WO2010032422A1 - 酸化物焼結体及びスパッタリングターゲット - Google Patents
酸化物焼結体及びスパッタリングターゲット Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010032422A1 WO2010032422A1 PCT/JP2009/004569 JP2009004569W WO2010032422A1 WO 2010032422 A1 WO2010032422 A1 WO 2010032422A1 JP 2009004569 W JP2009004569 W JP 2009004569W WO 2010032422 A1 WO2010032422 A1 WO 2010032422A1
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an indium oxide oxide sintered body in which gallium is dissolved, a sputtering target comprising the same, a thin film produced using the target, and a thin film transistor including the thin film.
- silicon-based semiconductor films dominate switching elements that drive these display devices. This is because, in addition to the stability and workability of the silicon thin film, the switching speed is fast.
- This silicon-based thin film is generally produced by a chemical vapor deposition method (CVD) method.
- the switching speed is relatively slow, and there is a problem that an image cannot be displayed when a high-speed moving image or the like is displayed.
- the switching speed is relatively fast, but high temperature of 800 ° C. or higher, heating with a laser, etc. are necessary for crystallization, which requires a great deal of energy and process for manufacturing. I need it.
- the silicon-based thin film has excellent performance as a voltage element, a change in the characteristics with time is a problem when a current is passed.
- a transparent semiconductor film that is more stable than a silicon-based thin film and has a light transmittance equivalent to that of an ITO film, and a transparent semiconductor thin film made of indium oxide, gallium oxide, and zinc oxide as a target for obtaining the same, and zinc oxide A transparent semiconductor thin film made of magnesium oxide has been proposed (for example, Patent Document 1).
- Patent Document 2 discloses a composition mainly containing indium oxide and gallium oxide and containing an InGaO 3 compound. This document relates to a transparent conductive film.
- Patent Document 3 describes a transparent conductive film made of In 2 O 3 containing 1 to 10 atomic% of Ga. This transparent conductive film is produced by co-sputtering metal Ga on an In 2 O 3 target.
- Patent Document 4 describes a sintered body composition for a transparent conductive film having Ga / (In + Ga) of 0.35 or more and less than 1.0 and containing a (Ga, In) 2 O 3 phase.
- Patent Document 5 describes an oxide sintered body for a transparent conductive film having Ga / (In + Ga) of 0.65 or more and less than 1.0 and containing a (Ga, In) 2 O 3 phase.
- Patent Document 6 describes a sintered body of indium oxide-gallium oxide containing 49.1 to 65 atomic% of gallium element.
- Patent Document 7 describes a sputtering target using a sintered body having a Ga / In ratio of 0.97 to 1.86.
- Patent Document 8 and Patent Document 9 describe an indium oxide-gallium oxide sintered body containing 35 to 45 atomic% and 15 to 49 atomic% of Ga, respectively.
- the present invention provides the following oxide sintered body, sputtering target, oxide thin film, thin film transistor, and production methods thereof.
- Gallium is dissolved in indium oxide, the atomic ratio Ga / (Ga + In) is 0.001 to 0.12, the content of indium and gallium with respect to all metal atoms is 80 atomic% or more, and In 2 O 3.
- the oxide sintered body according to 1, wherein Ga / (Ga + In) is 0.001 to 0.10.
- 3. The oxide sintered body according to 1, wherein Ga / (Ga + In) is 0.005 to 0.08. 4).
- the content of metal ions having a positive or lower valence of 100 atomic ppm or lower and a positive tetravalent metal ion concentration ⁇ a positive divalent metal ion concentration is any one of 1 to 8, Oxide sintered body. 10. 10. The oxide sintered body according to any one of 1 to 9, wherein one or more oxides selected from yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, aluminum oxide, and boron oxide are added. 11. 11. The oxide sintered body according to 10, wherein 0.01 to 5 atomic% of one or more oxides selected from yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, aluminum oxide and boron oxide are added.
- a step of mixing an indium compound powder having an average particle size of less than 2 ⁇ m and a gallium compound powder having an average particle size of less than 2 ⁇ m at an atomic ratio Ga / (In + Ga) 0.001 to 0.12 of gallium and indium;
- 14 A sputtering target comprising the oxide sintered body according to any one of 1 to 11 above. 15.
- Gallium is dissolved in indium oxide, the atomic ratio Ga / (Ga + In) is 0.001 to 0.12, the content of indium and gallium with respect to all metal atoms is 80 atomic% or more, and In 2 O
- the oxide thin film according to 16, wherein the atomic ratio Ga / (Ga + In) is 0.001 to 0.10.
- 18. 17 The oxide thin film according to 16, wherein the atomic ratio Ga / (Ga + In) is 0.005 to 0.08. 19. 19. 19.
- a thin film transistor comprising the oxide thin film as described in any one of 15 to 22 above. 24. 24.
- a method for producing a thin film transistor comprising: a step of forming an oxide thin film using the sputtering target according to 14; and a step of crystallizing the oxide thin film by heat treatment in an oxygen atmosphere. 27. 27. The method of manufacturing a thin film transistor according to 26, wherein the oxide thin film is formed in a film forming gas having an oxygen content of 10% by volume or more in the oxide thin film forming step. 28. 28.
- a semiconductor device comprising the thin film transistor according to any one of 23 to 25 above.
- a non-silicon-based semiconductor thin film that can be used for a thin film transistor and a sputtering target for forming the same can be provided.
- a thin film transistor using a novel non-silicon based semiconductor thin film can be provided.
- FIG. 2 is an X-ray diffraction chart of an oxide sintered body obtained in Example 1.
- FIG. 3 is an X-ray diffraction chart of an oxide sintered body obtained in Example 2.
- 4 is an X-ray diffraction chart of an oxide sintered body obtained in Example 3.
- FIG. 4 is an X-ray diffraction chart of an oxide sintered body obtained in Example 4.
- 6 is an X-ray diffraction chart of an oxide sintered body obtained in Example 5.
- FIG. 7 is an X-ray diffraction chart of an oxide sintered body obtained in Example 6.
- 7 is an X-ray diffraction chart of an oxide sintered body obtained in Example 7.
- FIG. 7 is an X-ray diffraction chart of an oxide sintered body obtained in Example 8.
- 6 is an X-ray diffraction chart of an oxide sintered body obtained in Example 9.
- 2 is an X-ray diffraction chart of an oxide sintered body obtained in Example 10.
- 2 is an X-ray diffraction chart of an oxide sintered body obtained in Example 11.
- 3 is an X-ray diffraction chart of an oxide sintered body obtained in Comparative Example 1.
- 4 is an X-ray diffraction chart of an oxide sintered body obtained in Comparative Example 2.
- 6 is an X-ray diffraction chart of an oxide sintered body obtained in Comparative Example 3.
- 6 is an X-ray diffraction chart of an oxide sintered body obtained in Comparative Example 4.
- 6 is an X-ray diffraction chart of an oxide sintered body obtained in Comparative Example 5.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between Ga, (Ga + X) addition amount and lattice constant in Examples 1 to 11 and Comparative Example 1.
- 18 is a view showing a structure of a channel etch type thin film transistor manufactured in Example 15.
- FIG. It is a figure which shows the structure of the etch stopper type thin-film transistor manufactured in Examples 16 and 19.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between Ga, (Ga + X) addition amount and lattice constant in Examples 12 to 18 and Comparative Example 6.
- gallium is dissolved in indium oxide.
- the content of indium and gallium with respect to all metal atoms is 80 atomic% or more.
- an element other than indium such as gallium enters as an ion at the position of the indium element in the indium oxide crystal lattice.
- Ga / (In + Ga) is less than 0.001, the change in lattice constant of the indium oxide crystal is small, and the effect of adding gallium may not appear. If it exceeds 0.12, InGaO 3 or the like may precipitate. is there. As InGaO 3 or the like precipitates, the resulting oxide thin film becomes difficult to crystallize, and a crystalline thin film may not be obtained.
- the oxide sintered body of the present invention preferably has an In 2 O 3 bixbite structure. More preferably, Ga completely dissolves and disperses in the In 2 O 3 bixbite structure, so that abnormal discharge is less likely to occur when used with a sputtering target, and therefore, it consists of a single phase of In 2 O 3 bixbite structure.
- the bixbite structure is preferably 90% or more, more preferably 95% or more, and particularly preferably 97% or more of the entire crystal structure.
- the ratio of the crystal structure can be obtained by identifying the crystal phase by EPMA analysis and analyzing the image.
- the lattice constant of the bixbite structure of the oxide sintered body of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is preferably 10.05 to less than 10.118.
- the bixbite structure can be confirmed by X-ray diffraction.
