WO2024024772A1 - 非水電解質二次電池電極用バインダー - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池電極用バインダー Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024024772A1 WO2024024772A1 PCT/JP2023/027156 JP2023027156W WO2024024772A1 WO 2024024772 A1 WO2024024772 A1 WO 2024024772A1 JP 2023027156 W JP2023027156 W JP 2023027156W WO 2024024772 A1 WO2024024772 A1 WO 2024024772A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
- H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
- C08F220/04—Acids; Metal salts or ammonium salts thereof
- C08F220/06—Acrylic acid; Methacrylic acid; Metal salts or ammonium salts thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present specification relates to a binder that can be used in nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries such as lithium ion secondary batteries.
- electrodes of nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries such as lithium ion secondary batteries are made of a composition for forming an electrode mixture layer containing an active material, a binder, etc. (hereinafter also referred to as an electrode mixture layer composition). It is manufactured by coating and drying on a current collector.
- Silicon-based active materials are increasingly being used as negative electrode active materials for the purpose of increasing the electrical capacity of lithium ion secondary batteries.
- silicon-based active materials have a large volume change during charging and discharging, which tends to cause the negative electrode mixture layer to peel or fall off, resulting in a decrease in battery capacity and deterioration of cycle characteristics. Therefore, it has been reported that acrylic acid-based polymers with excellent binding properties are effective in suppressing such disadvantages in the negative electrode mixture layer (Patent Documents 1 and 2).
- Patent Document 1 discloses a binder containing a crosslinked acrylic acid polymer in which polyacrylic acid is crosslinked with a specific crosslinking agent. It is disclosed that even when an active material containing silicon is used, the electrode structure exhibits good cycle characteristics without being destroyed.
- Patent Document 2 describes a water-soluble polymer containing a structural unit derived from an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylate monomer and a structural unit derived from a highly hydrophilic ethylenically unsaturated monomer that does not contain carboxylic acid.
- a water-based electrode binder for secondary batteries is disclosed.
- the binders disclosed in Patent Documents 1 and 2 can suppress peeling of the active material from the current collector due to improved binding performance.
- the degree of electrode expansion the expansion of the electrode after repeated charging and discharging
- Such an increase in the degree of expansion of the electrode causes a large change in the electrode structure, which increases the number of conductive paths being cut, and thus causes a decrease in cycle characteristics.
- the coating performance that allows the electrode slurry containing the binder to be stably and uniformly supplied to the current collector etc. has a great influence on the productivity and battery performance of the secondary battery.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a binder for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery electrodes that also has excellent coating properties.
- the present inventors have determined the particle size and swelling degree in an aqueous medium (hereinafter referred to as "water swelling degree”) under predetermined conditions regarding the binder used for binding active materials, etc. ).
- water swelling degree a particle size and swelling degree in an aqueous medium
- controlling the particle size and water swelling degree of a binder containing a crosslinked polymer or its salt under certain conditions can contribute to suppressing the degree of electrode expansion after charging that accompanies charge/discharge cycles. Ta.
- this can simultaneously contribute to improved cycle characteristics and coatability. According to the present disclosure, the following means are provided based on such knowledge.
- a binder for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery electrode comprising a crosslinked polymer containing a carboxyl group or a salt thereof,
- the crosslinked polymer or its salt has a particle size measured in an acetonitrile medium of 0.60 ⁇ m or more and 1.0 ⁇ m or less in volume-based median diameter, and a water swelling degree of 25 or more and 40 or less at pH 8. , binder for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery electrodes.
- the crosslinked polymer or its salt contains 60% by mass or more and 99.9% by mass or less of the first structural unit derived from an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer or its salt, and contains nitrogen-containing ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer or its salt.
- the crosslinked polymer or its salt is a crosslinked polymer obtained by polymerizing a monomer composition containing a non-crosslinkable monomer and a crosslinkable monomer, [1] to [ 3], the binder for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery electrodes.
- the crosslinked polymer or its salt has a particle size of 0.75 ⁇ m or more and 0.95 ⁇ m or less, a water swelling degree of 27.9 or more and 36.8 or less, and a neutralization degree of 80 mol. % or more of a lithium salt, the binder for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery electrode according to any one of [1] to [6].
- the crosslinked polymer or its salt contains 70% by mass or more and 99% by mass or less of the first structural unit derived from an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer or its salt, and contains a nitrogen-containing ethylenically unsaturated monomer. 1% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less of a second structural unit derived from a polymer,
- the binder for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery electrode according to any one of [1] to [7], wherein the second structural unit includes a structural unit derived from acryloylmorpholine.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising a negative electrode comprising the binder for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery electrodes according to any one of [1] to [8], a positive electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the binder for secondary battery electrodes (hereinafter also simply referred to as binder) disclosed herein includes a crosslinked polymer containing a carboxyl group or a salt thereof.
- binder By having a predetermined particle size and a predetermined degree of water swelling under specific conditions, the binder can suppress the degree of electrode swelling of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery. Therefore, the cycle characteristics of the secondary battery can be improved.
- the binder can cause the electrode mixture layer composition to exhibit excellent coating properties. Therefore, it is possible to contribute to stable battery performance and to improve the productivity of secondary battery electrodes and secondary batteries.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an apparatus used for measuring the degree of water swelling of a crosslinked polymer or a salt thereof.
- the binder disclosed herein contains a crosslinked polymer containing a carboxyl group or a salt thereof.
- the binder is generally mixed with an active material and water to form a slurry that can be applied to a current collector as an electrode mixture layer composition.
- the crosslinked polymer or its salt has a predetermined particle size in an acetonitrile medium and a water swelling degree at pH 8 that is controlled. Therefore, the degree of electrode expansion after charging and discharging can be suppressed, and as a result, it can contribute to excellent cycle characteristics. Furthermore, it can contribute to excellent coating properties.
- the binder disclosed in this specification has an expansion suppressing ability that can suppress the degree of electrode expansion in the binder itself. Therefore, the structure of the secondary battery case may be simplified or its strength may be reduced.
- the particle size and water swelling degree can be good indicators of the electrode swelling suppressing ability and coating performance, as described below. According to the inventors, it has been found that when the particle size and water swelling degree are each too small, the electrode swelling degree decreases, and when each of these becomes too large, the electrode swelling degree decreases.
- a crosslinked polymer or its salt that satisfies these indicators it is possible to exhibit good adhesion and followability with active materials such as silicon-based active materials that have large expansion and contraction properties in the electrode mixture layer. Conceivable. This is thought to be able to suppress collapse of the electrode structure due to expansion and contraction of the active material during charging and discharging, thereby contributing to suppressing the degree of electrode expansion.
- coating properties are also excellently improved. This is considered to indicate that these indicators are also excellent in the dispersibility of the active material and other components in the electrode mixture layer composition.
- (meth)acrylic means acrylic and/or methacryl
- (meth)acrylate means acrylate and/or methacrylate
- (meth)acryloyl group means an acryloyl group and/or a methacryloyl group.
- the binder disclosed herein can include a crosslinked polymer containing carboxyl groups or a salt thereof.
- the particle size and water swelling degree of the crosslinked polymer or its salt will be explained below, and the structural units of the crosslinked polymer will be explained later.
- the crosslinked polymer or its salt has a volume-based median particle size measured in an acetonitrile medium of, for example, 0.60 ⁇ m or more and 1.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the particle size is within this range, the degree of electrode expansion can be effectively suppressed, thereby suppressing deterioration of cycle characteristics in some cases.
- the particle size is less than 0.60 ⁇ m, the degree of electrode expansion tends to increase, and when the particle size exceeds 1.0 ⁇ m, the degree of electrode expansion also tends to increase.
- the lower limit of the particle size is, for example, 0.62 ⁇ m, for example, 0.65 ⁇ m, for example, 0.66 ⁇ m, for example, 0.67 ⁇ m, and for example, 0.68 ⁇ m, Also, for example, it is 0.69 ⁇ m, for example, 0.70 ⁇ m, for example, 0.71 ⁇ m, for example, 0.72 ⁇ m, for example, 0.73 ⁇ m, and for example, 0. For example, it is 74 ⁇ m, for example, 0.75 ⁇ m, for example, 0.76 ⁇ m, for example, 0.77 ⁇ m, and for example, 0.78 ⁇ m.
- the upper limit of the particle size may also be, for example, 0.99 ⁇ m, or, for example, 0.97 ⁇ m, or, for example, 0.95 ⁇ m, or, for example, 0.93 ⁇ m, or, for example, 0.91 ⁇ m. , and for example, 0.89 ⁇ m.
- the particle size range can be arbitrarily selected from the lower and upper limits described above, and is, for example, 0.65 ⁇ m or more and 1.0 ⁇ m or less, and, for example, 0.75 ⁇ m or more and 1.0 ⁇ m or less, and For example, it is 0.75 ⁇ m or more and 0.99 ⁇ m or less, for example, 0.75 ⁇ m or more and 0.95 ⁇ m or less, and for example, 0.76 ⁇ m or more and 0.95 ⁇ m or less.
- the particle size in an acetonitrile medium is intended to be the particle size of the crosslinked polymer or its salt in a state that is not substantially swollen with water.
- the particle size distribution of this dispersion liquid was measured using a laser diffraction/scattering type particle size distribution analyzer (Microtrac MT-3300EXII, manufactured by Microtrac Bell Co., Ltd.) using the above-mentioned acetonitrile as a dispersion medium. Appropriate scattered light intensity was obtained by injecting 0.05 mL of the dispersion liquid into a place where an excess amount of the dispersion medium was being circulated. Thereafter, as soon as it is confirmed that the particle size distribution shape is stable several minutes later, the particle size distribution is measured and the volume-based median diameter (D50) is obtained as a representative value of the particle size.
- D50 volume-based median diameter
- the degree of electrode expansion is the ratio (%) of the increase in the thickness of the negative electrode when it is brought into a charged state again after charging and discharging under predetermined conditions, with respect to the thickness of the negative electrode before charging and discharging.
- the negative electrode expands during charging and contracts during discharging, but by repeating charging and discharging, the electrode expands from the initial stage and has the same thickness as the negative electrode during charging.
- the number of times of charging and discharging and the charging and discharging conditions are appropriately set depending on the battery.
- the number of times of charging and discharging can be set in the range of several times to 5,000 times.
- the thickness of the negative electrode can be measured with a contact micrometer. A specific example of a method for measuring the degree of electrode expansion is disclosed in Examples.
- the composition, structure, etc. of the crosslinked polymer or its salt based on the composition, etc. in the Examples of this specification, as well as the common general knowledge at the time of filing of this application, so that particles in an acetonitrile medium can be
- the diameter can be adjusted.
- the particle size may be increased by introducing a second structural unit, which will be described later.
- the particle size can sometimes be increased by increasing the initial monomer concentration during polymerization.
- the water swelling degree of the crosslinked polymer or its salt at pH 8 is, for example, 25.0 or more and 40.0 or less. Within this range, the coating properties on the current collector and the adhesion of the binder to the current collector can be satisfied at the same time. If the degree of water swelling is less than 25.0, the above-mentioned adhesion may decrease and the cycle characteristics may deteriorate, and if the degree of water swelling exceeds 40.0, the coatability may decrease. be.
