WO2024162010A1 - 光検出素子の製造方法およびイメージセンサの製造方法 - Google Patents
光検出素子の製造方法およびイメージセンサの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H10F77/244—Electrodes made of transparent conductive layers, e.g. transparent conductive oxide [TCO] layers
- H10F77/247—Electrodes made of transparent conductive layers, e.g. transparent conductive oxide [TCO] layers comprising indium tin oxide [ITO]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a photodetector and an image sensor that have a semiconductor film containing quantum dots.
- one of the characteristics required for photodetection elements is that they have a low dark current.
- the present invention provides the following: ⁇ 1> A step of forming a first electrode on a support; A step of filtering a quantum dot dispersion liquid containing quantum dots having an absorbance maximum in a wavelength range of 900 to 1700 nm, a ligand, and a solvent, and forming a semiconductor film containing quantum dots on the first electrode using the filtered quantum dot dispersion liquid; and forming a second electrode on the semiconductor film.
- ⁇ 3> The method for producing a light detection element according to ⁇ 1> or ⁇ 2>, wherein the pore size of a filter used for filtering the quantum dot dispersion liquid is less than 0.45 ⁇ m.
- ⁇ 4> The method for producing a light detection element according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 3>, wherein the material of the filter used for filtering the quantum dot dispersion liquid through a filter includes at least one selected from the group consisting of fluororesin, polyamide, and polyethylene terephthalate.
- ⁇ 5> The method for producing a light detection element according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 4>, wherein the quantum dots contain at least one atom selected from the group consisting of Ga, Ge, As, Se, In, Sb, Ag, Te, and Bi.
- ⁇ 6> The method for producing a light-detecting element according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 5>, wherein the ligand includes at least one selected from the group consisting of inorganic ligands and compounds having 7 or less carbon atoms.
- ⁇ 7> The method for producing a light-detecting element according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 6>, wherein the ligand includes an inorganic ligand, and the inorganic ligand is an inorganic halide.
- ⁇ 8> The method for producing a photodetector according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 7>, wherein the quantum dots have a number average particle size of 4 nm or more.
- ⁇ 9> The method for manufacturing a light-detecting element according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 8>, further comprising forming the second electrode on the semiconductor film by a sputtering method.
- ⁇ 10> The method for manufacturing a light-detecting element according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 9>, wherein the second electrode contains indium tin oxide.
- a method for manufacturing an image sensor comprising the method for manufacturing a photodetector according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 10>.
- the present invention makes it possible to manufacture photodetectors and image sensors with suppressed dark current with high yield.
- alkyl group encompasses not only alkyl groups that have no substituents (unsubstituted alkyl groups) but also alkyl groups that have substituents (substituted alkyl groups).
- the method for producing a light detection element of the present invention includes the steps of: forming a first electrode on a support; A step of filtering a quantum dot dispersion liquid containing quantum dots having an absorbance maximum in a wavelength range of 900 to 1700 nm, a ligand, and a solvent, and forming a semiconductor film containing quantum dots on the first electrode using the filtered quantum dot dispersion liquid; and forming a second electrode on the semiconductor film.
- the quantum dot dispersion liquid is filtered, and the filtered quantum dot dispersion liquid is used to form a semiconductor film containing quantum dots on the first electrode, thereby making it possible to suppress the inclusion of soft aggregates of quantum dots in the semiconductor film, and to form a semiconductor film in which the occurrence of unevenness is suppressed. Therefore, according to the present invention, photodetectors with suppressed dark current can be manufactured with a high yield.
- the photodetector element manufactured by the present invention is preferably a photodiode-type photodetector element.
- the method for manufacturing the photodetector element of the present invention is described in more detail below.
- the first electrode is formed on a support.
- the support on which the first electrode is formed is not particularly limited. Examples include a glass substrate, a resin substrate, and a ceramic substrate.
- the support is substantially transparent to the wavelength of the target light to be detected by the light detection element.
- substantially transparent means that the light transmittance is 50% or more, preferably 60% or more, and particularly preferably 80% or more.
- Materials for the first electrode include metals, alloys, metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal borides, and organic conductive compounds. Specific examples include tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, indium tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide (IZO), indium tin oxide (ITO), and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO).
- the first electrode is a transparent electrode formed of a conductive material that is substantially transparent to the wavelength of the light to be detected by the light detection element.
- the first electrode can be formed by methods such as vacuum deposition, sputtering, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD).
- the thickness of the first electrode is preferably 10 to 100,000 nm.
- the lower limit is preferably 30 nm or more, and more preferably 50 nm or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 10,000 nm or less, and more preferably 1,000 nm or less. In this specification, the thickness of each layer can be measured by observing the cross section of the photodetector element using a scanning electron microscope or the like.
- a quantum dot dispersion liquid containing quantum dots having a maximum absorption in the wavelength range of 900 to 1700 nm, ligands, and a solvent is filtered, and a semiconductor film containing quantum dots is formed on a first electrode using the filtered quantum dot dispersion liquid.
- This semiconductor film is used as a photoelectric conversion layer in a photodetector.
- the semiconductor film is formed on the other layers after the other layers are formed.
- the quantum dot dispersion liquid contains quantum dots that have a maximum absorbance in the wavelength range of 900 to 1700 nm, ligands, and a solvent.
- the quantum dots are preferably semiconductor particles containing metal atoms.
- metal atoms also include semimetal atoms such as Si atoms.
- semiconductor refers to a substance having a resistivity of 10-2 ⁇ cm or more and 108 ⁇ cm or less.
- Quantum dot materials that make up quantum dots include nanoparticles (particles with a size of 0.5 nm or more and less than 100 nm) of common semiconductor crystals [a) Group IV semiconductors, b) Group IV-IV, III-V, or II-VI compound semiconductors, and c) compound semiconductors consisting of a combination of three or more of Group II, III, IV, V, and VI elements].
- the quantum dots preferably contain at least one atom selected from the group consisting of Ga, Ge, As, Se, In, Sn, Sb, Te, Pb, Bi, Ag, Cu and Hg, more preferably contain at least one atom selected from the group consisting of Ga, Ge, As, Se, In, Sb, Ag, Te and Bi, even more preferably contain at least one atom selected from the group consisting of Ga, As, Se, In, Sb, Te and Bi, and particularly preferably contain at least one atom selected from the group consisting of As, In and Sb.
- quantum dot materials that make up quantum dots include semiconductor materials with relatively narrow band gaps, such as PbS, PbSe, PbSeS, InN, Ge, GeO2 , InAs, InGaAs, CuInS, CuInSe, CuInGaSe , InSb, InP, HgTe, HgCdTe , Ag2S, Ag2Se, Ag2Te, SnS, SnSe, SnTe, Si, InP, AgBiS2 , AgBiSTe, AgBiSeTe, and lead perovskite.
- semiconductor materials with relatively narrow band gaps such as PbS, PbSe, PbSeS, InN, Ge, GeO2 , InAs, InGaAs, CuInS, CuInSe, CuInGaSe , InSb, InP, HgTe, HgCdTe , Ag2S, Ag2Se, Ag2Te, SnS
- the quantum dots are more preferably PbS, InAs, InSb, InGaAs, InP, Ge, GeO2 , AgBiS2 , AgBiSTe or AgBiSeTe because of their large absorption coefficient of infrared light, long photocurrent lifetime, large carrier mobility, etc.
- a quantum dot dispersion using InAs quantum dots tends to easily form soft aggregates, and the effects of the present invention are more prominent.
- the quantum dots preferably have a maximum absorption in the wavelength range of 1300 to 1500 nm.
- the band gap of the quantum dots is preferably 1.35 eV or less, more preferably 1.1 eV or less, and even more preferably 1.0 eV or less.
