WO2024010057A1 - 負極、電池及び電池用材料の被覆方法 - Google Patents
負極、電池及び電池用材料の被覆方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to negative electrodes, batteries, and methods of coating materials for batteries.
- alkaline metal secondary batteries such as lithium secondary batteries
- research and development has been progressing on alkali metal secondary batteries that use alkali metals with high theoretical capacity as negative electrodes.
- Patent Document 1 discloses an electrode in which a lithium metal surface is coated with a polyvinylidene fluoride polymer.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a composition for forming a protective film containing a vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene copolymer. It is described that a protective film is formed by coating a lithium metal foil film layer with such a composition for forming a protective film.
- Patent Document 3 discloses the use of an electrolyte solution containing a fluorinated ether compound in a battery using lithium metal as an electrode.
- Patent Document 4 discloses coating an electrode with a resin.
- Patent Document 5 discloses an electrode in which a lithium metal surface is coated with a polyvinylidene fluoride polymer.
- Patent Documents 6 and 7 disclose manufacturing an electrode using a binder composition containing a polyvinylidene fluoride polymer and an electrode active material.
- An object of the present disclosure is to provide a negative electrode that can improve battery life in a secondary battery, and a secondary battery using the negative electrode.
- a negative electrode including a laminate in which a fluoropolymer is laminated on a layer containing a metal, the metal being at least one selected from lithium, sodium, magnesium, and zinc, and the fluoropolymer containing a vinylidene fluoride unit and a monomer.
- Rf 1 is a linear or branched fluoroalkyl group or a fluorinated alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and both the fluorinated alkyl group and the fluorinated alkoxy group have 2 or more carbon atoms. may contain an oxygen atom (-O-) between carbon atoms.
- Rf 2 is a linear or branched fluoroalkyl group or fluorinated alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and when both the fluorinated alkyl group and the fluorinated alkoxy group have 2 or more carbon atoms, An oxygen atom (-O-) may be included between carbon-carbon atoms.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a chlorine atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
- X is a single bond or an atomic group having a main chain of 1 to 20 atoms and having a molecular weight of 500 or less.
- Y represents an inorganic cation and/or an organic cation.
- the fluoropolymer preferably has a vinylidene fluoride unit/copolymer unit (A) molar ratio of 87/13 to 20/80.
- the fluoropolymer preferably has a glass transition temperature of 25° C. or lower.
- the above fluoropolymer is a copolymer consisting of vinylidene fluoride, a fluorine-containing monomer represented by the above general formula (1) and/or (2), and another monomer copolymerizable with these.
- the molar ratio of vinylidene fluoride units/fluorine-containing monomer units is 87/13 to 20/80, and the other monomer units described above are 0 to 50 mol% of the total monomer units.
- the negative electrode preferably has a coating thickness of 0.5 to 15 ⁇ m.
- the present invention also provides a battery characterized by comprising the above-mentioned negative electrode.
- the present invention provides a negative electrode including a laminate in which a fluoropolymer is directly laminated on a current collector, wherein the fluoropolymer is a fluoropolymer containing vinylidene fluoride units and monomer units (A).
- the monomer unit (A) is a monomer unit having a structure represented by the following general formula (1), a monomer unit having a structure represented by the following general formula (2), or the following general formula. It is also a negative electrode characterized by being at least one constituent unit selected from the group consisting of monomer units represented by formula (3).
- Rf 1 is a linear or branched fluoroalkyl group or a fluorinated alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and both the fluorinated alkyl group and the fluorinated alkoxy group have 2 or more carbon atoms. may contain an oxygen atom (-O-) between carbon atoms.
- Rf 2 is a linear or branched fluoroalkyl group or fluorinated alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and when both the fluorinated alkyl group and the fluorinated alkoxy group have 2 or more carbon atoms, An oxygen atom (-O-) may be included between carbon-carbon atoms.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a chlorine atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
- X is a single bond or an atomic group having a main chain of 1 to 20 atoms and having a molecular weight of 500 or less.
- Y represents an inorganic cation and/or an organic cation.
- the fluoropolymer preferably has a vinylidene fluoride unit/monomer unit (A) molar ratio of 87/13 to 20/80.
- the fluoropolymer preferably has a glass transition temperature of 25° C. or lower.
- the above-mentioned fluoropolymer is a copolymer consisting of vinylidene fluoride, the above-mentioned monomer unit (A), and another monomer copolymerizable with these, and includes vinylidene fluoride units/fluorine-containing monomer units. It is preferable that the molar ratio of the monomer units is 87/13 to 20/80, and the other monomer units account for 0 to 50 mol% of the total monomer units.
- the negative electrode preferably has a coating thickness of 0.5 to 15 ⁇ m.
- the present disclosure also provides a battery including the negative electrode described above.
- the present disclosure relates to a vinylidene fluoride unit, a monomer unit having a structure represented by the following general formula (1), a monomer unit having a structure represented by the following general formula (2), and the following general formula (3).
- Rf 1 is a linear or branched fluoroalkyl group or a fluorinated alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and both the fluorinated alkyl group and the fluorinated alkoxy group have 2 or more carbon atoms. may contain an oxygen atom (-O-) between carbon atoms.
- Rf 2 is a linear or branched fluoroalkyl group or fluorinated alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and when both the fluorinated alkyl group and the fluorinated alkoxy group have 2 or more carbon atoms, An oxygen atom (-O-) may be included between carbon-carbon atoms.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a chlorine atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
- X is a single bond or an atomic group having a main chain of 1 to 20 atoms and having a molecular weight of 500 or less.
- Y represents an inorganic cation and/or an organic cation.