- the density of the oxide sintered body of the present invention is preferably 6.5 to 7.2 g / cm 3 . If the density is low, the surface of the sputtering target formed from the oxide sintered body may be blackened, abnormal discharge may be induced, and the sputtering rate may be reduced.
- the raw material having a particle diameter of 10 ⁇ m or less is used, and the raw materials are mixed homogeneously. If the particle size is large, the reaction between the indium compound and the gallium compound may not proceed. Similarly, when the mixture is not homogeneously mixed, unreacted or abnormally grown particles may exist and the density may not increase.
- Ga is dispersed in indium oxide, but the diameter of the dispersed Ga aggregate is preferably less than 1 ⁇ m.
- the term “dispersion” used herein may mean that gallium ions are dissolved in the indium oxide crystal, or Ga compound particles may be finely dispersed in the indium oxide grains.
- Stable sputter discharge can be performed by finely dispersing Ga.
- the diameter of the Ga aggregate can be measured by EPMA (electron beam microanalyzer).
- the bulk resistance of the oxide sintered body of the present invention is preferably 10 m ⁇ cm or less. When Ga 2 O 3 or the like is observed without being completely dissolved, it may cause abnormal discharge. More preferably, it is 5 m ⁇ cm or less. There is no particular lower limit, but it is not necessary to make it less than 1 m ⁇ cm.
- the content of positive tetravalent or higher metal ions (for example, tin, titanium, zirconium, germanium, etc.) in the oxide sintered body of the present invention is preferably 100 ppm or less.
- the amount of positive tetravalent or higher metal ions in an amount exceeding 100 ppm is contained, the obtained crystalline oxide thin film may become conductive without becoming a semiconductor.
- it is 50 ppm or less, more preferably 30 ppm or less.
- Indium oxide often contains a positive tetravalent or higher metal of 100 ppm or more, particularly tin, in the raw material, but in the thin film to be produced, it generates carriers and may not be used as a semiconductor.
- the content of positive divalent or lower metal ions (for example, zinc, magnesium, copper, iron, nickel, cobalt, etc.) in the oxide sintered body of the present invention is preferably 100 ppm or less.
- a metal ion with a positive divalent value of 100 ppm or more is included, the mobility of the obtained oxide semiconductor may be reduced.
- the positive tetravalent metal ion concentration ⁇ the positive divalent metal ion concentration.
- the positive tetravalent metal ion concentration> the positive divalent metal ion concentration the positive tetravalent metal ion is doped into the crystal of indium oxide to increase the carrier density, and the conductivity of the resulting oxide thin film is increased. It may not be a semiconductor. Preferably, it is 50 ppm or less, more preferably 30 ppm or less.
- oxides selected from yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, aluminum oxide, and boron oxide are added to the oxide sintered body of the present invention.
- the oxide is preferably added in an amount of 0.01 to 5 atomic% with respect to the oxide sintered body.
- the average particle diameter is measured by the method described in JIS R 1619.
- the indium compound and the gallium compound of the raw material powder to be used may be oxides or oxides after being fired (oxide precursors).
- oxide precursors and tin oxide precursors include sulfides, sulfates, nitrates, halides (chlorides, bromides, etc.), carbonates, organic acid salts (acetates, propionates) of indium or tin. , Naphthenate, etc.), alkoxide (methoxide, ethoxide, etc.), organometallic complex (acetylacetonate, etc.) and the like.
- nitrates, organic acid salts, alkoxides, or organometallic complexes are preferable in order to completely thermally decompose at low temperatures so that no impurities remain. It is optimal to use an oxide of each metal.
- the purity of each raw material is usually 99.9% by mass (3N) or more, preferably 99.99% by mass (4N) or more, more preferably 99.995% by mass or more, particularly preferably 99.999% by mass (5N ) That's it.
- the purity of each raw material is 99.9% by mass (3N) or more, the semiconductor characteristics are not deteriorated by impurities such as a metal having a positive tetravalence or higher, Fe, Ni, Cu and the like, and the reliability can be sufficiently maintained.
- impurities such as a metal having a positive tetravalence or higher, Fe, Ni, Cu and the like, and the reliability can be sufficiently maintained.
- the content of Na, K, and Ca is 100 ppm or less because electrical resistance does not deteriorate over time when a thin film is produced.
- the mixing is preferably carried out by (i) solution method (coprecipitation method) or (ii) physical mixing method. More preferably, a physical mixing method is used for cost reduction.
- the raw material powder containing the indium compound and the gallium compound is put in a mixer such as a ball mill, a jet mill, a pearl mill, or a bead mill and mixed uniformly.
- the mixing time is preferably 1 to 200 hours. If it is less than 1 hour, the elements to be dispersed may be insufficiently homogenized, and if it exceeds 200 hours, it may take too much time and productivity may be deteriorated.
- a particularly preferred mixing time is 10 to 60 hours.
- the obtained raw material mixed powder preferably has an average particle size of 0.01 to 1.0 ⁇ m.
- the particle diameter is less than 0.01 ⁇ m, the powder is likely to aggregate, handling is poor, and a dense sintered body may not be obtained. On the other hand, if it exceeds 1.0 ⁇ m, a dense sintered body may not be obtained.
- a step of calcining the obtained mixture may be included.
- the mixture obtained in the above step is calcined.
- step (a) it is preferable to heat-treat the mixture obtained in step (a) at 200 to 1000 ° C. for 1 to 100 hours, more preferably 2 to 50 hours.
- a heat treatment condition of 200 ° C. or higher and 1 hour or longer is preferable because the raw material compound is sufficiently thermally decomposed. If the heat treatment conditions are 1000 ° C. or less and 100 hours or less, the particles are not coarsened, which is preferable.
- the mixture after calcining obtained here is pulverized before the subsequent molding step and sintering step.
- the mixture after calcination is suitably pulverized using a ball mill, roll mill, pearl mill, jet mill or the like.
- the average particle size of the mixture after calcining obtained after pulverization is, for example, 0.01 to 3.0 ⁇ m, preferably 0.1 to 2.0 ⁇ m. If the average particle size of the obtained mixture after calcining is 0.01 ⁇ m or more, it is preferable because a sufficient bulk specific gravity can be maintained and handling becomes easy.
- the average particle diameter of the mixture after calcining is 3.0 ⁇ m or less, it becomes easy to increase the density of the finally obtained sputtering target.
- the average particle diameter of the raw material powder can be measured by the method described in JIS R 1619.
- the mixed raw material powder can be molded by a known method such as pressure molding or cold isostatic pressing.
- a known molding method such as a cold press method or a hot press method can be used.
- the obtained mixed powder is filled in a mold and pressure-molded with a cold press machine.
- the pressure molding is performed, for example, at normal temperature (25 ° C.) at 100 to 100,000 kg / cm 2 .
- An oxide sintered body is manufactured by firing a compact of a raw material powder.
- the sintering temperature is 1200 to 1600 ° C, preferably 1250 to 1580 ° C, particularly preferably 1300 to 1550 ° C.
- gallium is easily dissolved in indium oxide, and the bulk resistance can be lowered. Further, by setting the sintering temperature to 1600 ° C. or less, Ga evaporation can be suppressed.
- the sintering time is 2 to 96 hours, more preferably 10 to 72 hours.
- the sintered density of the obtained oxide sintered body can be improved and the surface can be processed. Further, by setting the sintering time to 96 hours or less, the sintering can be performed in an appropriate time.
- Sintering is preferably performed in an oxygen gas atmosphere.
- an oxygen gas atmosphere By sintering in an oxygen gas atmosphere, the density of the obtained oxide sintered body can be increased, and abnormal discharge during sputtering of the oxide sintered body can be suppressed.
- the oxygen gas atmosphere is preferably an atmosphere having an oxygen concentration of, for example, 10 to 100 vol%. However, you may carry out in non-oxidizing atmosphere, for example, a vacuum or nitrogen atmosphere.
- sintering can be performed under atmospheric pressure or under pressure.
- the pressure is, for example, 9800 to 1000000 Pa, preferably 100000 to 500000 Pa.
- the oxide sintered body of the present invention can be manufactured by the method described above.
- the oxide sintered body of the present invention can be used as a sputtering target. Since the oxide sintered body of the present invention has high conductivity, a DC sputtering method having a high film formation rate can be applied when a sputtering target is used.
- the sputtering target of the present invention can be applied to any sputtering method such as an RF sputtering method, an AC sputtering method, and a pulsed DC sputtering method in addition to the DC sputtering method, and can perform sputtering without abnormal discharge.