- the lower limit of the band gap of the quantum dots is not particularly limited, but can be 0.5 eV or more. If the band gap of the quantum dots is 1.35 eV, a quantum dot layer having high sensitivity to light with wavelengths in the infrared region can be formed.
- the band gap of the quantum dots can be calculated from the energy at the maximum absorption wavelength of the absorption spectrum obtained by measuring light absorption in the visible to infrared region using an ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectrophotometer. In addition, in the case of quantum dots that do not have a maximum absorption wavelength, it can be determined from a Tauc plot, as described in Patent No. 5949567.
- the number average particle diameter of the quantum dots is preferably 1 nm or more, more preferably 2 nm or more, and even more preferably 4 nm or more.
- the upper limit of the number average particle diameter of the quantum dots is preferably 20 nm or less, more preferably 15 nm or less, and even more preferably 10 nm or less. If the number average particle diameter of the quantum dots is within the above range, a semiconductor film having high sensitivity to light with wavelengths in the infrared region can be formed.
- the value of the number average particle diameter of the quantum dots is the average value of the particle diameters of 10 arbitrarily selected quantum dots.
- the particle diameter of the quantum dots can be measured using a transmission electron microscope.
- the content of the quantum dots in the quantum dot dispersion is preferably 1 to 25% by mass based on the total mass of the quantum dot dispersion.
- the lower limit is preferably 2% by mass or more, more preferably 3% by mass or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 20% by mass or less.
- the content of the quantum dots in the quantum dot dispersion is preferably 1 to 500 mg/mL, more preferably 10 to 200 mg/mL, and even more preferably 20 to 100 mg/mL.
- the quantum dot dispersion liquid preferably has a quantum dot content of 50% by mass or more, more preferably 60% by mass or more, and even more preferably 70% by mass or more, in the components excluding the solvent and the ligand from the quantum dot dispersion liquid.
- the upper limit can be 100% by mass or less.
- the total content of the quantum dots and the ligands in the components excluding the solvent from the quantum dot dispersion is preferably 60% by mass or more, more preferably 70% by mass or more, and even more preferably 80% by mass or more.
- the upper limit can be 100% by mass or less.
- the quantum dot dispersion contains a ligand.
- the ligand may be an organic ligand or an inorganic ligand.
- the inorganic ligand is preferably an inorganic halide.
- Inorganic halides are easily coordinated to quantum dots and can suppress the occurrence of surface defects. Examples of halogen atoms contained in inorganic halides include F, Cl, Br, and I, and Br is preferred.
- the inorganic ligand preferably contains an atom contained in the quantum dot.
- the inorganic ligand preferably contains at least one atom selected from In and As, and more preferably contains an In atom.
- inorganic ligands include zinc iodide, zinc bromide, zinc chloride, indium iodide, indium bromide, indium chloride, cadmium iodide, cadmium bromide, cadmium chloride, gallium iodide, gallium bromide, gallium chloride, and ammonium chloride.
- the organic ligand may be a monodentate organic ligand having one coordination moiety, or a polydentate organic ligand having two or more coordination moieties.
- Examples of the coordination moiety contained in the organic ligand include a thiol group, an amino group, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, a sulfo group, a phospho group, and a phosphonic acid group.
- the polydentate ligand may be any of those represented by formulae (A) to (C).
- XA1 and XA2 each independently represent a thiol group, an amino group, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, a sulfo group, a phospho group, or a phosphonic acid group;
- L A1 represents a hydrocarbon group.
- XB1 and XB2 each independently represent a thiol group, an amino group, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, a sulfo group, a phospho group, or a phosphonic acid group;
- X B3 represents S, O or NH;
- L B1 and L B2 each independently represent a hydrocarbon group.
- X C1 to X C3 each independently represent a thiol group, an amino group, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, a sulfo group, a phospho group, or a phosphonic acid group;
- X C4 represents N;
- L C1 to L C3 each independently represent a hydrocarbon group.
- the amino group represented by XA1 , XA2 , XB1 , XB2 , XC1, XC2 and XC3 is not limited to -NH2 , but also includes substituted amino groups and cyclic amino groups.
- the substituted amino group include a monoalkylamino group, a dialkylamino group, a monoarylamino group, a diarylamino group and an alkylarylamino group.
- the amino group represented by these groups is preferably -NH2 , a monoalkylamino group or a dialkylamino group, and more preferably -NH2 .
- the hydrocarbon group represented by L A1 , L B1 , L B2 , L C1 , L C2 and L C3 is preferably an aliphatic hydrocarbon group or a group containing an aromatic ring, more preferably an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.
- the aliphatic hydrocarbon group may be a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group or an unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group.
- the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon group is preferably 1 to 20.
- the upper limit of the number of carbon atoms is preferably 10 or less, more preferably 6 or less, and even more preferably 3 or less.
- Specific examples of the hydrocarbon group include an alkylene group, an alkenylene group, an alkynylene group and an arylene group.
- the alkylene group may be a straight-chain alkylene group, a branched alkylene group, or a cyclic alkylene group, preferably a straight-chain alkylene group or a branched alkylene group, and more preferably a straight-chain alkylene group.
- the alkenylene group may be a straight-chain alkenylene group, a branched alkenylene group, or a cyclic alkenylene group, preferably a straight-chain alkenylene group or a branched alkenylene group, and more preferably a straight-chain alkenylene group.
- the alkynylene group may be a straight-chain alkynylene group or a branched alkynylene group, and is preferably a straight-chain alkynylene group.
- the arylene group may be a monocyclic or polycyclic ring. A monocyclic arylene group is preferable. Specific examples of the arylene group include a phenylene group and a naphthylene group, and the phenylene group is preferable.
- the alkylene group, the alkenylene group, the alkynylene group, and the arylene group may further have a substituent.
- the substituent is preferably a group having 1 to 10 atoms.
- the group having 1 to 10 atoms include alkyl groups having 1 to 3 carbon atoms (methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl groups), alkenyl groups having 2 to 3 carbon atoms (ethenyl and propenyl groups), alkynyl groups having 2 to 4 carbon atoms (ethynyl, propynyl, etc.), cyclopropyl groups, alkoxy groups having 1 to 2 carbon atoms (methoxy and ethoxy groups), acyl groups having 2 to 3 carbon atoms (acetyl and propionyl groups), alkoxycarbonyl groups having 2 to 3 carbon atoms (methoxycarbonyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups), acyloxy groups having 2 carbon atoms (acetyloxy groups), Examples include acylamino groups (acetylamino groups), hydroxyalkyl groups having 1 to 3 carbon atoms (hydroxymethyl groups, hydroxyethyl groups,
- X A1 and X A2 are preferably separated by L A1 by 1 to 10 atoms, more preferably by 1 to 6 atoms, even more preferably by 1 to 4 atoms, even more preferably by 1 to 3 atoms, and particularly preferably by 1 or 2 atoms.
- XB1 and XB3 are preferably separated by 1 to 10 atoms, more preferably 1 to 6 atoms, even more preferably 1 to 4 atoms, even more preferably 1 to 3 atoms, and particularly preferably 1 or 2 atoms, by LB1 . Also, XB2 and XB3 are preferably separated by 1 to 10 atoms, more preferably 1 to 6 atoms, even more preferably 1 to 4 atoms, even more preferably 1 to 3 atoms, and particularly preferably 1 or 2 atoms.