- the degree of water swelling refers to the dry mass of the crosslinked polymer or its salt, "(WA) g", and the water absorbed when the crosslinked polymer or its salt is saturated and swollen with water at pH 8. is calculated based on the following calculation formula (2) from the amount "(WB)g".
- Water swelling degree ⁇ (WA) + (WB) ⁇ /(WA) (2)
- the lower limit of the water swelling degree at pH 8 is, for example, 25.5, for example, 26.0, and for example, 27.0, from the viewpoint of electrode swelling degree, coating property, etc. 27.5, for example 27.9, for example 28.0, for example 28.5, for example 28.9, for example 29.0 , and for example, 29.2.
- the upper limit of the water swelling degree is, for example, 39.0, for example, 38.7, for example, 38.5, from the viewpoint of electrode swelling degree, coating property, adhesion, etc. , 38.0, for example 37.5, for example 37.0, for example 36.8, for example 36.5, for example 36.0 Yes, for example, 35.5, for example, 35.0, and for example, 34.6.
- the range of water swelling degree can be arbitrarily selected from the lower limit and upper limit described above, and is, for example, 25.0 or more and 39.0 or less, and, for example, 27.5 or more and 37.4 or less, For example, it is 28.5 or more and 37.4 or less, and for example, it is 29.0 or more and 35.0 or less. Further, for example, it is 27.9 or more and 36.8 or less, for example 28.5 or more and 36.8 or less, and for example 29.2 or more and 36.8 or less.
- the degree of water swelling at pH 8 can be obtained by measuring the degree of water swelling of the crosslinked polymer or its salt in water at pH 8.
- the water having a pH of 8 for example, ion-exchanged water can be used, and the pH value may be adjusted using an appropriate acid or alkali, or a buffer solution, etc., as necessary.
- the measurement is performed at 25 ⁇ 5°C. Specific examples of methods for measuring the degree of water swelling are disclosed in the Examples.
- the degree of water swelling can be adjusted by changing the amount of the second structural unit introduced later, and in general, the degree of water swelling can be improved by introducing such a structural unit.
- the degree of water swelling may generally be increased.
- the degree of water swelling can sometimes be increased by increasing the initial monomer concentration during polymerization.
- the degree of water swelling can be adjusted by controlling the addition timing and addition method of the monomer from which the second structural unit described below is derived. There are cases.
- the crosslinked polymer or its salt may include a first structural unit derived from an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer and a second structural unit derived from a nitrogen-containing ethylenically unsaturated monomer. can.
- the crosslinked polymer or its salt can have a first structural unit (hereinafter also referred to as "component (a)") derived from an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer.
- component (a) a first structural unit derived from an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer.
- the above component (a) can be introduced into a crosslinked polymer or a salt thereof, for example, by polymerizing an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer or a salt thereof.
- it can also be obtained by (co)polymerizing a (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer and then hydrolyzing it.
- it may be treated with a strong alkali, or a method may be used in which a polymer having a hydroxyl group is reacted with an acid anhydride.
- Ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomers include (meth)acrylamide alkyls such as (meth)acrylic acid, itaconic acid, crotonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, (meth)acrylamidohexanoic acid; (meth)acrylamide dodecanoic acid; Ethylenically unsaturated monomers having a carboxyl group such as carboxylic acid, succinic acid monohydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, ⁇ -carboxy-caprolactone mono(meth)acrylate, ⁇ -carboxyethyl (meth)acrylate, or their (parts) ) Alkali neutralized products may be mentioned, and one type of these may be used alone or two or more types may be used in combination.
- acrylic acid is particularly preferable because a polymer with a long primary chain length can be obtained due to a high polymerization rate, and the adhesion of the binder is good.
- acrylic acid is used as the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer, a polymer with a high carboxyl group content can be obtained.
- the content of component (a) in the crosslinked polymer or its salt is not particularly limited, but for example, 60% by mass or more based on the total structural units derived from the non-crosslinkable monomer of the crosslinked polymer, It can contain up to 99.9% by mass. By containing component (a) in this range, excellent adhesion to the current collector can be easily ensured.
- the lower limit is, for example, 65% by mass, and also, for example, 70% by mass, and also, for example, 75% by mass, and also, for example, 80% by mass, and also, for example, 85% by mass, and for example, It is 90% by weight, for example 95% by weight, for example 98% by weight, for example 98.5% by weight, and for example 99% by weight.
- the upper limit is, for example, 99.8% by mass, for example, 99.5% by mass, for example, 99% by mass, for example, 98% by mass, and for example, 98.5% by mass.
- Mass% The range can be a combination of these lower and upper limits, for example, from 70% by mass to 99.9% by mass, and from 70% by mass to 99% by mass, and for example, the content is 80% by mass or more and 99% by mass or less, and for example, 85% by mass or more and 99% by mass or less.
- component (a) in the crosslinked polymer or its salt can be determined from the amount of monomer charged during production of the crosslinked polymer.
- the crosslinked polymer or its salt can have, in addition to component (a), a second structural unit derived from nitrogen-containing ethylenically unsaturated (hereinafter also referred to as "component (b)").
- component (b) a second structural unit derived from nitrogen-containing ethylenically unsaturated
- component (b) a second structural unit derived from nitrogen-containing ethylenically unsaturated
- Component (b) may include, for example, one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of monomers represented by the following formula (1) together with the monomer from which the first structural unit is derived. It can be introduced into a crosslinked polymer or a salt thereof by polymerization.
- CH2 C( R1 ) CONR2R3 ( 1)
- R 1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group
- R 2 and R 3 each represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a hydroxyalkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or are linked represents an oxygen-containing cyclic saturated hydrocarbon group containing a nitrogen atom in formula (1) or a cyclic saturated hydrocarbon group containing the nitrogen atom.
- R 1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group
- R 2 and R 3 each represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a hydroxyalkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or are
- the monomer represented by the above formula (1) is a (meth)acrylamide derivative.
- the alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms for R 2 and R 3 may be linear or branched.
- R 2 and R 3 include, for example, each independently a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, and a tert-butyl group.
- Examples of the hydroxyalkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms for R 2 and R 3 include the aforementioned hydroxyalkyl groups in which the terminal of the alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is a hydroxyl group, such as hydroxymethyl group, hydroxyethyl group, etc. group, hydroxypropyl group, hydroxybutyl group, etc.
- the oxygen-containing cyclic saturated hydrocarbon group that is connected and contains a nitrogen atom in formula (1), which R 2 and R 3 represent, is a 5- to 7-membered oxygen-containing cyclic saturated hydrocarbon group that contains a nitrogen atom.
- Examples include hydrogen groups.
- Such a cyclic saturated hydrocarbon group includes a morpholino group and the like.
- the cyclic saturated hydrocarbon group that is connected and contains a nitrogen atom in formula (1), which R 2 and R 3 represent is a 5- to 7-membered cyclic saturated hydrocarbon group that contains a nitrogen atom. Examples include piperidino groups.
- R 2 and R 3 are both alkyl groups, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N,N-diethyl(meth)acrylamide, N,N-di-n - N,N-dialkyl (meth)acrylamide such as propyl (meth)acrylamide; when one of R 2 and R 3 is a hydrogen atom and the other is an alkyl group, N-methyl (meth)acrylamide, N- Examples include N-alkyl (meth)acrylamide such as ethyl (meth)acrylamide, and when one of R 2 and R 3 is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group and the other is a hydroxyalkyl group, N-hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylamide, N-hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylamide, such as N-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylamide, N-hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylamide, N-methyl-N-hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylamide, and N-
- examples include N-hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylamides such as meth)acrylamide and hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylamide.
- a compound having an acryloyl group as a polymerizable functional group is preferable because a polymer with a long primary chain length can be obtained due to a high polymerization rate, and the adhesion of the binder is good. For this reason, acryloylmorpholine, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, and N-hydroxyethylacrylamide may be suitable.
- the content of component (b) in the crosslinked polymer or its salt is not particularly limited, but for example, 0.1% by mass based on the total structural units derived from the non-crosslinkable monomer of the crosslinked polymer. It can contain up to 40% by mass. By containing component (b) in this range, the electrode mixture layer composition can exhibit good coating properties while suppressing the degree of electrode expansion.
- the upper limit is, for example, 35% by mass, and also, for example, 30% by mass, and also, for example, 25% by mass, and also, for example, 20% by mass, and also, for example, 15% by mass, and also, for example, 10% by mass, Also, for example, it is 5% by mass, for example 2% by mass, for example 1.5% by mass, and for example 1% by mass.
- the lower limit is, for example, 0.2% by mass, further, for example, 0.5% by mass, further, for example, 1% by mass, and further, for example, 1.5% by mass.
- the range can be a combination of these lower and upper limits, for example, 0.1% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less, or 1% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less, and for example 1% by mass.
- the content is 20% by mass or less, and for example 1% by mass or more and 15% by mass or less.
- component (b) in the crosslinked polymer or its salt can be determined from the amount of monomer charged at the time of producing the crosslinked polymer.
- this crosslinked polymer contains structural units derived from other specifically crosslinkable ethylenically unsaturated monomers copolymerizable with these components (hereinafter referred to as “component (c)”). ”) can be included.
- component (c) for example, an ethylenically unsaturated monomer compound having an anionic group other than a carboxyl group such as a sulfonic acid group and a phosphoric acid group, or a nonionic ethylenic monomer compound other than the component (b). Examples include structural units derived from saturated monomers and the like.
- component (b) is ethylenically unsaturated monomer compounds having anionic groups other than carboxyl groups such as sulfonic acid groups and phosphoric acid groups, or nonionic ethylenically unsaturated monomers other than component (b). It can be introduced by copolymerizing a monomer containing a monomer.
- component (c) is preferably a structural unit derived from a nonionic ethylenically unsaturated monomer from the viewpoint of obtaining an electrode with good bending resistance, and from the viewpoint of excellent binder adhesion.
- (Meth)acrylamide and its derivatives, nitrile group-containing ethylenically unsaturated monomers, and the like are preferred.
- component (c) when a structural unit derived from a hydrophobic ethylenically unsaturated monomer having a solubility in water of 1 g/100 ml or less is introduced as component (c), it can have a strong interaction with the electrode material. It can exhibit good adhesion to the active material. This is preferable because it is possible to obtain a solid electrode mixture layer with good integrity.
- structural units derived from ethylenically unsaturated monomers containing an alicyclic structure are preferred.
- the proportion of component (c) can be 0% by mass or more and 49.5% by mass or less based on all structural units derived from non-crosslinkable monomers of the crosslinked polymer.
- the proportion of the component may be 1% by mass or more and 40% by mass or less, 2% by mass or more and 40% by mass or less, and 2% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less. It may be 5% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less.
- the component (c) when the component (c) is contained in an amount of 1% by mass or more based on all the non-crosslinkable structural units of the crosslinked polymer, the affinity for the electrolytic solution is improved, and therefore the lithium ion conductivity is also improved. You can expect it.
