WO2024029216A1 - 被覆活物質、正極材料、および電池 - Google Patents
被覆活物質、正極材料、および電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024029216A1 WO2024029216A1 PCT/JP2023/022753 JP2023022753W WO2024029216A1 WO 2024029216 A1 WO2024029216 A1 WO 2024029216A1 JP 2023022753 W JP2023022753 W JP 2023022753W WO 2024029216 A1 WO2024029216 A1 WO 2024029216A1
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- solid electrolyte
- active material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
- H01M2300/008—Halides
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to coated active materials, positive electrode materials, and batteries.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a battery using a positive electrode material in which at least a portion of the surface of the positive electrode active material is coated with an oxyhalide solid electrolyte.
- An object of the present disclosure is to provide a coated active material that can reduce the interfacial resistance of a battery.
- the coated active material of the present disclosure includes: an active material; A coated active material comprising a first solid electrolyte and a coating layer covering at least a part of the surface of the active material,
- the first solid electrolyte includes Li, M1, O, and X1
- the M1 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ta and Nb
- the X1 is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I
- the thickness of the coating layer is greater than 0 nm and less than 75 nm
- the molar ratio Li/M1 of the Li to the M1 is 0.60 or more and 2.4 or less
- the molar ratio O/X1 of the O to the X1 is 0.16 or more and 0.35 or less.
- the present disclosure can reduce the interfacial resistance of a battery.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of a coated active material in Embodiment 1.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of a positive electrode material in Embodiment 2.
- FIG. 3 is a sectional view showing a schematic configuration of a battery in Embodiment 3.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the X-ray diffraction pattern of the first solid electrolyte.
- FIG. 5 is a Nyquist diagram at 3.85V of the battery in Example 1.
- FIG. 6 is a Nyquist diagram at 3.85V of the battery in Example 2.
- FIG. 7 is a Nyquist diagram at 3.85V of the battery in Example 3.
- FIG. 8 is a Nyquist diagram at 3.85V of the battery in Comparative Example 1.
- Patent Document 1 mentions that the charging and discharging efficiency of a battery can be improved by using a positive electrode material in which at least a portion of the surface of the positive electrode active material is coated with an oxyhalide solid electrolyte.
- the present inventors found that while lithium ions are easily exchanged at the active material interface coated with an electrolyte, electron exchange is rate-limiting, resulting in an increase in the resistance of the interface and a decrease in characteristics. I found out. To solve this problem, it is necessary to optimize the coating thickness.
- the coated active material according to Embodiment 1 includes an active material and a coating layer that includes a first solid electrolyte and covers at least a portion of the surface of the active material.
- the first solid electrolyte includes Li, M1, O, and X1.
- M1 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ta and Nb.
- X1 is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I.
- the thickness of the coating layer is greater than 0 nm and less than or equal to 75 nm.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of coated active material 130 in Embodiment 1.
- Coated active material 130 in Embodiment 1 includes active material 110 and coating layer 111.
- the shape of the active material 110 is, for example, particulate.
- the coating layer 111 covers at least a portion of the surface of the active material 110.
- the covering layer 111 is a layer containing the first solid electrolyte.
- a coating layer 111 is provided on the surface of the active material 110.
- the coating layer 111 By providing the coating layer 111, lithium ions can be easily exchanged at the interface of the active material 110. Further, by setting the thickness of the coating layer 111 to 75 nm or less, the contact between the active materials 110 is improved, and electronic resistance can be reduced. In other words, the thickness of the covering layer 111 is sufficiently thin that when the coated active materials 130 are pressed together, the covering layer 111 collapses and physical contact between the active materials 110 is ensured, so that the electronic resistance can be reduced. It becomes possible. Therefore, the coated active material 130 according to the first embodiment can reduce the interfacial resistance of the battery.
- the thickness of the coating layer 111 can be determined by, for example, processing the cross section using an ion milling method and directly observing the cross section using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- the irradiation voltage is 1 kV
- the thickness can be measured by a secondary electron image or a backscattered electron image at a magnification of 50,000 times.
- the thickness can be measured at multiple arbitrary positions (for example, 4 points) for one particle, and the average value of the thicknesses measured by performing this on 10 particles can be regarded as the thickness of the coating layer 111. .
- the coating layer 111 may cover the active material 110 uniformly.
- the coating layer 111 may partially cover the surface of the active material 110.
- the particles of the active material 110 come into direct contact with each other through the portions not covered by the coating layer 111, thereby improving the electronic conductivity between the particles of the active material 110. As a result, the battery can operate at high output.
- the active material 110 and the coating layer 111 will be explained in more detail.
- the covering layer 111 covers at least a portion of the surface of the active material 110.
- the thickness of the covering layer 111 is greater than 0 nm and less than or equal to 75 nm.
- the thickness of the coating layer 111 may be 5 nm or more and 47 nm or less. According to the above, the electronic resistance can be further reduced, and the interfacial resistance of the battery can be reduced.
- the covering layer 111 includes a first solid electrolyte.
- the first solid electrolyte includes Li, M1, O, and X1.
- M1 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ta and Nb.
- X1 is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I.
- the coating layer 111 may contain the first solid electrolyte as a main component, or may contain only the first solid electrolyte.
- Main component means the component that is contained the most in mass ratio.
- Constaining only the first solid electrolyte means that no material other than the first solid electrolyte is intentionally added, except for inevitable impurities. For example, raw materials for the first solid electrolyte, by-products generated during production of the first solid electrolyte, and the like are included in the inevitable impurities.
- the ratio of the mass of unavoidable impurities to the total mass of the coating layer 111 may be 5% or less, 3% or less, 1% or less, or 0.5% or less. You can.
- the first solid electrolyte may consist essentially of Li, M1, O, and X1.
- the first solid electrolyte substantially consists of Li, M1, O, and X1 means that Li, M1, O, This means that the total molar ratio of the amounts of substances X1 and X1 is 90% or more. As an example, the molar ratio may be 95% or more.
- the first solid electrolyte has a diffraction angle of 11.05° or more and 13.86° or less in an X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by X-ray diffraction measurement using Cu-K ⁇ rays. It may also include a crystalline phase with a peak in the 2 ⁇ range.
- peak means a diffraction peak in an X-ray diffraction pattern.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern of the first solid electrolyte according to the first embodiment was determined by the ⁇ -2 ⁇ method using Cu-K ⁇ rays (wavelengths of 1.5405 ⁇ and 1.5444 ⁇ , that is, wavelengths of 0.15405 nm and 0.15444 nm). It can be obtained by X-ray diffraction measurements.
