媒Fを浸漬させ、単位体積あたりの触媒担持量が112g/Lとなるようにウォッシュコート法で塗布した。その後、150℃で1時間乾燥させ、大気雰囲気下、500℃で2時間焼成して表1に示す比較用のAMOX(17)を得た。
Pt担持チタニア粉末の貴金属濃度を変更し、最終的な触媒の単位体積あたりのPt担持量を0.7g/Lとしボールミルに投入するPt担持チタニア粉末量を447gに変更する以外は、比較例1に記載の方法と同様にして、表1に示す比較用のAMOX(18)を得た。同様にモデルガス試験装置に設置し、触媒性能を評価した。この触媒性能の評価結果を図1~3に示す。
Pt担持チタニア粉末の貴金属濃度を変更し、最終的な触媒の単位体積あたりのPt担持量を0.5g/Lとしボールミルに投入するPt担持チタニア粉末量を445gに変更する以外は、比較例1に記載の方法と同様にして、表1に示す比較用のAMOX(19)を得た。同様にモデルガス試験装置に設置し、触媒性能を評価した。この触媒性能の評価結果を図1~3に示す。
Pt担持チタニア粉末の貴金属濃度を変更し、最終的な触媒の単位体積あたりのPt担持量を0.1g/Lとしボールミルに投入するPt担持チタニア粉末量を441gに変更する以外は、比較例1に記載の方法と同様にして、表1に示す比較用のAMOX(20)を得た。同様にモデルガス試験装置に設置し、触媒性能を評価した。この触媒性能の評価結果を図1~3に示す。
図1に示すとおり、実施例1~16では、アンモニア酸化触媒AMOX(1)~(16)が本発明の触媒成分として特定の複合酸化物を含んでいるために、比較例1のアンモニア酸化触媒(17)に比べ、Pt量が少ないにもかかわらず図1に示すとおり、特に低温(230℃)でのNH3転化率が優れていることがわかる。また、図2に示すとおり、他の評価温度と比べて排出濃度が高い260℃でのN2Oの排出濃度を比較した時に、実施例1~16は比較例1のアンモニア酸化触媒(17)よりも低く抑えられている。また、図3に有害成分であるNOxの副生状況を示すとおり、ガス組成としてNOxを含む400℃の評価結果では、90%以上の十分高いNH3転化率が得られているにもかかわらず、触媒に流入するガス中のNOx濃度300ppmよりも触媒から流出し計測されたNOx濃度の方が低いことがわかる。これは実施例1~16のアンモニア酸化触媒AMOX(1)~(16)がNOx排出を抑制していることを示す。スリップしたNH3を従来技術に比べて低貴金属担持量であっても高い効率で浄化し、かつN2Oの副生やNH3の酸化に伴う新たなNOxの発生を抑制していることが確認できる。
以上の結果より、本発明の触媒成分として特定の複合酸化物を含むアンモニア酸化触媒は従来のアンモニア酸化触媒に比べ、N2OやNOxの副生抑制能力を有しつつ、Ptの使用量を低減した上で、NH3の浄化性能を向上させることができる。
Claims (17)
- 希薄燃焼機関から排出される排気ガスに、窒素酸化物の還元剤として尿素またはアンモニアを添加し選択還元型触媒(SCR)により窒素酸化物を選択的に還元する際に、余剰のアンモニアを酸化除去するためのアンモニア酸化触媒(AMOX)において、
一体構造型担体の表面に、少なくともチタニア及びシリカを主成分とする複合酸化物(A)、アルミナ、又はアルミナ及びシリカからなる複合酸化物(B)のいずれかを含む無機母材に、貴金属元素を担持した触媒を含む触媒層(下層)と、少なくともシリカ、酸化タングステン、セリア、及びジルコニアからなる複合酸化物(C)を含む触媒層(上層)を有する、少なくとも二層の触媒層を被覆してなり、複合酸化物(C)の組成が、シリカ:20重量%以下、酸化タングステン:1~50重量%、セリア:1~60重量%、及びジルコニア:30~90重量%であることを特徴とするアンモニア酸化触媒。 - 複合酸化物(A)の組成が、チタニア:60~99重量%及びシリカ:1~40重量%であることを特徴とする請求項1記載のアンモニア酸化触媒。
- 複合酸化物(A)が、さらに、ジルコニア、又はアルミナを含み、その含有量が、30重量%以下であることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載のアンモニア酸化触媒。
- 複合酸化物(B)の組成が、アルミナ:70~99.9重量%及びシリカ:0.1~30重量%であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のアンモニア酸化触媒。
- 複合酸化物(C)の組成が、シリカ:0.1~5重量%、酸化タングステン:3~30重量%、セリア:5~40重量%、及びジルコニア:50~90重量%であることを特徴とする請求項1記載のアンモニア酸化触媒。
- 触媒層(下層)が、さらに複合酸化物(C)、又はゼオライト(D)を含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のアンモニア酸化触媒。
- 触媒層(上層)が、さらにゼオライト(D)を含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のアンモニア酸化触媒。