- the content of component (c) in the crosslinked polymer or its salt can be determined from the amount of monomer charged during production of the crosslinked polymer.
- Examples of (meth)acrylamide derivatives include N-alkoxyalkyl (meth)acrylamide having an alkoxyalkyl group having 5 or more carbon atoms, such as N-n-butoxymethyl (meth)acrylamide and N-isobutoxymethyl (meth)acrylamide.
- nitrile group-containing ethylenically unsaturated monomer examples include (meth)acrylic nitrile; (meth)acrylic acid cyanoalkyl ester compounds such as cyanomethyl (meth)acrylate and cyanoethyl (meth)acrylate; 4-cyanostyrene; , cyano group-containing unsaturated aromatic compounds such as 4-cyano- ⁇ -methylstyrene; vinylidene cyanide, etc.; one of these may be used alone, or two or more may be used in combination. May be used.
- Examples of the ethylenically unsaturated monomer containing an alicyclic structure include cyclopentyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, methylcyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, t-butylcyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, and ) (meth)acrylic acid cycloalkyl esters optionally having aliphatic substituents such as cyclodecyl acrylate and cyclododecyl (meth)acrylate; (meth)isobornyl acrylate, adamantyl (meth)acrylate, (meth)acrylic acid cycloalkyl ester; ) Dicyclopentenyl acrylate, dicyclopentenyloxyethyl (meth)acrylate, dicyclopentanyl (meth)acrylate, and cyclohexanedimethanol mono(meth)acrylate and cyclodecane dimethanol
- Examples include cycloalkyl polyalcohol mono(meth)acrylate, and one type of these may be used alone or two or more types may be used in combination.
- compounds having an acryloyl group as a polymerizable functional group are preferable because a polymer with a long primary chain length can be obtained due to a high polymerization rate, and the adhesion of the binder is good.
- (meth)acrylic esters may be used as other nonionic ethylenically unsaturated monomers.
- (meth)acrylic esters include methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, butyl (meth)acrylate, isobutyl (meth)acrylate, and 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate.
- Meth)acrylic acid alkyl ester compounds aromatic (meth)acrylic acid ester compounds such as phenyl (meth)acrylate, phenylmethyl (meth)acrylate, phenylethyl (meth)acrylate; 2-methoxy (meth)acrylate (meth)acrylic acid alkoxyalkyl ester compounds such as ethyl and 2-ethoxyethyl (meth)acrylate; etc., and one type of these may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination. May be used. From the viewpoint of adhesion with the active material and cycle characteristics, aromatic (meth)acrylic acid ester compounds can be preferably used.
- compounds having an ether bond such as (meth)acrylic acid alkoxyalkyl ester compounds are preferred, and 2-methoxyethyl (meth)acrylate is more preferred.
- nonionic ethylenically unsaturated monomers compounds having an acryloyl group are preferred because they have a fast polymerization rate, yielding a polymer with a long primary chain length, and provide good binder adhesion.
- a compound having a homopolymer glass transition temperature (Tg) of 0° C. or lower is preferable because the resulting electrode has good bending resistance.
- the crosslinking method for the crosslinked polymer disclosed in this specification is not particularly limited, and examples include embodiments using the following method. 1) Copolymerization of crosslinkable monomers 2) Utilizing chain transfer to polymer chains during radical polymerization 3) After synthesizing a polymer having a reactive functional group, add a crosslinking agent as necessary to perform post-crosslinking Since the polymer has a crosslinked structure, a binder containing the polymer or a salt thereof can have excellent adhesion.
- a method based on copolymerization of a crosslinkable monomer is preferable because the operation is simple and the degree of crosslinking can be easily controlled.
- crosslinkable monomers include polyfunctional polymerizable monomers having two or more polymerizable unsaturated groups, and monomers having crosslinkable functional groups capable of self-crosslinking such as hydrolyzable silyl groups. Can be mentioned.
- the above-mentioned polyfunctional polymerizable monomer is a compound having two or more polymerizable functional groups such as a (meth)acryloyl group and an alkenyl group in the molecule, and includes a polyfunctional (meth)acrylate compound, a polyfunctional alkenyl compound, ( Examples include compounds having both a meth)acryloyl group and an alkenyl group. These compounds may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Among these, polyfunctional alkenyl compounds may be preferable because they can easily obtain a uniform crosslinked structure, and polyfunctional allyl ether compounds having two or more allyl ether groups in the molecule may be particularly preferable.
- the polyfunctional polymerizable monomer has, in addition to the alkenyl group or allyl group, a hydroxyl group such as a hydroxyl group derived from a trimethylolpropane skeleton.
- polyfunctional (meth)acrylate compounds include ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, propylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, polyethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, and polypropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate.
- Di(meth)acrylates of dihydric alcohols such as meth)acrylate; trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, tri(meth)acrylate modified with trimethylolpropane ethylene oxide, glycerin tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tri( Poly(meth)acrylates such as tri(meth)acrylates and tetra(meth)acrylates of trivalent or higher polyhydric alcohols such as meth)acrylates and pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylates; poly(meth)acrylates such as methylenebisacrylamide and hydroxyethylenebisacrylamide; Bisamides and the like can be mentioned.
- polyfunctional alkenyl compounds include polyfunctional allyl ether compounds such as trimethylolpropane diallyl ether, trimethylolpropane triallyl ether, pentaerythritol diallyl ether, pentaerythritol triallyl ether, tetraallyloxyethane, and polyallyl sucrose; diallyl phthalate, etc. and polyfunctional vinyl compounds such as divinylbenzene.
- Compounds having both a (meth)acryloyl group and an alkenyl group include allyl (meth)acrylate, isopropenyl (meth)acrylate, butenyl (meth)acrylate, pentenyl (meth)acrylate, and (meth)acrylic acid. Examples include 2-(2-vinyloxyethoxy)ethyl.
- the monomer having a crosslinkable functional group capable of self-crosslinking include hydrolyzable silyl group-containing vinyl monomers, N-methoxyalkyl (meth)acrylamide, and the like. These compounds can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the hydrolyzable silyl group-containing vinyl monomer is not particularly limited as long as it is a vinyl monomer having at least one hydrolyzable silyl group.
- vinylsilanes such as vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinylmethyldimethoxysilane, and vinyldimethylmethoxysilane
- silyls such as trimethoxysilylpropyl acrylate, triethoxysilylpropyl acrylate, and methyldimethoxysilylpropyl acrylate.
- Group-containing acrylic esters silyl group-containing methacrylic esters such as trimethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate, triethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate, methyldimethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate, and dimethylmethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate; trimethoxysilylpropyl vinyl ether, etc.
- Examples include silyl group-containing vinyl ethers; silyl group-containing vinyl esters such as vinyl trimethoxysilyl undecanoate.
- the amount of the crosslinkable monomer used is the same as that of monomers other than the crosslinkable monomer (also referred to as a non-crosslinkable monomer composition).
- the amount is 0.1 mol % or more and 1.0 mol % or less based on the total amount (total molar amount) of .). Within this range, it is easy to obtain good electrode expansion and coating properties.
- the above usage amount is, for example, 0.1 mol% or more and 0.8 mol% or less, further, for example, 0.2 mol% or more and 0.8 mol% or less, and also, for example, 0.1 mol% or more and 0.7 mol%. % or less, and for example, more preferably 0.2 mol% or more and 0.7 mol% or less.
- Acid groups such as carboxyl groups derived from ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomers possessed by the crosslinked polymer may be unneutralized and free, or they may be partially or completely neutralized with a base. There may be.
- the crosslinked polymer is preferably used in the form of a salt in which at least a portion of the acid groups are neutralized.
- the types of salts are not particularly limited, but include alkali metal salts such as lithium, sodium, and potassium; alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium salts and barium salts; other metal salts such as magnesium salts and aluminum salts; ammonium salts and organic salts. Examples include amine salts. Among these, alkali metal salts such as lithium and magnesium salts are preferable, from the viewpoint that they are less likely to adversely affect battery characteristics, alkali metal salts are more preferable, and lithium salts may be even more preferable.
- the degree of neutralization of the salt of the crosslinked polymer is, for example, 20 mol% or more and 100 mol% or less.
- the lower limit of the degree of neutralization is also, for example, 50 mol%, further, for example, 60 mol%, further, for example, 70 mol%, and also, for example, 80 mol%.
- the upper limit is, for example, 99 mol%, 95 mol%, or 90 mol%.
- the range can be a combination of these lower and upper limits, for example, 70 mol% or more and 90 mol% or less, or 80 mol% or more and 90 mol% or less, and for example, 90 mol%. It may be preferable.
- the degree of neutralization is 20 mol % or more because the water swelling properties are good and the polymer particles are less likely to cause secondary aggregation (or are easy to disintegrate in an aqueous medium even if secondary aggregation occurs).
- Crosslinked polymers or their salts can be produced using known polymerization methods such as solution polymerization, precipitation polymerization, suspension polymerization, and emulsion polymerization. suspension polymerization) is preferred. Heterogeneous polymerization methods such as precipitation polymerization, suspension polymerization, and emulsion polymerization are preferred from the standpoint of obtaining better performance in terms of adhesion and the like, and among these, precipitation polymerization is more preferred.
- Precipitation polymerization is a method for producing a polymer by carrying out a polymerization reaction in a solvent that dissolves the raw material unsaturated monomer but does not substantially dissolve the resulting polymer.
- Dispersion stabilizers can also be used to control the particle size of the polymer.
- the above-mentioned secondary aggregation can also be suppressed by selecting a dispersion stabilizer, a polymerization solvent, etc.
- precipitation polymerization in which secondary aggregation is suppressed is also called dispersion polymerization.
- the polymerization solvent can be selected from water, various organic solvents, etc., taking into consideration the type of monomer used. In order to obtain a polymer with a longer primary chain length, it is preferable to use a solvent with a small chain transfer constant.
- Precipitation polymerization or dispersion polymerization is a polymerization method in which polymer chains precipitated from the medium are stacked on the surface of the primary particles as the polymerization progresses. Therefore, those skilled in the art can appropriately control the polymer composition of particles by adding or feeding constituent monomers during the polymerization reaction. As a result, the degree of water swelling can be controlled. For example, polymerization may be started for the monomer from which the first structural unit is derived and the monomer from which the second structural unit is derived, or initially, polymerization is performed for only one of them. Then, it is possible to perform polymerization by adding the other monomer all at once or continuously or intermittently.
- Specific polymerization solvents that can be used in precipitation polymerization and dispersion polymerization include water-soluble solvents such as methanol, t-butyl alcohol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran, as well as benzene, ethyl acetate, dichloroethane, n-hexane, and cyclohexane. and n-heptane, and one type of these can be used alone or two or more types can be used in combination. Alternatively, it may be used as a mixed solvent of these and water.
- a water-soluble solvent refers to a solvent having a solubility in water at 20° C.
- a highly polar solvent is preferably water.
- the amount of water used (moisture amount) relative to the total mass of the polymerization reaction solution is selected from the viewpoint of improving the polymerization rate and adjusting the primary chain length.