- X C1 and X C4 are preferably separated by 1 to 10 atoms by L C1 , more preferably separated by 1 to 6 atoms, even more preferably separated by 1 to 4 atoms, even more preferably separated by 1 to 3 atoms, and particularly preferably separated by 1 or 2 atoms. Also, X C2 and X C4 are preferably separated by 1 to 10 atoms by L C2 , more preferably separated by 1 to 6 atoms, even more preferably separated by 1 to 4 atoms, even more preferably separated by 1 to 3 atoms, and particularly preferably separated by 1 or 2 atoms.
- X C3 and X C4 are preferably separated by 1 to 10 atoms by L C3 , more preferably separated by 1 to 6 atoms, even more preferably separated by 1 to 4 atoms, even more preferably separated by 1 to 3 atoms, and particularly preferably separated by 1 or 2 atoms.
- XA1 and XA2 being separated by 1 to 10 atoms by L A1 means that the number of atoms constituting the molecular chain of the shortest distance connecting XA1 and XA2 is 1 to 10.
- XA1 and XA2 are separated by 2 atoms
- XA1 and XA2 are separated by 3 atoms.
- the numbers added to the following structural formulas indicate the order of the arrangement of atoms constituting the molecular chain of the shortest distance connecting XA1 and XA2 .
- 3-mercaptopropionic acid is a compound having a structure in which the site corresponding to X A1 is a carboxy group, the site corresponding to X A2 is a thiol group, and the site corresponding to L A1 is an ethylene group (compound having the structure below).
- X A1 (carboxy group) and X A2 (thiol group) are separated by two atoms by L A1 (ethylene group).
- polydentate ligands include 3-mercaptopropionic acid, thioglycolic acid, 2-aminoethanol, 2-aminoethanethiol, 2-mercaptoethanol, glycolic acid, ethylene glycol, ethylenediamine, aminosulfonic acid, glycine, aminomethylphosphate, guanidine, diethylenetriamine, tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, 4-mercaptobutanoic acid, 3-aminopropanol, 3-mercaptopropanol, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine, 3-(bis(3-aminopropyl)amino)propan-1-ol, 1-thioglycerol, dimercaprol, 1-mercapto-2-butanol, 1-mercapto-2-pentanol, 3-mercapto-1-propanol, 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol, diethanolamine, 2-(2 -amino
- the organic ligand is preferably a compound having 7 or less carbon atoms.
- the ligand contained in the ligand may be a ligand that functions as a ligand coordinated to the quantum dot, has a molecular structure that is prone to steric hindrance, and also plays a role as a dispersant that disperses the quantum dot in a solvent.
- a ligand may be a compound having 8 or more carbon atoms, and is preferably a compound having 10 or more carbon atoms.
- the above ligand may be either a saturated compound or an unsaturated compound.
- decanoic acid lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, oleic acid, erucic acid, oleylamine, stearylamine, 1-aminodecane, dodecylamine, aniline, dodecanethiol, 1,2-hexadecanethiol, tributylphosphine, trihexylphosphine, trioctylphosphine, tributylphosphine oxide, trioctylphosphine oxide, and cetrimonium bromide.
- the ligands contained in the quantum dot dispersion liquid preferably include at least one selected from inorganic ligands and compounds having 7 or less carbon atoms.
- the quantum dots can be closer to each other in the semiconductor film, and a photodetector with better external quantum efficiency can be manufactured.
- soft aggregates of quantum dots tend to form in the quantum dot dispersion liquid.
- the quantum dot dispersion liquid is used after filtering, so that even when a quantum dot dispersion liquid containing such ligands is used, a photodetector with suppressed dark current can be manufactured with good yield.
- the content of the ligand in the quantum dot dispersion is preferably 1 to 15% by mass based on the total mass of the quantum dot dispersion.
- the lower limit is preferably 2% by mass or more, more preferably 2.5% by mass or more.
- the lower limit is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 7% by mass or less.
- the content of the ligand in the quantum dot dispersion is preferably 10 to 150 mg/mL.
- the lower limit is preferably 20 mg/mL or more, more preferably 25 mg/mL or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 100 mg/mL or less, more preferably 70 mg/mL or less.
- the quantum dot dispersion liquid contains a solvent.
- the solvent is not particularly limited, but is preferably a solvent that does not easily dissolve the quantum dots.
- the solvent is preferably an organic solvent. Specific examples include alkanes (n-hexane, n-octane, etc.), alkenes (octadecene, etc.), benzene, toluene, etc.
- the quantum dot dispersion liquid may contain only one type of solvent, or may be a mixed solvent containing two or more types of solvents.
- the solvent content in the quantum dot dispersion is preferably 50 to 99% by mass, more preferably 70 to 99% by mass, and even more preferably 90 to 98% by mass.
- the quantum dot dispersion liquid is filtered before use. More preferably, the quantum dot dispersion liquid filtered through a filter is used to form a semiconductor film containing quantum dots immediately before forming the semiconductor film.
- the pore size of the filter used for filtration is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or less, more preferably less than 0.45 ⁇ m, and even more preferably 0.4 ⁇ m or less.
- the filter material used for filtration includes fluororesins such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyamides such as nylon (e.g. nylon-6, nylon-6,6), polyethylene phthalate, polyolefin resins, polyimide resins, etc.
- fluororesins or polyamides are preferred, and polytetrafluoroethylene or nylon are more preferred, because they are less likely to produce impurities such as eluted matter caused by the filter.
- the quantum dot dispersion it is preferable to filter the quantum dot dispersion in an environment where the quantum dot dispersion does not come into contact with the air.
- One aspect of the method for forming the semiconductor film using the filtered quantum dot dispersion liquid is a method in which the quantum dot dispersion liquid taken out of a storage container immediately before application is filtered through a filter, the filtered quantum dot dispersion liquid is collected in a container such as a bottle, and the collected quantum dot dispersion liquid is used to form the semiconductor film.
- a filter is provided on the flow path of the quantum dot dispersion liquid or at the outlet of the quantum dot dispersion liquid in a semiconductor film manufacturing device, and the semiconductor film is formed using the quantum dot dispersion liquid that has passed through the filter.
- Filter filtration may be performed once or twice or more. When filter filtration is performed twice or more, the filter material used for each filtration may be the same or different.
- the temperature of filter filtration is preferably 0°C or higher.
- the upper limit is preferably 100°C or lower, more preferably 80°C or lower, and even more preferably 60°C or lower.
- Filter filtration may be performed under pressure or reduced pressure. When a pump or the like is used, the pump pressure for filter filtration may be set to a lower limit of 20 kPa and an upper limit of 1000 kPa.
- the filtration pressure for filter filtration is preferably 0 kPa or higher.
- the upper limit may be 800 kPa.
- Filter filtration may be performed by circulating filtration.
- the semiconductor film can be formed through a process of applying a quantum dot dispersion.
- a step of applying a ligand solution to the film may be carried out.
- the ligands coordinated to the quantum dots can be exchanged for the ligands contained in the ligand solution, or the ligands contained in the ligand solution can be coordinated to the quantum dots to suppress the occurrence of surface defects on the quantum dots.
- the step of applying the quantum dot dispersion liquid and the step of applying the ligand solution may be repeated alternately multiple times.
- the ligand contained in the ligand solution may be the inorganic ligand or organic ligand described above.
- the organic ligand is preferably a ligand represented by any one of the formulas (A) to (C) described above.
- the ligands contained in the ligand solution may be the same as or different from the ligands contained in the quantum dot dispersion.
- the ligand solution may contain only one type of ligand, or may contain two or more types of ligands.
- two or more types of ligand solutions may be used.
- the solvent contained in the ligand solution is preferably selected appropriately according to the type of ligand contained in each ligand solution, and is preferably a solvent that easily dissolves each ligand.
- the solvent contained in the ligand solution is preferably an organic solvent with a high dielectric constant. Specific examples include ethanol, acetone, methanol, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, butanol, propanol, etc.