- the molar ratio Li/M1 of Li to M1 is 0.60 or more and 2.4 or less, and the molar ratio O/X1 of O to X1 is 0.16 or more and 0.35 or less. This increases lithium ion conductivity.
- the molar ratio Li/M1 is calculated by the formula: (amount of substance of Li)/(total amount of substances of Ta and Nb).
- the molar ratio O/X1 is calculated by the formula: (Amount of O)/(Total amount of F, Cl, Br, and I).
- the molar ratio Li/M1 may be 0.96 or more and 1.20 or less.
- X1 may be at least one selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I.
- X1 may be Cl.
- the molar ratio O/Cl to Cl may be 0.16 or more and 0.35 or less.
- the molar ratio of Li to M1, Li/M1, may be 0.60 or more and 2.4 or less, and the molar ratio of O to Cl, O/Cl, may be 0.16 or more and 0.35 or less. .
- the active material 110 may be a positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material includes a material that has the property of intercalating and deintercalating metal ions (for example, lithium ions).
- metal ions for example, lithium ions
- the positive electrode active material for example, lithium-containing transition metal oxides, transition metal fluorides, polyanionic materials, fluorinated polyanionic materials, transition metal sulfides, transition metal oxysulfides, transition metal oxynitrides, and the like can be used.
- lithium-containing transition metal oxides include Li(NiCoAl) O2 , Li(NiCoMn) O2 , and LiCoO2 .
- manufacturing costs can be reduced and the average discharge voltage can be increased.
- the positive electrode active material may be a composite oxide containing Ni and Co.
- a positive electrode active material having such a configuration can improve the energy density and charge/discharge efficiency of a battery.
- the active material 110 may include a reaction suppression layer made of an oxide.
- the coating layer 111 may cover at least a portion of the surface of the active material 110 including a reaction suppression layer made of an oxide.
- the reaction suppression layer is made of a Li-Nb-O compound such as LiNbO 3 , a Li-B-O compound such as LiBO 2 or Li 3 BO 3 , a Li-Al-O compound such as LiAlO 2 , or a Li-Nb-O compound such as Li 4 SiO 4 .
- Li-S-O compounds such as Li 2 SO 4 , Li-Ti-O compounds such as Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , Li-Zr-O compounds such as Li 2 ZrO 3 , Li 2 MoO Li-Mo-O compounds such as 3 , Li-V-O compounds such as LiV 2 O 5 , Li-W-O compounds such as Li 2 WO 4 , or Li-P-O compounds such as Li 3 PO4. It's okay to stay.
- the first solid electrolyte included in the covering layer 111 can be manufactured, for example, by the method described below.
- Raw material powders are prepared and mixed to have the desired composition.
- Examples of raw material powders are oxides, hydroxides, halides, or acid halides.
- the first solid electrolyte is composed of Li, Ta, O, and Cl
- Li 2 O 2 and TaCl 5 are mixed as raw material powder at a Li 2 O 2 :TaCl 5 molar ratio of 1:2. Ru.
- a mixture of raw material powders is mechanochemically reacted with each other in a mixing device such as a planetary ball mill to obtain a reactant.
- This method is often called mechanochemical milling.
- the reactants may be calcined in vacuum or in an inert atmosphere.
- the mixture may be calcined in vacuum or in an inert gas atmosphere to obtain the reactant.
- the inert atmosphere is, for example, an argon atmosphere or a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the peak position of the first solid electrolyte in the coated active material 130 according to Embodiment 1 that is, the structure of the crystal phase, can be adjusted to the desired one.
- the composition of the first solid electrolyte can be determined, for example, by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy or ion chromatography.
- the composition of Li and M1 can be determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy
- the composition of X1 can be determined by ion chromatography.
- the coated active material 130 can be manufactured, for example, by the method described below.
- Powder of active material 110 and powder of first solid electrolyte are prepared in a predetermined mass ratio.
- a powder of Li(NiCoAl)O 2 is prepared as the active material 110
- a powder of LiTaOCl 4 is prepared as the first solid electrolyte.
- These two types of materials are put into the same reaction vessel, and a shearing force is applied to the two types of materials using a rotating blade. Alternatively, the two materials may be collided by a jet stream. By applying mechanical energy, at least a portion of the surface of the positive electrode active material can be coated with the first solid electrolyte.
- the mixture Before applying mechanical energy to the mixture of the active material 110 powder and the first solid electrolyte powder, the mixture may be milled.
- a mixing device such as a ball mill can be used for the milling process.
- the milling process may be performed in a dry and inert atmosphere to suppress oxidation of the material.
- the coated active material 130 may be manufactured by a dry particle composite method.
- the treatment by the dry particle composite method includes applying at least one mechanical energy selected from the group consisting of impact, compression, and shear to the active material 110 and the first solid electrolyte.
- the active material 110 and the first solid electrolyte are mixed in an appropriate ratio.
- the device used in the method for manufacturing the coated active material 130 is not particularly limited, and may be any device that can apply mechanical energy such as impact, compression, and shear to the mixture of the active material 110 and the first solid electrolyte.
- Devices that can apply mechanical energy include ball mills, jet mills, compression shear processing devices (particle compounding devices) such as "Mechano Fusion” (manufactured by Hosokawa Micron) and "Nobilta” (manufactured by Hosokawa Micron), "hybridization systems (high-speed Airflow impact device) (manufactured by Nara Kikai Seisakusho).
- Mechanisms is a particle compositing device that uses dry mechanical compositing technology by applying strong mechanical energy to multiple different material particles.
- mechanical energy such as compression, shearing, and friction is applied to a powder raw material introduced between a rotating container and a press head, thereby creating a composite of particles.
- Nobilta is a particle compositing device that uses dry mechanical compositing technology, which is an advanced version of particle compositing technology, to perform compositing using nanoparticles as raw materials. Nobilta manufactures composite particles by applying impact, compression, and shear mechanical energy to multiple raw material powders.
- a rotor placed in a horizontal cylindrical mixing container with a predetermined gap between it and the inner wall of the mixing container rotates at high speed, forcing the raw powder to pass through the gap. This process is repeated multiple times. Thereby, composite particles of the active material 110 and the first solid electrolyte can be produced by applying impact, compression, and shearing forces to the mixture. Conditions such as rotor rotational speed, processing time, and amount of preparation can be adjusted as appropriate.