- the polymerization rate increases when water is added, making it easier to obtain a polymer with a long primary chain length.
- the lower limit of the water content is 3000 ppm by mass (hereinafter simply referred to as ppm), for example, 3300 ppm, for example 4000 ppm, for example 5000 ppm, and for example 6000 ppm. .
- the upper limit of the water content is 15,000 ppm, for example, 12,000 ppm, for example, 10,000 ppm, for example, 9,600 ppm, for example, 8,000 ppm, and for example, 7,000 ppm.
- the range of water content can be set by arbitrarily selecting the lower and upper limits described above, and can be set, for example, from 3000 ppm to 15000 ppm, or from 3000 ppm to 9000 ppm.
- a monomer composition in which the monomer from which the first structural unit described above is derived and the monomer from which the second structural unit is derived are used in the ratios already explained. can be used.
- the monomer composition can also contain crosslinkable monomers in the manner already indicated.
- the concentration of the monomer in the polymerization reaction solution in the polymerization step is generally in the range of about 2% by mass to 40% by mass.
- the lower limit of the concentration is, for example, 5% by weight, for example, 10% by weight, for example, 15% by weight, for example, 17% by weight, and for example, 20% by weight.
- the upper limit is, for example, 40% by mass, further, for example, 34% by mass, further, for example, 30% by mass, and further, for example, 25% by mass.
- the range of the same concentration can be a range that combines these lower and upper limits as appropriate, and is, for example, 10% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less, and also, for example, 15% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less, and For example, it is 16% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less, and for example, 20% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less.
- “monomer concentration” refers to the concentration of the total mass of non-crosslinking monomers used for polymerization with respect to the mass of the entire reaction solution.
- the crosslinked polymer may be produced by carrying out a polymerization reaction in the presence of a basic compound.
- a basic compound By carrying out the polymerization reaction in the presence of a basic compound, the polymerization reaction can be carried out stably even under conditions of high monomer concentration.
- the base compound is a so-called alkaline compound, and either an inorganic base compound or an organic base compound may be used.
- the polymerization reaction By carrying out the polymerization reaction in the presence of a basic compound, the polymerization reaction can be carried out stably even under conditions of a high monomer concentration, for example, exceeding 15% by mass.
- the polymer obtained by polymerization at such a high monomer concentration has a high molecular weight (because the primary chain length is long) and therefore has excellent adhesion.
- Examples of the inorganic base compound as a basic compound include alkali metal hydroxides such as lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide, and alkaline earth metal hydroxides such as calcium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide. One or more of these can be used.
- Examples of the organic base compound include ammonia and organic amine compounds, and one or more of these can be used. Among these, organic amine compounds are preferred from the viewpoint of polymerization stability and adhesion of the binder containing the resulting crosslinked polymer or its salt.
- organic amine compounds include monomethylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, monoethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, monobutylamine, dibutylamine, tributylamine, monohexylamine, dihexylamine, trihexylamine, trioctylamine, and tridodecylamine.
- N-alkyl substituted amines such as monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, propanolamine, dimethylethanolamine and N,N-dimethylethanolamine; (alkyl)alkanolamines such as pyridine, piperidine, piperazine, 1,8- Cyclic amines such as bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene, morpholine, and diazabicycloundecene (DBU); diethylenetriamine, N,N-dimethylbenzylamine, and one or more of these can be used. .
- alkyl substituted amines such as monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, propanolamine, dimethylethanolamine and N,N-dimethylethanolamine
- (alkyl)alkanolamines such as pyridine, piperidine, piperazine, 1,8- Cyclic amines such as bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene, morpholine, and diazabicyclound
- C/N the value expressed as the ratio of the number of carbon atoms to the number of nitrogen atoms present in the organic amine compound, the higher the polymerization stabilization effect due to the steric repulsion effect.
- the above C/N value is preferably 3 or more, more preferably 5 or more, still more preferably 10 or more, and still more preferably 20 or more.
- the amount of the basic compound used is preferably in the range of 0.001 mol% or more and 4.0 mol% or less based on the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer. If the amount of the basic compound used is within this range, the polymerization reaction can be carried out smoothly.
- the amount used may be 0.05 mol% or more and 4.0 mol% or less, 0.1 mol% or more and 4.0 mol% or less, and 0.1 mol% or more and 3.0 mol%. % or less, or from 0.1 mol% to 2.0 mol%.
- the amount of the basic compound used represents the molar concentration of the basic compound used with respect to the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer, and does not mean the degree of neutralization. That is, the valence of the basic compound used is not considered.
- polymerization initiator known polymerization initiators such as azo compounds, organic peroxides, and inorganic peroxides can be used, but are not particularly limited.
- the usage conditions can be adjusted by known methods such as thermal initiation, redox initiation using a reducing agent, UV initiation, etc. so that an appropriate amount of radicals is generated.
- thermal initiation thermal initiation
- redox initiation using a reducing agent
- UV initiation etc.
- azo compounds examples include 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), 2,2'-azobis(N-butyl-2-methylpropionamide), 2-(tert-butylazo)-2 -Cyanopropane, 2,2'-azobis(2,4,4-trimethylpentane), 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropane), etc., and one or more of these are used. be able to.
- organic peroxides examples include 2,2-bis(4,4-di-t-butylperoxycyclohexyl)propane (manufactured by NOF Corporation, trade name "Pertetra A”), 1,1-di(t- hexylperoxy)cyclohexane (“PerhexaHC”), 1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)cyclohexane (“PerhexaC”), n-butyl-4,4-di(t-butylperoxy) valerate (“Perhexa V”), 2,2-di(t-butylperoxy)butane ("Perhexa 22"), t-butyl hydroperoxide ("Perbutyl H”), cumene hydroperoxide ("Perhexa 22"), Manufactured by Yusha, trade name "Perocta H”), 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl hydroperoxide (“Perocta H”), t-butyl
- inorganic peroxides examples include potassium persulfate, sodium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, and the like. Further, in the case of redox initiation, sodium sulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, ascorbic acid, sulfur dioxide gas (SO 2 ), ferrous sulfate, etc. can be used as a reducing agent.
- the preferred amount of the polymerization initiator used is, for example, 0.001 parts by mass or more and 2 parts by mass or less, and for example, 0.005 parts by mass, when the total amount of non-crosslinkable monomers used is 100 parts by mass. It is not less than 1 part by mass, and for example not less than 0.01 part by mass and not more than 0.5 part by mass. If the amount of the polymerization initiator used is 0.001 parts by mass or more, the polymerization reaction can be carried out stably, and if it is 2 parts by mass or less, it is easy to obtain a polymer with a long primary chain length.
- the polymerization temperature depends on conditions such as the type and concentration of the monomer used, but for example, it may be preferably 0°C or more and 100°C or less, and, for example, it may be preferably 20°C or more and 80°C or less, Further, for example, the temperature may be preferably 40° C. or more and 80° C. or less, further, 40° C. or more and 70° C. or less, and, for example, 50° C. or more and 60° C. or less. When the temperature is 20° C. or higher and 80° C. or lower, it is easy to obtain a crosslinked polymer having the intended particle size and water swelling degree.
- the polymerization temperature may be constant or may vary during the polymerization reaction. Further, the polymerization time is preferably 1 minute to 20 hours, more preferably 1 hour to 15 hours.
- the crosslinked polymer dispersion obtained through the polymerization step is subjected to reduced pressure and/or heat treatment in the drying step to remove the solvent, thereby obtaining the desired crosslinked polymer in powder form.
- a solid-liquid separation process such as centrifugation and filtration is carried out following the polymerization process before the drying process. It is preferable to include a washing step using methanol, the same solvent as the polymerization solvent, or the like.
- a polymerization reaction of a monomer composition containing an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer is carried out in the presence of a basic compound.
- a basic compound containing an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer
- the solvent may be removed in a drying step.
- an alkali compound is added when preparing the electrode mixture layer composition to neutralize the polymer (hereinafter referred to as "post-neutralization”). (also called “neutralization”).
- post-neutralization also called “neutralization”
- process neutralization is preferable because secondary aggregates tend to break up more easily.
- the electrode mixture layer composition disclosed herein includes a binder containing a crosslinked polymer or a salt thereof, an active material, and water.
- the amount of the crosslinked polymer or its salt used in the electrode mixture layer composition is, for example, 0.1 parts by mass or more and 20 parts by mass or less, based on 100 parts by mass of the total solid content.
- the amount used is, for example, 0.2 parts by mass or more and 10 parts by mass or less, for example 0.3 parts by mass or more and 8 parts by mass or less, and for example 0.4 parts by mass or more and 5 parts by mass or less. , and for example, 0.5 parts by mass or more and 2 parts by mass or less.
- the amount of the crosslinked polymer or its salt used is less than 0.1 part by mass, sufficient electrode expansion suppressing effect, adhesion to the current collector, and good coating properties may not be obtained. Further, the dispersion stability of the active material etc. may become insufficient, and the uniformity of the formed mixture layer may deteriorate.
- the amount of the crosslinked polymer and its salt exceeds 20 parts by mass, the electrode mixture layer composition may have a high viscosity and the coatability to the current collector may be reduced. As a result, bumps and unevenness may occur in the resulting mixture layer, which may adversely affect electrode characteristics.
- Cross-linked polymers or their salts exhibit a sufficiently high electrode expansion suppressing effect even in small amounts (for example, 5% by mass or less) based on the solid content, and because they contain carboxy anions, they have low interfacial resistance and excellent high-rate properties. A good electrode can be obtained.
- Examples of negative electrode active materials include carbon-based materials, lithium metal, lithium alloys, metal oxides, and the like, and one or more of these can be used in combination.
- active materials made of carbon-based materials such as natural graphite, artificial graphite, hard carbon, and soft carbon (hereinafter also referred to as "carbon-based active materials") are preferred, and graphites such as natural graphite and artificial graphite, and Hard carbon is more preferred.
- carbon-based active materials such as natural graphite, artificial graphite, hard carbon, and soft carbon
- graphites such as natural graphite and artificial graphite, and Hard carbon is more preferred.
- spheroidized graphite is preferably used from the viewpoint of battery performance, and the preferable particle size range is, for example, 1 to 20 ⁇ m, and further, for example, 5 to 15 ⁇ m.
- metals or metal oxides capable of absorbing lithium such as silicon or tin
- silicon has a higher capacity than graphite
- active materials made of silicon-based materials such as silicon, silicon alloys, and silicon oxides such as silicon monoxide (SiO) (hereinafter also referred to as "silicon-based active materials”) ) can be used.
- silicon-based active material has a high capacity, it has a large volume change due to charging and discharging. For this reason, it is preferable to use it in combination with the above carbon-based active material.
- the amount of the silicon active material used is preferably 2% by mass or more and 80% by mass or less based on the total amount of the carbon-based active material and the silicon-based active material.
- the amount of silicon-based active material used may be 2% by mass or more and 60% by mass or less, 2% by mass or more and 40% by mass or less, or 2% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less.
- the carbon-based active material itself has good electrical conductivity, it is not necessarily necessary to add a conductive additive.