- a secondary battery using the negative electrode of the present disclosure has improved battery life.
- the present disclosure is a negative electrode in which a coating layer made of a fluoropolymer having a specific composition is formed.
- a coating layer made of a fluoropolymer having a specific composition is formed.
- the negative electrode of the present disclosure has a coating layer made of a fluoropolymer as described in detail below.
- a fluoropolymer coating may be formed directly on a negative electrode material such as lithium metal, or a fluoropolymer coating layer may be formed on a current collector.
- the above negative electrode may be one in which a fluoropolymer coating is directly formed on a negative electrode material mainly made of metal such as lithium metal (first embodiment), or a fluoropolymer coating layer is formed on a current collector. (second embodiment).
- an electrode having a structure in which a fluoropolymer coating layer is formed on the current collector described in the second embodiment can also obtain the above-mentioned effects.
- the negative electrode is formed by directly forming a coating layer of fluoropolymer on the current collector without providing a layer of negative electrode material made of metal on the current collector.
- a metal layer such as lithium metal will be formed on the current collector due to the electrode reaction during charging. will be done.
- Such a metal layer will be formed between the current collector and the fluoropolymer layer.
- the negative electrode becomes a negative electrode in which a fluoropolymer coating is directly formed on a layer made of metal such as lithium metal, and this is similar to the negative electrode of the first embodiment described above. Therefore, the effects of the present disclosure can be suitably exhibited.
- References 6 and 7 disclose the use of similar polymers in the battery field. These are clearly different from the present disclosure because they do not have a negative electrode in which a fluoropolymer is laminated on a metal layer. Below, the polymer used in the present disclosure will be explained in detail, and then the negative electrode and the battery will be explained in detail.
- the fluoropolymer has a monomer unit (A) with respect to vinylidene fluoride, and among these, a monomer unit having a structure represented by the following general formula (1) and a polymer having at least one copolymer unit selected from the group consisting of a monomer unit having a structure represented by the following general formula (2), fluoropolymer 1, and a polymer having a monomer unit having a structure represented by the following general formula (3).
- a polymer having at least one copolymer unit selected from the group consisting of monomer units having a structure will be described in detail below as a fluoropolymer 2.
- Rf 1 is a linear or branched fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, or a linear or branched fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. Or it is a branched fluorinated alkoxy group. Both the fluorinated alkyl group and the fluorinated alkoxy group can contain an oxygen atom (-O-) between carbon atoms when the number of carbon atoms is 2 or more.
- the fluorinated alkyl group of Rf 1 may be a partially fluorinated alkyl group in which some of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms, or a partially fluorinated alkyl group in which all of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms are substituted with fluorine atoms. It may also be a perfluorinated alkyl group substituted by . Further, in the fluorinated alkyl group Rf 1 , the hydrogen atom may be substituted with a substituent other than a fluorine atom, but it is preferable that the fluorinated alkyl group does not contain a substituent other than a fluorine atom.
- the fluorinated alkoxy group of Rf 1 may be a partially fluorinated alkoxy group in which some of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms, or a partially fluorinated alkoxy group in which all of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms are substituted with fluorine atoms. It may also be a perfluorinated alkoxy group substituted with a fluorine atom. Further, in the fluorinated alkoxy group of Rf 1 , the hydrogen atom may be substituted with a substituent other than a fluorine atom, but it is preferable that the fluorinated alkoxy group does not contain a substituent other than a fluorine atom.
- the number of carbon atoms in Rf 1 is preferably 1 to 10, more preferably 1 to 6, still more preferably 1 to 4, and particularly preferably 1.
- Rf 1 the general formula: -(Rf 11 ) m -(O) p -(Rf 12 -O) n -Rf 13
- Rf 11 and Rf 12 are independently a linear or branched fluorinated alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms
- Rf 13 is a linear or branched fluorinated alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- m is an integer of 0 to 4
- n is an integer of 0 to 4
- the fluorinated alkylene group of Rf 11 and Rf 12 may be a partially fluorinated alkylene group in which some of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms, or a partially fluorinated alkylene group in which all of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms. may be a perfluorinated alkylene group substituted with a fluorine atom.
- the hydrogen atom may be substituted with a substituent other than a fluorine atom, but it is preferable that the fluorinated alkylene group does not contain a substituent other than a fluorine atom.
- Rf 11 and Rf 12 may be the same or different at each occurrence.
- the fluorinated alkylene group of Rf 11 includes -CHF-, -CF 2 -, -CH 2 -CF 2 -, -CHF-CF 2 -, -CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CF(CF 3 )-, -CH 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CHF-CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CF(CF 3 )-CF 2 -, -CF 2 -CF (CF 3 )-, -C(CF 3 ) 2 -, -CH 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CHF-CF 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CF 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 - Examples include CF 2 -, -CH(CF 3 )-CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CF(CF 3 )-CF 2 -CF 2 -, -C(CF 3 )-,
- the fluorinated alkylene group of Rf 12 includes -CHF-, -CF 2 -, -CH 2 -CF 2 -, -CHF-CF 2 -, -CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CF(CF 3 )-, -CH 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CHF-CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CF(CF 3 )-CF 2 -, -CF 2 -CF (CF 3 )-, -C(CF 3 ) 2 -, -CH 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CHF-CF 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CF 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 - Examples include CF 2 -, -CH(CF 3 )-CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CF(CF 3 )-CF 2 -CF 2 -, -C(CF 3 )-CF
- a perfluorinated alkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms is preferable, and -CF 2 -, -CF 2 CF 2 -, -CF 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CF(CF 3 )-CF 2 - or CF 2 -CF(CF 3 )- is more preferred.
