WO2005068740A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung von zweifach gekrümmten schalen - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung von zweifach gekrümmten schalen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005068740A1 WO2005068740A1 PCT/AT2005/000006 AT2005000006W WO2005068740A1 WO 2005068740 A1 WO2005068740 A1 WO 2005068740A1 AT 2005000006 W AT2005000006 W AT 2005000006W WO 2005068740 A1 WO2005068740 A1 WO 2005068740A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- shell
- area
- plate
- base
- elasticity
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/32—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures
- E04B1/3205—Structures with a longitudinal horizontal axis, e.g. cylindrical or prismatic structures
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B7/00—Roofs; Roof construction with regard to insulation
- E04B7/08—Vaulted roofs
- E04B7/10—Shell structures, e.g. of hyperbolic-parabolic shape; Grid-like formations acting as shell structures; Folded structures
- E04B7/102—Shell structures
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/32—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures
- E04B2001/327—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures comprised of a number of panels or blocs connected together forming a self-supporting structure
- E04B2001/3276—Panel connection details
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for producing a shell which is curved twice in space, and to a shell produced in accordance therewith.
- Materials which can be cast such as e.g. Reinforced concrete, plastics and water or ice.
- Shells made of the materials mentioned are spatially curved surface structures that can be used, for example, as roofing for exhibition halls or event halls.
- double spatially curved shells made of wood can also be used as formwork for forming cavities in solid concrete structures, for example in dams.
- Shell structures are characterized by the fact that, with a suitable shape and storage, they primarily transfer loads through membrane forces. This leads to extremely favorable material utilization and low material consumption. However, the savings in material consumption are offset by increased labor costs for the production of spatially curved formwork.
- Executed shell structures such as those in "Spatial roof structures - construction and execution" by Hermann Rühle, Volume 1, VEB Verlag für Bausch, Berlin, 1969, pp. 177, 248, 256 and "Heinz Isler - Schalen” by Ekkehard Ramm and Eberhard Schung (ed.), Karl Krämer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1986, pp. 51, 68, 70, 77, generally have complicated, spatially curved formwork made of wood and / or steel.
- Truss domes replace the continuous surface of the shell with bars made of steel or wood, which polygonally approximate the curved shell surface.
- Spatially curved surface structures are called shells if the surface is a continuum and, unlike the truss domes mentioned, is not formed by individual bars.
- the surface of a two-dimensionally curved shell can also consist of a non-castable material, such as wood.
- AT 410 342 proposes a composite material made of rigid, flat wooden panels that have the shape of a triangle or quadrangle and are articulated along adjacent edges. This makes it possible to produce arched shell strips that are joined together and connected to one another so that a spatially curved wooden shell is created.
- the production of a spatially curved shell according to this method requires the lifting and moving of arcuate elements and is therefore limited to small spans.
- manufacturing the large number of individual wooden panels and their articulated connections is labor and cost intensive.
- the invention has for its object to provide a method for producing a double spatially curved shell without the construction of a spatially curved formwork and the associated scaffolding or without the use of a pneumatic formwork and without lifting, moving and assembling curved elements is limited to small spans.
- a base area is measured which exceeds the surface area of the double-curved shell
- a surface part of this base surface which corresponds approximately to the difference between the base surface and the surface of the shell, is covered with at least one soft first material with a low modulus of elasticity and a remaining surface part of the base surface is covered with at least one second material, the modulus of elasticity of which is substantially above the modulus of elasticity of the first material and its compressive strength is higher than the compressive strength of the first material,
- a shell produced by the method according to the invention is characterized in that it is alternately formed over the surface by at least one soft first material with a low modulus of elasticity and at least one second material, the modulus of elasticity of which is substantially above the modulus of elasticity of the first material and the compressive strength is higher than the compressive strength of the first material.
- Figure 1 is a plan view of a plate and the work surface.
- Fig. 2 is a section along the line II-II of Fig. 1;
- Fig. 3 is a section along the line III-III of Fig. 1;
- Fig. 4 is a section along the line IN-IN of Fig. 1;
- Fig. 5 is a Fig. 1 corresponding plan view of the shell during the
- Fig. 6 is a section along the line NI-NI of Fig. 5; 7 to 10 each show a section according to FIG. 6 of further embodiments;
- FIG. 11 shows a plan view analogous to FIG. 5 of a modified embodiment
- Fig. 12 is a section along the line XII-XII of Fig. 11;
- Figure 13 is a stress-strain diagram for a soft material
- FIG. 14 shows a top view analogous to FIG. 1 of a further embodiment
- Fig. 15 is a section along the line XV-XV of Fig. 14;
- Fig. 17 are each a section along the lines XVI-XVI and XVII-XVII the
- Fig. 14 is a top view of the plate of another embodiment
- Fig. 19 is a plan view of the shell of the other embodiment after completing the
- FIG. 20 is a perspective view of the shell of the other embodiment
- 21 shows a plan view of the plate of a further embodiment
- 22 is a plan view of the shell of the further embodiment after completion of the
- the method is preferably used for the production of reinforced concrete shells 10, but also for the production of shells 10 made of plastics, ice or wood.