- raw material powder is dispersed in a high-speed airflow while applying a force mainly based on impact. In this way, composite particles of the active material 110 and the first solid electrolyte are produced.
- Embodiment 2 (Embodiment 2) Embodiment 2 will be described below. Descriptions that overlap with those of the first embodiment described above will be omitted as appropriate.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of positive electrode material 1000 in Embodiment 2.
- the positive electrode material 1000 in the second embodiment includes the coated active material 130 in the first embodiment and the second solid electrolyte 100.
- the shape of the second solid electrolyte 100 is, for example, particulate. According to the second solid electrolyte 100, sufficient ionic conductivity in the positive electrode material 1000 can be ensured.
- the active material 110 is separated from the second solid electrolyte 100 by a covering layer 111.
- the active material 110 does not need to be in direct contact with the second solid electrolyte 100. This is because the covering layer 111 has ion conductivity.
- the coating layer 111 may cover the active material 110 uniformly.
- the coating layer 111 suppresses direct contact between the active material 110 and the second solid electrolyte 100 and suppresses side reactions of the second solid electrolyte 100. As a result, the charging and discharging efficiency of the battery can be improved, and an increase in the reaction overvoltage of the battery can be suppressed.
- the second solid electrolyte 100 includes, for example, a material with high lithium ion conductivity.
- the second solid electrolyte 100 has high lithium ion conductivity.
- the high lithium ion conductivity is, for example, 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 mS/cm or more. That is, the second solid electrolyte 100 included in the positive electrode material 1000 in Embodiment 2 may have an ionic conductivity of, for example, 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 mS/cm or more.
- the second solid electrolyte 100 may be an oxyhalide solid electrolyte. Higher effects can be obtained by applying the technology of the present disclosure.
- the oxyhalide solid electrolyte may have the same composition as the first solid electrolyte in Embodiment 1. According to the above configuration, since the first solid electrolyte and the second solid electrolyte 100 are electrolyte materials having similar crystal phases, a good interface is formed between the first solid electrolyte and the second solid electrolyte 100. be done. Thereby, it is possible to improve the charging and discharging efficiency of the battery.
- the oxyhalide solid electrolyte may have a composition different from that of the first solid electrolyte in Embodiment 1. That is, the second solid electrolyte 100 may be an oxyhalide solid electrolyte having a composition different from that of the first solid electrolyte.
- the coating layer 111 suppresses direct contact between the active material 110 and the second solid electrolyte 100 and suppresses side reactions of the second solid electrolyte 100.
- a material with higher lithium ion conductivity can be used as the second solid electrolyte 100, so that the characteristics of the battery can be improved.
- the second solid electrolyte 100 may have higher lithium conductivity than the first solid electrolyte.
- the oxyhalide solid electrolyte contains Li, M1, M2, O, and X2, M2 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Zr, Y, La, and Al, and X2 is F, Cl, It may be at least one selected from the group consisting of Br and I.
- the second solid electrolyte 100 may substantially consist of Li, M1, M2, O, and X2.
- the second solid electrolyte 100 is substantially composed of Li, M1, M2, O, and X2" means that Li, This means that the total molar ratio of the amounts of M1, M2, O, and X2 is 90% or more. As an example, the molar ratio may be 95% or more.
- the second solid electrolyte 100 may consist of only Li, M1, M2, O, and X2.
- the oxyhalide solid electrolyte has a crystal phase having a peak in the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ range of 11.08° to 15.63° in an X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by X-ray diffraction measurement using Cu-K ⁇ rays. May be contained. That is, the second solid electrolyte 100 is a crystal that has a peak in the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ range of 11.08° to 15.63° in an X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by X-ray diffraction measurement using Cu-K ⁇ rays. It may contain phases.
- the second solid electrolyte 100 having the above configuration has high lithium ion conductivity because it easily forms a path for lithium ions to diffuse.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern of the second solid electrolyte 100 is determined by X-ray diffraction measurement using the ⁇ -2 ⁇ method using Cu-K ⁇ rays (wavelengths of 1.5405 ⁇ and 1.5444 ⁇ , that is, wavelengths of 0.15405 nm and 0.15444 nm). can be obtained by
- X2 may be at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, and Br. X2 may be at least one selected from the group consisting of Cl and Br.
- the molar ratio of M2 to the total of M1 and M2 may be greater than 0 and 0.60 or less.
- the molar ratio of M2 to the sum of M1 and M2 is calculated by the formula: (Amount of M2)/(Amount of M1 + Amount of M2).
- the molar ratio of M2 to the sum of M1 and M2 is also referred to as "M2/(M1+M2) molar ratio.”
- the molar ratio of F to X2 may be 0 or more and 0.50 or less.
- the molar ratio of F to X2 is also called "F/X2 molar ratio.”
- the molar ratio of F to X2 is calculated by the formula: (amount of F)/(sum of amounts of F, Cl, Br and I).
- the shape of the second solid electrolyte 100 is not particularly limited.
- its shape may be, for example, acicular, spherical, or ellipsoidal.
- the shape of the second solid electrolyte 100 may be particulate.
- the median diameter when the shape of the second solid electrolyte 100 is particulate (for example, spherical), the median diameter may be 100 ⁇ m or less. When the median diameter is 100 ⁇ m or less, the coated active material 130 and the second solid electrolyte 100 can form a good dispersion state in the positive electrode material 1000. Therefore, the charging and discharging characteristics of the battery are improved. In the first embodiment, the median diameter of the second solid electrolyte 100 may be 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the coated active material 130 and the second solid electrolyte 100 can form a good dispersion state.
- the median diameter of the second solid electrolyte 100 may be smaller than the median diameter of the coated active material 130.
- the second solid electrolyte 100 and the coated active material 130 can form a better dispersion state in the positive electrode material 1000.
- the median diameter of the coated active material 130 may be 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the coated active material 130 and the second solid electrolyte 100 can form a good dispersion state in the positive electrode material 1000. As a result, the charging and discharging characteristics of the battery are improved.
- the battery can operate at high output.
- the median diameter of the coated active material 130 may be larger than the median diameter of the second solid electrolyte 100. Thereby, the coated active material 130 and the second solid electrolyte 100 can form a good dispersion state.
- the median diameter means the particle diameter when the cumulative volume in the volume-based particle size distribution is equal to 50%.
- the volume-based particle size distribution is measured, for example, by a laser diffraction measurement device or an image analysis device.