- the fluorinated alkyl group of Rf 13 may be a partially fluorinated alkyl group in which some of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms, or a partially fluorinated alkyl group in which all of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms are substituted with fluorine atoms. It may also be a perfluorinated alkyl group substituted by atoms.
- the hydrogen atom may be substituted with a substituent other than a fluorine atom, but a substituent other than a fluorine atom (for example, -CN, -CH 2 I, -CH 2 Br etc.) is preferably not included.
- the fluorinated alkyl group of Rf 13 includes -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CH 2 -CH 2 F, -CH 2 -CHF 2 , -CH 2 -CF 3 , -CHF-CH 2 F, -CHF-CHF 2 , -CHF-CF 3 , -CF 2 -CH 2 F, -CF 2 -CHF 2 , -CF 2 -CF 3 , -CH 2 -CF 2 -CH 2 F, -CHF- CF 2 -CH 2 F, -CF 2 -CF 2 -CH 2 F, -CF(CF 3 )-CH 2 F, -CH 2 -CF 2 -CHF 2 , -CHF-CF 2 -CHF 2 , -CHF-CF 2 -CHF 2 , -CF(CF 3 )-CH 2 F, -CH 2 -CF 2 -CHF 2 , -CHF-
- n is preferably an integer of 0 to 2, more preferably 0 or 1, and even more preferably 0. Moreover, when p is 0, it is preferable that m also be 0.
- n is preferably an integer of 0 to 2, more preferably 0 or 1, and even more preferably 0.
- the fluorine-containing monomer (2) represented by the above formula (2) is Rf 2 is a linear or branched fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, or a linear or branched fluorinated alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. Both the fluorinated alkyl group and the fluorinated alkoxy group can contain an oxygen atom (-O-) between carbon atoms when the number of carbon atoms is 2 or more.
- the fluorinated alkyl group of Rf 2 may be a partially fluorinated alkyl group in which some of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms, or a partially fluorinated alkyl group in which all of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms are substituted with fluorine atoms. It may also be a perfluorinated alkyl group substituted by . Further, in the fluorinated alkyl group of Rf 2 , the hydrogen atom may be substituted with a substituent other than a fluorine atom, but it is preferable that the fluorinated alkyl group does not contain a substituent other than a fluorine atom.
- the fluorinated alkoxy group of Rf2 may be a partially fluorinated alkoxy group in which some of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms, or a partially fluorinated alkoxy group in which all of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms. It may also be a perfluorinated alkoxy group substituted with a fluorine atom. Further, in the fluorinated alkoxy group of Rf 2 , the hydrogen atom may be substituted with a substituent other than a fluorine atom, but it is preferable that the fluorinated alkoxy group does not contain a substituent other than a fluorine atom.
- the number of carbon atoms in Rf 2 is preferably 1 to 10, more preferably 1 to 6, still more preferably 1 to 4, and particularly preferably 1.
- Rf 21 and Rf 22 are independently a linear or branched fluorinated alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms
- Rf 23 is a linear or branched fluorinated alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- p is 0 or 1
- m is an integer of 0 to 4
- n is an integer of 0 to 4
- the fluorinated alkylene group of Rf 21 and Rf 22 may be a partially fluorinated alkylene group in which some of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms, or a partially fluorinated alkylene group in which all of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms. may be a perfluorinated alkylene group substituted with a fluorine atom.
- the hydrogen atom may be substituted with a substituent other than a fluorine atom, but it is preferable that the fluorinated alkylene group does not contain a substituent other than a fluorine atom.
- Rf 21 and Rf 22 may be the same or different at each occurrence.
- the fluorinated alkylene group of Rf 21 includes -CHF-, -CF 2 -, -CH 2 -CF 2 -, -CHF-CF 2 -, -CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CF(CF 3 )-, -CH 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CHF-CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CF(CF 3 )-CF 2 -, -CF 2 -CF (CF 3 )-, -C(CF 3 ) 2 -, -CH 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CHF-CF 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CF 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 - Examples include CF 2 -, -CH(CF 3 )-CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CF(CF 3 )-CF 2 -CF 2 -, -C(CF 3 )-CF
- the fluorinated alkylene group of Rf 22 includes -CHF-, -CF 2 -, -CH 2 -CF 2 -, -CHF-CF 2 -, -CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CF(CF 3 )-, -CH 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CHF-CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CF(CF 3 )-CF 2 -, -CF 2 -CF (CF 3 )-, -C(CF 3 ) 2 -, -CH 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CHF-CF 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CF 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 - Examples include CF 2 -, -CH(CF 3 )-CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CF(CF 3 )-CF 2 -CF 2 -, -C(CF 3 )-CF
- a perfluorinated alkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms is preferable, and -CF 2 -, -CF 2 CF 2 -, -CF 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CF(CF 3 )-CF 2 - or CF 2 -CF(CF 3 )- is more preferred.
- the fluorinated alkyl group of Rf 23 may be a partially fluorinated alkyl group in which some of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms, or a partially fluorinated alkyl group in which all of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms are substituted with fluorine atoms. It may also be a perfluorinated alkyl group substituted by atoms.
- the hydrogen atom may be substituted with a substituent other than a fluorine atom, but a substituent other than a fluorine atom (for example, -CN, -CH 2 I, -CH 2 Br etc.) is preferably not included.
