TW201603814A - 治療疼痛之方法及組合物 - Google Patents
治療疼痛之方法及組合物 Download PDFInfo
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- TW201603814A TW201603814A TW104119314A TW104119314A TW201603814A TW 201603814 A TW201603814 A TW 201603814A TW 104119314 A TW104119314 A TW 104119314A TW 104119314 A TW104119314 A TW 104119314A TW 201603814 A TW201603814 A TW 201603814A
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- A61K31/7052—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides
- A61K31/706—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom
- A61K31/7064—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines
- A61K31/7076—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines containing purines, e.g. adenosine, adenylic acid
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
本發明係提供一種腺苷類似物於治療疼痛之新用途,其係透過活化神經激肽1(NK1)受體訊息傳導途徑,藉以誘發活化M-型鉀離子通道之活化作用,以誘發外向電流。本發明亦提供一種治療疼痛之方法及醫藥組成物,其包含可活化NK1受體訊息傳導之腺苷類似物,藉以誘發外向電流。
Description
本申請案主張2012年2月11日申請之美國臨時申請案序號61/597,742之優先權,其揭示內容已以引用之方式完全併入本文中。
本發明係針對一種用於治療疼痛,特定言之酸所誘發疼痛之醫學方法及組成物。
疼痛係一種與實際或潛在組織傷害有關之不愉快的感覺與情緒經驗,例如:可能歸因於身體組織在例如:一般醫學病症、癌症、神經病變與手術前後狀態下受到傷害。疼痛亦可能與不明原因之醫學病症有關,如:偏頭痛與身心疾病。
已知P物質(SP)為一種十一肽,屬於速激肽小型肽家族。SP為疼痛神經傳遞物質,其在許多器官中協助激發與傳遞來自神經細胞之疼痛訊號。P物質為感受疼痛之重要元素。P物質之感覺功能被認為與傳遞疼痛訊息給中樞神經系統有關。P物質與激發性神經遞質麩胺酸共同存在於初級傳入神經,其因疼痛刺激產生反應(De Felipe等人,缺失P物質之小鼠之傷害感受、止痛與攻擊性變化(Altered nociception,analgesia and aggression in mice lacking the receptor for substance P),Nature 392(6674):394-397,1998年3月)。肌肉組織與脊髓液中高含量SP經常與慢性肌肉疼痛有關,如:肌筋膜疼痛症候群與纖維肌痛症,但SP在肌肉疼痛傳遞與感受中之角色則尚未明瞭。
Lin等人已揭示SP在酸所誘發慢性肌肉疼痛中具有止痛作用。Lin顯示在藉由刪除速激肽前體1(Tac1)基因而缺失SP訊息傳導之小鼠中經肌內注射單一劑之酸或共同投與NK1受體拮抗劑時,會產生長期痛覺
過敏,而非對照組所出現之暫時性痛覺過敏,並在表現酸敏性離子通道3之神經元中獨特地發現SP之抑制效應,其中SP透過NK1受體,以不依賴G蛋白質但需依賴酪胺酸激酶之方式加強類似M-通道之鉀離子電流。此外,SP訊息傳導可能改變作用電位閥值,並在中型肌肉痛覺神經元中調控TTX-抗性鈉離子電流之表現(Lin等人,P物質於酸所誘發慢性肌肉疼痛中之止痛作用(An antinociceptive role for substabce P in acid-induced chronic muscle pain),PNAS 109(2):E76-E83,2012年1月)。
仍需要發展一種治療或處理疼痛之方法或醫藥組成物。
本發明係基於意外發現有許多種腺苷類似物可透過活化肌肉痛覺神經元中神經激肽1(NK1)受體訊息傳導途徑,藉以誘發活化M-型鉀離子通道之活化作用,以誘發外向電流,而有效治療疼痛。
在一方面,本發明提供一種可活化NK1受體訊息傳導而藉以誘發外向電流之腺苷類似物在製造用於治療疼痛之藥物上之用途。
在本發明部分具體實施例中,該疼痛係酸所誘發之疼痛。在一實例中,該疼痛係酸所誘發之肌肉疼痛,特定言之,其為酸所誘發之慢性肌肉疼痛。
根據本發明,該疼痛亦可選自下列所組成之群者:發炎疼痛、癌症疼痛、胸部疼痛、背部疼痛、顏面疼痛、關節疼痛、肌肉疼痛症候群、神經病變性疼痛、週邊疼痛、癌症與腫瘤疼痛、交感性疼痛、手術後疼痛、與創傷後疼痛。
在本發明之部分實例中,該疼痛亦可為纖維肌痛症、肌筋膜疼痛、膀胱疼痛症候群或腸躁症誘發的疼痛。
在本發明之一項實例中,腺苷類似物係來自天麻(Gastrodia)之萃取物。
在本發明之部分具體實施例中,腺苷類似物為式(I)化合物:
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽類,其中:X為O、S或CH2;R1為選自下列所組成之群者:NHR4、NH(CH2)nR4、NH-NHR4、NHCONHR4、NH-OR4、O-NHR4、與SR4;R2為選自下列所組成之群者:氫(H)、鹵素、氰基、OR4、NHR4、經取代或未經取代之烷基、經取代或未經取代之烯基、經取代或未經取代之炔基、經取代或未經取代之環烷基、經取代或未經取代之芳基(Ar)、經取代或未經取代之芳烷基、與經取代或未經取代之雜環基;R3為選自下列所組成之群者:鹵甲基、羥甲基(HOCH2)、烷氧基甲基(R4OCH2)、疊氮基甲基(N3CH2)、胺基甲基(H2NCH2)、經取代或未經取代之胺基甲基、醯胺基甲基(H2NCOCH2)、硫基甲基(R4S)、磺醯基甲基(R4SO2)、三唑基甲基、氰基甲基(N≡CCH2)、氰基、經取代或未經取代之羰基(R4CO)、COOH、經取代或未經取代之胺基羰基(R4HNCO)、經取代或未經取代之炔基、與經取代或未經取代之四唑;n為1、2或3;R4各自係獨立選自下列所組成之群者:H、烷基、環烷基、經取代或未經取代之Ar、經取代或未經取代之芳烷基、與經取代或未經取代之雜環基;Ar為選自下列所組成之群者:經取代或未經取代之苯基、經取代或未經取代之聚芳烴、與經取代或未經取代之雜環。
在本發明之部分特定的具體實施例中,腺苷類似物為式(II)化合物:
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽類。
在根據本發明式(II)化合物之一項實例中,腺苷類似物為如式T1-11之N6-(4-羥苯甲基)腺苷:
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽類。
在根據本發明式(II)化合物之另一項實例中,該腺苷類似物為如式JMF1998化合物:
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽類。
在根據本發明式(II)化合物之另一項實例中,該腺苷類似物為如式JMF2665化合物:
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽類。
在本發明其他具體實施例中,該腺苷類似物為如式(III)化合物:
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽類,其中Het為包含5-或6-員環或稠合環且含有至少一個氮、氧或硫雜原子之經取代或未經取代之雜環。
在本發明較佳具體實施例中,Het為選自下列所組成之群者:吡咯、呋喃、噻吩、吡啶、哌啶、哌嗪、吲哚、苯并呋喃、苯并噻吩、與喹啉。
在根據本發明式(III)化合物之一項實例中,腺苷類似物為如式JMF1907化合物:
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽類。
在本發明另一項具體實施例中,腺苷類似物為如式(IV)化合物:
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽類。
根據本發明式(IV)化合物之一項較佳實例中,腺苷類似物為如式CGS21680化合物:
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽類。
在部分具體實施例中,根據本揭示內容之腺苷類似物可選自下列:
在另一方面,本發明提供一種用於治療疼痛(例如:如本文所述者)之醫藥組成物,其包含有效量之如上述定義之腺苷類似物與醫藥上可接受之載劑。
在又一方面,本發明提供一種治療疼痛之方法,其包括對有此需要之患者投與有效量之如本文定義之腺苷類似物或包含如上述定義之腺苷類似物之醫藥組成物。
除非另有說明,否則本文使用之所有技術名詞與科學名詞均具有熟悉本發明相關技術者咸了解之相同定義。若有衝突時,則以本文件(包括其定義)為準。
本文所採用單數型式“一個”、“一種”與“該”包括複數型式,除非文中另有說明。因此例如:所提及“一個樣本”則包括複數個此等樣本及彼等熟悉此相關技術者已知之同等物。
本文所採用術語“個體”係指人類或哺乳動物,如:患者、寵物動物(例如:狗、貓,等等)、農場動物(例如:牛、羊、豬、馬,等等)或實驗室動物(例如:大鼠、小鼠、天竺鼠,等等)。
本文所採用術語“處理”、“治療”與類似術語係指得到所需之藥理與/或生理效應。該效應可為預防性,亦即完全或部分防止疾病或病症、或其症狀,及/或可為醫療性,亦即部分或完全治癒病症及/或病症造成之副作用。本文所採用術語“治療”包括為哺乳動物(特定言之人類)之疾病或病症進行之任何處理,且包括:(a)防止可能有罹病傾向但尚未診斷罹患該病症之個體出現病症;(b)抑制病症之發展;及/或(c)減輕病症,亦即使其復原。
本文所採用片語“有效量”係指該用量足以達到有益效應或所需之結果。可以投與一次或多次有效量。有效量相當於特定生物製劑
依據其已知效力在計畫之醫療期內可以提供所需平均局部濃度時之必要量。可由彼等熟悉此相關技術者藉由進行預備動物試驗並製作劑量效應曲線,依相關技藝已知方式來決定劑量。劑量效應曲線中之最大濃度可由化合物在溶液中之溶解度與對動物模式之毒性,依相關技藝已知方式來決定。有效量進一步相當於該特定生物製劑依據其效力在計畫之醫療期內可以提供所需平均局部濃度時之必要量。應考慮可能因身體活動所造成循環波動之損失折扣,例如:可能有10至90%之損失折扣,端賴個別患者與其例行活動而定。
本文所採用術語“疼痛”係指經常因強力或受傷之刺激所引起之不愉快感覺,包括不同形態與症狀之疼痛,可為急性或慢性疼痛,尤指發炎疼痛、癌症疼痛、胸部疼痛、背部疼痛、顏面疼痛、關節疼痛、肌肉疼痛症候群、神經病變性疼痛、週邊疼痛、癌症與腫瘤疼痛、交感性疼痛、手術後疼痛、與創傷後疼痛。
特定官能基與化學術語之定義更詳細說明如下。基於本發明之目的,化學元素係依據元素週期表(CAS版,化學與物理手冊(Handbook of Chemistry and Physics),第75版,封面內頁)指明,且明確官能基係如其中之一般定義。此外,有機化學之一般原理及明確之官能基部份基團與反應性係說明於“有機化學(Organic Chemistry)”(Thomas Sorrell,University Science Books,Sausalito:1999),其揭示內容已基於本文之目的或主題而以引用之方式併入本文中。
本文所採用術語“烷基”係如相關技藝中之一般定義,且係指飽和脂系基團,包括直鏈烷基、分支鏈烷基、環烷基(脂環系)基團、經烷基取代之環烷基、與經環烷基取代之烷基。有些例子中,烷基可為低碳數烷基,亦即具有1至10個碳原子之烷基(例如:甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基、戊基、己基、庚基、辛基、壬基、或癸基)。有些具體實施例中,直鏈或分支鏈烷基之主幹可具有30個或更少個碳原子,有些例子中,具有20個或更少個。有些具體實施例中,直鏈或分支鏈烷基之主幹可具有12個或更少個碳原子(例如:C1-C12之直鏈、C3-C12之分支鏈)、6個或更少個、或4個或更少個。同樣地,環烷基之環結構可具有3至10個碳原子,或其環結構可具
有5、6或7個碳。烷基實例包括(但不限於):甲基、乙基、丙基、異丙基、環丙基、丁基、異丁基、第三丁基、環丁基、己基、與環己基。
術語“烯基”與“炔基”係如相關技藝上之一般定義,且係指在長度上及可能取代方式上類似上述烷基,但分別包含至少一個雙鍵或參鍵之不飽和脂系基團。
本文所採用術語“環烷基”明確言之係指具有3至10個,較佳3至7個碳原子之基團。合適環烷基包括(但不限於):環丙基、環丁基、環戊基、環己基、環庚基,等等,若為其他脂系、雜脂系、或雜環系部份基團時,其可視需要經取代,其取代基包括(但不限於):脂系;雜脂系;芳基;雜芳基;芳基烷基;雜芳基烷基;烷氧基;芳基氧;雜烷氧基;雜芳基氧;烷基硫;芳基硫;雜烷基硫;雜芳基硫;-F;-Cl;-Br;-I;-OH;-NO2;-CN;-CF3;-CH2CF3;-CHCl2;-CH2OH;-CH2CH2OH;-CH2NH2;-CH2SO2CH3;-C(O)Rx;-CO2(Rx);-CON(Rx)2;-OC(O)Rx;-OCO2Rx;-OCON(Rx)2;-N(Rx)2;-S(O)2Rx;-NRx(CO)Rx,其中每次出現之Rx分別獨立包括(但不限於):脂系、雜脂系、芳基、雜芳基、芳基烷基、或雜芳基烷基,其中上述與本文所述之任何脂系、雜脂系、芳基烷基、或雜芳基烷基取代基可經取代或未經取代、分支或未分支、環狀或無環狀,且其中上述與本文所述任何芳基或雜芳基取代基可經取代或未經取代。通常可採用之其他取代基實例說明本文所說明實例中所示之特定具體實施例中。
本文所採用之術語“芳基”或"Ar"係如相關技藝中之一般定義,且係指芳香系碳環基,其係經取代或未經取代,具有單一環(例如:苯基)或多重稠合環,包括苯基、聚芳烴,及包含5-或6-員環或稠合環且包含至少一個氮、氧或硫雜原子之雜環。取代基包括(但不限於):脂系部份基團或本文所述其他部份基團所列之取代基,其應形成穩定之化合物。有些例子中,雜環可為3-至10-員環結構,或3-至7-員環,其環結構包括1至4個雜原子。
雜環包括例如:噻吩、苯并噻吩、噻蒽、呋喃、四氫呋喃、哌喃、異苯并呋喃、色唏、黃嘌呤、氧硫雜蒽、吡咯、二氫吡咯、吡咯啶、咪唑、吡唑、吡嗪、異噻唑、異噁唑、吡啶、吡嗪、嘧啶、嗒嗪、吲哚嗪、
異吲哚、吲哚、吲唑、嘌呤、喹嗪、異喹啉、喹啉、酞嗪、萘啶、喹噁啉、喹唑啉、噌啉、蝶啶、咔唑、咔啉、三唑、四唑、噁唑、異噁唑、噻唑、異噻唑、菲啶、吖啶、嘧啶、啡繞啉、啡嗪、菲胂嗪、啡噻嗪、呋咱、菲噁嗪、吡咯啶、氧雜戊環、硫雜戊環、噁唑、噁嗪、哌啶、高碳哌啶(六亞甲基亞胺)、哌嗪(例如:N-甲基哌嗪)、嗎啉、內酯、內醯胺(如:氮雜環丁烷酮與吡咯啶酮)、磺內醯胺、磺內酯、其他其飽和與/或不飽和衍生物,等等。雜環狀環之一個或多個位置可視需要經本文所說明之此等取代基取代。有些例子中,雜環可利用雜原子環組員(例如:氮)與化合物鍵結。有些例子中,雜環可利用碳環原子與化合物鍵結。有些例子中,雜環為吡啶、咪唑、吡嗪、嘧啶、嗒嗪、吖啶、吖啶-9-胺、聯吡啶、萘啶、喹啉、苯并喹啉、苯并異喹啉、菲啶-1,9-二胺,等等。
上述所有化合物可呈各種不同型式,包括化合物本身,及其醫藥上可接受之鹽、溶劑合物與水合物,等等。
本文所採用術語“醫藥上可接受之鹽”係指彼等鹽在完整之醫學判斷下,適合用於與人類及較低等動物之組織接觸,沒有不當之毒性、刺激性、過敏反應,等等,且符合合理之效益/危險比值。醫藥上可接受之鹽係相關技藝上習知。例如:Berge等人於J.Pharmaceutical Sciences,1977,66,1-19中詳細說明之醫藥上可接受之鹽,其揭示內容已基於本文之目的或主題而以引用之方式併入本文中。本發明化合物之醫藥上可接受之鹽包括彼等衍生自合適無機與有機酸類與鹼類之鹽類。醫藥上可接受之無毒性酸加成鹽類為由胺基與無機酸類形成之鹽,如:鹽酸、氫溴酸、磷酸、硫酸與過氯酸,或與有機酸類形成之鹽,如:乙酸、草酸、馬來酸、酒石酸、檸檬酸、琥珀酸或丙二酸,或採用相關技藝上所使用之其他方法形成之鹽,如:離子交換法。其他醫藥上可接受之鹽類包括己二酸鹽、藻酸鹽、抗壞血酸鹽、天冬胺酸鹽、苯磺酸鹽、苯甲酸鹽、硫酸氫鹽、硼酸鹽、丁酸鹽、樟腦酸鹽、樟腦磺酸鹽、檸檬酸鹽、環戊烷丙酸鹽、二葡糖酸鹽、十二碳烷基硫酸鹽、乙磺酸鹽、甲酸鹽、富馬酸鹽、葡庚酸鹽、甘油磷酸鹽、葡糖酸鹽、半硫酸鹽、庚酸鹽、己酸鹽、氫碘酸鹽、2-羥基-乙磺酸鹽、乳糖醛酸鹽、乳酸鹽、月桂酸鹽、月桂基硫酸鹽、蘋果酸鹽、馬來酸鹽、丙
二酸鹽、甲磺酸鹽、2-萘磺酸鹽、菸鹼酸鹽、硝酸鹽、油酸鹽、草酸鹽、棕櫚酸鹽、雙羥萘酸鹽、果膠酸鹽、過硫酸鹽、3-苯基丙酸鹽、磷酸鹽、苦味酸鹽、特戊酸鹽、丙酸鹽、硬脂酸鹽、琥珀酸鹽、硫酸鹽、酒石酸鹽、硫氰酸鹽、對甲苯磺酸鹽、十一碳烷酸鹽、戊酸鹽類,等等。衍生自適當鹼類之鹽類包括鹼金屬、鹼土金屬、銨與N+(C1-4烷基)4之鹽類。代表性鹼金屬或鹼土金屬鹽類包括鈉、鋰、鉀、鈣、鎂,等等。其他醫藥上可接受之鹽類適當時包括由無毒性銨、四級銨與胺陽離子使用抗衡離子(如:鹵離子、氫氧根離子、羧酸根、硫酸根、磷酸根、硝酸根、低碳數烷基磺酸根與芳基磺酸根)形成之鹽類。