- the second solid electrolyte 100 and the coated active material 130 may be in contact with each other, as shown in FIG. 2.
- the covering layer 111 and the active material 110 are in contact with each other.
- the positive electrode material 1000 in the second embodiment may include a plurality of particles of the second solid electrolyte 100 and a plurality of particles of the coated active material 130.
- the content of the second solid electrolyte 100 and the content of the coated active material 130 may be the same or different.
- the composition of the second solid electrolyte 100 can be determined, for example, by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy or ion chromatography.
- the compositions of Li, M1, and M2 can be determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy
- the composition of X2 can be determined by ion chromatography.
- a positive electrode material 1000 is obtained by mixing the coated active material 130 and the second solid electrolyte 100.
- the method of mixing coated active material 130 and second solid electrolyte 100 is not particularly limited.
- the coated active material 130 and the second solid electrolyte 100 may be mixed using a device such as a mortar, or the coated active material 130 and the second solid electrolyte 100 may be mixed using a mixing device such as a ball mill. Good too.
- the mixing ratio of coated active material 130 and second solid electrolyte 100 is not particularly limited.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of a battery 2000 in Embodiment 3.
- Battery 2000 in Embodiment 2 includes a positive electrode 201, an electrolyte layer 202, and a negative electrode 203.
- Positive electrode 201 includes the positive electrode material (for example, positive electrode material 1000) in the second embodiment described above.
- Electrolyte layer 202 is arranged between positive electrode 201 and negative electrode 203. According to the above configuration, the initial efficiency of the battery 2000 can be improved.
- v1 represents the volume ratio of the coated active material 130 when the total volume of the coated active material 130 and the second solid electrolyte 100 contained in the positive electrode 201 is set to 100.
- 30 ⁇ v1 is satisfied, sufficient energy density of the battery can be ensured.
- v1 ⁇ 98 is satisfied, the battery 2000 can more easily operate at high output.
- the thickness of the positive electrode 201 may be 10 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less. When the thickness of the positive electrode 201 is 10 ⁇ m or more, a sufficient energy density of the battery 2000 is ensured. When the thickness of the positive electrode 201 is 500 ⁇ m or less, operation at high output is possible.
- the electrolyte layer 202 is a layer containing an electrolyte.
- the electrolyte is, for example, a solid electrolyte.
- the solid electrolyte included in electrolyte layer 202 is called a third solid electrolyte. That is, the electrolyte layer 202 may include the third solid electrolyte.
- Electrolyte layer 202 may be a solid electrolyte layer.
- the third solid electrolyte may be an oxyhalide solid electrolyte.
- a solid electrolyte having the same composition or the same crystal phase as the first solid electrolyte in Embodiment 1, or a solid electrolyte having the same composition or the same crystal phase as the second solid electrolyte 100 in Embodiment 2 may also be used. That is, electrolyte layer 202 is a solid electrolyte that has the same composition or the same crystal phase as the first solid electrolyte in the first embodiment, or has the same composition or the same crystal phase as the second solid electrolyte 100 in the second embodiment. It may also contain a solid electrolyte.
- the third solid electrolyte may be an oxyhalide solid electrolyte having a composition different from that of the first solid electrolyte, or may be an oxyhalide solid electrolyte having a composition different from the second solid electrolyte 100.
- the electrolyte layer 202 may include an oxyhalide solid electrolyte having a composition different from that of the first solid electrolyte, or an oxyhalide having a composition different from that of the second solid electrolyte 100 or a different crystal phase. It may also contain a solid electrolyte.
- the third solid electrolyte may be a halide solid electrolyte.
- halide solid electrolyte The difference between a halide solid electrolyte and an oxyhalide solid electrolyte is whether or not they intentionally contain oxygen.
- the third solid electrolyte is a halide solid electrolyte
- examples of the halide solid electrolyte include Li 3 YX' 6 , Li 2 MgX' 4 , Li 2 FeX' 4 , Li(Al, Ga, In)X' 4 , and Li 3 (Al, Ga, In) X' 6 , etc. can be used.
- X' is at least one selected from the group consisting of Cl and Br.
- the third solid electrolyte may be a sulfide solid electrolyte, an oxide solid electrolyte, a polymer solid electrolyte, or a complex hydride solid electrolyte.
- the third solid electrolyte is a sulfide solid electrolyte
- examples of the sulfide solid electrolyte include Li 2 SP 2 S 5 , Li 2 S-SiS 2 , Li 2 S-B 2 S 3 , Li 2 S-GeS 2 , Li 3.25 Ge 0.25 P 0.75 S 4 , Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 and the like can be used.
- LiX, Li2O , MOq , LipMOq , etc. may be added to these.
- Element X in "LiX" is at least one element selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I.
- the element M in "MO q " and " Lip MO q " is at least one element selected from the group consisting of P, Si, Ge, B, Al, Ga, In, Fe, and Zn.
- p and q in "MO q " and " Lip MO q " are each independent natural numbers.
- the electrolyte layer 202 includes a sulfide solid electrolyte with excellent reduction stability, a low potential negative electrode material such as graphite or metallic lithium can be used, and the energy density of the battery 2000 can be improved. I can do it.
- the oxide solid electrolyte examples include a NASICON type solid electrolyte typified by LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 and its element substituted product, and a (LaLi)TiO 3 type solid electrolyte.
- Perovskite solid electrolyte represented by Li 14 ZnGe 4 O 16 , Li 4 SiO 4 , LiGeO 4 and its element substituted products
- LISICON type solid electrolyte represented by Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 and its element substituted products
- Garnet type solid electrolyte Li 3 N and its H-substituted product, Li 3 PO 4 and its N-substituted product, and Li-BO compounds such as LiBO 2 and Li 3 BO 3 as base materials, Li 2 SO 4 , glass or glass ceramics to which materials such as Li 2 CO 3 are added may be used.
- the third solid electrolyte is a polymer solid electrolyte
- a compound of a polymer compound and a lithium salt can be used as the polymer solid electrolyte.
- the polymer compound may have an ethylene oxide structure. By having an ethylene oxide structure, the polymer compound can contain a large amount of lithium salt. Therefore, the ionic conductivity can be further increased.
- Lithium salts include LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiSO 3 CF 3 , LiN(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiN(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 , LiN(SO 2 CF 3 )( SO 2 C 4 F 9 ), LiC(SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 , and the like may be used.