- a sputtering method such as an RF sputtering method, an AC sputtering method, and a pulsed DC sputtering method in addition to the DC sputtering method, and can perform sputtering without abnormal discharge.
- the oxide thin film can be produced using the above oxide sintered body by vapor deposition, sputtering, ion plating, pulse laser vapor deposition, or the like.
- sputtering methods include RF magnetron sputtering, DC magnetron sputtering, AC magnetron sputtering, and pulsed DC magnetron sputtering.
- the sputtering gas a mixed gas of argon and an oxidizing gas can be used.
- the oxidizing gas include O 2 , CO 2 , O 3 , and H 2 O.
- the oxygen partial pressure during sputtering film formation is preferably 0.1% or more and 20% or less. If it is less than 0.1%, the transparent amorphous film immediately after film formation has conductivity, and it may be difficult to use it as an oxide semiconductor. On the other hand, if it exceeds 20%, the transparent amorphous film becomes an insulator, and it may be difficult to use it as an oxide semiconductor. Preferably, it is 1 to 10%.
- gallium is dissolved in indium oxide, and the content of gallium and indium with respect to all metal elements is 80 atomic% or more.
- the metal ratio Ga / (Ga + In) between gallium and indium is 0.001 to 0.12. Preferably it is 0.001 to 0.10, and particularly preferably 0.005 to 0.08.
- Gallium oxide has the effect of reducing the lattice constant of indium oxide, and thus has the effect of increasing mobility.
- the bonding strength with oxygen is strong, and there is an effect of reducing the amount of oxygen vacancies in the polycrystalline indium oxide thin film.
- Gallium oxide has a region that completely dissolves with indium oxide and can be completely integrated with crystallized indium oxide to reduce the lattice constant. When gallium oxide exceeding the solid solution limit is added, the precipitated gallium oxide may cause scattering of electrons or inhibit crystallization of indium oxide.
- the oxide thin film of the present invention is composed of a single phase having a bixbite structure, and the lower limit of the lattice constant of the bixbite structure is not particularly limited, but is preferably not less than 10.01 to less than 10.118.
- a low lattice constant means that the crystal lattice is reduced and the distance between metals is small. By reducing the distance between the metals, the speed of movement of electrons moving on the metal trajectory increases, and the mobility of the obtained thin film transistor increases. If the lattice constant is too large, it becomes equal to the crystal lattice of indium oxide itself, and the mobility is not improved.
- the diameter of the dispersed Ga aggregate is preferably less than 1 ⁇ m.
- the oxide thin film of the present invention preferably contains one or more oxides selected from yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, aluminum oxide, and boron oxide.
- the oxide is preferably contained in an amount of 0.01 to 5 atomic% with respect to the oxide thin film. Similar to gallium oxide, these oxides have a region that is completely dissolved in indium oxide, and can be completely integrated with crystallized indium oxide to reduce the lattice constant. By reducing the lattice constant, it is expected that the 5s orbital overlap between the indiums in the crystal will increase and the mobility will be improved.
- the oxide thin film of the present invention can be produced using the above-described sputtering target of the present invention.
- a low gallium concentration sputtering target is used when forming a crystalline film. Since a film with a high gallium concentration is likely to be amorphous, a sputtering target with a high gallium concentration is used when forming an amorphous film. Specifically, both an amorphous film and a crystal film can be formed when Ga is in the vicinity of 0.05 to 0.12, and a crystal film is formed when Ga is about 0.05 or less. The method for producing the thin film is almost the same.
- an amorphous film can be produced by the following method.
- an amorphous film may be formed depending on sputtering conditions such as a substrate temperature of room temperature or lower, a water vapor of 0.1 Pa or lower in a sputtering gas, or a sputtering gas pressure of 5 Pa or higher.
- a crystalline film can be formed by a post-heating step described later.
- the substrate temperature during film formation is preferably from room temperature to 450 ° C. It takes too much cost to cool below room temperature, and the equipment cost is too high when it exceeds 450 ° C.
- the temperature is from room temperature (no substrate heating) to 200 ° C.
- the substrate may be heated by the plasma being sputtered, and in the case of a film substrate or the like, it is preferable to carry out cooling while maintaining the temperature at about room temperature.
- post-heating can also be performed when substrate heating is performed.
- the thin film When a substrate on which an oxide thin film is formed is heated to 150 ° C. to 450 ° C., the thin film is crystallized to obtain semiconductor characteristics. If the temperature is lower than 150 ° C., the crystallization is insufficient, and the insulating properties of the thin film may be impaired and leakage may occur. When the temperature is 450 ° C. or higher, there is a possibility that each thin film layer may be peeled off when the substrate is warped or a semiconductor element is manufactured. More preferably, it is 200 ° C. to 350 ° C., and further preferably 240 to 300 ° C.
- the heating time is preferably 0.5 to 120 minutes. Crystallization occurs sufficiently in about 0.5 minutes with high power heating such as laser, but crystallization may be insufficient in less than 0.5 minutes, and heating time is too long and costs over 120 minutes. There is a risk of too much. More preferably, it is 0.5 to 90 minutes, and further preferably 1 to 60 minutes.
- the heating atmosphere is not particularly limited, but is preferably an air atmosphere, an oxygen circulation atmosphere, a nitrogen atmosphere, or a low vacuum atmosphere.
- the air atmosphere and the oxygen circulation atmosphere are preferable in terms of ease of carrier control. More preferred.
- an atmosphere containing oxygen is preferable in terms of stabilizing semiconductor characteristics.
- oxygen vacancies may disappear completely and become an insulator.
- a preferable oxygen concentration is 19% to 50%.
- the oxide thin film of the present invention can be used for thin film transistors. In particular, it can be used as a channel layer.
- the oxide thin film can be used as it is or after heat treatment.
- the thin film transistor of the present invention may be a channel etch type. Since the thin film of the present invention is crystalline and durable, there is also a photolithography process for forming a source / drain electrode and a channel portion by etching a metal thin film such as Al in manufacturing a thin film transistor using the thin film of the present invention. It becomes possible.
- the thin film transistor of the present invention may be an etch stopper type.
- the etch stopper can protect the channel portion formed of the semiconductor layer, and a large amount of oxygen can be taken into the semiconductor film during film formation. There is no need to supply more oxygen.
- the source / drain electrodes and channel part are formed by etching a metal thin film such as Al, and at the same time, the semiconductor layer can be etched to shorten the photolithography process. Become.
- the method for producing a thin film transistor of the present invention includes a step of forming an oxide thin film using the sputtering target of the present invention, a step of heat-treating the oxide thin film in an oxygen atmosphere, and an oxide insulation on the heat-treated oxide thin film. Forming a body layer. Crystallize by heat treatment.
- an oxide insulator layer is preferably formed on the heat-treated oxide thin film in order to prevent deterioration of semiconductor characteristics over time.
- the oxide thin film is formed in a film forming gas having an oxygen content of 10% by volume or more.
- a film forming gas for example, a mixed gas of argon and oxygen is used.
- the subsequent crystallization can be stabilized by setting the oxygen concentration in the deposition gas to 10% by volume or more.
- the oxygen content is less than 10% by volume, it is necessary to supply oxygen necessary for crystallization from the outside, and there is a possibility that oxygen vacancies inside the semiconductor may disappear completely.
- the crystal does not grow normally and a scattering factor is inherent, which may cause a decrease in mobility.
- oxygen concentration there is no particular upper limit on the oxygen concentration, but when sputtering is performed with 100% by volume of oxygen, the sputtering rate may decrease, and oxygen is preferably 50% by volume or less. More preferably, it is 40 volume% or less, More preferably, it is 30 volume% or less. Excess oxygen taken in a large amount inside the semiconductor is easily released to the outside in the next crystallization step, and an indium oxide crystal thin film with few lattice defects is obtained.
- a lamp annealing device In the crystallization process of the oxide thin film, a lamp annealing device, a laser annealing device, a thermal plasma device, a hot air heating device, a contact heating device, or the like can be used in the presence or absence of oxygen. In this case, it is preferable to raise the temperature quickly.
- the heating rate When the heating rate is low, the crystal grains may grow abnormally, and the deviation of the lattice at the grain interface becomes large, which causes scattering.
- the deviation of the crystal lattice can be regarded as a mismatch in crystal orientation at the interface between crystals having different crystal orientations. Scattering is less when the crystal orientation is closer between crystal grains.
- the temperature rising rate is usually 40 ° C./min or more, preferably 70 ° C./min or more, more preferably 80 ° C./min, and further preferably 100 ° C./min or more.
- the heating rate there is no upper limit to the heating rate, and in the case of heating by laser heating or thermal plasma, the temperature can be instantaneously increased to a desired heat treatment temperature.