- the solvent contained in the ligand solution is preferably a solvent that is unlikely to remain in the quantum dot layer to be formed.
- the solvent contained in the ligand solution is preferably one that is not mixed with the solvent contained in the quantum dot dispersion liquid.
- a polar solvent such as methanol or acetone as the solvent contained in the ligand solution.
- a rinsing step may be performed in which the film after the ligand application step is brought into contact with a rinsing liquid to rinse it.
- the rinsing step may also be performed multiple times using two or more rinsing liquids with different polarities (dielectric constants). For example, it is preferable to first rinse using a rinsing liquid with a high dielectric constant (also called the first rinsing liquid), and then rinse using a rinsing liquid with a lower dielectric constant than the first rinsing liquid (also called the second rinsing liquid).
- the dielectric constant of the first rinsing liquid is preferably 15 to 50, more preferably 20 to 45, and even more preferably 25 to 40.
- the dielectric constant of the second rinsing liquid is preferably 1 to 15, more preferably 1 to 10, and even more preferably 1 to 5.
- a drying step may be performed.
- the drying time is preferably 1 to 100 hours, more preferably 1 to 50 hours, and even more preferably 5 to 30 hours.
- the drying temperature is preferably 10 to 100°C, more preferably 20 to 90°C, and even more preferably 20 to 60°C.
- the drying step may be performed in an atmosphere containing oxygen or in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the second electrode is formed on the semiconductor film.
- the second electrode is formed on the other layers after the other layers are formed.
- Materials for the second electrode include metals, alloys, metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal borides, and organic conductive compounds. Specific examples include tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, indium tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide (IZO), indium tin oxide (ITO), and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO).
- the second electrode is a transparent electrode formed of a conductive material that is substantially transparent to the wavelength of the light to be detected by the light detection element.
- the second electrode can be formed by methods such as vacuum deposition, sputtering, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD).
- the effect of the present invention is more remarkable when the second electrode is formed by sputtering, and particularly when the second electrode contains indium tin oxide by sputtering.
- the second electrode is likely to be formed so as to follow the unevenness of the semiconductor film, and the dark current is likely to increase.
- the dark current is likely to increase.
- a semiconductor film in which the occurrence of unevenness is suppressed can be formed, so that even when the second electrode is formed by a sputtering method, a photodetector in which the dark current is suppressed can be manufactured with a good yield, and the effect of the present invention is more prominent. Furthermore, by forming the second electrode by a sputtering method, an effect of obtaining a dense and highly conductive film can be obtained. In particular, such an effect is more prominent when indium tin oxide is formed by a sputtering method.
- the thickness of the second electrode is preferably 10 to 100,000 nm.
- the lower limit is preferably 30 nm or more, and more preferably 50 nm or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 10,000 nm or less, and more preferably 1,000 nm or less.
- the method for producing a photodetector of the present invention may include a step of forming a charge transport layer.
- the charge transport layer include a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer.
- the electron transport layer is a layer that has the function of transporting electrons generated in the semiconductor film to the electrode.
- the electron transport layer is also called a hole blocking layer.
- the electron transport layer is formed from an electron transport material that can perform this function.
- electron transport materials include fullerene compounds such as [6,6]-Phenyl-C61-Butyric Acid Methyl Ester (PC61BM), perylene compounds such as perylene tetracarboxydiimide, tetracyanoquinodimethane, titanium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, indium tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, and fluorine-doped tin oxide.
- the electron transport material may be particles.
- the electron transport layer is also preferably composed of zinc oxide doped with metal atoms other than Zn.
- zinc oxide doped with metal atoms other than Zn is also referred to as doped zinc oxide.
- the metal atoms other than Zn in the doped zinc oxide are preferably monovalent to trivalent metal atoms, more preferably at least one selected from Li, Mg, Al and Ga, even more preferably Li, Mg, Al or Ga, and particularly preferably Li or Mg.
- the ratio of metal atoms other than Zn to the total of Zn and metal atoms other than Zn is preferably 1 atomic % or more, more preferably 2 atomic % or more, and even more preferably 4 atomic % or more. From the viewpoint of suppressing an increase in crystal defects, the upper limit is preferably 20 atomic % or less, more preferably 15 atomic % or less, and even more preferably 12 atomic % or less.
- the ratio of metal atoms other than Zn in the doped zinc oxide can be measured by a high-frequency inductively coupled plasma (ICP) method.
- ICP inductively coupled plasma
- the electron transport layer may be a single layer film or a laminated film of two or more layers.
- the thickness of the electron transport layer is preferably 10 to 1000 nm.
- the upper limit is preferably 800 nm or less.
- the lower limit is preferably 20 nm or more, and more preferably 50 nm or more.
- the hole transport layer is a layer that has the function of transporting holes generated in the semiconductor film to the electrode.
- the hole transport layer is also called the electron blocking layer.
- the hole transport layer is formed from a hole transport material capable of performing this function.
- hole transport materials include PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid)), PTB7 (poly ⁇ 4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl-lt-alt-3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophene-4,6-diyl ⁇ ), PTB7-Th (poly([2,6'-4,8-di(5-ethylhexylthienyl)benzo[1,2-b;3,3-b]dithiophene] ⁇ 3-fluoro-2[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenedi
- Quantum dots can also be used as the hole transport material.
- quantum dot materials constituting quantum dots include nanoparticles (particles having a size of 0.5 nm or more and less than 100 nm) of general semiconductor crystals [a) Group IV semiconductors, b) Group IV-IV, III-V, or II-VI compound semiconductors, and c) compound semiconductors consisting of a combination of three or more of Group II, III, IV, V, and VI elements].
- the semiconductor material include semiconductor materials having a relatively narrow band gap such as PbS, PbSe, PbSeS, InN, Ge, InAs, InGaAs, CuInS, CuInSe, CuInGaSe, InSb, HgTe, HgCdTe, Ag 2 S, Ag 2 Se, Ag 2 Te, SnS, SnSe, SnTe, Si, and InP.
- Ligands may be coordinated to the surface of the quantum dot.
- the thickness of the hole transport layer is preferably 5 to 200 nm.
- the lower limit is preferably 10 nm or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 100 nm or less, and more preferably 50 nm or less.
- the charge transport layer can be formed by methods such as ion plating, vacuum deposition such as ion beam, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), etc.
- the charge transport layer can also be formed by applying a composition containing a charge transport material such as an electron transport material or hole transport material.
- a composition containing particles is used as the charge transport material, it is preferable to filter it before use. Filters used for filtration include those described above as filters used for filtering the quantum dot dispersion, and the preferred range is also the same.
- the charge transport layer may be formed between the first electrode and the semiconductor film, or between the semiconductor film and the second electrode. It may be formed between the first electrode and the semiconductor film, and between the semiconductor film and the second electrode.
- a charge transport layer is formed between the first electrode and the semiconductor film, and between the semiconductor film and the second electrode, it is preferable that either the charge transport layer formed between the first electrode and the semiconductor film or the charge transport layer formed between the semiconductor film and the second electrode is a hole transport layer, and the other is an electron transport layer.
- the charge transport layer is formed on the first electrode, and then the above-mentioned semiconductor film is formed on the charge transport layer.
- the charge transport layer is formed on the semiconductor film, and then the second electrode is formed on the charge transport layer.
- the method for manufacturing a photodetector of the present invention may include a step of forming a blocking layer.
- the blocking layer is a layer that has the function of reducing dark current.
- the blocking layer examples include silicon oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, calcium carbonate, cesium carbonate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyurethane, titanium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, niobium oxide, and tungsten oxide.
- the blocking layer may be a single layer film or a laminated film of two or more layers.