- the fluorinated alkyl group of Rf 23 includes -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CH 2 -CH 2 F, -CH 2 -CHF 2 , -CH 2 -CF 3 , -CHF-CH 2 F, -CHF-CHF 2 , -CHF-CF 3 , -CF 2 -CH 2 F, -CF 2 -CHF 2 , -CF 2 -CF 3 , -CH 2 -CF 2 -CH 2 F, -CHF- CF 2 -CH 2 F, -CF 2 -CF 2 -CH 2 F, -CF(CF 3 )-CH 2 F, -CH 2 -CF 2 -CHF 2 , -CHF-CF 2 -CHF 2 , -CHF-CF 2 -CHF 2 , -CF(CF 3 )-CH 2 F, -CH 2 -CF 2 -CHF 2 , -CHF-
- n is preferably an integer of 0 to 2, more preferably 0 or 1, and even more preferably 0. Moreover, when p is 0, it is preferable that m also be 0.
- n is preferably an integer of 0 to 2, more preferably 0 or 1, and even more preferably 0.
- -CHF-CH[ -CF3 ]-, -CHF-CH[-CF 2 CF 3 ]-, -CHF-CH[-CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 ]-, or -CHF-CH[-CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 ]- is preferable, -CHF-CH[-CF 3 ]- is more preferable.
- the fluoropolymer 1 preferably has a vinylidene fluoride unit/copolymer unit molar ratio of 87/13 to 20/80. From the viewpoint of solubility, the ratio is more preferably 85/15 to 30/70.
- the fluoropolymer 1 may have structural units other than vinylidene fluoride units and copolymerized units.
- the content of other polymers is preferably 50 mol% or less.
- it may consist only of vinylidene fluoride units and copolymerized units.
- the content of other polymers is more preferably 30 mol% or less, and even more preferably 15 mol% or less.
- the fluoropolymer 1 may use a monomer that provides a crosslinking site as the other monomer.
- An iodine- or bromine-containing monomer represented by the general formula: CF 2 CFO(CF 2 CF(CF 3 )O) m (CF 2 ) n ⁇ X 3 (In the formula,
- CF2 CFOCF2CF ( CF3 ) OCF2CF2CN
- CF2 CFOCF2CF ( CF3 ) OCF2CF2COOH
- CF2 CFOCF2CF2CH2I
- CF2 CFOCF 2 CF ( CF3 )OCF2CF2CH2I
- CH2 CFCF2OCF (CF3)CF2OCF( CF3 ) CN
- CH2 CFCF2OCF ( CF3 ) CF2OCF ( CF3 )
- It is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of COOH and CH2 CFCF2OCF ( CF3 ) CF2OCF ( CF3 ) CH2OH .
- the fluoropolymer 1 is preferably a fluorine-containing elastomer.
- a fluorine-containing elastomer is an amorphous fluoropolymer having a low glass transition temperature. Further, although it may contain a repeating unit based on a monomer that provides a crosslinking site, in one embodiment of the present disclosure, it does not contain a crosslinking agent.
- the fluorine-containing elastomer preferably has a glass transition temperature of 25° C. or lower. More preferably, the glass transition temperature is 0°C or lower. The glass transition temperature is more preferably -5°C or lower, most preferably -10°C or lower. Furthermore, the temperature can also be set to -20°C or lower.
- the glass transition temperature was measured using a differential scanning calorimeter (manufactured by Hitachi Technoscience, X-DSC823e), and the DSC curve was determined by heating 10 mg of the sample at a rate of 20°C/min after cooling it to -75°C. The temperature at which the extension line of the baseline before and after the second-order transition of the DSC curve intersects with the tangent at the inflection point of the DSC curve was defined as the glass transition temperature.
- the fluorine-containing elastomer is preferably amorphous. Being amorphous means that there is no melting point peak in the above-mentioned DSC curve. Such a low Tg, amorphous fluorine-containing elastomer is particularly preferable because it is easily soluble in a solvent, provides flexibility to the electrode, and provides ease of processing.
- the above-mentioned fluorine-containing elastomer is a copolymer consisting of vinylidene fluoride units, the above-mentioned copolymerized units, and, if necessary, other monomers that can be copolymerized with these units. It is preferable that the molar ratio of polymerized units is 99.5/0.5 to 80/20, and that other monomer units account for 0 to 15 mol% of the total monomer units.
- the fluorine-containing elastomer is preferably a copolymer consisting only of vinylidene fluoride, copolymerized units, and other monomers.
- the fluoropolymer 1 used in the present disclosure contains 0.001 to 10 mol% of structural units derived from copolymerized units (however, the total of the structural units derived from vinylidene fluoride and copolymerized units is 100 mol%). ), more preferably 0.01 to 5 mol%, particularly preferably 0.01 to 3.0 mol%. Further, it is preferable to have a structural unit derived from vinylidene fluoride in an amount of 90 to 99.999 mol%, more preferably 95 to 99.75 mol%, and particularly preferably 96 to 99.63 mol%. When the copolymerized unit is 0.01 mol % or more, the viscosity of the polymer solvent does not become too high, and it is possible to prevent difficulty in coating the polymer solvent.
- the weight average molecular weight (in terms of polystyrene) of the fluoropolymer 1 is preferably 161,000 to 2,760,000, more preferably 322,000 to 2,530,000, and still more preferably 600,000 to 2,000,000.
- the weight average molecular weight can be measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using dimethylformamide as a solvent at 50°C.
- the number average molecular weight (in terms of polystyrene) of the fluoropolymer 1 is preferably 70,000 to 1,200,000, more preferably 140,000 to 1,100,000.
- the above number average molecular weight can be measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using dimethylformamide as a solvent at 50°C.
- the glass transition temperature of the fluoropolymer 1 is preferably 25°C or lower.