- the cooling rate is also high, if the substrate speed is too high, the substrate may be cracked, or internal stress may remain in the thin film, which may lower the electrical characteristics. When the cooling rate is too low, the crystal may grow abnormally due to the annealing effect, and it is preferable to set the cooling rate similarly to the heating rate.
- the cooling rate is usually 5 to 300 ° C./min, more preferably 10 to 200 ° C./min, and still more preferably 20 to 100 ° C./min.
- the heat treatment of the oxide thin film is preferably performed at 250 to 500 ° C. for 0.5 to 1200 minutes. If it is less than 250 ° C., crystallization may not be achieved, and if it exceeds 500 ° C., the substrate and the semiconductor film may be damaged. In addition, if it is less than 0.5 minutes, the heat treatment time is too short, and crystallization may not be achieved, and if it is 1200 minutes, it may take too much time. [Example]
- Examples 1 to 8 Production of oxide sintered body The following oxide powder was used as a raw material powder. The average particle diameter was measured by a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer SALD-300V (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation), and the specific surface area was measured by the BET method.
- SALD-300V laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer
- B Gallium oxide powder: specific surface area 6 m 2 / g, average particle size 1.5 ⁇ m
- the specific surface area of the entire raw material mixed powder composed of (a) and (b) was 6.0 m 2 / g.
- the above powder was weighed so as to have a Ga / (In + Ga) ratio shown in Table 1, and mixed and ground using a wet medium stirring mill.
- a grinding medium 1 mm ⁇ zirconia beads were used.
- the specific surface area was increased by 2 m 2 / g from the specific surface area of the raw material mixed powder while confirming the specific surface area of the mixed powder.
- the mixed powder obtained by drying with a spray dryer was filled in a mold (150 mm ⁇ 20 mm thickness) and pressure-molded with a cold press machine. After the molding, the sintered body was manufactured by sintering for 24 hours at a temperature shown in Table 1 in an oxygen atmosphere while circulating oxygen.
- the density of the manufactured sintered body was calculated from the weight and outer dimensions of the sintered body cut into a certain size.
- the sintered compact for sputtering targets with a high density of a sintered compact was able to be obtained, without performing a calcination process.
- the bulk resistance (conductivity) (m ⁇ cm) of the sintered body was measured by a four-probe method using a resistivity meter (manufactured by Mitsubishi Oil Chemical Co., Ltd., Loresta).
- the impurity concentration of the sintered body was determined as follows.
- the sintered body was sampled, dissolved in a part thereof, converted into an aqueous solution, and quantitatively measured by the ICP method (inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy) to measure the impurity concentration.
- the evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- the lattice constant was determined by X-ray diffraction.
- Table 1 shows the lattice constants of cubic In 2 O 3 with respect to the lattice constant of 10.118 ⁇ .
- the measurement conditions for the X-ray diffraction measurement (XRD) are as follows. Equipment: Ultimate-III manufactured by Rigaku Corporation X-ray: Cu-K ⁇ ray (wavelength 1.5406mm, monochromatized with graphite monochromator) Output: 50kV-120mA 2 ⁇ - ⁇ reflection method, continuous scan (1.0 ° / min) Sampling interval: 0.02 ° Slit DS, SS: 2/3 °, RS: 0.6 mm The peak intensity was obtained from the peak area after peak separation.
- the obtained sintered body was cut and bonded to a backing plate to obtain a 4-inch ⁇ sputtering target.
- This sputtering target is mounted on a DC sputtering apparatus, argon is used as a sputtering gas, and 10 kWhr continuous sputtering is performed at 0.3 Pa and DC output 400 W, voltage fluctuation during sputtering is accumulated in a data logger, and abnormal discharge occurs. The presence or absence was confirmed. The presence or absence of abnormal discharge was detected by monitoring voltage fluctuation and detecting abnormal discharge. The results are shown in Table 1. An abnormal discharge was defined when the voltage fluctuation occurring during the measurement time of 5 minutes was 10% or more of the steady voltage during the sputtering operation.
- micro arc means an abnormal discharge of the spatter discharge, which means that the ground can be detected when the sputter voltage fluctuates ⁇ 10% in 0.1 seconds. If a micro arc occurs, the yield of the element is increased. It may decrease and may not be suitable for mass production.
- Examples 9 to 11 Production of Oxide Sintered Body
- the following oxide powder was used as a raw material powder.
- the average particle size was measured by a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer SALD-300V (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation), and the specific surface area was measured by the BET method.
- B Gallium oxide powder: specific surface area 6 m 2 / g, average particle size 1.5 ⁇ m
- C scandium oxide: specific surface area 6 m 2 / g, average particle size 1.5 ⁇ m
- D Yttrium oxide: specific surface area 6 m 2 / g, average particle size 1.5 ⁇ m
- E Aluminum oxide: specific surface area 6 m 2 / g, average particle size 1.5 ⁇ m (A) and (b) are weighed so that (c), (d) or (e) has the Ga / (In + Ga) ratio and X / (In + Ga + X) ratio shown in Table 2 (where X is an additive element). And mixed to prepare a raw material mixed powder. The total specific surface area was 6.0 m 2 / g.
- a sintered body was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the above raw material mixed powder was used and sintering was performed at the temperature shown in Table 2. The results are shown in Table 2.
- the obtained sintered body was subjected to X-ray diffraction under the same conditions as in Example 1.
- 9 to 11 show X-ray charts of the respective examples.
- a bixbite structure of In 2 O 3 was observed in the sintered bodies of Examples 9 to 11.
- Table 2 shows the lattice constants of cubic In 2 O 3 determined by X-ray diffraction with respect to the lattice constant of 10.118.
- Comparative Examples 1 to 4 Production of oxide sintered body Sintered in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the raw material powders were mixed at the Ga / (In + Ga) ratio shown in Table 3 and sintered at the temperature shown in Table 3. The body was manufactured and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 3. Charts obtained by X-ray diffraction are shown in FIGS. In the X-ray diffraction chart, an In 2 O 3 phase and an InGaO 3 phase or a Ga 2 O 3 phase were observed.
- Comparative Example 5 Production of Oxide Sintered Body
- FIG. 17 shows the distribution of Ga and (Ga + X) addition amounts and lattice constants in Examples 1 to 11 and Comparative Example 1.
- E indicates an example
- C indicates a comparative example. From this figure, it can be seen that the sintered bodies of Examples 1 to 11 have a low lattice constant.
- Example 12 Manufacture of thin film transistor Indium oxide obtained in Example 4 (97 atomic% as a metal) on a conductive silicon substrate with a thermal oxide film (SiO 2 film) having a thickness of 100 nm and a quartz glass substrate, respectively.
- a metal mask was placed on the conductive silicon substrate on which the thin film was formed, a channel portion of L: 200 ⁇ m and W: 1000 ⁇ m was formed, and gold was deposited as a source / drain electrode.
- the element was placed in a heating furnace heated to 350 ° C. in air and heat-treated for 30 minutes.
- a SiO 2 film was formed thereon by plasma CVD.
- the quartz glass substrate on which the thin film was formed was similarly heat-treated in air at 350 ° C. for 30 minutes in a hot air heating furnace.
- XRD of this thin film was measured, a peak that was a single phase of a bixbite structure of indium oxide was observed.
- heat treatment was performed in air at 450 ° C. for 5 hours, XRD measurement was performed in the same manner, and the peak intensity of XRD heat-treated at 350 ° C. was compared, the peak intensity obtained at 350 ° C. was 450 ° C. It was found to be almost equivalent to the obtained peak intensity and consist of a single phase having a bixbite structure.
- the lattice constant of the crystallized indium oxide thin film was measured and found to be 10.10285.
- the carrier concentration of this thin film was examined by Hall effect measurement and found to be 1.4 ⁇ 10 18 / cm ⁇ 3 .
- Example 12 the thin film formed on the quartz glass substrate was heat-treated and evaluated. As a result of XRD measurement, a peak of a bixbite structure of indium oxide was observed. The peak intensity obtained at 350 ° C. was almost the same as the peak intensity obtained at 450 ° C., and was found to consist of a single phase having a bixbite structure. The lattice constant of the thin film was 10.04692. The carrier concentration of this thin film was examined by Hall effect measurement and found to be 1.2 ⁇ 10 18 / cm ⁇ 3 .
- Example 12 the thin film formed on the quartz glass substrate was heat-treated and evaluated. As a result of XRD measurement, a peak of a bixbite structure of indium oxide was observed. The peak intensity obtained at 350 ° C. was almost the same as the peak intensity obtained at 450 ° C., and was found to consist of a single phase having a bixbite structure.