- the blocking layer can be formed by methods such as ion plating, vacuum deposition such as ion beam, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), etc.
- the blocking layer can also be formed by applying a composition containing a blocking material such as silicon oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, calcium carbonate, cesium carbonate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyurethane, titanium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, niobium oxide, tungsten oxide, etc.
- a composition containing a blocking material containing particles it is preferable to filter the composition before use. Filters used for filtration include those described above as filters used for filtering the quantum dot dispersion, and the preferred range is also the same.
- the blocking layer may be formed between the first electrode and the semiconductor film, or between the semiconductor film and the second electrode. It may be formed between the first electrode and the semiconductor film, and between the semiconductor film and the second electrode.
- the method for manufacturing an image sensor of the present invention includes the method for manufacturing the photodetector element described above.
- the configuration of the image sensor is not particularly limited as long as it has a light detection element and functions as an image sensor.
- Examples of light detection elements include those mentioned above.
- the image sensor may include an infrared-transmitting filter layer.
- the infrared-transmitting filter layer preferably has low transmittance for light in the visible wavelength range, and the average transmittance for light in the wavelength range of 400 to 650 nm is more preferably 10% or less, even more preferably 7.5% or less, and particularly preferably 5% or less.
- the infrared transmission filter layer may be made of a resin film containing a coloring material.
- the coloring material include chromatic coloring materials such as red, green, blue, yellow, purple, and orange coloring materials, and black coloring materials.
- the coloring material contained in the infrared transmission filter layer is a combination of two or more chromatic coloring materials that form a black color, or a coloring material that contains a black coloring material.
- the combination of chromatic coloring materials may be, for example, the following modes (C1) to (C7).
- C1 An embodiment containing a red color material and a blue color material.
- C2 An embodiment containing a red color material, a blue color material, and a yellow color material.
- C3 An embodiment containing a red color material, a blue color material, a yellow color material, and a purple color material.
- C4 An embodiment containing a red color material, a blue color material, a yellow color material, a purple color material, and a green color material.
- C5 An embodiment containing a red color material, a blue color material, a yellow color material, and a green color material.
- C6 An embodiment containing a red color material, a blue color material, and a green color material.
- C7 An embodiment containing a yellow color material and a purple color material.
- the chromatic colorant may be a pigment or a dye. It may contain both a pigment and a dye.
- the black colorant is preferably an organic black colorant.
- organic black colorants include bisbenzofuranone compounds, azomethine compounds, perylene compounds, and azo compounds.
- the infrared transmission filter layer may further contain an infrared absorbing agent.
- an infrared absorbing agent By incorporating an infrared absorbing agent in the infrared transmission filter layer, the wavelength of light to be transmitted can be shifted to the longer wavelength side.
- infrared absorbing agents include pyrrolopyrrole compounds, cyanine compounds, squarylium compounds, phthalocyanine compounds, naphthalocyanine compounds, quaterrylene compounds, merocyanine compounds, croconium compounds, oxonol compounds, iminium compounds, dithiol compounds, triarylmethane compounds, pyrromethene compounds, azomethine compounds, anthraquinone compounds, dibenzofuranone compounds, dithiolene metal complexes, metal oxides, and metal borides.
- the spectral characteristics of the infrared transmission filter layer can be appropriately selected depending on the application of the image sensor, and examples thereof include a filter layer that satisfies any one of the following spectral characteristics (1) to (5).
- the films described in JP 2013-077009 A, JP 2014-130173 A, JP 2014-130338 A, WO 2015/166779 A, WO 2016/178346 A, WO 2016/190162 A, WO 2018/016232 A, JP 2016-177079 A, JP 2014-130332 A, and WO 2016/027798 A can be used.
- the infrared transmission filter may be a combination of two or more filters, or a dual bandpass filter that transmits two or more specific wavelength regions with one filter may be used.
- the image sensor may include an infrared shielding filter for the purpose of improving various performances such as noise reduction.
- infrared shielding filters include the filters described in International Publication No. 2016/186050, International Publication No. 2016/035695, Japanese Patent No. 6248945, International Publication No. 2019/021767, JP 2017-067963, and Japanese Patent No. 6506529.
- the image sensor may include a dielectric multilayer film.
- the dielectric multilayer film may be a film in which a dielectric thin film with a high refractive index (high refractive index material layer) and a dielectric thin film with a low refractive index (low refractive index material layer) are alternately laminated in a plurality of layers.
- the number of laminated dielectric thin films in the dielectric multilayer film is not particularly limited, but is preferably 2 to 100 layers, more preferably 4 to 60 layers, and even more preferably 6 to 40 layers.
- the material used to form the high refractive index material layer is preferably a material with a refractive index of 1.7 to 2.5.
- the material used to form the low refractive index material layer is preferably a material with a refractive index of 1.2 to 1.6 .
- the method for forming the dielectric multilayer film is not particularly limited, and examples include vacuum deposition methods such as ion plating and ion beam, physical vapor deposition methods (PVD methods) such as sputtering, and chemical vapor deposition methods (CVD methods).
- vacuum deposition methods such as ion plating and ion beam, physical vapor deposition methods (PVD methods) such as sputtering, and chemical vapor deposition methods (CVD methods).
- each of the high refractive index material layer and the low refractive index material layer is preferably 0.1 ⁇ to 0.5 ⁇ when the wavelength of the light to be blocked is ⁇ (nm).
- Specific examples of the dielectric multilayer film include the films described in JP-A-2014-130344 and JP-A-2018-010296.
- the dielectric multilayer film preferably has a transmission wavelength band in the infrared region (preferably a wavelength region exceeding 700 nm, more preferably a wavelength region exceeding 800 nm, and even more preferably a wavelength region exceeding 900 nm).
- the maximum transmittance in the transmission wavelength band is preferably 70% or more, more preferably 80% or more, and even more preferably 90% or more.
- the maximum transmittance in the light-shielding wavelength band is preferably 20% or less, more preferably 10% or less, and even more preferably 5% or less.
- the average transmittance in the transmission wavelength band is preferably 60% or more, more preferably 70% or more, and even more preferably 80% or more.
- the wavelength range of the transmission wavelength band is preferably the central wavelength ⁇ t1 ⁇ 100 nm, more preferably the central wavelength ⁇ t1 ⁇ 75 nm, and even more preferably the central wavelength ⁇ t1 ⁇ 50 nm, when the wavelength showing the maximum transmittance is the central wavelength ⁇ t1 .
- the dielectric multilayer film may have only one transmission wavelength band (preferably a transmission wavelength band with a maximum transmittance of 90% or more), or may have multiple transmission wavelength bands.
- the image sensor may include a color separation filter layer.
- the color separation filter layer may include a filter layer including colored pixels. Types of colored pixels include red pixels, green pixels, blue pixels, yellow pixels, cyan pixels, and magenta pixels.
- the color separation filter layer may include colored pixels of two or more colors, or may include only one color. It can be appropriately selected according to the application or purpose. For example, the filters described in International Publication No. 2019/039172 can be used.
- the colored pixels of each color may be adjacent to each other, and a partition wall may be provided between each colored pixel.
- a partition wall may be provided between each colored pixel.
- the partition wall may also be made of a metal such as tungsten or aluminum.
- the image sensor includes an infrared-transmitting filter layer and a color separation layer
- the color separation layer is provided on a different optical path from the infrared-transmitting filter layer. It is also preferable that the infrared-transmitting filter layer and the color separation layer are arranged two-dimensionally. Note that, when the infrared-transmitting filter layer and the color separation layer are arranged two-dimensionally, it means that at least a part of both of them exists on the same plane.