- the lithium salt one type of lithium salt selected from these may be used alone, or a mixture of two or more types of lithium salts selected from these may be used.
- the third solid electrolyte is a complex hydride solid electrolyte
- examples of the complex hydride solid electrolyte include LiBH 4 --LiI and LiBH 4 --P 2 S 5 .
- the electrolyte layer 202 may contain the third solid electrolyte as a main component. That is, the electrolyte layer 202 may contain, for example, 50% or more (that is, 50% or more by mass) of the third solid electrolyte in terms of mass proportion to the entire electrolyte layer 202 .
- the charging and discharging characteristics of the battery 2000 can be further improved.
- the electrolyte layer 202 may contain the third solid electrolyte in a mass proportion of 70% or more (that is, 70% by mass or more) relative to the entire electrolyte layer 202.
- the charging and discharging characteristics of the battery 2000 can be further improved.
- the electrolyte layer 202 contains the third solid electrolyte as a main component, and further contains inevitable impurities, starting materials, by-products, decomposition products, etc. used when synthesizing the third solid electrolyte. You can stay there.
- the electrolyte layer 202 may contain 100% (i.e., 100% by mass) of the third solid electrolyte in terms of mass percentage with respect to the entire electrolyte layer 202, excluding unavoidable impurities.
- the charging and discharging characteristics of the battery 2000 can be further improved.
- the electrolyte layer 202 may be composed only of the third solid electrolyte.
- electrolyte layer 202 may include two or more of the materials listed as the third solid electrolyte.
- electrolyte layer 202 may include a halide solid electrolyte and a sulfide solid electrolyte.
- the thickness of the electrolyte layer 202 may be 1 ⁇ m or more and 300 ⁇ m or less. When the thickness of the electrolyte layer 202 is 1 ⁇ m or more, the positive electrode 201 and the negative electrode 203 can be separated more reliably. Further, when the thickness of the electrolyte layer 202 is 300 ⁇ m or less, operation at high output can be realized.
- the negative electrode 203 includes a material that has the property of intercalating and deintercalating metal ions (for example, lithium ions). Negative electrode 203 includes, for example, a negative electrode active material.
- Metal materials, carbon materials, oxides, nitrides, tin compounds, silicon compounds, etc. can be used as the negative electrode active material.
- the metal material may be a single metal.
- the metal material may be an alloy.
- metal materials include lithium metal, lithium alloys, and the like.
- carbon materials include natural graphite, coke, under-graphitized carbon, carbon fiber, spherical carbon, artificial graphite, amorphous carbon, and the like. From the viewpoint of capacity density, silicon (Si), tin (Sn), a silicon compound, or a tin compound can be used.
- the negative electrode 203 may include a solid electrolyte material.
- the solid electrolyte material the solid electrolyte material exemplified as the material constituting the electrolyte layer 202 may be used. According to the above configuration, the lithium ion conductivity inside the negative electrode 203 is increased and operation at high output is possible.
- the median diameter of the negative electrode active material particles may be 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the median diameter of the negative electrode active material particles is 0.1 ⁇ m or more, the negative electrode active material particles and the solid electrolyte material can form a good dispersion state in the negative electrode. This improves the charging and discharging characteristics of the battery.
- the median diameter of the negative electrode active material particles is 100 ⁇ m or less, lithium diffusion within the negative electrode active material particles becomes faster. Therefore, the battery can operate at high output.
- the median diameter of the negative electrode active material particles may be larger than the median diameter of the solid electrolyte material. Thereby, a good dispersion state of the negative electrode active material particles and the solid electrolyte material can be formed.
- volume ratio “v2:100 ⁇ v2” of the negative electrode active material particles and solid electrolyte material contained in the negative electrode 203 30 ⁇ v2 ⁇ 95 may be satisfied.
- 30 ⁇ v2 sufficient energy density of the battery can be ensured.
- v2 ⁇ 95 operation at high output can be realized.
- the thickness of the negative electrode 203 may be 10 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less. When the thickness of the negative electrode 203 is 10 ⁇ m or more, sufficient energy density of the battery can be ensured. Further, when the thickness of the negative electrode 203 is 500 ⁇ m or less, high output operation can be realized.
- At least one selected from the positive electrode 201, the electrolyte layer 202, and the negative electrode 203 may contain a binder for the purpose of improving adhesion between particles.
- the binder is used to improve the binding properties of the materials constituting the electrode.
- a binder polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, aramid resin, polyamide, polyimide, polyamideimide, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid methyl ester, polyacrylic acid ethyl ester, polyacrylic acid, etc.
- Acrylic acid hexyl ester polymethacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid methyl ester, polymethacrylic acid ethyl ester, polymethacrylic acid hexyl ester, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyether, polyether sulfone, hexafluoropolypropylene, styrene butadiene rubber, Examples include carboxymethylcellulose.
- binder tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, vinylidene fluoride, chlorotrifluoroethylene, ethylene, propylene, pentafluoropropylene, fluoromethyl vinyl ether, acrylic acid, and A copolymer of two or more materials selected from the group consisting of hexadiene may be used. Moreover, two or more selected from these may be mixed and used as a binder.
- At least one selected from the positive electrode 201 and the negative electrode 203 may contain a conductive additive for the purpose of increasing electronic conductivity.
- conductive aids include graphites such as natural graphite or artificial graphite, carbon blacks such as acetylene black and Ketjen black, conductive fibers such as carbon fibers or metal fibers, carbon fluoride, and metal powders such as aluminum.
- conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide or potassium titanate, conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide, conductive polymer compounds such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, and the like.
- the battery in Embodiment 3 can be configured as a battery in various shapes, such as a coin shape, a cylindrical shape, a square shape, a sheet shape, a button shape, a flat shape, and a stacked type.
- the first solid electrolyte includes Li, M1, O, and X1,
- the M1 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ta and Nb
- the X1 is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I
- the thickness of the coating layer is greater than 0 nm and 75 nm or less
- the molar ratio Li/M1 of the Li to the M1 is 0.60 or more and 2.4 or less
- the molar ratio of the O to the X1 is O/X1 is 0.16 or more and 0.35 or less
- Coated active material Coated active material.
- This configuration facilitates the exchange of lithium ions at the active material interface. Further, by setting the thickness of the coating layer to 75 nm, the contact between active materials is improved, and electronic resistance can be reduced. Therefore, the interfacial resistance of the battery can be reduced. Furthermore, with this configuration, a crystal phase with high lithium ion conductivity is likely to be formed in the first solid electrolyte, so that the first solid electrolyte has higher lithium ion conductivity. Therefore, the coated active material of Technology 1 can improve battery characteristics.