在某些具體實施例中,化合物係呈水合物或溶劑合物之型式。本文所採用術語“水合物”係指與一個或多個水分子非共價結合之化合物。同樣地,術語“溶劑合物”係指與一個或多個有機溶劑分子非共價結合之化合物。
以本文所說明化合物之前藥治療疼痛之用途亦在本揭示內容之範圍內。前藥實例包括酯類與其他醫藥上可接受之衍生物,當其投與個體時,可以提供上述吲哚化合物(參見Goodman與Gilman之”醫療法之藥理基礎(The Pharmacological basis of Therapeutics),第8版,McGraw-Hill,國際版,1992,“藥物之生物轉化法(Biotransformation of Drugs)”)。
若提出數值之範圍時,除非另有說明,否則咸了解在該範圍之上限值與下限值之間,每一個中間數值,直到下限值之十分之一單位,及該指定範圍內任何其他指示數值或中間數值,均包括在本發明內。此等較小範圍之上限值與下限值可分別獨立包括在該較小範圍內,亦包括在本發明範圍內,除非指定範圍內明確指示不包括任何限值。若該指定範圍包括一個或兩個限值時,則不包括彼等一個或兩個限值之範圍亦包括在本發明內。
本發明其他目的、特色與優點將可由下列詳細說明中了解。然而咸了解,該等詳細說明與明確實例雖然說明本發明之較佳具體實施例,但其僅供舉例說明,因為彼等熟悉此相關技術者可以從本詳細說明中了解本發明範圍內之各種不同變化與修飾法。
下列圖示形成本說明書之一部分,且包括該等圖示以供進一步證實本揭示內容之某些態樣,可藉由參考其中一或多個圖示並配合本文所提出明確具體實施例之詳細說明,而更進一步了解本發明。
圖1顯示化合物T1-11於小鼠中抑制酸(ASIC3)所誘發慢性肌肉疼痛之效應;其中在腓腸肌的一側肌肉重覆注射酸生理食鹽水(pH 4.0,20μl),誘發與ASIC3相關之慢性肌肉疼痛。由圖1可見,第一次注射酸時,在小鼠之後腳掌中誘發暫時性痛覺過敏,其在24小時時減弱,而第二次注射酸(在5天內)造成兩側長期機械痛覺過敏持續超過2週(左圖)。同時注射酸與T1-11(中圖)或APETx2(一種選擇性ASIC3拮抗劑,右圖)則消除該暫時性痛覺過敏,並防止重覆注射酸誘發發展出慢性痛覺過敏。
圖2顯示化合物T1-11誘發肌肉痛覺神經元之外向電流。圖A:其顯示化合物T1-11以隨劑量變化之方式在可誘發SP外向電流(I SP-O)之痛覺神經元中誘發緩慢失活之外向電流(I T1-11)。圖B:其顯示全細胞尖峰電流振幅以I SP-O為函數之變化,且出示I SP-O隨劑量變化(0.1、1、3與10μM)之EC50為2.6μM(n=27)。圖C:其顯示全細胞尖峰電流振幅以I T1-11為函數之變化,且出示I T1-11隨劑量變化(1、3、10、30與100nM)之EC50為1.3nM(n=11)。
圖3顯示某些腺苷類似物(包括T1-11與JMF1998、1907與2665)對SP-敏感性肌肉痛覺神經元之效應,其中上圖出示腺苷類似物、JMF1998、1907與2665在肌肉痛覺神經元中所介導外向電流之代表性軌跡;下圖出示T1-11、JMF1998、1907與2665於肌肉痛覺神經元中誘發外向電流時相對於SP之相對效力(n=8)。
圖4顯示化合物CGS21680對酸所誘發肌肉疼痛之效應;其中共同注射化合物CGS21680(1nmole,肌內)與酸性生理食鹽水可部份抑制酸所誘發之痛覺過敏,而作為對照組而共同注射之A3促效劑IB-MECA(1nmole,肌內)則對酸所誘發之痛覺過敏沒有影響。
圖5提供表現ASIC3之肌肉痛覺神經元之止痛模式圖解,其顯示根據本發明腺苷類似物(如:化合物T1-11)之標靶在於新穎之止痛途
徑。
圖6顯示全細胞膜片鉗記錄,其顯示化合物T1-11可抑制ASIC3所介導之電流。圖A:其顯示未經ASIC3轉染之CHO細胞沒有出現酸所誘發之電流。圖B:其顯示經ASIC3轉染之CHO細胞中酸所誘發之電流被水楊酸(SA,一種針對ASIC3之選擇性拮抗劑)與T1-11阻斷。圖C:其顯示化合物T1-11(10nM)在所有表現ASIC3之肌肉痛覺神經元中抑制酸所誘發之電流(n=9)。
圖7顯示化合物T1-11在肌肉DRG神經元中所介導之電流;其中上圖出示由100nM T1-11在投射到GM的DRG神經元與非投射到GM的DRG神經元中超灌流4秒時T1-11所誘發之電生理反應(包括每種反應之神經元數量與百分比);及下圖出示T1-11(100nM)之平均尖峰外向電流,其類似3μM P物質之結果。
圖8顯示化合物T1-11在另一種酸所誘發之慢性肌肉疼痛模式中具有止痛效應。圖A:其顯示先在小鼠腓腸肌的一側肌肉肌內注射金雀異黃酮(genistein)(一種酪胺酸激酶抑制劑)與酸生理食鹽水,然後採用馮弗萊纖維絲試驗法(von-Frey filament test),在酸注射後4小時(D0)及直到29天(D29)時分析疼痛行為。圖B:圖解說明對接受金雀異黃酮前處理之小鼠(空心圓,n=5)注射一次酸時,會誘發長期慢性痛覺過敏,但對未接受金雀異黃酮前處理之小鼠(實心圓,n=4)則僅誘發暫時痛覺過敏。圖C:圖解說明金雀異黃酮前處理之效應會被共同注射酸與化合物T1-11(空心圓,n=6)逆轉,其僅顯示暫時痛覺過敏,但媒劑組則無此效應(實心圓,n=5)。
圖9顯示化合物T1-11對纖維肌痛小鼠模式之止痛效應;其中T1-11(30μg/kg)對接受ICS處理之小鼠具有止痛效應。機械痛覺過敏之分析法為在兩隻後腳掌表面施加0.2mN弗萊纖維絲(von Frey filament)。每一隻腳掌施加5次纖維絲,每次間隔30秒。
根據本發明,意外發現可以有效治療疼痛之腺苷類似物,其係透過活化肌肉痛覺神經元之神經激肽1(NK1)受體訊息傳導途徑,藉以誘發活化M-型鉀離子通道之活化作用,以誘發外向電流。亦發現外向電流係
由肌肉痛覺神經元內之M-型鉀離子通道誘發,且透過神經元內之NK1受體訊息傳導介導該M-型鉀通道之活化作用。
因此,本發明提供一種以可活化NK1受體訊息傳導藉以誘發外向電流之腺苷類似物於製造治療疼痛之醫藥上之用途。
本發明中,採用缺失SP訊息傳導之小鼠來測定SP對肌肉疼痛敏感性之影響,已發現其與神經遞質之一般激發角色相反,沒有SP訊息傳導之小鼠在接受肌內注射酸後,其疼痛敏感性比具有正常SP訊息傳導之小鼠提高。在缺失SP訊息傳導之基因之小鼠及接受其設計在於結合SP受體之化合物投藥之小鼠中發現對肌肉疼痛之敏感性提高。
本發明中已發現,SP訊息傳導之止痛效應涉及肌肉痛覺神經元上NK1受體之活化作用。圖5圖解說明表現ASIC3之肌肉痛覺神經元中之T1-11止痛模式。當肌肉出現組織酸中毒時,質子會使肌肉痛覺神經元去極化,且T1-11作用在局部神經末稍中與受體相關之NK1上。肌肉痛覺神經元上之NK1受體藉由依不依賴G-蛋白質但依賴酪胺酸激酶之方式活化M通道,而與非典型訊號途徑偶聯。
因此,本發明提供一種以可活化NK1受體訊息傳導藉以誘發外向電流之腺苷類似物於製造治療疼痛之醫藥上之用途。
以T1-11於抑制肌肉傷害感受器中感酸性離子通道3(ASIC3)之效應而言,已有證據證明根據本發明腺苷類似物可有效治療酸所誘發之疼痛。亦即該疼痛可包括與組織酸中毒有關之疼痛,且該疼痛係與肌肉來源有關,如:肌肉痛覺神經元。因此計畫治療之疼痛包括酸所誘發之疼痛,如:酸所誘發之肌肉疼痛,特定言之酸所誘發之慢性肌肉疼痛。
根據本發明,該疼痛可包括發炎疼痛、癌症疼痛、胸部疼痛、背部疼痛、顏面疼痛、關節疼痛、肌肉疼痛症候群、神經病變性疼痛、週邊疼痛、癌症與腫瘤疼痛、交感性疼痛、手術後疼痛、與創傷後疼痛。有些具體實施例中,該疼痛為纖維肌痛、肌筋膜疼痛、膀胱疼痛症候群或由腸躁症引起之疼痛。
本發明中,已於實例中證實,有些腺苷類似物,如:如式T1-11之腺苷類似物("化合物T1-11"或"T1-11")已證明可有效治療疼痛,特定
言之酸所誘發之疼痛。
已知化合物T1-11為2-(6-(4-羥苯甲基胺基)-9H-嘌呤-9-基)-5-(羥甲基)-四氫呋喃-3,4-二醇,其可自天麻(Gastrodia)中抽出,如:來自根部(亦參見美國專利案7,351,434,第20欄,第4-22行)。已證明化合物T1-11可活化神經激肽1(NK1)受體訊息傳導,並在ASIC3所介導疼痛模式中具有止痛作用。在小鼠之酸所誘發之慢性肌肉疼痛模式中,低劑量T1-11(4pmole)仍具有止痛效應(參見圖1)。已顯示T1-11在SP-敏感性之表現ASIC3之肌肉痛覺神經元中介導外向電流,因此抑制酸所誘發之ASIC3活化作用(參見圖2(A))。T1-11之外向電流之EC50為1.3nM,相較於SP則為2.6μM(參見圖2(B)& 2(C))。除了化合物T1-11外,其他腺苷類似物亦在肌肉痛覺神經元中顯示其介導外向電流之效力與SP相同(參見圖3)。
根據本發明,腺苷類似物為式(I)化合物:
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽、溶劑合物或水合物;其中:X為O、S或CH2;R1為選自下列所組成之群者:NHR4、NH(CH2)nR4、NH-NHR4、NHCONHR4、NH-OR4、O-NHR4、與SR4;R2為選自下列所組成之群者:氫(H)、鹵素、氰基、OR4、NHR4、經取代或未經取代之烷基、經取代或未經取代之烯基、經取代或未經取代之炔基、經取代或未經取代之環烷基、經取代或未經取代之芳基(Ar)、經取代或未經取代之芳烷基、與經取代或未經取代之雜環基;R3為選自下列所組成之群者:鹵甲基、羥甲基(HOCH2)、烷氧基甲基(R4OCH2)、疊氮基甲基(N3CH2)、胺基甲基(H2NCH2)、經取代或未經取代之胺基甲基、醯胺基甲基(H2NCOCH2)、硫基甲基(R4S)、磺醯基甲基(R4SO2)、三
唑基甲基、氰基甲基(N≡CCH2)、氰基、經取代或未經取代之羰基(R4CO)、COOH、經取代或未經取代之胺基羰基(R4HNCO)、經取代或未經取代之炔基、與經取代或未經取代之四唑;n為1、2或3;R4各自係獨立選自下列所組成之群者:H、烷基、環烷基、經取代或未經取代之Ar、經取代或未經取代之芳烷基、與經取代或未經取代之雜環基;Ar為選自下列所組成之群者:經取代或未經取代之苯基、經取代或未經取代之聚芳烴、與經取代或未經取代之雜環。
在部分具體實施例中,R2為氫。有些具體實施例中,R2為鹵素。有些具體實施例中,R2為氰基。有些具體實施例中,R2為OR4。有些具體實施例中,R2為NHR4。有些具體實施例中,R2為經取代或未經取代之烷基。有些具體實施例中,R2為經取代或未經取代之烯基。有些具體實施例中,R2為經取代或未經取代之炔基。有些具體實施例中,R2為經取代或未經取代之環烷基。有些具體實施例中,R2為經取代或未經取代之芳基。有些具體實施例中,R2為經取代或未經取代之芳烷基。有些具體實施例中,R2為烴鏈,其中碳單元係經一個或多個芳基取代。有些具體實施例中,R2為C1-10烴鏈,其中碳單元係經一個或多個芳基取代。有些具體實施例中,R2為經取代或未經取代之雜環基。有些具體實施例中,R2為包含至少一個氮、氧或硫雜原子之5-或6-員環或稠合環。
在部分具體實施例中,R4為經取代或未經取代之芳烷基。有些具體實施例中,R4為烴鏈,其中碳單元係經一個或多個芳基取代。有些具體實施例中,R4為C1-10烴鏈,其中碳單元係經一個或多個芳基取代。有些具體實施例中,R4為經取代或未經取代之雜環基。有些具體實施例中,R4為包含至少一個氮、氧或硫雜原子之5-或6-員環或稠合環。
在部分具體實施例中,Ar為經取代或未經取代之苯基。有些具體實施例中,Ar為經取代或未經取代之聚芳烴。有些具體實施例中,Ar為經取代或未經取代之雜環。有些具體實施例中,Ar為包含至少一個氮、氧或硫雜原子之經取代或未經取代5-或6-員環或稠合環之雜環。
在本發明之部分具體實施例中,該腺苷類似物分別為如下表
1所列之式(II)、式(III)、與式(IV)化合物,包括(但不限於):有些實例、JMF1998、JMF2665、JMF1907與CGS21680。本文所說明化合物包括其鹽、溶劑合物、水合物型式。
本文所述之化合物可採用傳統化學轉化法製備(包括保護基方法),例如:彼等說明於R.Larock之”高級有機轉化法(Comprehensive Organic Transformations)”,VCH Publishers(1989);T.W.Greene與P.G.M.Wuts之”有機合成法之保護基(Protective Groups in OrganicSynthesis)”,第3版,John Wiley and Sons(1999);L.Fieser與M.Fieser之”有機合成法之費瑟氏試劑(Fieser and Fieser’s Reagents for Organic Synthesis)”,John Wiley and Sons(1994);及L.Paquette編輯之”有機合成法之試劑大全(Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis)”,John Wiley and Sons(1995)及其後續版本。
所合成之化合物可進一步採用急驟管柱層析法、高效液相層析法、結晶法或任何其他合適方法純化。
或者,本文說明之腺苷類似物(例如:T1-11)可從其天然來源(例如:來自天麻之抽出物)中單離。一項實例中,化合物T1-11可自天麻之抽出物中單離出。
有一系列與本發明相關之參考文獻(其揭示內容已基於本文參考之目的或主題以引用之方式併入本文中)包括:(1)US專利案7351434,其中有一部份揭示化合物T1-11與其化學結構;(2)Huang等人之”靶向亨丁頓氏症之腺苷激導性系統設計之新穎藥物(A new drug design targeting the adenosinergic system for Huntington’s disease)”(PLoS ONE 2011;6(6)220934,其說明T1-11之單離法及T1-11之雙重功能,及T1-11於治療亨丁頓氏症之潛在用途);(3)Lin等人,P物質對酸所誘發之慢性肌肉疼痛之止痛作用(An antinociceptive role for substance P in acid-induced chronic muscle pain),Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.,2012,其說明肌內注射P物質可介導非典型NK1受體訊號途徑來抑制肌肉傷害感受器中之酸活化,結果出乎意料產生止痛效應,可對抗經由重覆肌內注射酸所誘發慢性機械痛覺過敏;(4)Deval等人之”手術後疼痛中之酸敏性離子通道(Acid-sensing ion channels in postoperative
pain)。J Neurosci 31:6059-6066,2011,其說明表現ASIC3之肌肉痛覺神經元會影響手術後疼痛。應用ASIC3選擇性拮抗劑可有效阻斷手術後疼痛。本文摘錄之其他文獻之揭示內容亦基於本文參考之目的或主題已以引用之方式併入本文中。
本文所述之化合物可能包含非芳香系雙鍵與一個或多個不對稱中心。因此,其可能出現消旋物與消旋混合物、單一對映異構物、個別非對映異構物、非對映異構物混合物、及順式-或反式-異構型。所有此等異構型均包括在內。
醫藥組成物
本發明醫藥組成物與根據本發明使用之醫藥組成物可包括醫藥上可接受之賦形劑或載劑。本文所採用術語“醫藥上可接受之載劑”或“醫藥上可接受之賦形劑”係指無毒性之惰性固體、半固體或液體填料、稀釋劑、包埋材料或任何型態之調配輔劑。雷氏醫藥學(Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences),第16版,E.W.Martin(Mack Publishing Co.,Easton,PA,1980)揭示用於調配醫藥組成物之各種不同賦形劑及其已知製備技術。有些可作為醫藥上可接受之載劑之材料實例為糖類,如:乳糖、葡萄糖與蔗糖;澱粉,如:玉米澱粉與馬鈴薯澱粉;纖維素與其衍生物,如:羧甲基纖維素鈉、乙基纖維素、與乙酸纖維素;黃耆膠粉末;麥芽;明膠;滑石;賦形劑,如:可可奶油與栓劑蠟類;油類,如:花生油、棉籽油;紅花油;芝麻油;橄欖油;玉米油與大豆油;二醇類,如:丙二醇;酯類,如:油酸乙酯與月桂酸乙酯;洋菜;清潔劑,如:Tween 80;緩衝劑,如:氫氧化鎂與氫氧化鋁;藻酸;無熱原水;等滲性生理食鹽水;林格氏溶液(Ringer’s solution);乙醇;與磷酸鹽緩衝液,及其他無毒性之可相容性潤滑劑,如:月桂基硫酸鈉與硬脂酸鎂,且根據調配者之判斷,組成物中亦可包含著色劑、釋模劑、包衣劑、甜味劑、調味劑與香料、防腐劑與抗氧化劑。本發明醫藥組成物可經口、經直腸、非經腸式、經小腦延髓池內、經陰道內、經鼻內、腹膜內、局部(利用粉劑、乳霜、油膏或滴劑)、經頰內或呈口噴液或鼻噴液投與人類與/或動物。
經口投藥之液體劑型包括醫藥上可接受之乳液、微乳液、溶
液、懸浮液、糖漿與酏劑。除了活性成份(亦即微粒子、奈米粒子、微脂粒、囊泡、聚核苷酸/脂質複合物)外,該液體劑型可另包含相關技藝常用之惰性稀釋劑,如,例如:水或其他溶劑、溶解劑與乳化劑,如:乙醇、異丙醇、碳酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、苯甲醇、苯甲酸苯甲基酯、丙二醇、1,3-丁二醇、二甲基甲醯胺、油類(特定言之棉籽油、花生油、玉米油、胚芽油、橄欖油、蓖麻油與芝麻油)、甘油、四氫糠醇、聚乙二醇與山梨糖醇酐之脂肪酸酯,與其混合物。除了惰性稀釋劑外,該口服組成物亦可包括輔劑,如:濕化劑、乳化劑與懸浮劑、甜味劑、調味劑與香料。