- the amount used is, for example, 10% by mass or less, and, for example, 5% by mass or less, based on the total amount of active material from the viewpoint of energy density. It is.
- a lithium salt of a transition metal oxide can be used, and for example, layered rock salt type and spinel type lithium-containing metal oxides can be used.
- examples of spinel type positive electrode active materials include lithium manganate and the like.
- oxides, phosphates, silicates, sulfur, etc. are used, and examples of the phosphates include olivine-type lithium iron phosphate.
- the positive electrode active material one of the above materials may be used alone, or two or more materials may be used in combination as a mixture or a composite.
- the amount of unneutralized or partially neutralized crosslinked polymer used should be such that the amount of unneutralized carboxyl groups in the crosslinked polymer is equal to or more than the amount of alkali eluted from the active material. is preferred.
- conductive aids include carbon-based materials such as carbon black, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, graphite fine powder, and carbon fibers. Among these, carbon black, carbon nanotubes, and carbon fibers are preferred because they are easy to obtain excellent conductivity. , is preferable. Moreover, as carbon black, Ketjen black and acetylene black are preferable.
- the conductive aids may be used alone or in combination of two or more. The amount of the conductive aid used can be, for example, 0.2 to 20 parts by mass, based on 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the active material, from the viewpoint of achieving both conductivity and energy density. The amount can be 2 to 10 parts by mass. Further, the positive electrode active material may be surface-coated with a conductive carbon material.
- the amount of active material used is, for example, 10% by mass or more and 75% by mass or less based on the total amount of the electrode mixture layer composition. If the amount of active material used is 10% by mass or more, migration of the binder and the like can be suppressed. On the other hand, if it is 75% by mass or less, the fluidity and coatability of the electrode mixture layer composition can be ensured, and a uniform mixture layer can be formed. In addition, since it is advantageous in terms of drying cost of the medium, the amount of active material used is, for example, 30% by mass or more, for example, 40% by mass or more, and, for example, 45% by mass or more, Further, for example, it is 50% by mass or more.
- the amount of active material used in the electrode mixture layer composition is, for example, 80 parts by mass or more, for example, 85 parts by mass or more, and for example, 90 parts by mass, based on 100 parts by mass of the total solid content. or more, and for example, 95 parts by mass or more. Also, for example, it is 99 parts by mass or less, for example, 98 parts by mass or less, and for example, 97 parts by mass or less.
- the electrode mixture layer composition uses water as a medium.
- lower alcohols such as methanol and ethanol
- carbonates such as ethylene carbonate
- ketones such as acetone, tetrahydrofuran, N-methylpyrrolidone, etc.
- a mixed solvent with a water-soluble organic solvent may also be used.
- the proportion of water in the mixed medium is, for example, 50% by mass or more, and for example, 70% by mass or more.
- the content of the water-containing medium in the entire electrode mixture layer composition depends on the coatability of the slurry, the energy cost required for drying, and the production From the viewpoint of properties, the content can be, for example, in the range of 25% by mass or more and 90% by mass or less, and can be, for example, in the range of 35% by mass or more and 70% by mass or less.
- the binder disclosed herein may consist only of the above-mentioned crosslinked polymer or its salt, but may also include styrene/butadiene latex (SBR), acrylic latex, and polyvinylidene fluoride latex.
- other binder components such as cellulose derivatives such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) may be used in combination.
- the amount used can be, for example, 0.1 to 5% by mass or less, and may be 0.1 to 2% by mass or less, based on the active material. Can be done.
- the amount of other binder components used exceeds 5% by mass, resistance increases and high rate characteristics may become insufficient.
- styrene/butadiene latex and/or cellulose derivatives may be preferred from the viewpoint of affinity with the crosslinked polymer or its salt and from the viewpoint of balance between adhesion and bending resistance.
- Styrene/butadiene latex is an aqueous copolymer having structural units derived from aromatic vinyl monomers such as styrene and structural units derived from aliphatic conjugated diene monomers such as 1,3-butadiene.
- aromatic vinyl monomers such as styrene and structural units derived from aliphatic conjugated diene monomers such as 1,3-butadiene.
- the dispersion is shown.
- the aromatic vinyl monomer include styrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, vinyltoluene, divinylbenzene, etc., and one or more of these may be used.
- the structural unit derived from the aromatic vinyl monomer in the copolymer can be in the range of, for example, 20 to 60% by mass, and may be in the range of 30 to 50% by mass, mainly from the viewpoint of adhesiveness. % range.
- examples of the aliphatic conjugated diene monomers include 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, and 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene. Examples include butadiene, and one or more of these can be used.
- the structural unit derived from the aliphatic conjugated diene monomer in the copolymer can be used in an amount of, for example, 30 to 70% by mass in order to improve the adhesion of the binder and the flexibility of the resulting electrode. For example, it can range from 40 to 60% by weight.
- styrene/butadiene latexes also contain nitrile group-containing monomers such as (meth)acrylonitrile, (meth) Carboxyl group-containing monomers such as acrylic acid, itanconic acid, and maleic acid may be used as comonomers.
- nitrile group-containing monomers such as (meth)acrylonitrile, (meth) Carboxyl group-containing monomers such as acrylic acid, itanconic acid, and maleic acid may be used as comonomers.
- the structural units derived from the other monomers in the copolymer can be in the range of, for example, 0 to 30% by mass, and can be in the range of, for example, 0 to 20% by mass.
- the electrode mixture layer composition disclosed herein has the above-mentioned active material, water, and binder as essential components, and is obtained by mixing each component using known means.
- the method of mixing each component is not particularly limited, and any known method can be adopted.
- a method of mixing with a dispersion medium such as the like and dispersing and kneading is preferred.
- When obtaining the electrode mixture layer composition in the form of a slurry it is preferable to finish the slurry without poor dispersion or agglomeration.
- known mixers such as a planetary mixer, a thin film swirling mixer, and a revolution mixer can be used, but a thin film swirling mixer is preferred because it can obtain a good dispersion state in a short time. It is preferable to do so.
- a thin film swirl mixer it is preferable to perform preliminary dispersion in advance using a stirrer such as a disper.
- the electrode mixture layer composition in a wet powder state it is preferable to knead it to a uniform state with no uneven concentration using a Henschel mixer, a blender, a planetary mixer, a twin-screw kneader, or the like.
- the electrode for a secondary battery disclosed in this specification is provided with a mixture layer formed from the above electrode mixture layer composition on the surface of a current collector made of copper, aluminum, or the like.
- the mixture layer is formed by applying the electrode mixture layer composition disclosed herein on the surface of a current collector and then drying and removing a medium such as water.
- the method for applying the electrode mixture layer composition is not particularly limited, and known methods such as a doctor blade method, dip method, roll coating method, comma coating method, curtain coating method, gravure coating method, and extrusion method are employed. can do.
- the above-mentioned drying can be performed by a known method such as hot air blowing, reduced pressure, (far) infrared rays, or microwave irradiation.
- the mixture layer obtained after drying is subjected to compression treatment using a mold press, a roll press, or the like.
- the active material and the binder are brought into close contact with each other, and the strength of the mixture layer and the adhesion to the current collector can be improved.
- the thickness of the mixture layer can be adjusted to, for example, about 30 to 80% of the thickness before compression, and the thickness of the mixture layer after compression is generally about 4 to 200 ⁇ m.
- a secondary battery can be produced by providing the secondary battery electrode disclosed in this specification with a separator and an electrolytic solution using an organic solvent.
- the electrolyte may be in liquid form or gel form.
- the separator is placed between the positive and negative electrodes of the battery, and plays the role of preventing short circuits caused by contact between the two electrodes, and retaining the electrolyte to ensure ionic conductivity.
- the separator is preferably a film-like insulating microporous membrane having good ion permeability and mechanical strength.
- polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, etc. can be used.
- the electrolytic solution commonly used and known ones can be used depending on the type of active material.
- specific solvents include cyclic carbonates with a high dielectric constant and high ability to dissolve electrolytes, such as propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate, and chains with low viscosity, such as ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate. carbonates, etc., and these can be used alone or as a mixed solvent.
- the electrolytic solution is used by dissolving a lithium salt such as LiPF 6 , LiSbF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 or LiAlO 4 in these solvents.
- a potassium hydroxide aqueous solution can be used as the electrolyte.
- a secondary battery is obtained by forming a positive electrode plate and a negative electrode plate separated by a separator into a spiral or laminated structure and storing them in a case or the like.
- the binder disclosed in this specification exhibits excellent adhesion and followability with active materials and the like in the mixture layer. Therefore, a secondary battery equipped with an electrode obtained using the above binder can ensure good integrity and suppress the degree of electrode expansion even after repeated charging and discharging. As a result, it can contribute to good cycle characteristics. It is also useful for the use of active materials containing silicon, which has a high expansion and contraction rate, and is expected to contribute to increasing the capacity of batteries. In particular, it is suitable for vehicle-mounted secondary batteries and the like. Furthermore, even under conditions where the active material concentration is high, the coatability of the electrode mixture layer composition (electrode slurry) can be improved. Therefore, it is advantageous in terms of reducing drying energy and improving productivity when forming a mixture layer. Therefore, the binder disclosed herein can be particularly suitably used for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery electrodes, and is particularly useful for nonaqueous electrolyte lithium ion secondary batteries with high energy density.
- the particle size distribution of the dispersion was measured using a laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution analyzer (Microtrac MT-3300EXII, manufactured by Microtrac Bell Co., Ltd.) using acetonitrile as a dispersion medium.
- Appropriate scattered light intensity was obtained by injecting 0.05 mL of the dispersion liquid into a place where an excess amount of the dispersion medium was being circulated. Thereafter, as soon as it was confirmed that the particle size distribution shape was stable several minutes later, the particle size distribution was measured and the volume-based median diameter (D50) was obtained as a representative value of the particle size.
- the degree of water swelling at pH 8 is expressed as the ratio of the mass of the sample when swollen in water to the mass of the sample when dry.
- the degree of water swelling was measured by the following method.
- the measuring device is shown in Figure 1.
- the measuring device is composed of ⁇ Element 1> to ⁇ Element 3> in FIG.
- ⁇ Element 1> Consists of a burette 1 with a branch pipe for venting air, a pinch cock 2, a silicone tube 3, and a polytetrafluoroethylene tube 4.
- ⁇ Element 3> A sample 6 (measurement sample) of a crosslinked polymer or its salt is sandwiched between two sample-fixing filter papers 7, and the sample-fixing filter papers 7 are fixed with an adhesive tape 9. All filter papers used are ADVANTEC No. 2. The inner diameter is 55 mm.
- ⁇ Element 1> and ⁇ Element 2> are connected by a silicon tube 3. Further, the height of the funnel 5 and the support cylinder 8 relative to the burette 1 is fixed, so that the lower end of the polytetrafluoroethylene tube 4 installed inside the buret branch pipe and the bottom surface of the support cylinder 8 are at the same height. (dotted line in Figure 1).