- the image sensor may include intermediate layers such as a planarization layer, a base layer, and an adhesion layer, an anti-reflection film, and a lens.
- a planarization layer for example, a film made from a composition described in WO 2019/017280 can be used.
- the lens for example, a structure described in WO 2018/092600 can be used.
- the quantum dot dispersion liquid used in the examples and comparative examples was a quantum dot dispersion liquid containing the quantum dots, ligands, and solvent shown below (quantum dot concentration 100 mg/mL, ligand concentration 50 mg/mL (In quantum dot dispersion liquid 5, InBr 3 30 mg/mL, EDT 20 mg/mL) stored at 45° C. for one month.
- the particle size value of the quantum dots and the number average particle size value of the quantum dots are the average particle size values of 10 arbitrarily selected quantum dots.
- a TMACl solution was prepared by dissolving 4 mmol of tetramethylammonium chloride (TMACl) in 4 mL of methanol, and a KOH solution was prepared by dissolving 4 mmol of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in 4 mL of methanol.
- the TMACl solution was stirred vigorously while slowly introducing the KOH solution, and after stirring for 30 minutes, the insoluble components were removed through a 0.45 ⁇ m filter to obtain a tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution.
- TMAH tetramethylammonium hydroxide
- 6 mL of the TMAH solution was added to the zinc acetate solution in the flask at a drop rate of 6 mL/min. After holding for 1 hour, the reaction solution was collected. An excess amount of acetone was added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes, after which the supernatant was removed and the precipitate was dispersed in methanol.
- the mixture was then precipitated again with acetone, and 5 mL of ethanol and 80 ⁇ L of aminoethanol were added, followed by ultrasonic dispersion to obtain a zinc oxide particle dispersion with a concentration of non-doped zinc oxide particles of 30 mg/mL.
- Example 1 An ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) film having a thickness of about 100 nm was formed on the quartz glass by sputtering to form a first electrode layer. Next, a solution of 1 g of zinc acetate dihydrate and 284 ⁇ l of ethanolamine dissolved in 10 ml of methoxyethanol was spin-coated on the ITO film (first electrode) at 3000 rpm. After that, the film was heated at 200° C. for 30 minutes to form a zinc oxide sol-gel film having a thickness of about 40 nm. Next, the zinc oxide particle dispersion liquid 1 was dropped on the sol-gel film, spin-coated at 2500 rpm, and heated at 70° C.
- ITO Indium Tin Oxide
- the quantum dot dispersion liquid 1 was dropped onto the electron transport layer, spin-coated at 1000 rpm, and dried at 60° C. for 10 minutes to form a semiconductor film (quantum dot film). This process was repeated six times to form a semiconductor film with a thickness of 220 nm. The semiconductor film was then dried for 10 hours in a glove box to form a photoelectric conversion layer.
- the quantum dot dispersion liquid 1 was filtered by attaching a filter (material: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)) with a pore size of 0.2 ⁇ m to the tip of a pipette used for coating immediately before coating. Filter filtration was performed under an inert atmosphere.
- a filter material: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
- a 5 nm-thick MoO3 film was formed on the hole transport layer by vacuum deposition using a metal mask, and then a 100 nm-thick Au film (second electrode) was formed to produce a photodiode-type light detection element.
- Examples 2 to 6, 8, 13, 15, and 16 A photodetector was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the type of quantum dot dispersion liquid used to form the semiconductor film and the filtration conditions were changed as shown in the table below.
- Example 7 A light-detecting element was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a second electrode was formed by forming an ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) film having a thickness of about 100 nm on the hole transport layer by sputtering.
- ITO Indium Tin Oxide
- Example 14 A photodetector was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the photoelectric conversion layer was formed as follows.
- the quantum dot dispersion liquid 11 was dropped onto the electron transport layer and spin-coated at 2500 rpm to form a quantum dot assembly film (step 1).
- a methanol solution of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (concentration 0.1 mol/L) was dropped onto the quantum dot assembly film as a ligand solution, and then the solution was left to stand for 1 minute and spun dry at 2500 rpm.
- step 2 methanol was dropped onto the quantum dot assembly film and spun dry at 2500 rpm for 20 seconds to exchange the ligands coordinated to the quantum dots from oleic acid to 3-mercaptopropionic acid (step 2).