- the first example explains the production of an exhibition hall, which is designed as a reinforced concrete shell 10.
- a plate edge 16 is measured on a work surface 15 and its circumference is marked.
- a base area 12 is thus defined, the area dimension of which exceeds the area of the shell 10 to be formed.
- strips of a soft first material 20 are laid out on the base area 12.
- a suitable material for the soft material 20 would, for example extruded polystyrene foam having a Young's modulus of 300 MP a.
- the proportion of the area which the first material 20 occupies on the base area 12 is greater than the difference between the base area 12 and the finished shell 10.
- the surface area of the shell 10 is - if the shell 10 is of a very thin wall compared to its size - whose surface is meant. It could also be - for example in the case of larger wall thicknesses - an area lying approximately in the middle of the thickness.
- the remaining part of the base area 12 is filled with a castable material using a suitable edge formwork attached along the plate edge 16, so that a plate of constant thickness is produced.
- a pressure-resistant second material 22 which in this example consists of reinforced concrete with a modulus of elasticity of 30,000 MPa , a plate 14 with orthotropic material properties is created.
- the stiffnesses are not to be determined locally in the pressure-resistant material 22 or in the soft material 20, but rather smeared over a larger area, which comprises several strips of soft material 20 and areas of pressure-resistant material 22 lying in between.
- the tangential rigidity of the plate 14 in the vicinity of the plate edge 16 is lower than in the plate regions closer to the center because of the high proportion of soft material 20.
- the rigidity of the plate 14 in the radial direction is greater than the rigidity in the tangential direction.
- An advantageous type of reinforcement is e.g. realized by approximately radially arranged steel rods 13, which are only shown at one point in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 2 A section through the plate 14 and the base 12 is shown in FIG. 2.
- a tendon 30 is arranged in the plate 14, namely cast in concrete.
- the working surface 15 must be such that the plate edge 16 can slide on the surface 15.
- the plate 14 shown in FIG. 2 made of soft material 20 and pressure-resistant material 22 is produced on a flat working surface 15.
- the strips of soft material 20, as shown in FIG. 3, can have contact surfaces between soft material 20 and pressure-resistant material 22 which are normal to the central surface of the plate 14. Deviating from this, the contact surfaces between soft material 20 and pressure-resistant material 22 can also form an angle other than 90 ° with the central surface of the plate (FIG. 4) in order to facilitate the shaping process.
- a fourth step as shown in Fig. 5, by shortening the circumference 18 of the plate edge 16 and the accompanying compression of the softer first material 20 in the tangential direction, the base area 12 is reduced and thus the plate 14 to a shell 10 with positive Gaussian curvature deformed. 5 are therefore smaller than the diameter and the base area 12 of the plate 14 in the top view according to FIG.
- the of The area taken up by the strip of the first material 20 is shaped in accordance with the tangential shortening of the plate 14 to be expected during the shaping process, wherein it must be taken into account that the compressed first material 20 still forms a part - albeit a small part - of the area of the shell 10.
- FIG. 6 shows the shell 10 during the shaping process, the circumference 18 being shortened by the tensioning of the tendon 30.
- the edge 16 of the shell 10 can be connected to the foundation.
- a cast-in-place concrete layer 37 could then be applied to the surface of the shell 10 in order to achieve greater rigidity of the shell 10 or to ensure that the surface is sealed against precipitation by the second concrete layer (cf. FIGS. 11 and 12).
- the shaping process could be supported by lifting one or more points of the plate 14 at the beginning of the shaping process with a suitable lifting device.
- a suitable lifting device Such support is illustrated in FIG. 9.
- the work surface 15 is covered with two superimposed membranes or foils 38 which exceed the base surface 12.
- By generating a pneumatic pressure between the membranes or foils 38 bulging occurs, as shown in FIG. 9.
- the space between the membranes or foils 38 is sealed by the weight of the shell 10. It may be advantageous to provide a soft material 46, in particular a thin layer of a, between the membranes or foils 38 in the region of the plate edge 16 for better sealing Material with the same strength properties as the first material 20.
- FIG. 8 A further possibility of supporting the arching of the plate 14 is shown in FIG. 8, according to which a type of tire 39 is acted upon by compressed air at the beginning of the reduction in the base area 12.
- FIG. 7 shows a slightly curved working surface 15, that is to say provided with an elevation 40 in the central region of the base area 12, which elevation, however, has only a small height in relation to the extent of the base area 12.