- the polymerization reaction was continued while adjusting the external temperature (water bath temperature) to maintain the internal temperature at 50°C, and when 12 hours had passed from the polymerization start point, cooling of the reaction solution was started until the internal temperature reached 25°C. After the temperature had decreased, 52.4 parts of lithium hydroxide monohydrate (hereinafter also referred to as "LiOH.H 2 O") powder was added. After the addition, stirring was continued for 12 hours at room temperature, and particles of carboxyl group-containing crosslinked polymer salt (hereinafter also simply referred to as crosslinked polymer salt) R-1 (Li salt, neutralization degree 90 mol%) were added to the medium. A dispersed slurry-like polymerization reaction solution was obtained.
- the external temperature water bath temperature
- the obtained polymerization reaction solution was centrifuged to sediment the polymer, and then the supernatant was removed. Thereafter, the precipitate was redispersed in acetonitrile of the same weight as the polymerization reaction solution, and a washing operation was repeated twice in which the polymer particles were precipitated by centrifugation and the supernatant was removed.
- the precipitate was collected and dried under reduced pressure at 80° C. for 3 hours to remove volatile components, thereby obtaining a powder of crosslinked polymer salt R-1 having a carboxyl group. Since crosslinked polymer salt R-1 has hygroscopic properties, it was stored in a sealed container with water vapor barrier properties.
- AA Acrylic acid
- DMAAm N,N-dimethylacrylamide
- HEAAm 2-hydroxyethylacrylamide
- T-20 Trimethylolpropane diallyl ether (manufactured by Osaka Soda Co., Ltd., trade name "Neoallyl T-20")
- TMPTA Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (manufactured by Toagosei Co., Ltd., trade name "Aronix (registered trademark) M-309")
- TOA trioctylamine AcN: acetonitrile MeOH: methanol
- V-65 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (manufactured by Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.)
- LiOH ⁇ H 2 O Lithium hydroxide monohydrate
- K 2 CO 3 Potassium carbonate
- AAA, AA, A, B, and C mean “very good”, “excellent”, “fairly good”, “good”, and “poor”, respectively.
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- 100 parts of LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 (NCM) as a positive electrode active material and 2 parts of acetylene black were mixed and added to form an electrode composition.
- a positive electrode composition was prepared by mixing 4 parts of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- the positive electrode composition was applied to an aluminum current collector (thickness: 20 ⁇ m) and dried to form a mixture layer. Thereafter, the mixture layer was rolled to have a thickness of 125 ⁇ m and a mixture density of 3.0 g/cm 3 , and then punched into 3 cm square pieces to obtain a positive electrode plate.
- the battery has a lead terminal attached to each of the positive and negative electrodes, electrode bodies facing each other through a separator (made of polyethylene, film thickness 16 ⁇ m, porosity 47%), and an aluminum laminate used as the battery exterior body.
- the battery was filled with liquid, sealed, and used as a test battery. Note that the design capacity of this prototype battery is 50 mAh.
- the designed capacity of the battery was designed based on a charge end voltage of up to 4.2V.
- CMC Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
- SBR Styrene butadiene rubber
- the binder was able to suppress the degree of electrode expansion, had excellent cycle characteristics, and had excellent coatability of electrode slurry.
- the particle size in acetonitrile medium and the degree of water swelling at pH 8 are 0.75 to 0.95 ⁇ m and 27.9 to 36.8 (Examples 2 to 4, 6 to 7, and 9), respectively.
- the polymer salt was excellent in suppressing electrode expansion.
- acryloylmorpholine (Example 2) has a greater effect on suppressing the degree of electrode expansion than other ethylenically unsaturated monomers (Examples 6 and 7).
- the results were particularly excellent.
- lithium salt has a better ability to suppress electrode expansion than potassium salt (Examples 2 and 16), and lithium salt has a neutralization degree of 90 mol% rather than 70 mol%. It was also found that the performance was excellent (Examples 2 and 15).
- binders for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery electrodes were significantly inferior in the effect of suppressing the degree of electrode expansion.
- the binder disclosed herein can be particularly suitably used for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery electrodes, and is particularly useful for nonaqueous electrolyte lithium ion secondary batteries with high energy density. Therefore, it can be suitably used in various applications including electric vehicles, where a compact secondary battery is required.
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2022年7月27日付けで出願された日本国特許出願である特願2022-119850に基づく優先権を主張するものであり、ここに、当該日本国特許出願の内容を本明細書の一部を構成するものとして援用する。
前記架橋重合体又はその塩は、アセトニトリル媒体中で測定した粒子径が、体積基準メジアン径で0.60μm以上1.0μm以下であり、かつ、pH8における水膨潤度が25以上、40以下である、非水電解質二次電池電極用バインダー。
[2]前記架橋重合体又はその塩は、エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体又はその塩に由来する第一の構造単位を60質量%以上99.9質量%以下含み、窒素含有エチレン性不飽和単量体に由来する第二の構造単位を0.1質量%以上40質量%以下含む、[1]に記載の非水電解質二次電池電極用バインダー。
[3]前記第二の構造単位は、アクリロイルモルホリンに由来する構造単位を含む、[2]に記載の非水電解質二次電池電極用バインダー。
[4]前記架橋重合体又はその塩は、非架橋性単量体、及び、架橋性単量体を含む単量体組成物を重合して得られる架橋重合体である、[1]~[3]のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池電極用バインダー。
[5]前記架橋性単量体の使用量は、前記非架橋性単量体の総量に対して0.1モル%以上1.0モル%以下である、[4]に記載の非水電解質二次電池電極用バインダー。
[6]前記架橋性単量体は、1分子中に(メタ)アクリロイル基を2個以上有し、かつ、水酸基を有する架橋性単量体を含む、[4]又は[5]に記載の非水電解質二次電池電極用バインダー。
[7]前記架橋重合体又はその塩は、前記粒子径が、0.75μm以上0.95μm以下であり、前記水膨潤度が、27.9以上36.8以下であり、中和度80モル%以上のリチウム塩である、[1]~[6]のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池電極用バインダー。
[8]前記架橋重合体又はその塩は、エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体又はその塩に由来する第一の構造単位を70質量%以上99質量%以下含み、窒素含有エチレン性不飽和単量体に由来する第二の構造単位を1質量%以上30質量%以下含み、
前記第二の構造単位は、アクリロイルモルホリンに由来する構造単位を含む、[1]~[7]のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池電極用バインダー。
[9][1]~[8]のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池電極用バインダーを含む負極と、正極と、非水電解質と、を備える非水電解質二次電池。