- the temperature is more preferably 0°C or lower, even more preferably -5°C or lower, and most preferably -10°C or lower. Furthermore, the temperature can also be set to -20°C or lower.
- the above glass transition temperature was determined by increasing the temperature from 30°C to 220°C at a rate of 10°C/min using a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) device, then lowering the temperature to 30°C at a rate of 10°C/min, and again at 10°C/min.
- DSC differential scanning calorimetry
- the Mooney viscosity at 121 °C (ML1 + 10 (121 °C)) of the fluoropolymer 1 is preferably 2 or more, more preferably 5 or more, even more preferably 10 or more, and preferably 30 or more. Particularly preferred.
- the Mooney viscosity at 140°C (ML1+10 (121°C)) of the fluoropolymer 1 is preferably 2 or more, more preferably 5 or more, even more preferably 10 or more, and preferably 30 or more. Particularly preferred.
- Mooney viscosity is a value measured in accordance with ASTM-D1646-15 and JIS K6300-1:2013.
- the above fluoropolymer 1 has a terminal structure having the following inequality: 0.01 ⁇ ([-CH 2 OH]+[-COOH])/([-CH 3 ]+[-CF 2 H]+[-CH 2 OH]+[-CH 2 I]+[-OC( O)RH]+[-COOH]) ⁇ 0.25 (In the formula, R represents an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms) is preferably satisfied. More preferably, 0.03 ⁇ ([-CH 2 OH]+[-COOH])/([-CH 3 ]+[-CF 2 H]+[-CH 2 OH]+[-CH 2 I]+ [-OC(O)RH]+[-COOH] ⁇ 0.20.
- the terminal functional group satisfies the above formula, it has good adhesion and flexibility, and has excellent functionality.
- [-CH 2 OH] and [-COOH] have a functional group with high affinity, such as a hydroxyl group or a carboxyl group, and are therefore preferable in that they have high affinity with the electrolytic solution. Therefore, it is preferable that the amount of these functional groups is contained in a ratio of a certain level or more, since the adhesion is excellent. On the other hand, if the amount of [-CH 2 OH] or [-COOH] becomes excessive, the flexibility will decrease. From this point of view, it is preferable that [-CH 2 OH] and [-COOH] be within the above-mentioned range.
- the amount of each terminal group present in the resin can be determined by NMR analysis.
- NMR end group analysis was performed by proton solution NMR method.
- the analysis sample was prepared to be a 20 wt % solution using Acetone-d6 as a solvent, and the measurement was performed.
- the reference peak is the peak top of acetone at 2.05 ppm.Measuring device: VNMRS400 manufactured by Varian Resonance frequency: 399.74 (Sfrq) Pulse width: 45° Each end corresponded to the following peak position.
- the method for bringing [-CH 2 OH] and [-COOH] within the above-mentioned range is not particularly limited, and may be carried out by known methods (for example, selection of initiator to be used, amount used, etc.). can be controlled.
- the fluoropolymer 1 preferably has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 7,000 to 5,000,000, and a weight average molecular weight (Mw ) is preferably 10,000 to 1,000,000, Mw/Mn is preferably 1.0 to 30.0, and more preferably 1.5 to 25.0.
- Mn number average molecular weight
- Mw weight average molecular weight
- Mw/Mn are values measured by GPC method.
- the Mooney viscosity (ML1+10 (121°C)) of the above fluoropolymer 1 at 121°C is preferably 2 or more, more preferably 5 or more, even more preferably 10 or more, and 30 or more. is particularly preferred. Mooney viscosity is a value measured in accordance with ASTM-D1646-15 and JIS K6300-1:2013.
- the above-mentioned fluoropolymer 1 can be manufactured by a general radical polymerization method.
- the polymerization form may be any of bulk polymerization, solution polymerization, suspension polymerization, and emulsion polymerization, but emulsion polymerization is preferred because it is easy to implement industrially.
- a polymerization initiator In the polymerization, a polymerization initiator, a chain transfer agent, a surfactant, and a solvent can be used, and conventionally known ones can be used, respectively.
- an oil-soluble radical polymerization initiator or a water-soluble radical initiator can be used as a polymerization initiator.
- the oil-soluble radical polymerization initiator may be a known oil-soluble peroxide, such as dialkyl peroxycarbonates such as diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate, disec-butyl peroxydicarbonate, t-butyl peroxydicarbonate, etc.
- Peroxy esters such as oxyisobutyrate and t-butyl peroxypivalate, dialkyl peroxides such as di-t-butyl peroxide, and di( ⁇ -hydro-dodecafluoroheptanoyl) peroxide, Di( ⁇ -hydro-tetradecafluoroheptanoyl) peroxide, Di( ⁇ -hydro-hexadecafluorononanoyl) peroxide, Di(perfluorobutyryl) peroxide, Di(perflupareryl) peroxide, Di(perfluorobutyryl) peroxide fluorohexanoyl) peroxide, di(perfluoroheptanoyl) peroxide, di(perfluorooctanoyl) peroxide, di(perfluorononanoyl) peroxide, di( ⁇ -chloro-hexafluorobutyryl) peroxide , di( ⁇ -ch
- the water-soluble radical polymerization initiator may be a known water-soluble peroxide, such as ammonium salts, potassium salts, and sodium salts such as persulfuric acid, perboric acid, perchloric acid, perphosphoric acid, and percarbonate. , t-butyl permaleate, t-butyl hydroperoxide, and the like. Reducing agents such as sulfites and sulfites may also be included, and the amount used may be 0.1 to 20 times that of peroxide.