- 担時する貴金属元素が、白金であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のアンモニア酸化触媒。
- ゼオライト(D)が、少なくとも鉄を含み、その含有量がFe2O3換算で0.1~5重量%であることを特徴とする請求項6又は7に記載のアンモニア酸化触媒。
- 複合酸化物(A)又は複合酸化物(B)を含む無機母材に担持される貴金属元素の含有量が、一体構造型担体の単位体積あたり0.01~1.0g/Lであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のアンモニア酸化触媒。
- 触媒層(下層)の複合酸化物(A)、アルミナ、又は複合酸化物(B)のいずれかを含む無機母材の被覆量が、一体構造型担体の単位体積あたり10~60g/Lであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のアンモニア酸化触媒。
- 触媒層(上層)の複合酸化物(C)の被覆量が、一体構造型担体の単位体積あたり10~150g/Lであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のアンモニア酸化触媒。
- 触媒層(下層)の複合酸化物(C)、又はゼオライト(D)の被覆量が、一体構造型担体の単位体積あたり0~120g/Lであることを特徴とする請求項6に記載のアンモニア酸化触媒。
- 触媒層(上層)のゼオライト(D)の被覆量が、一体構造型担体の単位体積あたり0~150g/Lであることを特徴とする請求項7に記載のアンモニア酸化触媒。
- 排気ガス流路に、一酸化窒素、炭化水素の酸化機能を有する酸化触媒(DOC)と、パティキュレートマターを捕集し燃焼除去するフィルター(DPF)と、尿素水溶液もしくはアンモニア水溶液を供給する噴霧手段と、選択還元型触媒(SCR)と、請求項1~14のいずれかに記載のアンモニア酸化触媒(AMOX)をこの順序で配置したことを特徴とする排気ガス浄化装置。
- 選択還元型触媒(SCR)が、少なくとも鉄元素を含むゼオライト(D)と、実質的にシリカ、酸化タングステン、セリア、及びジルコニアからなる複合酸化物(C)を含む触媒層を一体構造型担体の表面に被覆してなることを特徴とする請求項15記載の排気ガス浄化装置。
- 請求項15又は16に記載の排気ガス浄化装置を用いて、希薄燃焼機関から排出される排気ガスを酸化触媒(DOC)とフィルター(DPF)に通過させ、排気ガス中の炭化水素成分、一酸化炭素を浄化するとともに、一酸化窒素の多くを二酸化窒素に転化した後、尿素水溶液またはアンモニア水溶液を噴霧供給して、選択還元型触媒(SCR)を通過させて排気ガス中の窒素酸化物を還元し、余剰のアンモニアをアンモニア酸化触媒(AMOX)で酸化除去することを特徴とする排気ガス浄化方法。
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| WO2015099024A1 (ja) * | 2013-12-26 | 2015-07-02 | 日揮ユニバーサル株式会社 | アンモニア分解触媒 |
| JPWO2015099024A1 (ja) * | 2013-12-26 | 2017-03-23 | 日揮ユニバーサル株式会社 | アンモニア分解触媒 |
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| KR102548324B1 (ko) | 2015-06-18 | 2023-06-28 | 존슨 맛쎄이 퍼블릭 리미티드 컴파니 | Scr 시스템에서 맨 앞에 있도록 설계된 암모니아 슬립 촉매 |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2016041428A (ja) | 2016-03-31 |
| CN103476495A (zh) | 2013-12-25 |
| EP2692437B1 (en) | 2023-09-20 |
| EP2692437A1 (en) | 2014-02-05 |
| EP2692437A4 (en) | 2015-04-15 |
| JPWO2012132678A1 (ja) | 2014-07-24 |
| JP2016040038A (ja) | 2016-03-24 |
| US20140044635A1 (en) | 2014-02-13 |
| CN103476495B (zh) | 2016-01-20 |
| JP5989214B2 (ja) | 2016-09-07 |
| JP5859517B2 (ja) | 2016-02-10 |
| JP6007306B2 (ja) | 2016-10-12 |
| US9011809B2 (en) | 2015-04-21 |
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