本明細書に開示されるバインダーは、カルボキシル基を含有する架橋重合体又はその塩を含むことができる。以下、架橋重合体又はその塩が備える粒子径及び水膨潤度について説明し、架橋重合体の構造単位等については後段で説明する。
架橋重合体又はその塩は、アセトニトリル媒体中で測定した粒子径が、体積基準メジアン径で、例えば、0.60μm以上1.0μm以下である。かかる粒子径がこの範囲であると、電極膨張度を効果的に抑制し、それによりサイクル特性の低下を抑制できる場合がある。また、粒子径が0.60μmを下回ると、電極膨張度が増大する傾向があり、1.0μmを上回ってもまた電極膨張度が増大する傾向がある。
電極膨張度=(T2-T1)/T1×100(%) (1)
架橋重合体又はその塩のpH8における水膨潤度は、例えば、25.0以上、40.0以下である。この範囲であると、集電体への塗工性と集電体に対するバインダーの密着性とを同時に充足することができる。当該水膨潤度は、水膨潤度が25.0未満では、上記密着性が低下しサイクル特性が低下する場合があり、水膨潤度が40.0を超えると、塗工性が低下する場合がある。
(水膨潤度)={(WA)+(WB)}/(WA) (2)
架橋重合体又はその塩は、エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体に由来する第一の構造単位と、窒素含有エチレン性不飽和単量体に由来する第二の構造単位と、を含むことができる。
架橋重合体又はその塩は、エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体に由来する第一の構造単位(以下、「(a)成分」ともいう)を有することができる。架橋重合体又はその塩が、係る構造単位を有することによりカルボキシル基を有する場合、集電体への密着性が向上するとともに、リチウムイオンの脱溶媒和効果及びイオン伝導性に優れるため、抵抗が小さく、ハイレート特性に優れた電極が得られる。また、当該構造単位により水膨潤性が付与されるため、電極合剤層組成物中における活物質等の分散安定性を高めることができる。
架橋重合体又はその塩は、(a)成分以外に、窒素含有エチレン性不飽和に由来する第二の構造単位(以下、「(b)成分」ともいう)を有することができる。架橋重合体又はその塩が(b)成分を有する場合、当該架橋重合体又はその塩を含むバインダーを用いて得られる電極合剤層組成物の塗工性の向上及び電極膨張度の低下に貢献することができる。
CH2=C(R1)CONR2R3 (1)
[式中、R1は水素原子又はメチル基を表し、R2及びR3は、それぞれ、水素原子、炭素数1~4のアルキル基若しくは炭素数1~4のヒドロキシアルキル基を表すか又は連結して式(1)中の窒素原子を含む含酸素環式飽和炭化水素基若しくは前記窒素原子を含む環式飽和炭化水素基を表す。]
本架橋重合体は、(a)成分及び(b)成分以外に、これらと共重合可能な比架橋性の他のエチレン性不飽和単量体に由来する構造単位(以下、「(c)成分」ともいう。)を含むことができる。(c)成分としては、例えば、スルホン酸基及びリン酸基等のカルボキシル基以外のアニオン性基を有するエチレン性不飽和単量体化合物、または(b)成分以外の非イオン性のエチレン性不飽和単量体等に由来する構造単位が挙げられる。これらの構造単位は、スルホン酸基及びリン酸基等のカルボキシル基以外のアニオン性基を有するエチレン性不飽和単量体化合物、または(b)成分以外の非イオン性のエチレン性不飽和単量体を含む単量体を共重合することにより導入することができる。これらの内でも、(c)成分としては、耐屈曲性良好な電極が得られる観点から非イオン性のエチレン性不飽和単量体に由来する構造単位が好ましく、バインダーの密着性が優れる点で(メタ)アクリルアミド及びその誘導体、並びに、ニトリル基含有エチレン性不飽和単量体等が好ましい。また、(c)成分として水中への溶解性が1g/100ml以下の疎水性のエチレン性不飽和単量体に由来する構造単位を導入した場合、電極材料と強い相互作用を奏することができ、活物質に対して良好な密着性を発揮することができる。これにより、堅固で一体性の良好な電極合剤層を得ることができるため好ましい。特に脂環構造含有エチレン性不飽和単量体に由来する構造単位が好ましい。
本明細書に開示される架橋重合体における架橋方法は特に制限されるものではなく、例えば以下の方法による態様が例示される。
1)架橋性単量体の共重合
2)ラジカル重合時のポリマー鎖への連鎖移動を利用
3)反応性官能基を有する重合体を合成後、必要に応じて架橋剤を添加して後架橋
重合体が架橋構造を有することにより、当該重合体又はその塩を含むバインダーは、優れた密着力を有することができる。上記の内でも、操作が簡便であり、架橋の程度を制御し易い点から架橋性単量体の共重合による方法が好ましい。
架橋性単量体としては、2個以上の重合性不飽和基を有する多官能重合性単量体、及び加水分解性シリル基等の自己架橋可能な架橋性官能基を有する単量体等が挙げられる。
架橋重合体が有するエチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体由来のカルボキシル基等の酸基は、未中和で遊離であってもよいほか、その一部又は全部が塩基で中和された塩であってもよい。架橋重合体は、電極合剤層組成物においては、酸基の少なくとも一部が中和された塩の態様として用いることが好ましい。塩の種類としては特に限定しないが、リチウム、ナトリウム、カリウム等のアルカリ金属塩;カルシウム塩及びバリウム塩等のアルカリ土類金属塩;マグネシウム塩、アルミニウム塩等のその他の金属塩;アンモニウム塩及び有機アミン塩等が挙げられる。これらの中でも電池特性への悪影響が生じにくい点からリチウムなどのアルカリ金属塩及びマグネシウム塩が好ましく、アルカリ金属塩がより好ましく、リチウム塩がさらに好ましい場合がある。
架橋重合体又はその塩は、溶液重合、沈殿重合、懸濁重合、乳化重合等の公知の重合方法を使用することが可能であるが、生産性の点で沈殿重合及び懸濁重合(逆相懸濁重合)が好ましい。密着性等に関してより良好な性能が得られる点で、沈殿重合、懸濁重合、乳化重合等の不均一系の重合法が好ましく、中でも沈殿重合法がより好ましい。沈殿重合は、原料である不飽和単量体を溶解するが、生成する重合体を実質溶解しない溶媒中で重合反応を行うことにより重合体を製造する方法である。重合の進行とともにポリマー粒子は凝集及び成長により大きくなり、数十nm~数百nmの一次粒子が数μm~数十μmに二次凝集したポリマー粒子の分散液が得られる。ポリマーの粒子サイズを制御するために分散安定剤を使用することもできる。尚、分散安定剤や重合溶剤等を選定することにより上記二次凝集を抑制することもできる。一般に、二次凝集を抑制した沈殿重合は、分散重合とも呼ばれる。
本明細書に開示される電極合剤層組成物は、架橋重合体又はその塩を含有するバインダー、活物質及び水を含む。電極合剤層組成物における架橋重合体又はその塩の使用量は、固形分の総量100質量部に対して、例えば、0.1質量部以上20質量部以下である。上記使用量は、また例えば、0.2質量部以上10質量部以下であり、また例えば0.3質量部以上8質量部以下であり、また例えば0.4質量部以上5質量部以下であり、また例えば、0.5質量部以上2質量部以下である。架橋重合体又はその塩の使用量が0.1質量部未満の場合、十分な電極膨張度の抑制効果や集電体への密着性並びに良好な塗工性が得られないことがある。また、活物質等の分散安定性が不十分となり、形成される合剤層の均一性が低下する場合がある。一方、架橋重合体及びその塩の使用量が20質量部を超える場合、電極合剤層組成物が高粘度となり集電体への塗工性が低下することがある。その結果、得られた合剤層にブツや凹凸が生じて電極特性に悪影響を及ぼす虞がある。架橋重合体又はその塩は、固形分に対して少量(例えば5質量%以下)でも十分高い電極膨張度抑制効果を示し、かつ、カルボキシアニオンを有することから、界面抵抗が小さく、ハイレート特性に優れた電極が得られる。
負極活物質としては、例えば炭素系材料、リチウム金属、リチウム合金及び金属酸化物等が挙げられ、これらの内の1種又は2種以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。これらの内でも、天然黒鉛、人造黒鉛、ハードカーボン及びソフトカーボン等の炭素系材料からなる活物質(以下、「炭素系活物質」ともいう)が好ましく、天然黒鉛及び人造黒鉛等の黒鉛、並びにハードカーボンがより好ましい。また、黒鉛の場合、電池性能の面から球形化黒鉛が好適に用いられ、その粒子サイズの好ましい範囲は、例えば、1~20μmであり、また例えば、5~15μmである。また、エネルギー密度を高くするために、ケイ素やスズなどのリチウムを吸蔵できる金属又は金属酸化物等を負極活物質として使用することもできる。その中でも、ケイ素は黒鉛に比べて高容量であり、ケイ素、ケイ素合金及び一酸化ケイ素(SiO)等のケイ素酸化物のようなケイ素系材料からなる活物質(以下、「ケイ素系活物質」ともいう)を用いることができる。しかし、上記ケイ素系活物質は高容量である反面充放電に伴う体積変化が大きい。このため、上記炭素系活物質と併用するのが好ましい。この場合、ケイ素活物質の使用量は、炭素系活物質及びケイ素系活物質の総量に対し、好ましくは2質量%以上80質量%以下である。ケイ素系活物質の使用量は、2質量%以上60質量%以下であってもよく2質量%以上40質量%以下であってもよく、2質量%以上10質量%以下であってもよい。
本明細書に開示される二次電池用電極は、銅又はアルミニウム等の集電体表面に上記電極合剤層組成物から形成される合剤層を備えてなるものである。合剤層は、集電体の表面に本明細書に開示される電極合剤層組成物を塗工した後、水等の媒体を乾燥除去することにより形成される。電極合剤層組成物を塗工する方法は特に限定されず、ドクターブレード法、ディップ法、ロールコート法、コンマコート法、カーテンコート法、グラビアコート法及びエクストルージョン法などの公知の方法を採用することができる。また、上記乾燥は、温風吹付け、減圧、(遠)赤外線、マイクロ波照射等の公知の方法により行うことができる。通常、乾燥後に得られた合剤層には、金型プレス及びロールプレス等による圧縮処理が施される。圧縮することにより活物質及びバインダーを密着させ、合剤層の強度及び集電体への密着性を向上させることができる。圧縮により合剤層の厚みを、例えば、圧縮前の30~80%程度に調整することができ、圧縮後の合剤層の厚みは4~200μm程度が一般的である。
以下の例において、カルボキシル基含有架橋重合体又はその塩についての評価は、以下の方法により実施した。
[アセトニトリル媒体中での粒子径(膨潤前粒子径)の測定]
カルボキシル基含有架橋重合体又はその塩の粉末1.0g、及び99.5質量%以上のアセトニトリル5.0gを20cc容器に量りとり、超音波ホモジナイザー(ヤマト科学株式会社製、LUH150)、を出力25Wにて30秒間照射し、分散液を得た。次に、アセトニトリルを分散媒とするレーザー回折/散乱式粒度分布計(マイクロトラックベル社製、マイクロトラックMT-3300EXII)にて、上記分散液の粒度分布測定を行った。分散液0.05mLを過剰量の分散媒が循環しているところに、投入することで、適切な散乱光強度が得られた。その後、数分後に粒度分布形状の安定を確認次第、粒度分布測定を行い、粒子径の代表値としての体積基準メジアン径(D50)を得た。
pH8における水膨潤度は、試料の乾燥時質量に対する試料の水膨潤時質量の比で表される。水膨潤度は、以下の方法によって測定した。測定装置を図1に示す。
測定装置は図1における<要素1>~<要素3>から構成される。
<要素1>空気抜きするための枝管が付いたビュレット1、ピンチコック2、シリコンチューブ3及びポリテトラフルオロエチレンチューブ4から成る。
<要素2>ロート5の上に底面に多数の穴が空いた支柱円筒8、さらにその上に装置用濾紙10が設置されている。
<要素3>架橋重合体又はその塩の試料6(測定試料)は2枚の試料固定用濾紙7に挟まれ、試料固定用濾紙7は粘着テープ9によって固定される。なお、使用する濾紙は全てADVANTEC No.2、内径55mmである。
<要素1>と<要素2>とはシリコンチューブ3によって繋がれる。
また、ロート5及び支柱円筒8は、ビュレット1に対する高さが固定されており、ビュレット枝管の内部に設置されたポリテトラフルオロエチレンチューブ4の下端と支柱円筒8の底面とが同じ高さになる様に設定されている(図1中の点線)。
(1)<要素1>にあるピンチコック2を外し、ビュレット1の上部からシリコンチューブ3を通してイオン交換水(pH8)を入れ、ビュレット1から装置用濾紙10までイオン交換水12で満たされた状態とする。次いで、ピンチコック2を閉じ、ビュレット枝管にゴム栓で接続されたポリテトラフルオロエチレンチューブ4から空気を除去する。こうして、ビュレット1から装置用濾紙10までイオン交換水12が連続的に供給される状態とする。
(2)次に、装置用濾紙10からにじみ出た余分なイオン交換水12を除去した後、ビュレット1の目盛りの読み(a)を記録する。
(3)測定試料の粉末0.1~0.2gを秤量し、<要素3>にある様に、試料固定用濾紙7の中央部に均一に置く。もう1枚の濾紙でサンプルを挟み、粘着テープ9で2枚の濾紙を留め、サンプルを固定する。サンプルが固定された濾紙を<要素2>に示される装置用濾紙10上に載置する。
(4)次に、装置用濾紙10上に蓋11を載置した時点から、30分間経過した後のビュレット1の目盛りの読み(b)を記録する。
(5)測定試料の吸水量と2枚の試料固定用濾紙7の吸水量の合計(c)は(a-b)で求められる。同様の操作により、架橋重合体又はその塩の試料を含まない、2枚の濾紙7のみの吸水量(d)を測定する。
(6)上記操作を行い、水膨潤度を以下の式より計算した。なお、計算に使用する固形分は、後述する方法により測定した値を使用した。この式は、既述の計算式(2)と同義である。
水膨潤度={測定試料の乾燥重量(g)+(c-d)}/{測定試料の乾燥重量(g)}
ただし、測定試料の乾燥重量(g)=測定試料の重量(g)×(固形分(%)÷100)
試料約0.5gを、予め重さを測定しておいた秤量瓶[秤量瓶の重さ=B(g)]に採取して、秤量瓶ごと正確に秤量した後[W0(g)]、その試料を秤量瓶ごと無風乾燥機内に収容して155℃で45分間乾燥してその時の重さを秤量瓶ごと測定し[W1(g)]、以下の式により固形分を求めた。