- the production of the plate 14 with an elevation of the base area, a center area of, for example, one hundredth of the plate diameter, has a favorable effect on the internal forces that arise during the shaping process and reduces the risk of buckling of the shell 10 during the shaping process; this is shown in FIG. 7, albeit to scale.
- FIG. 10 shows a section corresponding to FIG. 6 through a shell 10 with a modified arrangement of the tendons 32 and 36.
- tendons 36 each with the edge only at two points 16 of the shell 10 are connected and which are tightened during the molding process.
- tendons 36 are arranged outside the shell 10 made of soft material 20 and pressure-resistant material 22 at a distance predetermined by means of spacers 34. These external tendons 36 are each connected to the shell 10 at the edge 16 and increase the bending rigidity of the shell 10 in the radial direction.
- FIGS. 14 to 20 Further exemplary embodiments are explained with reference to FIGS. 14 to 20 for the production of a double-curved shell 10, in which ice is used as the pressure-resistant second material 22.
- the base area 12 is first measured in accordance with FIG. 14, and an edge formwork 41 composed of individual parts is attached along the plate edge 16.
- These parts of the edge formwork 41 are intended to be rigid and can be formed from concrete (FIG. 16) with a reinforcement 42 which projects into the second material 22 or from wood (FIG. 17).
- part of the base area 12 is covered with a soft first material 20 with a lower modulus of elasticity compared to ice.
- the dimensions and the arrangement of the strips of soft material 20 largely determine the shape of the shell 10, which is obtained after the shaping process.
- the first material 20 extends between the individual parts forming the edge formwork 41.
- the arrangement of the tendons 43 is preferably for an edge formwork 41 made of concrete in the concrete itself, for an edge formwork 41 made of wood outside the individual parts.
- the remaining part of the base area 12 is filled with water, which is expediently carried out in layers while allowing the previously introduced layers to solidify.
- a glass fiber fabric 44 is inserted on the tensile side of the plate 14.
- the shell is produced at outside temperatures below 0 ° Celsius. After freezing the water to ice with a modulus of elasticity of 1,000 MPa , the pressure-resistant second material 22 of the plate 14 is thus generated.
- FIG. 19 shows a variant of a shell 10 with a base area 12 shown in FIG. 18 in the plan view and in FIG. 20 in the oblique view.
- the shell 10 will mainly have membrane stresses due to its own weight. In a span of 20 m, m an engraving of 5 and a shell thickness of 0.15 m are the voltages due to self weight only about 0.15 MP a. Creep deformations will therefore remain small and the bowl 10 made of ice shown in FIG. 20 can be used as an event hall for a few months during the cold season.
- FIGS. 21 to 23 the production of a shell 10 with a negative Gaussian curvature is explained with reference to FIGS. 21 to 23, in which wood is used as the drap-resistant material 22.
- the base area 12 is first measured.
- a part of the base area 12 is covered with plates which are made of pressure-resistant second material 22, for example wood-based material.
- a further part of the base area 12 is covered with a soft first material 20 in such a way that some cutouts 24 are formed in the base area 12, which are covered neither with pressure-resistant second material 22 nor with soft first material 20.
- the strips of the first material 20 in this example have a smaller width in the vicinity of the plate edge 16 than in the central regions of the plate 14, because a plate 10 with a negative Gaussian curvature is to be formed from the plate 14.
- the base area 12 of the plate 14 is reduced by prestressing, so that the strips of soft material 20 largely close and a plate 10 with a negative Gaussian curvature arises from the plate 14, which is shown in FIG Floor plan is shown.
- the bowl 10 shown in perspective in FIG. 23 can be used as an exhibition hall.
- shells 10 of any shape and any shape over any floor plan.
- the ratio of the area occupied by the first material 20 on the base area 12 to the area occupied by the second material 22 depends on the desired curvature of the shell.
- the area occupied by the first material 20 on the base area preferably takes up 2 to 30% of the total area of the base area, in particular 4 to 10%.
- the preferred material for the first material 20 is polystyrene or polyurethane with flow limit voltages for polystyrene between 0.1 to 1.0 MP a polyurethane and from 0.3 to 1, 2 MP a.
- the elastic moduli are for concrete 2000-80000 MP a for ice between 500 and 2,000 MP a and for wood 8,000 to 16,000 MP a. Is modulus of elasticity between 50 and 300 give a MP for the preferably used second materials. It follows from this that the ratio of the elastic modulus of the second material 22 to the first material 20 is between 10 and 300, preferably it should be between 50 and 200.