- the amount of the radical polymerization initiator added is not particularly limited, but it may be added at least in an amount that does not significantly reduce the polymerization rate (for example, several ppm to water concentration) at the beginning of the polymerization, sequentially, or continuously. Then add it.
- the upper limit is the range in which the polymerization reaction heat can be removed from the equipment.
- the solvent is preferably a solvent that does not have chain transfer properties.
- dichloropentafluoropropane R-225
- water, a mixture of water and a water-soluble organic solvent, or a mixture of water and a water-insoluble organic solvent is used. A mixture can be mentioned.
- examples of chain transfer agents include esters such as dimethyl malonate, diethyl malonate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, and dimethyl succinate, as well as isopentane, methane, ethane, propane, isopropanol, and acetone. , various mercaptans, carbon tetrachloride, cyclohexane, etc.
- Bromine or iodine compounds may be used as chain transfer agents.
- Examples of the polymerization method using a bromine compound or an iodine compound include a method of carrying out emulsion polymerization in an aqueous medium under pressure in the presence of a bromine compound or an iodine compound in a substantially anoxic state. (Iodine transfer polymerization method).
- Typical examples of the bromine compound or iodine compound to be used include, for example, the general formula: R 2 I x Bry (In the formula, x and y are each an integer of 0 to 2 and satisfy 1 ⁇ x+y ⁇ 2, and R 2 is a saturated or unsaturated fluorohydrocarbon group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms or a chlorofluorocarbon group.
- R 2 is a saturated or unsaturated fluorohydrocarbon group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms or a chlorofluorocarbon group.
- iodine compound examples include 1,3-diiodoperfluoropropane, 2-iodoperfluoropropane, 1,3-diiodo-2-chloroperfluoropropane, 1,4-diiodoperfluorobutane, 1,5 -diiodo-2,4-dichloroperfluoropentane, 1,6-diiodoperfluorohexane, 1,8-diiodoperfluorooctane, 1,12-diiodoperfluorododecane, 1,16-diiodoperfluoro Hexadecane, diiodomethane, 1,2-diiodoethane, 1,3-diiodo-n-propane, CF 2 Br 2 , BrCF 2 CF 2 Br, CF 3 CFBrCF 2 Br, CFClBr 2 , BrCF 2 CFClB
- 1,4-diiodoperfluorobutane, 1,6-diiodoperfluorohexane, and 2-iodoperfluoropropane are preferred from the viewpoint of polymerization reactivity, crosslinking reactivity, and easy availability. is preferred.
- the polymer obtained by the above method can be obtained in powder form by coagulating the dispersion after polymerization, washing with water, dehydrating, and drying. Coagulation can be performed by adding an inorganic salt or acid such as aluminum sulfate, by applying mechanical shearing force, or by freezing the dispersion.
- a powder can be obtained by recovering the dispersion after polymerization and drying it.
- solution polymerization it can be obtained by directly drying a solution containing the polymer, or it can be obtained by adding a poor solvent dropwise for purification.
- fluoropolymer 1 one type may be used, or two or more types may be used. In particular, two types of copolymers with different molecular structures may be used together.
- the fluoropolymer used in the present disclosure may contain a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and a monomer represented by the above formula (3).
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a chlorine atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, but from the viewpoint of polymerization reaction, R 1 , R 2 and is desired to be a substituent with little steric hindrance, preferably hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and preferably hydrogen or a methyl group.
- X may be a single bond or an atomic group having a molecular weight of 500 or less and whose main chain has 1 to 20 atoms, but preferably 200 or less.
- the lower limit of the molecular weight in the case of an atomic group is not particularly limited, but is usually 15. This range is preferable in that gelation of the electrode mixture slurry can be suitably suppressed.
- X may have a structure represented by the following formula (5).
- X' is an atomic group having a molecular weight of 456 or less and having a main chain of 1 to 18 atoms, preferably a main chain of 1 to 13 atoms and a main chain of 1 to 18 atoms. It is more preferable that the molecular weight is 156 or less, and the molecular weight is preferably 156 or less. Further, the lower limit of the molecular weight of the atomic group for X' is not particularly limited, but is usually 14. This range is preferable from the viewpoint of polymerizability. Note that the number of atoms in the main chain does not include the number of hydrogen atoms.
- X may be branched by including a functional group as a side chain. X may contain one or more side chains.
- Y in the above general formula (3) represents an inorganic cation and/or an organic cation.
- inorganic cations include cations such as H, Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, and Fe.
- organic cations include cations such as NH 4 , NH 3 R 15 , NH 2 R 15 2 , NHR 15 3 , and NR 15 4 (R 15 independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms).
- R 15 independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- Y H, Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, NH4 are preferable, H, Li, Na, K, Mg, Al, NH4 are more preferable, and H, Li, Al, NH4 are preferable. It is more preferred, and H is particularly preferred. Note that, for convenience, specific examples of inorganic cations and organic cations are described with symbols and valences omitted.
- the monomer represented by the above formula (3) is a polar group-containing compound.
- the polar group-containing compound include compounds containing a carboxyl group, an epoxy group, a hydroxyl group, a sulfonic acid group, etc. Among them, compounds containing a carboxyl group are preferred. It is preferable that the polar group-containing compound represented by the above formula (3) contains a carboxyl group from the viewpoint of good binding between the electrode active material and the current collector.
- polar group-containing compound represented by formula (3) examples include acrylic acid (AA), 2-carboxyethyl acrylate, 2-carboxyethyl methacrylate, acryloyloxyethyl succinic acid (AES), Acryloyloxypropylsuccinic acid (APS), among others, acrylic acid, 2-carboxyethyl acrylate, acryloyloxyethylsuccinic acid and acryloyloxypropylsuccinic acid are preferred.