- the operation of step 1 and step 2 as one cycle was repeated 30 cycles to form a semiconductor film, which is a quantum dot assembly film in which the ligands were exchanged from oleic acid to mercaptopropionic acid, with a thickness of 220 nm.
- the semiconductor film was dried in a glove box for 10 hours to form a photoelectric conversion layer.
- the quantum dot dispersion liquid 11 was filtered immediately before use using a filter having a pore size of 0.2 ⁇ m (material: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)).
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- Example 1 A photodetector was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the quantum dot dispersion liquid 1 used for forming the semiconductor film was used to form the semiconductor film without being filtered.
- Comparative Example 2 A photodetector was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 7, except that the quantum dot dispersion 1 used for forming the semiconductor film was used to form the semiconductor film without being filtered.
- C The ratio of photodetection elements having a dark current of 50 nA/ cm2 or less is 30% or more and less than 50%.
- D The ratio of photodetection elements having a dark current of 50 nA/ cm2 or less is less than 30%.
- the embodiment was able to manufacture photodetectors with suppressed dark current with good yield.
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Abstract
Description
<1> 支持体上に第1の電極を形成する工程と、
波長900~1700nmの範囲に吸光度の極大吸収を有する量子ドット、配位子および溶剤を含む量子ドット分散液をフィルタろ過し、フィルタろ過した量子ドット分散液を用いて上記第1の電極上に、量子ドットを含む半導体膜を形成する工程と、
上記半導体膜上に第2の電極を形成する工程と、を含む、光検出素子の製造方法。
<2> 上記量子ドット分散液は、上記量子ドット分散液から上記溶剤と上記配位子を除いた成分中における上記量子ドットの含有量が50質量%以上である、<1>に記載の光検出素子の製造方法。
<3> 上記量子ドット分散液のフィルタろ過に用いるフィルタの孔径が0.45μm未満である、<1>または<2>に記載の光検出素子の製造方法。
<4> 上記量子ドット分散液のフィルタろ過に用いるフィルタの材質は、フッ素樹脂、ポリアミドおよびポリエチレンテレフタレートから選ばれる少なくとも1種を含む、<1>~<3>のいずれか1つに記載の光検出素子の製造方法。
<5> 上記量子ドットは、Ga、Ge、As、Se、In、Sb、Ag、TeおよびBiからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の原子を含む、<1>~<4>のいずれか1つに記載の光検出素子の製造方法。
<6> 上記配位子は無機配位子および炭素数7以下の化合物から選ばれる少なくとも1種を含む、<1>~<5>のいずれか1つに記載の光検出素子の製造方法。
<7> 上記配位子は無機配位子を含み、上記無機配位子は無機ハロゲン化物である、<1>~<6>のいずれか1つに記載の光検出素子の製造方法。
<8> 上記量子ドットの数平均粒子径が4nm以上である、<1>~<7>のいずれか1つに記載の光検出素子の製造方法。
<9> 上記半導体膜上に、スパッタリング法で上記第2の電極を形成する、<1>~<8>のいずれか1つに記載の光検出素子の製造方法。
<10> 上記第2の電極は、酸化インジウムスズを含む、<1>~<9>のいずれか1つに記載の光検出素子の製造方法。
<11> <1>~<10>のいずれか1つに記載の光検出素子の製造方法を含むイメージセンサの製造方法。
本明細書において、「~」とはその前後に記載される数値を下限値および上限値として含む意味で使用される。
本明細書における基(原子団)の表記において、置換および無置換を記していない表記は、置換基を有さない基(原子団)と共に置換基を有する基(原子団)をも包含する。例えば、「アルキル基」とは、置換基を有さないアルキル基(無置換アルキル基)のみならず、置換基を有するアルキル基(置換アルキル基)をも包含する。
本発明の光検出素子の製造方法は、
支持体上に第1の電極を形成する工程と、
波長900~1700nmの範囲に吸光度の極大吸収を有する量子ドット、配位子および溶剤を含む量子ドット分散液をフィルタろ過し、フィルタろ過した量子ドット分散液を用いて上記第1の電極上に、量子ドットを含む半導体膜を形成する工程と、
上記半導体膜上に第2の電極を形成する工程と、を含む。
第1の電極を形成する工程では、支持体上に第1の電極を形成する。
半導体膜を形成する工程では、波長900~1700nmの範囲に吸光度の極大吸収を有する量子ドット、配位子および溶剤を含む量子ドット分散液をフィルタろ過し、フィルタろ過した量子ドット分散液を用いて第1の電極上に、量子ドットを含む半導体膜を形成する。この半導体膜は、光検出素子における光電変換層として用いられる。なお、第1の電極上に後述する電荷輸送層やブロッキング層などの他の層を更に形成する場合には、これらの他の層を形成した後、他の層上に半導体膜を形成する。
また、量子ドット分散液中における量子ドットの含有量は、1~500mg/mLであることが好ましく、10~200mg/mLであることがより好ましく、20~100mg/mLであることが更に好ましい。
また、量子ドット分散液は、量子ドット分散液から溶剤と配位子を除いた成分中における量子ドットの含有量が50質量%以上であることが好ましく、60質量%以上であることがより好ましく、70質量%以上であることが更に好ましい。上限は、100質量%以下とすることができる。
また、量子ドット分散液から溶剤を除いた成分中における量子ドットと配位子との合計の含有量は、60質量%以上であることが好ましく、70質量%以上であることがより好ましく、80質量%以上であることが更に好ましい。上限は、100質量%以下とすることができる。
LA1は炭化水素基を表す。
XB3は、S、O又はNHを表し、
LB1及びLB2は、それぞれ独立して炭化水素基を表す。
XC4は、Nを表し、
LC1~LC3は、それぞれ独立して炭化水素基を表す。
また、量子ドット分散液中における配位子の含有量は、10~150mg/mLであることが好ましい。下限は、20mg/mL以上であることが好ましく、25mg/mL以上であることが更に好ましい。上限は、100mg/mL以下であることが好ましく、70mg/mL以下であることがより好ましい。
また、別の態様として、半導体膜の製造装置における量子ドット分散液の流路上または量子ドット分散液の吐出口にフィルタを設け、フィルタを通過した量子ドット分散液を用いて上記半導体膜を形成する方法が挙げられる。
第2の電極を形成する工程では、上記半導体膜上に第2の電極を形成する。なお、半導体膜上に後述する電荷輸送層やブロッキング層などの他の層を更に形成する場合には、これらの他の層を形成した後、他の層上に第2の電極を形成する。
半導体膜に凹凸が存在している場合において、第2の電極をスパッタリング法で形成した場合、半導体膜の凹凸に追従するように第2の電極が形成されやすく、暗電流がより増加しやすい。特に、酸化インジウムスズをスパッタリング法で形成した場合において、暗電流がより大きくなりやすい。しかしながら、本発明によれば、凹凸の発生の抑制された半導体膜を形成することができるので、第2の電極をスパッタリング法で形成した場合においても、暗電流の抑制された光検出素子を歩留まり良く製造することができ、本発明の効果がより顕著に発揮される。更に、第2の電極をスパッタリング法で形成することにより、緻密で導電性が高い膜が得られるという効果も得られる。特に、酸化インジウムスズをスパッタリング法で形成する場合においてこのような効果がより顕著に得られる。
本発明の光検出素子の製造方法においては、電荷輸送層を形成する工程を含んでいてもよい。電荷輸送層としては、正孔輸送層および電子輸送層が挙げられる。
本発明のイメージセンサの製造方法は、上述した光検出素子の製造方法を含む。
(C1)赤色色材と青色色材とを含有する態様。
(C2)赤色色材と青色色材と黄色色材とを含有する態様。
(C3)赤色色材と青色色材と黄色色材と紫色色材とを含有する態様。
(C4)赤色色材と青色色材と黄色色材と紫色色材と緑色色材とを含有する態様。
(C5)赤色色材と青色色材と黄色色材と緑色色材とを含有する態様。
(C6)赤色色材と青色色材と緑色色材とを含有する態様。
(C7)黄色色材と紫色色材とを含有する態様。
(1):膜の厚み方向における光の透過率の、波長400~750nmの範囲における最大値が20%以下(好ましくは15%以下、より好ましくは10%以下)で、膜の厚み方向における光の透過率の、波長900~1500nmの範囲における最小値が70%以上(好ましくは75%以上、より好ましくは80%以上)であるフィルタ層。
(2):膜の厚み方向における光の透過率の、波長400~830nmの範囲における最大値が20%以下(好ましくは15%以下、より好ましくは10%以下)で、膜の厚み方向における光の透過率の、波長1000~1500nmの範囲における最小値が70%以上(好ましくは75%以上、より好ましくは80%以上)であるフィルタ層。