注射劑(例如:水性或油性之無菌注射懸浮液可根據相關技藝,使用合適勻散劑或濕化劑與懸浮劑調配。無菌注射劑亦可為含於無毒性非經腸式可接受之稀釋劑或溶劑中之無菌之注射溶液、懸浮液或乳液,例如:呈1,3-丁二醇之溶液。可使用之可接受之媒劑與溶劑為水、林格氏溶液、U.S.P.與等滲性氯化鈉溶液。此外,通常使用無菌之不揮發性油作為溶劑或懸浮介質。基於此目的可使用任何溫和不揮發性油,包括合成性單酸-或二酸甘油酯。此外,可使用脂肪酸,如:油酸來製備注射劑。某些具體實施例中,由粒子懸浮於包含1%(w/v)羧甲基纖維素鈉與0.1%(v/v)Tween 80之載劑液體中。
可注射調配物可經過殺菌,例如:通過截留細菌之濾器過濾,或在使用前取呈無菌固體組成物型式之殺菌劑溶解或分散於無菌水或其他無菌可注射介質中後再加入注射劑中。
為了延長藥物效應,經常需要延緩自皮下或肌內注射吸收藥物。其作法為利用液體懸浮液或水溶解度差之結晶或非晶型材料。藥物之吸收速率即可依其溶解速率決定,而溶解速率再隨結晶大小與結晶型式而定。或者,延緩吸收非經腸式投藥劑型之作法為讓藥物溶解或懸浮於油媒劑中。可注射儲積型之製法係於生物可降解性聚合物(如:聚乳交酯-聚乙交酯)中形成微膠囊母質。可以依藥物對聚合物之比例與所採用特定聚合物之性質來控制藥物釋放速率。其他生物可降解性聚合物實例包括聚(原酸酯)與聚(酸酐)。儲積式可注射調配物之製法亦可由藥物包埋在可與體組織相容之微脂粒或微乳液中。
供經直腸或陰道投藥之組成物較佳為栓劑,其製法係混合粒子與合適之無刺激性賦形劑或載劑,如:可可奶油、聚乙二醇,或栓劑蠟,其在環境溫度下呈固體但於體溫下呈液體,因此可於直腸或陰道中融化並釋出粒子。
經口投藥之固體劑型包括膠囊、錠劑、丸劑、粉劑與粒劑。此等固體劑型中,由粒子與至少一種惰性之醫藥上可接受之賦形劑或載劑,如:檸檬酸鈉或磷酸二鈣,與/或a)填料或補充劑,如:澱粉、乳糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖醇與矽酸,b)結合劑,如,例如:羧甲基纖維素、藻酸鹽、明膠、聚乙烯基吡咯啶酮、蔗糖與阿拉伯膠,c)保濕劑,如:甘油,d)崩解劑,如:洋菜-洋菜、碳酸鈣、馬鈴薯或樹薯澱粉、藻酸、某些矽酸鹽、與碳酸鈉,e)延遲溶解劑,如:石蠟,f)促進吸收劑,如:四級銨化合物,g)濕化劑,如,例如:鯨蠟醇與單硬脂酸甘油酯,h)吸收劑,如:高嶺土與皂土,與i)潤滑劑,如:滑石、硬脂酸鈣、硬脂酸鎂、固體聚乙二醇、月桂基硫酸鈉與其混合物。若呈膠囊、錠劑與丸劑時,該劑型亦可包含緩衝劑。
亦可採用類似型態之固體組成物作為軟式與硬式填充明膠囊之填料,並使用如:乳糖或奶糖類,及高分子量聚乙二醇,等等作為賦形劑。
錠劑、糖衣錠、膠囊、丸劑與粒劑等固體劑型可使用包衣與外殼製備,如:腸溶性包衣及醫藥調配技藝中習知之其他包衣。其可視需要包含不透明劑,亦可為僅在或傾向在某一部份腸道中,可視需要以延緩方式釋放活性成份之組成物。可使用之包埋組成物實例包括聚合性物質與蠟類。
亦可採用類似型態之固體組成物作為軟式與硬式填充明膠囊之填料,並使用如:乳糖或奶糖類,及高分子量聚乙二醇,等等作為賦形劑。
本發明醫藥組成物供局部或穿皮式投藥之劑型包括油膏、糊劑、乳霜、洗液、凝膠、粉劑、溶液、噴液、吸入劑、或貼布。可由粒子於無菌條件下與醫藥上可接受之載劑及任何需要之防腐劑與可能需要之緩衝劑混合。本發明範圍內亦包括眼用調配物、耳滴劑、與眼滴劑。
在部分具體實施例中,本發明醫藥上可接受之局部調配物包含至少一種本發明化合物與滲透加強劑。局部調配物之選擇將依據數項因素而定,包括所治療之病症、本發明化合物之生理化學特性及所含之其他賦形劑、其於調配物中之安定性、可採用之製造設備、及成本限制。本文所採用術語“滲透加強劑”係指可以傳送藥理活性化合物通過角質層並進入表皮或真皮中,較佳係全身吸收性很小或沒有吸收性之製劑。已經分析許多種化合物於加強藥物滲透皮膚之速率上之效應。參見例如:”經皮式滲透加強劑(Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers)”、Maibach H.I.與Smith H.E.(編輯),CRC Press,Inc.,Boca Raton,Fla.(1995),其分析各種不同皮膚滲透加強劑之用法與試驗,及Buyuktimkin等人之”穿皮式與局部藥物傳送系統之穿皮式藥物滲透加強劑之化學方式(Chemical Means of Transdermal Drug Permeation Enhancement in Transdermal and Topical Drug Delivery Systems)”,Gosh T.K.,Pfister W.R.,Yum S.I.(編輯),Interpharm Press Inc.,Buffalo Grove,Ill.(1997)。某些具體實施例中,本發明所使用之滲透加強劑包括(但不限於):三酸甘油酯(例如:大豆油)、蘆薈組成物(例如:蘆薈凝膠)、乙醇、異丙基醇、辛基苯基聚乙二醇、油酸、聚乙二醇400、丙二醇、N-癸基甲基亞碸、脂肪酸酯類(例如:肉荳蔻酸異丙基酯、月桂酸甲基酯、單油酸酯甘油酯與單油酸丙二醇酯)、與N-甲基吡咯啶酮。
穿皮式貼布具有控制化合物傳送給身體之附加優點。此等劑型之製法可由微粒或奈米粒溶解或分散於適當介質中。亦可使用吸收加強劑來提高化合物通過皮膚之流量。可藉由速率控制膜或使粒子分散在聚合物母質凝膠中來控制速率。
本發明中,醫藥組成物可呈油膏、糊劑、乳霜、洗液、凝膠、粉劑、溶液、噴液、吸入劑或貼布型式。某些具體實施例中,根據本發明組成物之調配物為乳霜,其可進一步包含飽和或不飽和脂肪酸,如:硬脂酸、棕櫚酸、油酸、棕櫚-油酸、鯨蠟醇或油醇,以硬脂酸特別佳。本發明乳霜亦可包含非離子性表面活性劑,例如:聚氧-40-硬脂酸酯。某些具體實施例中,由活性成份於無菌條件下與醫藥上可接受之賦形劑及任何需要之防腐劑或可能需要之緩衝劑混合。眼用調配物、耳滴劑與眼滴劑亦包括在
本發明範圍內。此外,本發明包括穿皮式貼布之用法,其具有控制化合物傳送至體內之附加優點。此等劑型之製法為取化合物溶解或分散於適當介質中。如上述,亦可使用滲透加強劑來提高化合物通過皮膚之流量。可利用速率控制膜或讓化合物分散在聚合物母質(例如:PLGA)或凝膠中來控制速率。
油膏、糊劑、乳霜與凝膠可包含賦形劑,如:動物性與植物性脂肪、油類、蠟類、石蠟、澱粉、黃耆膠、纖維素衍生物、聚乙二醇、聚矽氧類、皂土、矽酸、滑石與氧化鋅,或其混合物。
粉劑與噴液可包含賦形劑,如:乳糖、滑石、矽酸、氫氧化鋁、矽酸鈣與聚醯胺粉末,或此等物質之混合物。噴液可進一步包含常用之推進劑,如:氯氟烴。
亦咸了解,本發明化合物與醫藥組成物可調配用於組合療法,亦即該等化合物與醫藥組成物亦可使用一或多種其他所需之療法或醫學程序同時或在之前或之後投藥。用於組合療程之特定療法(療法或程序)組合將考慮所需之療法及/或程序與所要達成之醫療效應之相容性。亦咸了解,所採用之療法可達到所需之治療疼痛效應。
亦咸了解,某些本發明化合物可呈游離型,或若適當時呈其醫藥上可接受之衍生物進行治療。根據本發明,醫藥上可接受之衍生物包括(但不限於):本發明化合物之醫藥上可接受之鹽、酯類、此等酯之鹽類、或其前藥或其他加合物或衍生物,當其投與有此需要之患者時,可直接或間接提供本文說明之化合物或其代謝物或殘基。
因此,本發明亦提供一種治療疼痛之醫藥組成物,其包含:(a)如本文定義之腺苷類似物(例如:式I、II、III或IV,如:化合物T1-11、JMF1907、JMF1998、JMF2665與CGS21680),及(b)其他治療疼痛之活性劑,其中該其他活性劑不同於腺苷類似物。
治療方法
本發明提供一種治療疼痛之方法,其包括對有此需要之患者投與醫療有效量之腺苷類似物,或本文所定義之醫藥組成物。根據本發明化合物可加強M-型鉀離子通道在肌肉痛覺神經元中所誘發之外向電流。活
化NK1受體訊息傳導對疼痛處理產生有利之醫療效應。
本發明中,所治療之疼痛可為與心血管疾病、中風所誘發神經傷害、關節炎、癌症、發炎、感染、口咽疾病或傷害、創傷性傷害、急性與慢性咳嗽、胃腸疾病、中樞神經系統病變、心理疾病或症狀等有關之疼痛。
本發明化合物較佳係調配成方便投藥且劑量均一之單位劑型。本文所採用“單位劑型”係指適合所治療患者之醫療劑之物理性離散單位。然而咸了解,本發明化合物與組成物之總日劑量將由參與之醫師在完整之醫學判斷下決定。對任何特定患者或生物體之明確醫療有效劑量程度將隨各種不同因素而定,包括所治療之病變與病變之嚴重性;所採用特定化合物之活性;所採用特定組成物;個體之年齡、體重、一般健康狀態、性別與膳食;所採用特定化合物之投藥時間、投藥途徑及排泄速率;治療時間期;與所採用特定化合物組合或同時使用之藥物;及醫學技藝中習知之類似因素(參見例如:古德曼與奇曼之醫療劑之藥理基礎(Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics),第10版,A.Gilman,J.Hardman與L.Limbird編輯,McGraw-Bill Press,155-173,2001,其揭示內容已以引用之方式完全併入本文中)。