- one type or two or more types may be included as the polar group-containing compound represented by formula (1).
- the fluoropolymer 2 used in the present disclosure contains 0.01 to 10 mol% of structural units derived from the monomer represented by formula (3) (however, the structural units derived from vinylidene fluoride and the structural units derived from formula (3) ), preferably 0.20 to 7 mol%, more preferably 0.30 to 4 mol%. is particularly preferred. Further, it is preferable to have a structural unit derived from vinylidene fluoride in an amount of 90 to 99.99 mol%, more preferably 93 to 99.75 mol%, and particularly preferably 96 to 99.63 mol%.
- the structural unit derived from the monomer represented by formula (3) is 0.01 mol% or more, the proportion in the electrode mixture slurry fluoropolymer of formula (3) does not become too small, and the fluoropolymer The effect of suppressing gelation of the solution can be obtained. Moreover, when the structural unit derived from the monomer represented by formula (3) is 10 mol % or less, the viscosity does not become too high and it is possible to prevent coating from becoming difficult.
- the amount of vinylidene fluoride units in the fluoropolymer 2 and the amount of monomer units represented by the above formula (3) can usually be determined by 1 H NMR spectrum of the copolymer or neutralization titration. can.
- the compound used in the present disclosure may contain other monomer components other than vinylidene fluoride and the monomer represented by the above formula (3).
- examples include fluorine-based monomers copolymerizable with vinylidene fluoride, hydrocarbon monomers such as ethylene and propylene, and monomers copolymerizable with the above formula (3).
- fluorine-based monomers that can be copolymerized with vinylidene fluoride include vinyl fluoride, trifluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ethers represented by perfluoromethyl vinyl ether. be able to.
- Examples of monomers copolymerizable with the above formula (3) include (meth)acrylic acid, alkyl (meth)acrylate compounds represented by methyl (meth)acrylate, and the like. Note that the other monomers may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the fluoropolymer 2 has the other monomers mentioned above, when the total monomer units constituting the fluoropolymer 2 are 100 mol%, the other monomer units are 0.01 to 10 mol%. It is preferable to have.
- the weight average molecular weight of the fluoropolymer 2 used in the present disclosure is usually in the range of 50,000 to 1,500,000.
- the above fluoropolymer 2 can be obtained by polymerizing vinylidene fluoride and at least one of the monomers represented by the above formula (3) by a conventionally known method.
- the polymerization method is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include suspension polymerization, emulsion polymerization, and solution polymerization. Among these, the polymerization method is preferably aqueous suspension polymerization or emulsion polymerization from the viewpoint of ease of post-treatment.
- vinylidene fluoride and the monomer represented by the above formula (3) used in the polymerization are already well-known compounds, and general commercial products may be used.
- the fluoropolymer 2 usually contains 90 to 99.9 parts by mass of vinylidene fluoride and 0.1 to 10 parts by mass of the monomer represented by formula (3), more preferably 95 to 99 parts by mass of vinylidene fluoride. .9 parts by mass and 0.1 to 5 parts by mass of the monomer represented by the above formula (3) (However, vinylidene fluoride and the monomer represented by the above formula (3) are preferably obtained by copolymerizing (The total amount of monomers used is 100 parts by mass).
- the inherent viscosity ⁇ i of the fluoropolymer 2 is preferably 0.5 dl/g to 5.0 dl/g, more preferably 1.0 dl/g to 4.0 dl/g, and 1.5 dl/g More preferably, it is ⁇ 3.5 dl/g. If the inherent viscosity is within the above range, electrodes can be easily manufactured without deteriorating productivity due to a decrease in solid content of the fluororesin solution or causing uneven thickness of the electrode when applying the electrode mixture. It is preferable.
- the above-mentioned inherent viscosity ⁇ i can be determined by the following formula by dissolving 80 mg of the polymer in 20 ml of N,N-dimethylformamide and using an Ubbelohde viscometer in a constant temperature bath at 30°C.
- ⁇ i (1/C) ⁇ ln( ⁇ / ⁇ 0)
- ⁇ is the viscosity of the polymer solution
- ⁇ 0 is the viscosity of the solvent N,N-dimethylformamide
- C is 0.4 g/dl.
- electrodes can be easily manufactured without deteriorating productivity due to a decrease in solid content of the fluororesin solution or causing uneven thickness of the electrode when applying the electrode mixture. It is preferable.
- the negative electrode in the secondary battery of the present disclosure preferably includes a layer of at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, magnesium, and zinc in a metallic state.
- the negative electrode must include a layer of at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, magnesium, and zinc in a metallic state.
- the electrode does not have a metallic layer at the time it is manufactured.
- the layer in the metal state of the metal element to be formed by charging thereafter is preferably made of at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, magnesium, and zinc.
- lithium metal alone or an alloy containing it it is most preferable to use lithium metal alone or an alloy containing it, and most preferably lithium metal alone.
- the negative electrode can be manufactured by a general method for manufacturing metal foil.
- a method of forming a thin film layer (negative electrode active material layer) containing the above-mentioned negative electrode active material by a method such as a vapor deposition method, a sputtering method, or a plating method is also used.
- the thickness of the negative electrode plate is designed according to the positive electrode plate used and is not particularly limited, but the thickness of the mixture layer after subtracting the thickness of the metal foil of the core material is usually 15 ⁇ m or more, preferably 20 ⁇ m or more. , more preferably 30 ⁇ m or more, and usually 300 ⁇ m or less, preferably 280 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 250 ⁇ m or less.