固形分(%)=(W1-B)/(W0-B)×100
(製造例1:カルボキシル基含有架橋重合体塩R-1の製造)
重合には、攪拌翼、温度計、還流冷却器及び窒素導入管を備えた反応器を用いた。
反応器内にアセトニトリル395部、イオン交換水1.63部、アクリル酸(以下、「AA」という。)99.9部、アクリロイルモルホリン0.1部、トリメチロールプロパンジアリルエーテル(大阪ソーダ社製、商品名「ネオアリルT-20」)0.6部及び上記AAに対して1.0モル%に相当するトリオクチルアミン(TOA)を仕込んだ。反応器内を十分に窒素置換した後、加温して内温を55℃まで昇温した。内温が55℃で安定したことを確認した後、重合開始剤として2,2’-アゾビス(2,4-ジメチルバレロニトリル)(富士フイルム和光純薬社製、商品名「V-65」)0.040部を添加したところ、反応液に白濁が認められたため、この点を重合開始点とした。なお、単量体濃度は20%と算出された。外温(水バス温度)を調整して内温を50℃に維持しながら重合反応を継続し、重合開始点から12時間経過した時点で反応液の冷却を開始し、内温が25℃まで低下した後、水酸化リチウム・一水和物(以下、「LiOH・H2O」ともいう。)の粉末52.4部を添加した。添加後室温下12時間撹拌を継続して、カルボキシル基含有架橋重合体塩(以下、単に架橋重合体塩ともいう。)R-1(Li塩、中和度90モル%)の粒子が媒体に分散したスラリー状の重合反応液を得た。
各原料の仕込み量及び重合温度を表1に記載の通りとした以外は製造例1と同様の操作を行い、架橋重合体塩R-2~R-22を含む重合反応液を得た。次いで、各重合反応液について、製造例1と同様の操作を行い、粉末状の架橋重合体塩R-2~R-22を得た。各架橋重合体塩は、水蒸気バリア性を有する容器に密封保管した。得られた各架橋重合体塩について、製造例1と同様に物性値を測定し、表1に示す。
AA:アクリル酸
ACMO:アクロイルモルフォリン
DMAAm:N,N-ジメチルアクリルアミド
HEAAm:2-ヒドロキシエチルアクリルアミド
T-20:トリメチロールプロパンジアリルエーテル(大阪ソーダ社製、商品名「ネオアリルT-20」)
TMPTA:トリメチロールプロパントリアクリレート(東亞合成社製、商品名「アロニックス(登録商標)M-309」
TOA:トリオクチルアミン
AcN:アセトニトリル
MeOH:メタノール
V-65:2,2’-アゾビス(2,4-ジメチルバレロニトリル)(富士フイルム和光純薬社製)
LiOH・H2O:水酸化リチウム・一水和物
K2CO3:炭酸カリウム
次に、作製した架橋重合体塩R-1~22(R-1~18:製造例、R19~22:比較製造例)につき、二次電池電極用のバインダーとしての評価を行った。以下に示す方法で、架橋重合体塩R-1~18及びR19~22を用いて、それぞれ実施例1~18及び比較例1~4の電極合剤層組成物を調製して、当該組成物を用いて負極を作製して、塗工性を評価した。さらに、負極及び電解液とともに二次電池を作製して、電極膨張度及びサイクル特性を評価した。結果を表2に示す。塗工性、サイクル特性及び電極膨張度の観点から総合評価も併せて行った。なお、総合評価のAAA、AA、A、B及びCは、アルファベットのAが多いほど、優れていることを示し、アルファベットが降順になるほど、その程度が低下することを意味している。AAA、AA、A、B及びCは、それぞれ、「とても優れている」、「優れている」、「やや優れている」、「良好である」、及び「不良である」を意味している。
各架橋重合体塩、スチレン/ブタジエンゴム(SBR)及びカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム(CMC)の混合物をバインダーとし、人造黒鉛(昭和電工社製 商品名「SCMG-CF」)、Si系活物質(大阪チタニウムテクノロジーズ社製SiO 5μm)を活物として用いた。
次いで、可変式アプリケーターを用いて、厚さ20μmの集電体(銅箔)上に上記電極スラリーを塗布し、通風乾燥機内で100℃×15分間の乾燥を行うことにより合剤層を形成した。その後、合剤層の厚み(以下、「T1」という。)が50±5μm、合剤密度が1.70±0.20g/cm3になるよう圧延した後、3cm正方に打ち抜いて負極極板を得た。
<塗工性判定基準>
A:表面に筋ムラ、ブツ等の外観異常がまったく認められない。
B:表面に筋ムラ、ブツ等の外観異常がわずかに認められる。
C:表面に筋ムラ、ブツ等の外観異常が顕著に認められる。
N-メチルピロリドン(NMP)溶媒中、正極活物質としてLiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2(NCM)を100部、アセチレンブラックを2部、混合して添加し、電極組成物用バインダーとしてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)を4部混合し、正極用組成物を調製した。アルミニウム集電体(厚み:20μm)に前記正極用組成物を塗布乾燥することにより合剤層を形成した。その後、合剤層の厚みが125μm、合剤密度が3.0g/cm3になるように圧延した後、3cm正方に打ち抜いて正極極板を得た。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)とジメチルカーボネート(DMC)とからなる混合溶媒(体積比でEC:DMC=3:7)に、ビニレンカーボネート(VC)を1質量%、フルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)を2質量%になるように添加し、LiPF6を1.2モル/リットル溶解して非水電解質を調製した。
電池の構成は、正・負極それぞれにリード端子を取り付け、セパレータ(ポリエチレン製:膜厚16μm、空孔率47%)を介して対向させた電極体を電池外装体としてアルミニウムラミネートを用いたものに入れて注液を行い、封止して試験用電池とした。なお、本試作電池の設計容量は50mAhである。電池の設計容量としては、4.2Vまでの充電終止電圧を基準にして設計を行った。
上記で作製したラミネート型セルのリチウムイオン二次電池を、45℃の環境下でCC放電にて2.5から4.2Vの条件下、0.1Cの充放電レートにて充放電の操作を行い、初期容量C0を測定した。さらに、25℃の環境下で充放電をCC放電にて2.5から4.2Vの条件下、0.5Cの充放電レートにて繰り返し、50サイクル後の容量C50を測定した。以下の式でサイクル特性(ΔC)を算出した。ΔCの値が高いほどサイクル特性に優れることを示す。
ΔC=C50/C0×100(%)
上記サイクル特性の評価に規定する充放電を50サイクル実施後に、再度充電後に、電池を解体し、負極極板の合剤層の厚み(以下、「T2」という。)を測定した。なお、T1は当初の合剤層の厚みである。
電極膨張度=(T2-T1)/T1×100(%)
CMC:カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム
SBR:スチレンブタジエンゴム
実施例1~18の結果から明らかなように、バインダーは、電極膨張度を抑制できるものであるとともにサイクル特性に優れ、電極スラリーの塗工性に優れるものであった。なかでも、アセトニトリル媒体中での粒子径及びpH8における水膨潤度が、それぞれ、0.75~0.95μm及び27.9~36.8(実施例2~4、6~7、9)、0.76~0.95μm及び28.5~36.8(実施例2~4、6~7)、0.76~0.95μm及び29.2~36.8(実施例2~4)の架橋重合体塩が、電極膨張抑制に優れていた。
Claims (9)
- カルボキシル基を含有する架橋重合体又はその塩を含む、非水電解質二次電池電極用バインダーであって、
前記架橋重合体又はその塩は、アセトニトリル媒体中で測定した粒子径が、体積基準メジアン径で0.60μm以上1.0μm以下であり、かつ、pH8における水膨潤度が25以上、40以下である、非水電解質二次電池電極用バインダー。 - 前記架橋重合体又はその塩は、エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体又はその塩に由来する第一の構造単位を60質量%以上99.9質量%以下含み、窒素含有エチレン性不飽和単量体に由来する第二の構造単位を0.1質量%以上40質量%以下含む、請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池電極用バインダー。
- 前記第二の構造単位は、アクリロイルモルホリンに由来する構造単位を含む、請求項2に記載の非水電解質二次電池電極用バインダー。
- 前記架橋重合体又はその塩は、非架橋性単量体、及び、架橋性単量体を含む単量体組成物を重合して得られる架橋重合体である、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の非水電解質二次電池電極用バインダー。
- 前記架橋性単量体の使用量は、前記非架橋性単量体の総量に対して0.1モル%以上1.0モル%以下である、請求項4に記載の非水電解質二次電池電極用バインダー。
- 前記架橋性単量体は、1分子中に(メタ)アクリロイル基を2個以上有し、かつ、水酸基を有する架橋性単量体を含む、請求項4又は5に記載の非水電解質二次電池電極用バインダー。
- 前記架橋重合体又はその塩は、前記粒子径が、0.75μm以上0.95μm以下であり、前記水膨潤度が、27.9以上36.8以下であり、中和度80モル%以上のリチウム塩である、請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の非水電解質二次電池電極用バインダー。
- 前記架橋重合体又はその塩は、エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体又はその塩に由来する第一の構造単位を70質量%以上99質量%以下含み、窒素含有エチレン性不飽和単量体に由来する第二の構造単位を1質量%以上30質量%以下含み、
前記第二の構造単位は、アクリロイルモルホリンに由来する構造単位を含む、請求項1~7のいずれかに記載の非水電解質二次電池電極用バインダー。 - 請求項1~8のいずれかに記載の非水電解質二次電池電極用バインダーを含む負極と、正極と、非水電解質と、を備える非水電解質二次電池。
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- 2023-07-25 CN CN202380054892.0A patent/CN119585888A/zh active Pending
- 2023-07-25 KR KR1020257003737A patent/KR20250036164A/ko active Pending
- 2023-07-25 JP JP2024537737A patent/JPWO2024024772A1/ja active Pending
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| JP2013069672A (ja) * | 2011-07-04 | 2013-04-18 | Toyo Ink Sc Holdings Co Ltd | 二次電池電極形成用組成物、二次電池電極、及び二次電池 |
| WO2015133154A1 (ja) * | 2014-03-07 | 2015-09-11 | 日本ゼオン株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用バインダー組成物、リチウムイオン二次電池電極用スラリー組成物、リチウムイオン二次電池多孔膜用スラリー組成物、リチウムイオン二次電池用電極、及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
| WO2019155773A1 (ja) * | 2018-02-08 | 2019-08-15 | 東亞合成株式会社 | 二次電池電極用バインダー及びその用途 |
| US20190260029A1 (en) * | 2018-02-20 | 2019-08-22 | Samsung Sdi Co., Ltd. | Binder composition for lithium secondary battery and lithium secondary battery including the same |
| WO2020110847A1 (ja) * | 2018-11-27 | 2020-06-04 | 東亞合成株式会社 | 二次電池電極用バインダー、二次電池電極合剤層用組成物及び二次電池電極 |
| WO2020129750A1 (ja) * | 2018-12-18 | 2020-06-25 | 東亞合成株式会社 | 二次電池電極用バインダー及びその利用 |
| WO2021070738A1 (ja) * | 2019-10-11 | 2021-04-15 | 東亞合成株式会社 | 二次電池電極用バインダー、二次電池電極合剤層用組成物、二次電池電極及び二次電池 |
| WO2021215380A1 (ja) * | 2020-04-23 | 2021-10-28 | 東亞合成株式会社 | カルボキシル基含有架橋重合体又はその塩及びその利用 |
| WO2021241404A1 (ja) * | 2020-05-26 | 2021-12-02 | 東亞合成株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池電極用バインダー及びその用途 |
| WO2022131239A1 (ja) * | 2020-12-18 | 2022-06-23 | 東亞合成株式会社 | 二次電池電極用バインダ及びその製造方法、二次電池電極合剤層用組成物、二次電池電極、並びに、二次電池 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN119585888A (zh) | 2025-03-07 |
| KR20250036164A (ko) | 2025-03-13 |
| JPWO2024024772A1 (ja) | 2024-02-01 |
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