- the lattice constant of the thin film was 10.01289 and the carrier concentration was 1.5 ⁇ 10 18 / cm ⁇ 3 .
- Example 15 Production of thin film transistor Indium oxide obtained in Example 1 (98 atomic% as a metal) on a conductive silicon substrate with a 100 nm-thick thermal oxide film (SiO 2 film) and a quartz substrate, respectively.
- the element was heat-treated in air at 300 ° C. for 30 minutes in a hot air heating furnace. Thereafter, a molybdenum metal film having a thickness of 300 nm was formed on the conductive silicon substrate.
- This element is coated with a resist, pre-baked at 80 ° C. for 15 minutes, irradiated with UV light having a light intensity of 300 mJ / cm 2 through a mask, and thereafter 3% by weight of tetramethylammonium hydroxide. After developing and washing with pure water, post-baking was performed at 130 ° C. for 15 minutes to form a resist pattern having a desired shape of source / drain electrodes.
- the substrate with a resist pattern was etched with molybdenum metal with a mixed acid of phosphoric acid, acetic acid and nitric acid, washed with pure water, air blown and dried, and the characteristics of the channel etch type thin film transistor were evaluated.
- the structure of the manufactured channel-etched thin film transistor is shown in FIG.
- 10 is a conductive silicon substrate
- 20 is a conductive silicon member
- 30 is a thermal oxide film (SiO 2 film).
- the conductive silicon member 20 functions as a gate electrode
- the thermal oxide film 30 functions as a gate insulating film.
- 40 is a semiconductor film formed from a target
- 50 and 52 are a source electrode and a drain electrode made of molybdenum metal, respectively
- 60 is a channel portion.
- Example 12 the thin film formed on the quartz glass substrate was heat-treated and evaluated. As a result of XRD measurement, a peak of a bixbite structure of indium oxide was observed. The peak intensity obtained at 350 ° C. was almost the same as the peak intensity obtained at 450 ° C., and was found to consist of a single phase having a bixbite structure.
- the lattice constant of the thin film was 10.10628 ⁇ , and the carrier concentration was 1.5 ⁇ 10 18 / cm ⁇ 3 .
- a metal mask was mounted on the conductive silicon substrate with the oxide thin film to form an etch stopper made of alumina oxide.
- the metal mask was removed, and a molybdenum metal film having a thickness of 300 nm was formed on the entire surface.
- This element was coated with a resist, pre-baked at 80 ° C. for 15 minutes, irradiated with UV light having a light intensity of 300 mJ / cm 2 through a mask, and then developed with 3% by weight of tetramethylammonium hydroxide. After washing with pure water, post-baking was performed at 130 ° C. for 15 minutes to form a resist pattern having a desired shape of source / drain electrodes.
- the substrate with a resist pattern is etched simultaneously with a mixed acid of phosphoric acid, acetic acid and nitric acid, molybdenum metal and oxide thin film, washed with pure water, air blown and dried.
- the heat treatment was performed in a hot air heating furnace at 350 ° C. for 30 minutes.
- the characteristics of the obtained etch stopper type thin film transistor were evaluated.
- the structure of the manufactured etch stopper type thin film transistor is shown in FIG.
- 10 is a conductive silicon substrate
- 20 is a conductive silicon member
- 30 is a thermal oxide film (SiO 2 film).
- the conductive silicon member 20 functions as a gate electrode
- the thermal oxide film 30 functions as a gate insulating film.
- Reference numeral 40 denotes a semiconductor film formed from a target
- reference numerals 50 and 52 denote a source electrode and a drain electrode made of molybdenum metal, respectively.
- Reference numeral 60 denotes a channel portion
- reference numeral 70 denotes an etch stopper.
- Example 12 the thin film formed on the quartz glass substrate was heat-treated and evaluated. As a result of XRD measurement, a peak of a bixbite structure of indium oxide was observed. The peak intensity obtained at 350 ° C. was almost the same as the peak intensity obtained at 450 ° C., and was found to consist of a single phase having a bixbite structure.
- the lattice constant of the thin film was 10.0624 ⁇ , and the carrier concentration was 2.1 ⁇ 10 18 / cm ⁇ 3 .
- Example 12 the thin film formed on the quartz glass substrate was heat-treated and evaluated. As a result of XRD measurement, a peak of a bixbite structure of indium oxide was observed. The peak intensity obtained at 350 ° C. was almost the same as the peak intensity obtained at 450 ° C., and was found to consist of a single phase having a bixbite structure.
- the lattice constant of the thin film was 10.04992 and the carrier concentration was 2.0 ⁇ 10 18 / cm ⁇ 3 .
- Example 18 Production of thin film transistor Indium oxide (95.1 atomic% as metal) -gallium oxide (4 atomic% as metal) obtained in the same manner as in Example 9 except that boron oxide was used and the formulation was changed.
- Example 12 the thin film formed on the quartz glass substrate was heat-treated and evaluated. As a result of XRD measurement, a peak of a bixbite structure of indium oxide was observed. The peak intensity obtained at 350 ° C. was almost the same as the peak intensity obtained at 450 ° C., and was found to consist of a single phase having a bixbite structure.
- the lattice constant of the thin film was 10.08936 ⁇ , and the carrier concentration was 2.4 ⁇ 10 18 / cm ⁇ 3 .
- a film was formed at room temperature, and then an etch stopper type thin film transistor shown in FIG. 19 was prepared and evaluated.
- Example 12 the thin film formed on the quartz glass substrate was heat-treated and evaluated. As a result of XRD measurement, a peak of a bixbite structure of indium oxide was observed. The peak intensity obtained at 350 ° C. was almost the same as the peak intensity obtained at 450 ° C., and was found to consist of a single phase having a bixbite structure.
- the lattice constant of the thin film was 10.0728 ⁇ , and the carrier concentration was 1.1 ⁇ 10 18 / cm ⁇ 3 .
- Comparative Example 6 Manufacture of thin-film transistor Using a target made of indium oxide (100 atom% as a metal) on a conductive silicon substrate with a thermal oxide film (SiO 2 film) having a thickness of 100 nm, in the same manner as in Example 12. Thin film transistors were fabricated and their characteristics were evaluated. As a result, a thin film transistor having normally-on characteristics with a field-effect mobility of 25.2 cm 2 / V ⁇ sec and an On-Off ratio of 10 7 was obtained. The output characteristics showed clear pinch-off. The S value was 1.4.
- Example 12 the thin film formed on the quartz glass substrate was heat-treated and evaluated. As a result of XRD measurement, a peak of a bixbite structure of indium oxide was observed. It was found that the peak intensity obtained at 350 ° C. was almost the same as the peak intensity obtained at 450 ° C. and consisted of a single phase having a bixbite structure.
- the lattice constant of the thin film was 10.1250 ⁇ , and the carrier concentration was 6.5 ⁇ 10 18 / cm ⁇ 3 .
- Example 12 the thin film formed on the quartz glass substrate was heat-treated and evaluated. As a result of XRD measurement, no peak of the bixbite structure of indium oxide was observed. From this, it was determined that the thin film made of indium oxide and gallium oxide was amorphous. The carrier concentration of the thin film was 10.2 ⁇ 10 18 / cm ⁇ 3 .
- Example 15 The mixed film of phosphoric acid, acetic acid, and nitric acid used in Example 15 was set at a liquid temperature of 25 ° C., immersed for 10 minutes, and tried to be acid resistant. As a result, an amorphous film made of indium oxide and gallium oxide was obtained. It was found to be dissolved and not acid resistant.
- Example 15 As a result of XRD measurement, no clear peak of the bixbite structure of indium oxide was observed. From this, it was judged that the thin film composed of indium oxide and gallium oxide was mostly amorphous.
- the carrier concentration of the thin film was 10.2 ⁇ 10 18 / cm ⁇ 3 .
- the mixed film of phosphoric acid, acetic acid, and nitric acid used in Example 15 was set at a liquid temperature of 25 ° C., immersed for 10 minutes, and tried to be acid resistant. As a result, an amorphous film made of indium oxide and gallium oxide was obtained. It was found to be dissolved and not acid resistant. Micro arcs were also observed during sputter discharge.
- Examples 12 to 18 show the addition amount of Ga or (Ga + X) and the distribution of lattice constant in Examples 12 to 18 and Comparative Example 6.
- E indicates an example and C indicates a comparative example. From this figure, it can be seen that the thin films of Examples 12 to 18 have a low lattice constant.
- the oxide sintered body of the present invention can be used as a sputtering target.
- a thin film formed using the sputtering target of the present invention can be used for a thin film transistor.