- the first solid electrolyte has a crystal phase in which a peak exists in a diffraction angle 2 ⁇ range of 11.05° to 13.86° in an X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by X-ray diffraction measurement using Cu-K ⁇ rays.
- the coated active material according to technique 1 or 2 comprising: With this configuration, a path for lithium ions to diffuse in the first solid electrolyte is easily formed, so that the first solid electrolyte has high lithium ion conductivity. Therefore, the coated active material of technology 3 can improve battery properties.
- the coated active material according to any one of techniques 1 to 4, wherein X1 is Cl.
- the coated active material of technology 5 can improve battery properties.
- a positive electrode material comprising: a second solid electrolyte.
- the oxyhalide solid electrolyte includes Li, M1, M2, O and X2, M2 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Zr, Y, La, and Al, and X2 is F, Cl , Br, and I, the positive electrode material according to any one of Techniques 10 to 12. Since a path for lithium ions to diffuse is easily formed in the second solid electrolyte, the second solid electrolyte has high lithium ion conductivity. Therefore, the characteristics of the battery can be improved.
- the oxyhalide solid electrolyte is a crystal having a peak in a diffraction angle 2 ⁇ range of 11.08° or more and 15.63° or less in an X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by X-ray diffraction measurement using Cu-K ⁇ rays.
- the positive electrode material according to any one of Techniques 10 to 13, containing a phase. In this configuration, since the second solid electrolyte has high lithium ion conductivity, the characteristics of the battery can be improved.
- a positive electrode comprising the positive electrode material according to any one of Techniques 9 to 17; a negative electrode; An electrolyte layer disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- Example 1 [Preparation of first solid electrolyte and second solid electrolyte]
- raw material powders Li 2 O 2 and TaCl 5 were weighed so that the molar ratio of Li 2 O 2 :TaCl 5 was 1:2.
- the resulting mixture was milled using a planetary ball mill (manufactured by Fritsch, P-7 type) at 600 rpm for 12 hours.
- the powder was treated at 200° C. for 3 hours to obtain powders of the first solid electrolyte and the second solid electrolyte according to Example 1, which were made of Li, Ta, O, and Cl. That is, the first solid electrolyte and the second solid electrolyte were materials having the same composition.
- the composition of the obtained solid electrolyte is shown here in terms of the charging ratio.
- the molar ratio of Li to Ta, Li/Ta was 1.0
- the molar ratio of O to Cl, O/Cl was 0.22.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern of the first solid electrolyte according to Example 1 was measured by the ⁇ -2 ⁇ method using an X-ray diffraction device (Rigaku, MiniFlex 600) in a dry environment with a dew point of ⁇ 50° C. or lower. Cu-K ⁇ radiation (wavelengths 1.5405 ⁇ and 1.5444 ⁇ ) was used as the X-ray source.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the X-ray diffraction pattern of the first solid electrolyte. In the first solid electrolyte, a peak was confirmed in the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ range of 11.05° or more and 13.86° or less. Since the second solid electrolyte is a material made in the same manner as the first solid electrolyte and has the same composition, it exhibits a similar X-ray diffraction pattern.
- metal Li thinness: 200 ⁇ m
- a laminate consisting of a positive electrode, a solid electrolyte layer, and a negative electrode was produced.
- a battery was produced by using an insulating ferrule to isolate and seal the inside of the insulating outer cylinder from the outside atmosphere.
- the battery was placed in a constant temperature bath at 25°C.
- Constant current charging was performed to a voltage of 4.3 V at a current value of 80 ⁇ A, which was a 0.05 C rate (20 hour rate) with respect to the theoretical capacity of the battery, and the battery was paused for 30 minutes. Thereafter, constant current discharge was performed to a voltage of 2.5 V at a current value of 80 ⁇ A at a rate of 0.05 C (20 hour rate), and the battery was paused for 30 min.
- the voltage amplitude was ⁇ 10 mV, and the frequency was 10 7 to 10 ⁇ 2 Hz. Note that an electrochemical measurement system manufactured by Solartron was used for the measurement.
- FIG. 5 is a Nyquist diagram at 3.85V of the battery in Example 1.
- FIG. 6 is a Nyquist diagram at 3.85V of the battery in Example 2.
- FIG. 7 is a Nyquist diagram at 3.85V of the battery in Example 3.
- FIG. 8 is a Nyquist diagram at 3.85V of the battery in Comparative Example 1.
- the horizontal and vertical axes of FIGS. 5 to 8 represent the real part of impedance and the imaginary part of impedance, respectively.
- Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Example 1 were obtained by assigning the semicircular arc waveform represented in the Nyquist diagram to the resistance component with the positive electrode and the resistance component with metal Li, which is the negative electrode, and performing curve fitting analysis. The interfacial resistance value with the positive electrode was calculated for each.
- Table 1 shows the ratio of each interfacial resistance value of Examples 1 to 3, when the interfacial resistance value of Comparative Example 1 is set to 100.
- the battery of the present disclosure can be used, for example, as an all-solid lithium secondary battery.