- the diameter of the base surface 12 must have the size of b, which is one
- a ratio of the area difference to the area of the base area is calculated from this:
- Material 20 are to be documented.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Forms Removed On Construction Sites Or Auxiliary Members Thereof (AREA)
- Manufacturing Of Tubular Articles Or Embedded Moulded Articles (AREA)
- Steroid Compounds (AREA)
- Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE502005003834T DE502005003834D1 (de) | 2004-01-14 | 2005-01-14 | Verfahren zur herstellung von zweifach gekrümmten schalen |
| AT05700007T ATE393272T1 (de) | 2004-01-14 | 2005-01-14 | Verfahren zur herstellung von zweifach gekrümmten schalen |
| EP05700007A EP1706553B1 (de) | 2004-01-14 | 2005-01-14 | Verfahren zur herstellung von zweifach gekrümmten schalen |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATA40/2004 | 2004-01-14 | ||
| AT402004 | 2004-01-14 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2005068740A1 true WO2005068740A1 (de) | 2005-07-28 |
| WO2005068740A8 WO2005068740A8 (de) | 2006-02-09 |
Family
ID=34754113
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/AT2005/000006 Ceased WO2005068740A1 (de) | 2004-01-14 | 2005-01-14 | Verfahren zur herstellung von zweifach gekrümmten schalen |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1706553B1 (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE393272T1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE502005003834D1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2005068740A1 (de) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2123836A1 (de) * | 2008-05-19 | 2009-11-25 | Technische Universität Wien | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Schale |
| WO2013079465A1 (de) * | 2011-11-30 | 2013-06-06 | Technische Universität Wien | Verfahren zur herstellung von zweifach räumlich gekrümmten schalen |
| AT519013A4 (de) * | 2016-09-30 | 2018-03-15 | Univ Wien Tech | Verfahren zur Herstellung von einfach gekrümmten und zweifach gekrümmten Schalen |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1052660B (de) * | 1956-04-09 | 1959-03-12 | Silberkuhl Wilhelm Johannes | Dachkonstruktion aus gekruemmten Schalen, insbesondere aus doppeltgekruemmten Stahlbetonschalen |
| DE1409917A1 (de) * | 1962-02-17 | 1969-09-25 | Krupp Gmbh | Tragkonstruktion,vorzugsweise fuer Daecher |
| DE3500153A1 (de) * | 1985-01-04 | 1986-07-10 | Rudolf Dipl.-Ing. 7000 Stuttgart Bergermann | Pneumatische schalung |
| AT410342B (de) * | 2000-10-06 | 2003-03-25 | Wieland Dipl Ing Becker | Stützkonstruktion bzw. schalung |
-
2005
- 2005-01-14 DE DE502005003834T patent/DE502005003834D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2005-01-14 WO PCT/AT2005/000006 patent/WO2005068740A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2005-01-14 EP EP05700007A patent/EP1706553B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2005-01-14 AT AT05700007T patent/ATE393272T1/de active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1052660B (de) * | 1956-04-09 | 1959-03-12 | Silberkuhl Wilhelm Johannes | Dachkonstruktion aus gekruemmten Schalen, insbesondere aus doppeltgekruemmten Stahlbetonschalen |
| DE1409917A1 (de) * | 1962-02-17 | 1969-09-25 | Krupp Gmbh | Tragkonstruktion,vorzugsweise fuer Daecher |
| DE3500153A1 (de) * | 1985-01-04 | 1986-07-10 | Rudolf Dipl.-Ing. 7000 Stuttgart Bergermann | Pneumatische schalung |
| AT410342B (de) * | 2000-10-06 | 2003-03-25 | Wieland Dipl Ing Becker | Stützkonstruktion bzw. schalung |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2123836A1 (de) * | 2008-05-19 | 2009-11-25 | Technische Universität Wien | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Schale |
| WO2013079465A1 (de) * | 2011-11-30 | 2013-06-06 | Technische Universität Wien | Verfahren zur herstellung von zweifach räumlich gekrümmten schalen |
| AT519013A4 (de) * | 2016-09-30 | 2018-03-15 | Univ Wien Tech | Verfahren zur Herstellung von einfach gekrümmten und zweifach gekrümmten Schalen |
| AT519013B1 (de) * | 2016-09-30 | 2018-03-15 | Univ Wien Tech | Verfahren zur Herstellung von einfach gekrümmten und zweifach gekrümmten Schalen |
| WO2018058165A1 (de) * | 2016-09-30 | 2018-04-05 | Technische Universität Wien | Verfahren zur herstellung von einfach gekrümmten und zweifach gekrümmten schalen |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ATE393272T1 (de) | 2008-05-15 |
| WO2005068740A8 (de) | 2006-02-09 |
| DE502005003834D1 (de) | 2008-06-05 |
| EP1706553A1 (de) | 2006-10-04 |
| EP1706553B1 (de) | 2008-04-23 |
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