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Abstract
Description
シリコン系薄膜よりも安定性に優れるとともにITO膜と同等の光透過率を有する透明半導体膜、及びそれを得るためのターゲットとして、酸化インジウム、酸化ガリウム及び酸化亜鉛からなる透明半導体薄膜や、酸化亜鉛と酸化マグネシウムからなる透明半導体薄膜が提案されている(例えば、特許文献1)。
1.ガリウムが酸化インジウムに固溶していて、原子比Ga/(Ga+In)が0.001~0.12であり、全金属原子に対するインジウムとガリウムの含有率が80原子%以上であり、In2O3のビックスバイト構造を有することを特徴とする酸化物焼結体。
2.前記Ga/(Ga+In)が0.001~0.10である1に記載の酸化物焼結体。
3.前記Ga/(Ga+In)が、0.005~0.08であることを特徴とする1に記載の酸化物焼結体。
4.前記ビックスバイト構造の格子定数が、10.05Å以上10.118Å未満であることを特徴とする1~3のいずれかに記載の酸化物焼結体。
5.密度が6.5~7.1g/cm3であることを特徴とする1~4のいずれかに記載の酸化物焼結体。
6.バルク抵抗が10mΩcm以下であることを特徴とする1~5のいずれかに記載の酸化物焼結体。
7.分散しているGaの集合体の直径が1μm未満であることを特徴とする1~6のいずれかに記載の酸化物焼結体。
8.正4価以上の金属イオンの含有量が100原子ppm以下であることを特徴とする1~7のいずれかに記載の酸化物焼結体。
9.正2価以下の金属イオンの含有量が100原子ppm以下であり、かつ、正4価の金属イオン濃度≦正2価の金属イオン濃度であることを特徴とする1~8のいずれかに記載の酸化物焼結体。
10.酸化イットリウム、酸化スカンジウム、酸化アルミニウム及び酸化ホウ素から選ばれる1種又は2種以上の酸化物が添加されていることを特徴とする1~9のいずれかに記載の酸化物焼結体。
11.酸化イットリウム、酸化スカンジウム、酸化アルミニウム及び酸化ホウ素から選ばれる1種又は2種以上の酸化物が0.01~5原子%添加されていることを特徴とする10に記載の酸化物焼結体。
12.平均粒径が2μm未満のインジウム化合物粉末と、平均粒径が2μm未満のガリウム化合物粉末を、ガリウムとインジウムの原子比Ga/(In+Ga)=0.001~0.12で混合する工程、前記混合物を成形する工程、及び前記成形体を1200℃~1600℃で2~96時間焼成する工程を含むことを特徴とする1~11のいずれかに記載の酸化物焼結体の製造方法。
13.焼成を酸素雰囲気中又は加圧下で行うことを特徴とする12に記載の酸化物焼結体の製造方法。
14.上記1~11のいずれかに記載の酸化物焼結体からなることを特徴とするスパッタリングターゲット。
15.上記14に記載のスパッタリングターゲットを用いて成膜されたことを特徴とする酸化物薄膜。
16.ガリウムが酸化インジウムに固溶していて、原子比Ga/(Ga+In)が0.001~0.12であり、全金属原子に対するインジウムとガリウムの含有率が80原子%以上であり、In2O3のビックスバイト構造を有することを特徴とする酸化物薄膜。
17.前記原子比Ga/(Ga+In)が0.001~0.10であることを特徴とする16に記載の酸化物薄膜。
18.前記原子比Ga/(Ga+In)が0.005~0.08であることを特徴とする16に記載の酸化物薄膜。
19.前記ビックスバイト構造の格子定数が、10.01Å以上10.118Å未満であることを特徴とする16~18のいずれかに記載の酸化物薄膜。
20.分散しているGaの集合体の直径が1μm未満であることを特徴とする16~19のいずれかに記載の酸化物薄膜。
21.酸化イットリウム、酸化スカンジウム、酸化アルミニウム及び酸化ホウ素から選ばれる1種又は2種以上の酸化物を含有していることを特徴とする16~20のいずれかに記載の酸化物薄膜。
22.酸化イットリウム、酸化スカンジウム、酸化アルミニウム及び酸化ホウ素から選ばれる1種又は2種以上の酸化物が0.01~5原子%添加されていることを特徴とする21に記載の酸化物薄膜。
23.上記15~22のいずれかに記載の酸化物薄膜を用いることを特徴とする薄膜トランジスタ。
24.チャンネルエッチ型の薄膜トランジスタであることを特徴とする23に記載の薄膜トランジスタ。
25.エッチストッパー型の薄膜トランジスタであることを特徴とする23に記載の薄膜トランジスタ。
26.上記14に記載のスパッタリングターゲットを用いて酸化物薄膜を形成する工程、及び前記酸化物薄膜を、酸素雰囲気中で熱処理して結晶化する工程を含むことを特徴とする薄膜トランジスタの製造方法。
27.前記酸化物薄膜形成工程において、酸素の含有量が10体積%以上の成膜ガスにおいて酸化物薄膜を形成することを特徴とする26に記載の薄膜トランジスタの製造方法。
28.前記結晶化工程において、前記酸化物薄膜を、250~500℃、0.5~1200分で熱処理して結晶化することを特徴とする26又は27に記載の薄膜トランジスタの製造方法。
29.さらに、前記熱処理した酸化物薄膜上に酸化物絶縁体層を形成する工程を含むことを特徴とする26~28のいずれかに記載の薄膜トランジスタの製造方法。
30.上記23~25のいずれかに記載の薄膜トランジスタを備えたことを特徴とする半導体素子。
本発明の酸化物焼結体のビックスバイト構造の格子定数は、下限は特にないが、好ましくは10.05Å以上10.118Å未満である。ビックスバイト構造はX線回析により確認できる。
焼結体の密度を上げるためには、原料の粒子径を10μm以下のものを使用し、原料を均質に混合する。粒子径が大きいとインジウム化合物とガリウム化合物の反応が進まない恐れがある。均質に混合されない場合も同様に未反応や異常粒成長した粒子が存在し密度が上がらない恐れがある。
正4価の金属イオン濃度>正2価の金属イオン濃度の場合、正4価の金属イオンが酸化インジウムの結晶にドープされキャリヤー密度を大きくし、得られる酸化物薄膜の導電性が大きくなり、半導体にならない場合がある。好ましくは、50ppm以下、より好ましくは30ppm以下である。
(a)平均粒径が2μm未満のIn化合物粉末と、平均粒径が2μm未満のGa化合物粉末を、ガリウムとインジウムの原子比Ga/(In+Ga)=0.001~0.12で混合して混合物を調製する工程;
(b)前記混合物を成形して成形体を調製する工程;及び
(c)前記成形体を1200℃~1600℃で2~96時間焼成する工程を含む。
尚、平均粒径はJIS R 1619に記載の方法により測定する。
加圧成形は、コールドプレス(Cold Press)法やホットプレス(Hot Press)法等、公知の成形方法を用いることができる。例えば、得られた混合粉を金型に充填し、コールドプレス機にて加圧成形する。加圧成形は、例えば、常温(25℃)下、100~100000kg/cm2で行われる。
焼結温度は1200~1600℃であり、好ましくは1250~1580℃であり、特に好ましくは1300~1550℃である。
また、焼結温度を1600℃以下とすることにより、Gaの蒸散を抑制することができる。
ただし、Ga/(In+Ga)<0.05の領域において薄膜の均一性を向上するために非晶質の膜を以下の方法で作製することもできる。例えば、基板温度を室温以下にしたり、スパッタリングガス中に0.1Pa以下の水蒸気を添加したり、スパッタリングガス圧5Pa以上にする等のスパッタリングの条件よっては非晶質膜も作製することが、薄膜を作製後に後述する後加熱の工程で結晶質膜ができる。
冷却速度も高い方が好ましいが、基板速度が大きすぎる場合は基板が割れたり、薄膜に内部応力が残るために電気特性が下がる恐れがある。冷却速度が低すぎる場合は、アニール効果により、結晶が異常に成長する可能性があり、加熱速度と同様に冷却速度を設定することが好ましい。冷却速度は、通常、5~300℃/分、より好ましくは10~200℃/分、さらに好ましくは、20~100℃/分である。
[実施例]
原料粉体として、下記の酸化物粉末を使用した。尚、平均粒径はレーザ回折式粒度分布測定装置SALD-300V(島津製作所製)で、比表面積はBET法で測定した。
(a)酸化インジウム粉:比表面積6m2/g、平均粒径1.2μm
(b)酸化ガリウム粉:比表面積6m2/g、平均粒径1.5μm
(a)及び(b)からなる原料混合粉体全体の比表面積は6.0m2/gであった。
また、この焼結体のバルク抵抗(導電性)(mΩcm)を、抵抗率計(三菱油化製、ロレスタ)を使用し四探針法により測定した。
焼結体を採取し、その一部で溶解し水溶液化しICP法(誘導結合プラズマ発光分光分析法)で定量測定して、不純物濃度を測定した。
上記の評価結果を表1に示す。
チャートを分析した結果、実施例1~8の焼結体中には、In2O3のビックスバイト構造が観察された。