動物。 使用成年(8至12週大)C57/BL6小鼠。所有程序均遵循實驗室動物使用規則(the Guide for the Use of Laboratory Animals)(美國國家科學院(National Academy Press,Washington DC,USA))並經過中央研究院實驗室動物照料與使用委員會(the Institutional Animals Care and Use Committee of Academia Sinica)核准。吾等已在不減損實驗品質下儘量減少動物之使用數量與受苦程度。其中說明Tac1 -/- 小鼠與Asic3 -/- 小鼠之傳代與其基因型分析。剔除基因突變之小鼠再與C57/BL6反雜交10個世代,建立同源近親品系。同源近親系Tac1 -/- Asic3 -/- 小鼠為Tac1 +/- 與Asic3 +/- 交配之後代。
纖維肌痛之小鼠模式。為了誘發類似纖維肌痛之症狀,採用
間歇式低溫逆境處理小鼠,其產生長期(超過2週)熱痛覺過敏與機械觸覺痛,以雌鼠佔多數。方法:將小鼠置於不銹鋼網板上,於4ºC低溫室內一夜(從4:30pm至10:00am),然後從10:00am至4:30pm,每30秒在24與4ºC之間交換溫度進行間歇式低溫逆境處理。重覆此程序2次。第3天時,讓小鼠在24ºC下適應1小時後再測試其行為。
行為分析法。 在小鼠腓腸肌肌肉(GM),使用含或不含(Sar9,Met(O2)11)-P物質(SP;4、10或40μM)或100μM RP67580或200μM XE991之20μl酸生理食鹽水(pH 4.0)進行肌內酸注射。在小鼠兩隻後爪腳底表面施加0.2-mN馮弗萊纖維絲,分析機械痛覺過敏。讓小鼠在壓克力隔間內適應60分鐘後再進行試驗。當施加馮弗萊纖維絲時,若舉起腳來則定義為陽性反應。每隻爪每間隔30秒共施加5次。在注射前及第一次酸注射後4小時與24小時與5天(第0天)及第二次注射後4、24與72小時與1周(第5天)測定爪對機械刺激之反應。單次注射實驗中,在注射前及注射後4小時及注射後1、3、5、7、9、11、13、15與22天或注射後4、24、48小時及7與14天測定其對機械刺激之反應。NK1-選擇性促效劑((Sar9,Met(O2)11)-SP)係來自SigmaChemical(St.Louis,MO)。NK1-選擇性拮抗劑(RP67580)與XE991係來自Tocris(Avonmouth,UK)。實驗操作者對實驗不知情。執行馮弗萊試驗者沒有小鼠基因型或所注射藥物之資料。
血漿外滲。 對小鼠經腹膜內注射1%伊凡氏藍色染劑(Evans Blue dye)(EB,E2129-10G Sigma)(W/V含於磷酸鹽緩衝之生理食鹽水),讓其通過Millex-GS 0.22-μm濾器(Millipore)來除菌。24小時候,使用20μl溶液(pH 7.4生理食鹽水、pH 4.0生理食鹽水、40μM SM-SP、或20%芥子油)注射至小鼠左GM。肌內注射後30分鐘,分別切下右與左GM,稱重,切片,置入室溫下(21-25℃)之4ml 99%甲醯胺中72小時。樣本於2,000rpm下離心20分鐘。採用光譜儀測定上清液於620-nm波長之吸光度。由伊凡氏藍色染劑濃度之標準曲線計算樣本之染料含量。採用曼-惠特尼試驗法(Mann-Whitney test)比較組間差異。藥物係購自Sigma Chemical藥廠。
背根神經病(DRG)原代培養。 為了逆行性追蹤投射到肌肉的DRG神經元,在小鼠雙腿之GM注射4%螢光追蹤劑
(Fluorogold)(Fluorochrome,Denver,CO)5至7天後,解剖腰部DRG神經元,並從兩側取出,置入試管中,於37℃下使用1ml DMEM,在包含0.125%第1型膠原蛋白酶下分解90分鐘及在包含0.25%胰蛋白酶下20分鐘。每次處理期間,分解後之DRG神經元經過無胎牛血清(FCS)之DMEM或包含10% FCS之DMEM洗滌。研磨完全分解之DRG,置於塗佈聚-L-離胺酸之蓋玻片上。細胞培養物維持在5% CO2之37℃培養箱中。
全細胞膜片鉗記錄。 肌肉感覺神經元之全細胞膜片鉗記錄涉及使用Axopatch MultiClamp 700B(Axon Instruments)。膜電壓>-40mV之神經元則棄置。在電流-鉗記錄中平衡電橋,在電壓-鉗記錄中採用Axopatch 700B補償電路補償70%串聯電阻。所有實驗均在室溫(21-25℃)下進行,並在接種後30小時內完成。除非另有說明,否則製備1-5MΩ之膜片吸量管,並填充內溶液,其包含(以mM計)100 KCl、2 Na2-ATP、0.3 Na3-GTP、10 EGTA、5 MgCl2與40 HEPES,並使用KOH調整至pH 7.4。記錄細胞係在人造腦脊髓液(ACSF)中藉由重力控制進行超灌流。ACSF包含(以mM計)130 NaCl、5 KCl、1 MgCl2、2 CaCl2、10葡萄糖與20 HEPES,使用NaOH調整至pH 7.4。調整滲透壓至300mOsm。利用1M NaOH滴定酸性ACSF至pH 6.8。SP係於ACSF中,從300μM母液製備至最終濃度為3μM。在證實鉀通道為負責產生外向電流之離子通道之實驗中,改用四乙基銨化氯替代NaCl,且使用CsOH調整pH。若沒有明確說明,則上列藥物係來自Sigma Chemical(St.Louis,MO)。探討SP所誘發外向電流時所採用之試劑係來自Sigma(GDP-β-S)或Tocris Bioscience(RP67580、GR159897、SB218795、金雀異黃酮、PP1、正釩酸鈉、黄豆苷原(daidzein)、XE991與利諾吡啶(Linopirdine)二鹽酸鹽)。
SP對酸所誘發電生理反應之效應。 採用電壓-鉗模式來檢測SP對表現ASIC3之DRG神經元中酸所誘發電流之效應。於電壓-鉗模式中,採用保持-70mV之Vm,共記錄40個GM與6個非-GM DRG神經元。此研究中,吾等著重於以水楊酸(SA)抑制水楊酸(SA)-敏感性(SAS)神經元中由酸所誘發之電流,因為其代表表現ASIC3之神經元。使用pH 6.8酸性ACSF處理DRG神經元,每隔30秒處理4秒;於槽中使用500μM SA來選拔細胞型態。隨後將包含SA之槽換成正常ACSF歷時2分鐘,然後換成包含3
μM SP之槽歷時3分鐘,以便在SP存在下記錄酸所誘發之電流。最後,包含SP之槽換成正常槽再歷時3分鐘。添加非水解型GDP(GDP-β-S,1mM,來自Sigma)至記錄吸量管中,先透析10分鐘後才進行記錄。於包含SP之槽中使用酸刺激3分鐘,檢測GDP-β-S之效應。結束時,再換回正常ACSF槽,再刺激3分鐘。為了驗證SP對酸所誘發電流之調控作用是否具NK1-受體專一性,先在包含10μM RP67580之槽中記錄酸所誘發之電流2分鐘作為對照反應。然後於同時包含RP67580與SP二者之槽中記錄2分鐘,然後在僅包含RP67580之槽中記錄。測定磷酸酪胺酸激酶在SP所主導對酸所誘發電流之調控作用之影響。於同時包含SP與金雀異黃酮(30μM;Tocris)二者或同時包含SP與黄豆苷原(daidzein)(30μM;Tocris)二者之槽中記錄酸所誘發之電流3分鐘。此外,於僅包含SP及僅包含金雀異黃酮之槽中之記錄分別作為陽性與陰性對照組。
SP所誘發電流。 採用電壓-鉗模式偵測SP所誘發電流,且神經元係保持在-70mV下。透過利用閥控制器控制之玻璃吸量管吹送含SP之ACSF溶液(3μM)至記錄神經元上,每間隔30秒進行4秒。重覆此程序至少2次,以確保數據恆定。採用不同藥物化合物測試之SP所誘發電流係進行三重覆。每次處理之間,包含ACSF之化合物均經過超灌流1分鐘,以確保完全置換前一次超灌流液。然後使用ACSF洗除試驗化合物,並檢測洗滌後之SP所誘發電流3次。當所誘發電流>10pA(或外向電流<-10pA)時,則定義該神經元為SP敏感性。為了進一步證實I SP-O不依賴GTP,以貝可芬(Baclofen)所誘發GABA-B電流作為陽性對照組。於GTP透析法中使用包含1mM GDP-β-S之記錄吸量管。在開始透析時(全細胞膜片鉗後0、1與2分鐘),使用100μM貝可芬誘發GABA-B電流。然後在透析10分鐘後(全細胞膜片鉗之後10、11與12分鐘)再使用貝可芬(Baclofen)刺激透析後之神經元。然後在沒有GTP存在下,使用SP證實I SP-O之存在。
電壓閥控之鈉電流。 為了探討在質子之影響下調控神經元激發性時所涉及之NK1受體與M通道,先對小鼠注射逆行性追蹤劑2天後,才注射酸性生理食鹽水(pH 4.0,20μl)或與100μM RP67580或200μM XE991組合注射。然後殺死處理組小鼠,2天後用於培養DRG。接受pH 4.0