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Abstract
Description
活物質と、
第1固体電解質を含み、前記活物質の表面の少なくとも一部を被覆する被覆層と、を備えた被覆活物質であって、
前記第1固体電解質は、Li、M1、O、およびX1を含み、
前記M1は、TaおよびNbからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つであり、
前記X1は、F、Cl、Br、およびIからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つであり、
前記被覆層の厚みは、0nmより大きく、かつ75nm以下であり、
前記M1に対する前記Liのモル比Li/M1は、0.60以上かつ2.4以下であり、前記X1に対する前記Oのモル比O/X1は、0.16以上かつ0.35以下である。
特許文献1では、正極活物質の表面の少なくとも一部をオキシハロゲン化物固体電解質で被覆した正極材料を用いることにより、電池の充放電効率を向上できると言及されている。
実施の形態1による被覆活物質は、活物質と、第1固体電解質を含み、前記活物質の表面の少なくとも一部を被覆する被覆層と、を備える。第1固体電解質は、Li、M1、O、およびX1を含む。M1は、TaおよびNbからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つである。X1は、F、Cl、Br、およびIからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つである。被覆層の厚みは、0nmより大きく、かつ75nm以下である。
被覆層111は、活物質110の表面の少なくとも一部を被覆する。被覆層111の厚みは、0nmより大きく、かつ75nm以下である。
活物質110は、正極活物質であってもよい。
被覆層111に含まれる第1固体電解質は、例えば、下記の方法により、製造されうる。
被覆活物質130は、例えば、下記の方法により製造されうる。
以下、実施の形態2が説明される。上述の実施の形態1と重複する説明は、適宜、省略される。
被覆活物質130と第2固体電解質100とを混合することによって、正極材料1000が得られる。被覆活物質130と第2固体電解質100とを混合する方法は特に限定さない。例えば、乳鉢などの器具を用いて被覆活物質130と第2固体電解質100とを混合してもよく、ボールミルなどの混合装置を用いて被覆活物質130と第2固体電解質100とを混合してもよい。被覆活物質130と第2固体電解質100との混合比率は特に限定されない。
図3は、実施の形態3における電池2000の概略構成を示す断面図である。
(付記)
以上の実施形態の記載により、下記の技術が開示される。
活物質と、
第1固体電解質を含み、前記活物質の表面の少なくとも一部を被覆する被覆層と、を備えた被覆活物質であって、
前記第1固体電解質は、Li、M1、O、およびX1を含み、
前記M1は、TaおよびNbからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つであり、
前記X1は、F、Cl、Br、およびIからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つであり、
前記被覆層の厚みは、0nmより大きく、かつ75nm以下であり、前記M1に対する前記Liのモル比Li/M1は、0.60以上かつ2.4以下であり、前記X1に対する前記Oのモル比O/X1は、0.16以上かつ0.35以下である、
被覆活物質。
前記厚みは、5nm以上かつ47nm以下である、技術1に記載の被覆活物質。この構成によって、活物質界面におけるリチウムイオンの授受が容易となる。また、被覆層の厚みを5nm以上かつ47nm以下とすることで活物質間の接触性が向上し、電子抵抗の低減が可能となる。そのため、技術2の被覆活物質は電池の界面抵抗を低減することができる。
前記第1固体電解質は、Cu-Kα線を用いたX線回折測定によって得られるX線回折パターンにおいて、11.05°以上13.86°以下の回折角2θの範囲にピークが存在する結晶相を含む、技術1または2に記載の被覆活物質。この構成によって、第1固体電解質においてリチウムイオンが拡散するための経路が形成されやすいため、第1固体電解質が高いリチウムイオン伝導度を有する。したがって、技術3の被覆活物質は電池の特性を向上させ得る。
前記モル比Li/M1は、0.96以上かつ1.20以下である、技術1に記載の被覆活物質。この構成によって、第1固体電解質においてリチウムイオン伝導度の高い結晶相がより形成されやすいため、第1固体電解質がより高いリチウムイオン伝導度を有する。したがって、技術4の被覆活物質は電池の特性を向上させ得る。
X1は、Clである、技術1から4のいずれか1項に記載の被覆活物質。技術5の被覆活物質は電池の特性を向上させ得る。
前記活物質は、正極活物質である、技術1から5のいずれか1項に記載の被覆活物質。この構成によって、電池のエネルギー密度および充放電効率を向上させることができる。
前記正極活物質は、NiおよびCoを含む複合酸化物である、技術6に記載の被覆活物質。この構成によって、電池のエネルギー密度および充放電効率を向上させることができる。
前記正極活物質は、酸化物からなる反応抑制層を備える、技術6または7に記載の被覆活物質。この構成によって、被覆層に含まれる第1固体電解質の酸化を抑制することができる。そのため、技術7の被覆活物質は電池の特性を向上させ得る。
技術6から8のいずれか1項に記載の被覆活物質と、
第2固体電解質と、を備える、正極材料。
前記第2固体電解質は、オキシハロゲン化物固体電解質である、技術9に記載の正極材料。この構成によって、電池の充放電効率を向上できる。
前記オキシハロゲン化物固体電解質は、前記第1固体電解質と同じ組成を有する、技術10に記載の正極材料。この構成によって、第1固体電解質と第2固体電解質との間に良好な界面が形成される。そのため、電池の充放電効率を向上できる。
前記オキシハロゲン化物固体電解質は、前記第1固体電解質と異なる組成を有する、技術10に記載の正極材料。この構成によれば、第2固体電解質としてより高いリチウムイオン伝導性が高い材料を使用でき得る。そのため、電池の特性を向上させ得る。
前記オキシハロゲン化物固体電解質は、Li、M1、M2、OおよびX2を含み、M2は、Zr、Y、La、およびAlからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つであり、X2は、F、Cl、Br、およびIなる群より選択される少なくとも1つである、技術10から12のいずれか1項に記載の正極材料。第2固体電解質においてリチウムイオンが拡散するための経路が形成されやすいため、第2固体電解質が高いリチウムイオン伝導度を有する。そのため、電池の特性を向上させ得る。
前記オキシハロゲン化物固体電解質は、Cu-Kα線を用いたX線回折測定によって得られるX線回折パターンにおいて、11.08°以上かつ15.63°以下の回折角2θの範囲にピークを有する結晶相を含有する、技術10から13のいずれか1項に記載の正極材料。この構成では第2固体電解質が高いリチウムイオン伝導度を有するため、電池の特性を向上させ得る。
前記X2は、ClおよびBrからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つである、技術13に記載の正極材料。この構成によって、第2固体電解質のイオン伝導度を高めることができるため、電池の特性を向上させ得る。
前記M1および前記M2の合計に対する前記M2のモル比は、0より大きく、かつ0.60以下である、技術13または15に記載の正極材料。この構成によって、第2固体電解質の電気化学安定性を高めることができるため、電池の特性を向上させ得る。