上記X線回折測定(XRD)の測定条件は以下の通りである。
装置:(株)リガク製Ultima-III
X線:Cu-Kα線(波長1.5406Å、グラファイトモノクロメータにて単色化)
出力:50kV-120mA
2θ-θ反射法、連続スキャン(1.0°/分)
サンプリング間隔:0.02°
スリット DS、SS:2/3°、RS:0.6mm
ピーク強度はピーク分離を行い、そのピークの面積から求めた。
マイクロアークが発生するとは、スパッタ放電の異常放電のことをいい、スパッタ電圧が0.1秒間に±10%変動することで検地できるとなることをいい、マイクロアークが発生すると、素子の歩留まりが低下し、量産化には適さないおそれがある。
原料粉体として、下記の酸化物粉末を使用した。尚、平均粒径はレーザー回折式粒度分布測定装置SALD-300V(島津製作所製)で、比表面積はBET法で測定した。
(a)酸化インジウム粉:比表面積6m2/g、平均粒径1.2μm
(b)酸化ガリウム粉:比表面積6m2/g、平均粒径1.5μm
(c)酸化スカンジウム:比表面積6m2/g、平均粒径1.5μm
(d)酸化イットリウム:比表面積6m2/g、平均粒径1.5μm
(e)酸化アルミニウム:比表面積6m2/g、平均粒径1.5μm
(a)及び(b)に、(c)、(d)又は(e)を、表2に示すGa/(In+Ga)比及びX/(In+Ga+X)比(Xは添加元素)と成るように秤量し、混合して原料混合粉体を調製した。全体の比表面積は6.0m2/gであった。
チャートを分析した結果、実施例9~11の焼結体中には、In2O3のビックスバイト構造が観察された。
表3に示すGa/(In+Ga)比で原料粉末を混合し、表3に示す温度で焼結した他は、実施例1と同様に焼結体を製造し、評価した。結果を表3に示す。
X線回折により得られたチャートを図12~15に示す。X線回折チャートにおいてIn2O3相とInGaO3相もしくはGa2O3相が観察された。
表1に示すGa/(In+Ga)比で原料粉末を混合し、表1に示す温度で焼結した他は、実施例1と同様に焼結体を製造し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
X線回折により得られたチャートを図16に示す。X線回折チャートにおいてIn2O3相とInGaO3相のメインピーク強度比はInGaO3/In2O3=1.2であった。
100nm厚みの熱酸化膜(SiO2膜)付きの導電性シリコン基板上と、石英ガラス基板上に、それぞれ、実施例4で得られた酸化インジウム(金属として97原子%)-酸化ガリウム(金属として3原子%)からなるターゲット(Ga/(In+Ga)=0.03)を用いて、スパッタリング法により50nm半導体膜を成膜した。スパッタリングは、背圧が5×10-4Paとなるまで真空排気したあと、アルゴンを8.5asccm、酸素1.5sccm流しながら、圧力を0.2Paに調整し、スパッタパワー100Wにて、室温で行った。
当該素子を、空気中、350℃に加熱した加熱炉内に投入し、30分間熱処理行った。
その上にプラズマCVD法により、SiO2膜を作製した。
また、この薄膜のキャリア濃度をHall効果測定で調べたところ、1.4×1018/cm-3であった。
実施例7で得られた酸化インジウム(金属として92.8原子%)-酸化ガリウム(金属として7.2原子%)からなるターゲット(Ga/(In+Ga)=0.072)を用いて、実施例12と同様にして薄膜トランジスタを作製しその特性を評価した。
その結果、電界効果移動度123.7cm2/V・sec、On-Off比4.7×108でノーマリーオフの特性を示す薄膜トランジスタが得られた。出力特性は明瞭なピンチオフを示した。S値は0.5であった。また、ゲートに20V電圧を100分かけた後のVthのシフト電圧は0.2V以下であった。
また、この薄膜のキャリア濃度をHall効果測定で調べたところ、1.2×1018/cm-3であった。
配合を変えた他は、実施例1と同様にして得られた酸化インジウム(金属として88.6原子%)-酸化ガリウム(金属として11.4原子%)からなるターゲット(Ga/(In+Ga)=0.114)を用いて、実施例12と同様にして薄膜トランジスタを作製しその特性を評価した。
その結果、電界効果移動度64.5cm2/V・sec、On-Off比4.2×109でノーマリーオフの特性を示す薄膜トランジスタが得られた。出力特性は明瞭なピンチオフを示した。S値は0.45であった。また、ゲートに20V電圧を100分かけた後のVthのシフト電圧は0.2V以下であった。
100nm厚みの熱酸化膜(SiO2膜)付きの導電性シリコン基板上及び石英基板上に、それぞれ、実施例1で得られた酸化インジウム(金属として98原子%)-酸化ガリウム(金属として2原子%)からなるターゲット(Ga/(In+Ga)=0.02)を用いて、実施例12と同様に、室温で成膜した。
当該素子を、空気中、300℃、30分間熱処理を熱風加熱炉内で行った。
その後、上記導電性シリコン基板上に、モリブデン金属を300nm成膜した。
100nm厚みの熱酸化膜(SiO2膜)付きの導電性シリコン基板上及び石英基板上に、それぞれ、実施例9と同様にして得られた酸化インジウム(金属として93原子%)-酸化ガリウム(金属として5原子%)-酸化スカンジウム(金属として2原子%)からなるターゲット(Ga/(In+Ga)=0.051、Sc/(In+Ga+Sc)=0.02)を用いて、実施例12と同様に、室温で成膜した。
この素子に、レジストを塗布し、80℃にて15分間プレベークを行い、300mJ/cm2の光強度のUV光をマスクを通して照射し、その後、3重量%のテトラメチルアンモニウムハイドロオキサイドにて、現像を行い、純水で洗浄後、ポストベークを130℃、15分行い、所望の形状のソース・ドレイン電極形状のレジストパターンを形成した。
実施例11と同様にして得られた酸化インジウム(金属として90.9原子%)-酸化ガリウム(金属として7.2原子%)-酸化アルミニウム(金属として1.9原子%)から成るターゲット(Ga/(In+Ga)=0.073、Al/(In+Ga+Al)=0.019)を用いて、実施例12と同様にして薄膜トランジスタを作製しその特性を評価した。
酸化ホウ素を使用し配合を変えた他は、実施例9と同様にして得られた酸化インジウム(金属として95.1原子%)-酸化ガリウム(金属として4原子%)-酸化ホウ素(金属として0.9原子%)から成るターゲット(Ga/(In+Ga)=0.040、B/(In+Ga+B)=0.009)を用いて、実施例12と同様にして薄膜トランジスタを作製しその特性を評価した。
100nm厚みの熱酸化膜(SiO2膜)付きの導電性シリコン基板上及び石英基板上に、それぞれ、実施例9と同様にして得られた酸化インジウム(金属として97原子%)-酸化ガリウム(金属として2原子%)-酸化スカンジウム(金属として1原子%)からなるターゲット(Ga/(In+Ga)=0.021、Sc/(In+Ga+Sc)=0.01)を用いて、実施例16と同様に、室温で成膜し、その後、図19に示すエッチストッパー型薄膜トランジスタを作成し、評価した。
100nm厚みの熱酸化膜(SiO2膜)付きの導電性シリコン基板上に、酸化インジウム(金属として100原子%)からなるターゲットを用いて、実施例12と同様にして薄膜トランジスタを作製しその特性を評価した。
その結果、電界効果移動度25.2cm2/V・sec、On-Off比107、でノーマリーオンの特性を示す薄膜トランジスタが得られた。出力特性は明瞭なピンチオフを示した。S値は1.4であった。
100nm厚みの熱酸化膜(SiO2膜)付きの導電性シリコン基板上に、酸化インジウム(金属として70原子%)-酸化ガリウム(金属として30原子%)からなるターゲット(Ga/(In+Ga)=0.3)を用いて、実施例12と同様にして薄膜トランジスタを作製しその特性を評価した。
その結果、電界効果移動度15.7cm2/V・sec、On-Off比106でノーマリーオンの特性を示す薄膜トランジスタが得られた。出力特性は明瞭なピンチオフを示した。S値は1.4であった。
100nm厚みの熱酸化膜(SiO2膜)付きの導電性シリコン基板上に、酸化インジウム(金属として86原子%)-酸化ガリウム(金属として14原子%)からなるターゲット(Ga/(In+Ga)=0.14)を用いて、実施例12と同様にして薄膜トランジスタを作製しその特性を評価した。
その結果、電界効果移動度22.3cm2/V・sec、On-Off比106でノーマリーオンの特性を示す薄膜トランジスタが得られた。出力特性は明瞭なピンチオフを示した。S値は1.3であった。
実施例12と同様に石英ガラス基板上に形成した薄膜を熱処理して評価した。XRD測定の結果、酸化インジウムのビックスバイト構造の明確なピークは観察されなかった。このことから当該酸化インジウムと酸化ガリウムからなる薄膜は大部分が非晶質であると判断した。薄膜のキャリア濃度は10.2×1018/cm-3であった。