生理食鹽水注射2次之小鼠中,在第一次注射後2天進行第二次注射,亦在第二次注射後2天殺死小鼠。如上述培養DRG,並用於探討電壓-閘控之鈉電流。內溶液包含(以mM計)10 NaCl、110 CsCl、20四乙基銨-Cl、2.5 MgCl2、5 EGTA、3 Mg2 +-ATP、與5 HEPES,使用CsOH調整至pH 7.0。電壓-閘控之鈉電流之外溶液包含(以mM計)100 NaCl、5 CsCl、30四乙基銨-Cl、1.8 CaCl2、1 MgCl2、0.1 CdCl2、25葡萄糖、54-胺基吡啶、與5 HEPES,使用HCl調整至pH 7.4。使用葡萄糖調整滲透壓至約300mOsm。選擇細胞直徑在30~40μm之間之DRG神經元進行記錄。從-80mV鉗制電位,在-40mV之30毫秒試驗脈衝下激發電壓-閘控鈉電流。在含或不含200nM河魨毒素(tetrodotoxin)(TTX;Tocris Bioscience,Avonmouth,UK)之外溶液中進行記錄。
動作電位閥值。 採用各種不同電壓激發不同實驗組之GM DRG神經元之作用電位,以開始陡升時之動作電位定義為閥值。
數據分析。 結果係以平均值±SEM表示,並利用Origin 8.0(OriginLab,Northampton,MA)分析。依序採用單方ANOVA與Fisher LSD事後分析法來計算組間差異(圖2)。其他電生理數據係依需要採用成對或非成對史都登氏t試驗法(Student’s t test)分析。採用曼-惠特尼U試驗法(Mann-Whitney U test)比較小鼠接受酸注射之前(基線)與肌內注射酸之後每個時間點之間之馮弗萊纖維絲之抽回反應。P<0.05則視為具有統計顯著性。
結果
T1-11止痛法
已發現化合物T1-11對酸所誘發之慢性肌肉疼痛具有止痛效應,其中藉由在腓腸肌(GM)之一側肌肉重覆注射酸生理食鹽水(pH 4.0,20μl)來誘發肌肉疼痛。第一次酸注射誘發快速但暫時性痛覺過敏,其在24小時後即減輕;在第一次注射後5天進行第二次酸注射,誘發長期(>2週)痛覺過敏。酸所誘發之肌肉疼痛係與ASIC3相關。在第一次注射時共同注射酸與ASIC3拮抗劑APETx2(2pmole)會消除第二次酸注射所誘發之慢性痛覺過敏發展。T1-11(4pmole)在抑制酸所誘發之慢性痛覺過敏上具有類似APETx2之效力(圖1)。
T1-11止痛法之細胞基礎為T1-11在亦表現P物質(SP)所誘發外向電流(I SP-O)之ASIC3-陽性肌肉痛覺神經元中誘發外向電流(I T1-11)。該I T1-11之EC50為1.3nM,相較於I SP-O為2.6μM(圖2)。
T1-11類似物,如:JMF1998、1907、2665、CGS21680亦可在表現ASIC3/SP之肌肉DRG神經元中誘發外向電流(參見圖3與4)。共同注射A2AR促效劑CGS21680(1nmole,肌內)與酸性生理食鹽水時,可部份抑制酸所誘發之痛覺過敏,而共同注射A3促效劑IB-MECA(1nmole,肌內)時,對酸所誘發之痛覺過敏沒有效應。
T1-11於肌肉痛覺神經元中之止痛作用之新的圖解模式已總結說明於圖5中。當肌肉出現組織酸中毒時,質子使肌肉痛覺神經去極化。T1-11作用在局部神經末稍之NK1-相關受體上。肌肉痛覺神經上NK1-相關受體經由不依賴G-蛋白質但依賴酪胺酸激酶之方式,藉由活化M通道而與非典型訊號途徑偶聯。
全細胞膜片鉗記錄顯示T1-11抑制ASIC3所介導之電流。在經ASIC3轉染之CHO細胞中,該酸所誘發之電流被水楊酸(SA,ASIC3之選擇性拮抗劑)與T1-11阻斷。(C)在所有表現ASIC3之肌肉痛覺神經元中,低劑量T1-11(10nM)即足以抑制酸所誘發之電流(參見圖6)。
如圖7所示,上圖出示肌肉痛覺神經元出現T1-11-所介導之電流(參見上圖),且T1-11所誘發之電生理反應係由100nM T1-11於投射到GM的DRG神經元與非投射到GM的DRG神經元中超灌流4秒時所引起,圖中包括神經元數量與各種反應之百分比。下圖出示T1-11(100nM)之平均尖峰外向電流,此結果類似3μM P物質。
T1-11藥理學
I T1-11主要表現在肌肉痛覺神經元,但不會表現在其他感覺神經元。吾等因此測定I T1-11在肌肉痛覺神經元中之分子基礎。I T1-11被A3腺苷受體拮抗劑(MRS1220、MRE3008F20)反向抑制,但不會被A2A腺苷受體拮抗劑(ZM241385)抑制,此表示其涉及A3腺苷受體。雖然已知T1-11會與中樞神經系統中神經元之A2A腺苷受體結合,但吾等發現A2A-/-肌肉痛覺神經元之I T1-11沒有改變。吾等亦發現A3腺苷受體拮抗劑(MRS1220,200pmole,
肌內)消除T1-11在酸所誘發之肌肉疼痛模式中之止痛效應,其進一步證實A3腺苷受體涉及I T1-11。然而,A3腺苷受體促效劑(IB-MECA,1nmole,肌內)對酸所誘發之肌肉疼痛並沒有止痛效應。A2A腺苷受體促效劑(CGS21680,1nmole,肌內)反而對酸所誘發之肌肉疼痛顯示部份止痛效應(圖4)。因此,高劑量CGS21680(10μM)在A2A-/-肌肉痛覺神經元中誘發外向電流,此顯示CGS21680為I T1-11之部份促效劑。
進一步測定涉及I T1-11之NK1受體,因為NK1受體拮抗劑RP67580(10μM,n=17)抑制I T1-11。如同I SP-O,I T1-11亦抗拒GTP透析,並經由M-型鉀通道介導。T1-11加強M電流,使表現I SP-O之肌肉傳入神經元之電壓從-50Mv移向-20mV。此等結果顯示T1-11以不依賴G-蛋白質之方式,透過NK1-相關受體加強M-型鉀離子電流。證實A3腺苷受體涉及NK1-相關受體複合物。
T1-11對纖維肌痛之醫療效應
已在兩種纖維肌痛小鼠模式中進一步顯示T1-11為優異之醫療化合物。第一種模式為酸所誘發之慢性肌肉疼痛模式,其中小鼠在接受肌內注射酸及金雀異黃酮處理後,發展出慢性肌肉疼痛(參見圖8)。T1-11顯示對已發展出慢性肌肉疼痛之小鼠顯示依賴劑量變化之止痛效應,其中T1-11之劑量在75-150μg/kg(i.p.)之範圍內。
第二種纖維肌痛模式係由Ueda等人開發,其中小鼠接受間歇式低溫逆境2天(Nishiyori & Ueda,2008)。接受間歇式低溫逆境之小鼠將發展出長期(>2週)機械與熱痛覺過敏。此等小鼠在間歇式低溫逆境(ICS)下5天後,測試T1-11之止痛效應。吾等發現T1-11治療疼痛之醫療劑量為30μg/kg(ip.)(參見圖9)。此外,吾等發現T1-11與P物質對治療ICS所誘發疼痛具有協同性效應。單獨使用之3μg/kg之T1-11或0.6mg/kg之SM-P物質(NK1受體之選擇性促效劑)對ICS-治療組小鼠並未顯示止痛效應。然而,組合使用3μg/kg之T1-11與0.6mg/kg之SM-P物質則對ICS-處理組小鼠顯示止痛效應。
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Claims (18)
- 一種可活化NK1受體訊息傳導藉以誘發外向電流之腺苷類似物在製造用於治療疼痛之藥物之用途。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中該疼痛為酸所誘發之疼痛。
- 如申請專利範圍第2項之用途,其中該疼痛為酸所誘發之肌肉疼痛。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項之用途,其中該疼痛為酸所誘發之慢性肌肉疼痛。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中該疼痛為選自下列所組成之群者:發炎疼痛、癌症疼痛、胸部疼痛、背部疼痛、顏面疼痛、關節疼痛、肌肉疼痛症候群、神經病變性疼痛、週邊疼痛、癌症與腫瘤疼痛、交感性疼痛、手術後疼痛、與創傷後疼痛。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中該疼痛為纖維肌痛症、肌筋膜疼痛、膀胱疼痛症候群、或由腸躁症引起之疼痛。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中該腺苷類似物係分離自天麻(Gastrodia)萃取物。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中該腺苷類似物為式(I)化合物:
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽類,其中:X為O、S或CH2;R1為選自下列所組成之群者:NHR4、NH(CH2)nR4、NH-NHR4、NHCONHR4、NH-OR4、O-NHR4與SR4;R2為選自下列所組成之群者:氫(H)、鹵素、氰基、OR4、NHR4、經取代或未經取代之烷基、經取代或未經取代之烯基、經取代或未經取代之炔基、經取代或未經取代之環烷基、經取代或未經取代之芳基(Ar)、經取代或未經取代之芳烷基、與經取代或未經取代之雜環基; R3為選自下列所組成之群者:鹵甲基、羥甲基(HOCH2)、烷氧基甲基(R4OCH2)、疊氮基甲基(N3CH2)、胺基甲基(H2NCH2)、經取代或未經取代之胺基甲基、醯胺基甲基(H2NCOCH2)、硫基甲基(R4S)、磺醯基甲基(R4SO2)、三唑基甲基、氰基甲基(N≡CCH2)、氰基、經取代或未經取代之羰基(R4CO)、COOH、COOR4、經取代或未經取代之胺基羰基(R4HNCO)、經取代或未經取代之炔基、與經取代或未經取代之四唑;n為1、2或3;R4各自係獨立選自下列所組成之群者:H、經取代或未經取代之烷基、環烷基、經取代或未經取代之Ar、經取代或未經取代之芳烷基、與經取代或未經取代之雜環基;Ar為選自下列所組成之群者:經取代或未經取代之苯基、經取代或未經取代之聚芳烴、與經取代或未經取代之雜環。 - 如申請專利範圍第8項之用途,其中該腺苷類似物為式(II)化合物:
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽類。 - 如申請專利範圍第9項之用途,其中該腺苷類似物為如式T1-11之N6-(4-羥苯甲基)腺苷:
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽類。 - 如申請專利範圍第9項之用途,其中該腺苷類似物為如式JMF1998之N6-(4-羥苯甲基)腺苷:
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽類。 - 如申請專利範圍第9項之用途,其中該腺苷類似物為如式JMF2665化合物:
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽類。 - 如申請專利範圍第8項之用途,其中該腺苷類似物為式(III)化合物:
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽類,其中Het為包含至少一個氮、氧或硫雜原子之可視需要經取代之5-或6-員環或稠合環之雜環。 - 如申請專利範圍第13項之用途,其中Het為選自下列所組成之群者:吡咯、呋喃、噻吩、吡啶、哌啶、哌嗪、吲哚、苯并呋喃、苯并噻吩、與喹啉。
- 如申請專利範圍第14項之用途,其中該腺苷類似物為如式JMF 1907化合物:
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽類。 - 如申請專利範圍第8項之用途,其中該腺苷類似物為式(IV)化合物:
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽類。 - 如申請專利範圍第16項之用途,其中該腺苷類似物為如式CGS21680化合物:
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽類。 - 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中該腺苷類似物為選自下列所組成之群者:T1-11、JMF1907、JMF1998、JMF2665、與CGS21680。
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| US7351434B2 (en) * | 2006-04-07 | 2008-04-01 | Academia Sinica | Therapeutic Gastrodia extracts |
| US8129357B2 (en) * | 2006-04-07 | 2012-03-06 | Academia Sinica | Method of making and using an adenosine analogue |
| RU2441875C2 (ru) * | 2006-06-27 | 2012-02-10 | СиБиТи ДЕВЕЛОПМЕНТ ЛИМИТЕД | Терапевтические соединения |
| JP2011509305A (ja) * | 2008-01-09 | 2011-03-24 | ピージーエックスヘルス、リミテッド、ライアビリティー、カンパニー | A2arアゴニストによる神経障害性疼痛の髄腔内治療 |
| KR101830623B1 (ko) * | 2009-11-13 | 2018-02-21 | 아카데미아 시니카 | 신경퇴화 질병의 예방 및 치료를 위해 아데노신 a2a 수용기 및 아데노신 수송체를 표적화하는 이중-작용 화합물 |
| US10174033B2 (en) * | 2009-12-10 | 2019-01-08 | Institute Of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy Of Medical Sciences | N6-substituted adenosine derivatives and N6-substituted adenine derivatives and uses thereof |
| US9132131B2 (en) * | 2011-04-21 | 2015-09-15 | Saint Louis University | Use of adenosine A3 receptor agonists for treatment of neuropathic pain |
| CN107252433A (zh) | 2012-02-11 | 2017-10-17 | 中央研究院 | 治疗疼痛的方法及组合物 |
-
2013
- 2013-02-11 CN CN201710301928.7A patent/CN107252433A/zh active Pending
- 2013-02-11 CN CN201380008966.3A patent/CN104363757B/zh active Active
- 2013-02-11 US US14/378,013 patent/US20150038445A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2013-02-11 WO PCT/US2013/025580 patent/WO2013120078A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2013-02-11 HK HK15109316.1A patent/HK1208598A1/zh unknown
- 2013-02-11 EP EP13746079.6A patent/EP2849566B1/en active Active
- 2013-02-18 TW TW104119314A patent/TW201603814A/zh unknown
- 2013-02-18 TW TW102105627A patent/TWI494111B/zh active
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2016
- 2016-12-12 US US15/376,281 patent/US10117890B2/en active Active
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2013120078A1 (en) | 2013-08-15 |
| EP2849566A1 (en) | 2015-03-25 |
| EP2849566B1 (en) | 2018-04-04 |
| CN104363757A (zh) | 2015-02-18 |
| TWI494111B (zh) | 2015-08-01 |
| US20150038445A1 (en) | 2015-02-05 |
| CN107252433A (zh) | 2017-10-17 |
| EP2849566A4 (en) | 2015-08-19 |
| US10117890B2 (en) | 2018-11-06 |
| HK1208598A1 (zh) | 2016-03-11 |
| CN104363757B (zh) | 2017-05-24 |
| US20170224716A1 (en) | 2017-08-10 |
| TW201336500A (zh) | 2013-09-16 |
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