前記X2に対するFのモル比が、0以上かつ0.50以下である、技術13、15、および16のいずれか1項に記載の正極材料。この構成によって、第2固体電解質のイオン伝導度を高めることができるため、電池の特性を向上させ得る。
技術9から技術17のいずれか1項に記載の正極材料を含む正極と、
負極と、
前記正極および前記負極の間に配置された電解質層と、を備える、電池。
[第1固体電解質および第2固体電解質の作製]
露点-60℃以下のアルゴン雰囲気中で、原料粉であるLi2O2、およびTaCl5を、モル比でLi2O2:TaCl5=1:2となるように秤量した。その後、遊星ボールミル(フリッチュ社製、P-7型)を用い、12時間、600rpmの条件で得られた混合物をミリング処理した。さらに、200℃で3時間処理して、Li、Ta、O、およびClからなる実施例1による第1固体電解質および第2固体電解質の粉末を得た。すなわち、第1固体電解質および第2固体電解質は互いに同じ組成を有する材料であった。
露点-60℃以下のアルゴン雰囲気中で、正極活物質であるLi(NiCoAl)O2(以下、NCAと表記する)と、実施例1による第1固体電解質との体積比率が、100:1となるように秤量した。これらの材料を乾式粒子複合化装置ノビルタ(ホソカワミクロン製)に投入し、3000rpm、60分間の条件で複合化処理を実施することで、第1固体電解質からなる被覆層を正極活物質の粒子の表面上に形成した。これにより、実施例1による被覆活物質が作製された。
露点-60℃以下のアルゴン雰囲気中で、実施例1による被覆活物質と第2固体電解質とを、質量比率が被覆活物質:第2固体電解質=77.68:24.32となるように秤量した。これらの材料を乳鉢で混合することで、実施例1による正極材料が作製された。
[被覆活物質の作製]
NCAと第1固体電解質との体積比率を、NCA:第1固体電解質=100:5としたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、実施例2による被覆活物質が作製された。
露点-60℃以下のアルゴン雰囲気中で、実施例2による被覆活物質と第2固体電解質とを、質量比率が被覆活物質:第2固体電解質=78.12:21.88となるように秤量した。これらの材料を乳鉢で混合することで、実施例2による正極材料が作製された。
[被覆活物質の作製]
NCAと第1固体電解質との体積比率を、NCA:第1固体電解質=100:10としたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、実施例3による被覆活物質が作製された。
露点-60℃以下のアルゴン雰囲気中で、実施例3による被覆活物質と第2固体電解質とを、質量比率が被覆活物質:第2固体電解質=81.45:18.55となるように秤量した。これらの材料を乳鉢で混合することで、実施例3による正極材料が作製された。
比較例1では、正極活物質における被覆層の作製を実施しなかった。すなわち、被覆層を形成していないNCAおよび第2固体電解質を、NCA:第2固体電解質=74.91:25.09となるように秤量し、これらの材料を乳鉢で混合することで、比較例1の正極材料を得た。
上述の実施例1から3の被覆活物質を用いて、被覆層の厚み測定を行った。被覆活物質と金属粉を混合しペレット化したのちイオンミリングより断面処理を実施した。被覆層の厚みは、1粒子に対して任意の複数の位置(4点)でSEMにより測定された。これを10粒子に対して実施し、測定された厚みの平均値を被覆層の厚みとした。照射電圧は1kV、倍率50000倍の二次電子像から厚み測定した。
上述の実施例1から3および比較例1の正極材料を用いて、下記の工程を実施した。
上述の実施例1から3および比較例1の電池をそれぞれ用いて、以下の条件で、充電試験が実施された。
表1に示す実施例1から3および比較例1の結果から、被覆層の厚みが12nmで抵抗値が最小となり、厚みが増すとともに界面抵抗が増加していくことが分かる。被覆により活物質と電解質との接着性が維持され、Liの挿入脱離の抵抗が低減したと推察される。さらに、薄く被覆することで活物質間および活物質と導電助剤との接触性が向上し、結果として界面抵抗が比較例1に対して最大で18.8%まで低下した。
1000 正極材料
100 第2固体電解質
110 活物質
111 被覆層
2000 電池
201 正極
202 電解質層
203 負極
Claims (18)
- 活物質と、
第1固体電解質を含み、前記活物質の表面の少なくとも一部を被覆する被覆層と、を備えた被覆活物質であって、
前記第1固体電解質は、Li、M1、O、およびX1を含み、
前記M1は、TaおよびNbからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つであり、
前記X1は、F、Cl、Br、およびIからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つであり、
前記被覆層の厚みは、0nmより大きく、かつ75nm以下であり、
前記M1に対する前記Liのモル比Li/M1は、0.60以上かつ2.4以下であり、
前記X1に対する前記Oのモル比O/X1は、0.16以上かつ0.35以下である、被覆活物質。 - 前記厚みは、5nm以上かつ47nm以下である、
請求項1に記載の被覆活物質。 - 前記第1固体電解質は、Cu-Kα線を用いたX線回折測定によって得られるX線回折パターンにおいて、11.05°以上かつ13.86°以下の回折角2θの範囲にピークが存在する結晶相を含む、
請求項1に記載の被覆活物質。 - 前記モル比Li/M1は、0.96以上かつ1.20以下である、
請求項1に記載の被覆活物質。 - 前記X1は、Clである、
請求項1に記載の被覆活物質。 - 前記活物質は、正極活物質である、
請求項1に記載の被覆活物質。 - 前記正極活物質は、NiおよびCoを含む複合酸化物である、
請求項6に記載の被覆活物質。 - 前記正極活物質は、酸化物からなる反応抑制層を備える、
請求項6に記載の被覆活物質。 - 請求項6に記載の被覆活物質と、
第2固体電解質と、
を備える、
正極材料。 - 前記第2固体電解質は、オキシハロゲン化物固体電解質である、
請求項9に記載の正極材料。 - 前記オキシハロゲン化物固体電解質は、前記第1固体電解質と同じ組成を有する、
請求項10に記載の正極材料。 - 前記オキシハロゲン化物固体電解質は、前記第1固体電解質と異なる組成を有する、
請求項10に記載の正極材料。 - 前記オキシハロゲン化物固体電解質は、Li、M1、M2、OおよびX2を含み、
M2は、Zr、Y、La、およびAlからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つであり、
X2は、F、Cl、BrおよびIからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つである、
請求項10に記載の正極材料。 - 前記オキシハロゲン化物固体電解質は、Cu-Kα線を用いたX線回折測定によって得られるX線回折パターンにおいて、11.08°以上かつ15.63°以下の回折角2θの範囲にピークを有する結晶相を含有する、
請求項13に記載の正極材料。 - 前記X2は、ClおよびBrからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つである、
請求項13に記載の正極材料。 - 前記M1および前記M2の合計に対する前記M2のモル比は、0より大きく、かつ0.60以下である、
請求項13に記載の正極材料。 - 前記X2に対するFのモル比が、0以上かつ0.50以下である、
請求項13に記載の正極材料。 - 請求項9から17のいずれか一項に記載の正極材料を含む正極と、
負極と、
前記正極および前記負極の間に配置される電解質層と、
を備える、
電池。
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