実施例15で用いた燐酸・酢酸・硝酸の混合酸にて、液温25℃に設定し、10分間浸漬し、耐酸性を試みたところ、当該酸化インジウムと酸化ガリウムからなる非晶質膜は溶解し、耐酸性が無いことが判明した。
また、スパッタ放電時に、マイクロアークも観察された。
この明細書に記載の文献の内容を全てここに援用する。
Claims (30)
- ガリウムが酸化インジウムに固溶していて、
原子比Ga/(Ga+In)が0.001~0.12であり、
全金属原子に対するインジウムとガリウムの含有率が80原子%以上であり、
In2O3のビックスバイト構造を有することを特徴とする酸化物焼結体。 - 前記Ga/(Ga+In)が0.001~0.10である請求項1に記載の酸化物焼結体。
- 前記Ga/(Ga+In)が、0.005~0.08であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の酸化物焼結体。
- 前記ビックスバイト構造の格子定数が、10.05Å以上10.118Å未満であることを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の酸化物焼結体。
- 密度が6.5~7.1g/cm3であることを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の酸化物焼結体。
- バルク抵抗が10mΩcm以下であることを特徴とする請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の酸化物焼結体。
- 分散しているGaの集合体の直径が1μm未満であることを特徴とする請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の酸化物焼結体。
- 正4価以上の金属イオンの含有量が100原子ppm以下であることを特徴とする請求項1~7のいずれかに記載の酸化物焼結体。
- 正2価以下の金属イオンの含有量が100原子ppm以下であり、かつ、正4価の金属イオン濃度≦正2価の金属イオン濃度であることを特徴とする請求項1~8のいずれかに記載の酸化物焼結体。
- 酸化イットリウム、酸化スカンジウム、酸化アルミニウム及び酸化ホウ素から選ばれる1種又は2種以上の酸化物が添加されていることを特徴とする請求項1~9のいずれかに記載の酸化物焼結体。
- 酸化イットリウム、酸化スカンジウム、酸化アルミニウム及び酸化ホウ素から選ばれる1種又は2種以上の酸化物が0.01~5原子%添加されていることを特徴とする請求項10に記載の酸化物焼結体。
- 平均粒径が2μm未満のインジウム化合物粉末と、平均粒径が2μm未満のガリウム化合物粉末を、ガリウムとインジウムの原子比Ga/(In+Ga)=0.001~0.12で混合する工程、
前記混合物を成形する工程、及び
前記成形体を1200℃~1600℃で2~96時間焼成する工程を含むことを特徴とする請求項1~11のいずれかに記載の酸化物焼結体の製造方法。 - 焼成を酸素雰囲気中又は加圧下で行うことを特徴とする請求項12に記載の酸化物焼結体の製造方法。
- 請求項1~11のいずれかに記載の酸化物焼結体からなることを特徴とするスパッタリングターゲット。
- 請求項14に記載のスパッタリングターゲットを用いて成膜されたことを特徴とする酸化物薄膜。
- ガリウムが酸化インジウムに固溶していて、
原子比Ga/(Ga+In)が0.001~0.12であり、
全金属原子に対するインジウムとガリウムの含有率が80原子%以上であり、
In2O3のビックスバイト構造を有することを特徴とする酸化物薄膜。 - 前記原子比Ga/(Ga+In)が0.001~0.10であることを特徴とする請求項16に記載の酸化物薄膜。
- 前記原子比Ga/(Ga+In)が0.005~0.08であることを特徴とする請求項16に記載の酸化物薄膜。
- 前記ビックスバイト構造の格子定数が、10.01Å以上10.118Å未満であることを特徴とする請求項16~18のいずれかに記載の酸化物薄膜。
- 分散しているGaの集合体の直径が1μm未満であることを特徴とする請求項16~19のいずれかに記載の酸化物薄膜。
- 酸化イットリウム、酸化スカンジウム、酸化アルミニウム及び酸化ホウ素から選ばれる1種又は2種以上の酸化物を含有していることを特徴とする請求項16~20のいずれかに記載の酸化物薄膜。
- 酸化イットリウム、酸化スカンジウム、酸化アルミニウム及び酸化ホウ素から選ばれる1種又は2種以上の酸化物が0.01~5原子%添加されていることを特徴とする請求項21に記載の酸化物薄膜。
- 請求項15~22のいずれかに記載の酸化物薄膜を用いることを特徴とする薄膜トランジスタ。
- チャンネルエッチ型の薄膜トランジスタであることを特徴とする請求項23に記載の薄膜トランジスタ。
- エッチストッパー型の薄膜トランジスタであることを特徴とする請求項23に記載の薄膜トランジスタ。
- 請求項14に記載のスパッタリングターゲットを用いて酸化物薄膜を形成する工程、及び
前記酸化物薄膜を、酸素雰囲気中で熱処理して結晶化する工程を含むことを特徴とする薄膜トランジスタの製造方法。 - 前記酸化物薄膜形成工程において、酸素の含有量が10体積%以上の成膜ガスにおいて酸化物薄膜を形成することを特徴とする請求項26に記載の薄膜トランジスタの製造方法。
- 前記結晶化工程において、前記酸化物薄膜を、250~500℃、0.5~1200分で熱処理して結晶化することを特徴とする請求項26又は27に記載の薄膜トランジスタの製造方法。
- さらに、前記熱処理した酸化物薄膜上に酸化物絶縁体層を形成する工程を含むことを特徴とする請求項26~28のいずれかに記載の薄膜トランジスタの製造方法。
- 請求項23~25のいずれかに記載の薄膜トランジスタを備えたことを特徴とする半導体素子。
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| KR20210034601A (ko) | 2018-08-01 | 2021-03-30 | 이데미쓰 고산 가부시키가이샤 | 결정 구조 화합물, 산화물 소결체, 스퍼터링 타깃, 결정질 산화물 박막, 아모르퍼스 산화물 박막, 박막 트랜지스터, 및 전자 기기 |
| KR20220098041A (ko) | 2018-08-01 | 2022-07-08 | 이데미쓰 고산 가부시키가이샤 | 결정 구조 화합물, 산화물 소결체, 스퍼터링 타깃, 결정질 산화물 박막, 아모르퍼스 산화물 박막, 박막 트랜지스터, 및 전자 기기 |
| WO2024219464A1 (ja) * | 2023-04-19 | 2024-10-24 | 出光興産株式会社 | 半導体デバイス及び電子機器 |
| WO2025177133A1 (ja) * | 2024-02-22 | 2025-08-28 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | 半導体装置、及び半導体装置の作製方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2013139385A (ja) | 2013-07-18 |
| KR101723245B1 (ko) | 2017-04-04 |
| US9209257B2 (en) | 2015-12-08 |
| JP5244997B2 (ja) | 2013-07-24 |
| JP5248698B2 (ja) | 2013-07-31 |
| US20110180763A1 (en) | 2011-07-28 |
| US8647537B2 (en) | 2014-02-11 |
| JP2012188351A (ja) | 2012-10-04 |
| US20140167033A1 (en) | 2014-06-19 |
| JPWO2010032422A1 (ja) | 2012-02-02 |
| CN102159517B (zh) | 2014-08-06 |
| JP2012250910A (ja) | 2012-12-20 |
| TW201014812A (en) | 2010-04-16 |
| KR20110083601A (ko) | 2011-07-20 |
| CN102159517A (zh) | 2011-08-17 |
| TWI460144B (zh) | 2014-11-11 |
| JP2014098211A (ja) | 2014-05-29 |
| JP5759530B2 (ja) | 2015-08-05 |
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