(3):膜の厚み方向における光の透過率の、波長400~950nmの範囲における最大値が20%以下(好ましくは15%以下、より好ましくは10%以下)で、膜の厚み方向における光の透過率の、波長1100~1500nmの範囲における最小値が70%以上(好ましくは75%以上、より好ましくは80%以上)であるフィルタ層。
(4):膜の厚み方向における光の透過率の、波長400~1100nmの範囲における最大値が20%以下(好ましくは15%以下、より好ましくは10%以下)で、波長1400~1500nmの範囲における最小値が70%以上(好ましくは75%以上、より好ましくは80%以上)であるフィルタ層。
(5):膜の厚み方向における光の透過率の、波長400~1300nmの範囲における最大値が20%以下(好ましくは15%以下、より好ましくは10%以下)で、波長1600~2000nmの範囲における最小値が70%以上(好ましくは75%以上、より好ましくは80%以上)であるフィルタ層。
また、赤外線透過フィルタとして、特開2013-077009号公報、特開2014-130173号公報、特開2014-130338号公報、国際公開第2015/166779号、国際公開第2016/178346号、国際公開第2016/190162号、国際公開第2018/016232号、特開2016-177079号公報、特開2014-130332号公報、国際公開第2016/027798号に記載の膜を用いることができる。赤外線透過フィルタは2つ以上のフィルタを組み合わせて用いてもよく、1つのフィルタで特定の2つ以上の波長領域を透過するデュアルバンドパスフィルタを用いてもよい。
実施例及び比較例で用いた量子ドット分散液は、以下に示す量子ドットと配位子と溶剤とを含む量子ドット分散液(量子ドットの濃度100mg/mL、配位子の濃度50mg/mL(量子ドット分散液5においては、InBr330mg/mL、EDT20mg/mL)を、45℃で1か月間保管したものを用いた。なお、量子ドットの粒径の値は、量子ドットの数平均粒子径の値は、任意に選択された量子ドット10個の粒径の平均値である。
EDT:1,2-エタンジチオール
DMF:N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド
フラスコ中に1.5mmolの酢酸亜鉛二水和物と、15mLのジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)を測りとり、撹拌、溶解させることで酢酸亜鉛溶液を得た。
4mmolの塩化テトラメチルアンモニウム(TMACl)を4mLのメタノールに溶解させたTMACl溶液と、4mmolの水酸化カリウム(KOH)を4mLのメタノールに溶解させたKOH溶液を作製した。TMACl溶液を激しく撹拌しながらKOH溶液をゆっくり導入し、30分撹拌後、0.45μmのフィルタを通して不溶成分を除去して水酸化テトラメチルアンモニウム(TMAH)溶液を得た。
フラスコに入った酢酸亜鉛溶液中にTMAH溶液6mLを6mL/minの滴下速度で投入した。1時間保持した後、反応液を回収した。反応液に過剰量のアセトンを加え、10000rpmで10分間遠心分離した後、上澄みを除去し、沈殿物をメタノールに分散させた。その後、アセトンで再度沈殿させ5mLのエタノール、80μLのアミノエタノールを加え、超音波分散させることでノンドープ酸化亜鉛粒子の濃度が30mg/mLの酸化亜鉛粒子分散液を得た。
(実施例1)
石英ガラス上にスパッタリング法にて厚さ約100nmのITO(Indium Tin Oxide)膜を製膜して第1の電極層を形成した。
次いで、ITO膜(第1の電極)上に、1gの酢酸亜鉛2水和物と284μlのエタノールアミンを10mlのメトキシエタノールに溶解させた溶液を3000rpmでスピンコートした。その後200℃で30分加熱して厚さ約40nmの酸化亜鉛のゾルゲル膜を製膜した。次いで、上記ゾルゲル膜上に、酸化亜鉛粒子分散液1を滴下し、2500rpmでスピンコートし、70℃で30分加熱する工程を2回行ったのち、Jelight社製 UVO-CLEANER MODEL144AX-100を用い、30mW/cm2(波長ピーク254nm)の条件で紫外線オゾン処理を5分間行い、厚さ約130nmの酸化亜鉛の粒子膜を製膜して、電子輸送層を形成した。なお、酸化亜鉛粒子分散液は、塗布直前に、塗布に用いるピペットの筒先に孔径0.2μmのフィルタ(材質:ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE))を取り付けてフィルタろ過した。ろ過は大気下で行った。
次に、上記電子輸送層上に、量子ドット分散液1を滴下した後、1000rpmでスピンコートし、60℃で10分間乾燥させて半導体膜(量子ドット膜)を形成した。この工程を6回繰り返すことで、半導体膜を220nmの厚さで形成した。次いで、半導体膜をグローブボックス内で10時間乾燥して光電変換層を形成した。なお、量子ドット分散液1は、塗布直前に、塗布に用いるピペットの筒先に孔径0.2μmのフィルタ(材質:ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE))を取り付けてフィルタろ過した。フィルタろ過は不活性雰囲気下で行った。
半導体膜の形成に用いた量子ドット分散液の種類及びろ過条件を、下記表に示すものに変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして光検出素子を製造した。
実施例1において、正孔輸送層上にスパッタリング法にて厚さ約100nmのITO(Indium Tin Oxide)膜を形成した第2の電極を形成した以外は、実施例1と同様にして光検出素子を製造した。
光電変換層を以下の通り形成した以外は、実施例1と同様にして実施例1と同様にして光検出素子を製造した。
電子輸送層上に、量子ドット分散液11を滴下し、2500rpmでスピンコートして、量子ドット集合体膜を形成した(工程1)。次いで、この量子ドット集合体膜上に、配位子溶液として、3-メルカプトプロピオン酸のメタノール溶液(濃度0.1mol/L)を滴下した後、1分間静置し、2500rpmでスピンドライを行った。次いで、メタノールを量子ドット集合体膜上に滴下し、2500rpmで20秒間スピンドライを行うことで、量子ドットに配位している配位子を、オレイン酸から3-メルカプトプロピオン酸に配位子交換した(工程2)。工程1と工程2とを1サイクルとする操作を30サイクル繰り返し、配位子がオレイン酸からメルカプトプロピオン酸に配位子交換された量子ドット集合体膜である半導体膜を220nmの厚さで形成した。次いで、半導体膜をグローブボックス内で10時間乾燥して光電変換層を形成した。なお、量子ドット分散液11は、直前に孔径0.2μmのフィルタ(材質:ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE))を用いてろ過して用いた。
半導体膜の形成に用いた量子ドット分散液1について、ろ過をしていないものを用いて半導体膜を形成した以外は実施例1と同様にして光検出素子を製造した。
半導体膜の形成に用いた量子ドット分散液1について、ろ過をしていないものを用いて半導体膜を形成した以外は実施例7と同様にして光検出素子を製造した。
各光検出素子の100個について、半導体パラメーターアナライザ(Keysight社製、4156C)を用いて、暗電流を測定した。遮光雰囲気下で第1の電極に0V、第2の電極に-1V印加した際の素子を流れる電流を測定した。不活性雰囲気下で測定するため、測定は窒素雰囲気のグローブボックス中で行った。
A:暗電流が50nA/cm2以下である光検出素子の割合が80%以上である
B:暗電流が50nA/cm2以下である光検出素子の割合が50%以上80%未満である
C:暗電流が50nA/cm2以下である光検出素子の割合が30%以上50%未満である
D:暗電流が50nA/cm2以下である光検出素子の割合が30%未満である
Claims (11)
- 支持体上に第1の電極を形成する工程と、
波長900~1700nmの範囲に吸光度の極大吸収を有する量子ドット、配位子および溶剤を含む量子ドット分散液をフィルタろ過し、フィルタろ過した量子ドット分散液を用いて前記第1の電極上に、量子ドットを含む半導体膜を形成する工程と、
前記半導体膜上に第2の電極を形成する工程と、を含む、光検出素子の製造方法。 - 前記量子ドット分散液は、前記量子ドット分散液から前記溶剤と前記配位子を除いた成分中における前記量子ドットの含有量が50質量%以上である、請求項1に記載の光検出素子の製造方法。
- 前記量子ドット分散液のフィルタろ過に用いるフィルタの孔径が0.45μm未満である、請求項1または2に記載の光検出素子の製造方法。
- 前記量子ドット分散液のフィルタろ過に用いるフィルタの材質は、フッ素樹脂、ポリアミドおよびポリエチレンテレフタレートから選ばれる少なくとも1種を含む、請求項1または2に記載の光検出素子の製造方法。
- 前記量子ドットは、Ga、Ge、As、Se、In、Sb、Ag、TeおよびBiからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の原子を含む、請求項1または2に記載の光検出素子の製造方法。
- 前記配位子は無機配位子および炭素数7以下の化合物から選ばれる少なくとも1種を含む、請求項1または2に記載の光検出素子の製造方法。
- 前記配位子は無機配位子を含み、前記無機配位子は無機ハロゲン化物である、請求項1または2に記載の光検出素子の製造方法。
- 前記量子ドットの数平均粒子径が4nm以上である、請求項1または2に記載の光検出素子の製造方法。
- 前記半導体膜上に、スパッタリング法で前記第2の電極を形成する、請求項1または2に記載の光検出素子の製造方法。
- 前記第2の電極は、酸化インジウムスズを含む、請求項1または2に記載の光検出素子の製造方法。
- 請求項1または2に記載の光検出素子の製造方法を含むイメージセンサの製造方法。
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- 2024-01-18 JP JP2024574418A patent/JPWO2024162010A1/ja active Pending
- 2024-01-18 KR KR1020257020617A patent/KR20250112839A/ko active Pending
- 2024-01-18 EP EP24749964.3A patent/EP4661082A1/en active Pending
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| TW202435440A (zh) | 2024-09-01 |
| JPWO2024162010A1 (ja) | 2024-08-08 |
| US20250311478A1 (en) | 2025-10-02 |
| EP4661082A1 (en) | 2025-12-10 |
| KR20250112839A (ko) | 2025-07-24 |
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