- Examples of the material of the current collector for the negative electrode include metal materials such as aluminum, titanium, tantalum, stainless steel, nickel, and copper, or alloys thereof; carbon materials such as carbon cloth and carbon paper. Among these, metal materials, particularly aluminum, copper, or alloys thereof are preferred.
- the shape of the current collector includes metal foil, metal cylinder, metal coil, metal plate, metal thin film, expanded metal, punch metal, foam metal, etc.
- carbon materials carbon plates, carbon Examples include thin films and carbon cylinders. Among these, metal thin films are preferred. Note that the thin film may be formed into a mesh shape as appropriate. Although the thickness of the thin film is arbitrary, it is usually 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 3 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, and usually 1 mm or less, preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less. If the thin film is thinner than this range, it may lack the strength necessary as a current collector. Conversely, if the thin film is thicker than this range, handling properties may be impaired.
- a conductive additive is coated on the surface of the current collector from the viewpoint of reducing electrical contact resistance.
- the conductive aid include carbon and noble metals such as gold, platinum, and silver.
- the ratio of the thickness of the current collector to the negative electrode metal layer is not particularly limited, but the value of (thickness of the negative electrode metal layer on one side immediately before electrolyte injection)/(thickness of the current collector) is 20 or less.
- the range is preferably 15 or less, most preferably 10 or less, and 0.5 or more, more preferably 0.8 or more, and most preferably 1 or more. If it exceeds this range, the current collector may generate heat due to Joule heat during high current density charging and discharging. If it falls below this range, the volume ratio of the current collector increases and the capacity of the battery may decrease.
- the thickness of the fluoropolymer coating after drying is preferably 0.5 to 15 ⁇ m, more preferably 1 to 5 ⁇ m. By setting it within such a range, the effects of the present disclosure can be suitably exhibited.
- the coating thickness after drying can be calculated from the weight part of the fluoropolymer in the polymer solution and the thickness of the coating layer on the negative electrode material or current collector.
- the current collector on which the coating layer has been formed is lyophilized by placing it in liquid nitrogen, and the lyophilized sample is cut perpendicularly to the coating layer to obtain a sample for cross-sectional observation.
- the thickness of the dried coating layer can also be measured by preparing a sample and observing the cross section of the coating layer using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- the negative electrode of the present disclosure can be produced by a method of coating and drying a solution of the polymer described above on a negative electrode material or a current collector, or a method of pasting by rolling.
- Solvents used when preparing a polymer solution include N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 3-methoxy-N,N-dimethylpropanamide, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone and N-butyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, Examples include dimethylacetamide, hexamethylphosphalamide, dimethylsulfoxide, diethylenetriamine, N,N-dimethylaminopropylamine, diethyl ether, propylene oxide, and tetrahydrofuran.
- the amount of the polymer in the polymer solution is preferably 0.1 to 40% by weight, more preferably 1 to 10% by weight based on the entire polymer solution.
- the present disclosure also provides a secondary battery including the negative electrode described above.
- a secondary battery including the negative electrode described above.
- an all-solid-state battery may be used, it can be particularly suitably used in a battery having an electrolyte.
- the electrolytic solution used in the battery of the present disclosure is not particularly limited, and commonly known electrolytic solutions can be used.
- the electrolyte in the battery of the present disclosure is not particularly limited, and any known electrolyte can be used.
- the electrolyte preferably contains less than 90% by mass of a fluorinated ether, which will be described in detail below, of the total electrolyte solvent. It is preferable to use an electrolytic solution containing a fluorinated ether and the above-mentioned negative electrode, especially since the formation of dendrites can be reduced.
- the liquid electrolyte contains less than 90% by mass of a fluorinated ether, which will be described in detail below, based on the total electrolyte solvent.
- the fluorinated ether is not particularly limited as long as it is an ether compound that partially contains fluorine.
- the above fluorinated ether has the following general formula (I): Rf 4 -O-Rf 5 (I) (In the formula, Rf 4 and Rf 5 are the same or different and are an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. However, at least one of Rf 4 and Rf 5 is a fluorine (This is an alkyl group.)
- Rf 4 and Rf 5 is a fluorine (This is an alkyl group.)
- Other fluorinated ethers represented by: By containing other fluorinated ethers, the flame retardance of the liquid electrolyte is improved, and stability and safety at high temperatures and high voltages are improved.
- Rf 4 and Rf 5 may be a fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- both Rf 4 and Rf 5 are preferably fluorinated alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- Rf 4 and Rf 5 may be the same or different from each other.
- Rf 4 and Rf 5 are the same or different, Rf 4 is a fluorinated alkyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms, and Rf 5 is a fluorinated alkyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms. More preferred.
- Rf 4 and Rf 5 If the total number of carbon atoms in Rf 4 and Rf 5 is too small, the boiling point of the fluorinated ether will be too low, and if the number of carbon atoms in Rf 4 or Rf 5 is too large, the solubility of the electrolyte salt will decrease and it will be difficult to use other solvents. The compatibility with the compound begins to be adversely affected, and the rate characteristic decreases due to the increase in viscosity. When Rf 4 has 3 or 4 carbon atoms and Rf 5 has 2 or 3 carbon atoms, it is advantageous in that the boiling point and rate characteristics are excellent.
- fluorinated ethers examples include fluorinated ethers represented by the following general formula (10).
- HCF 2 CF 2 -OR (10) (In the formula, R is an alkyl group that may contain an ether group or a fluorinated alkyl group that may contain an ether group.)
- the fluorinated ether compound represented by the general formula (10) will be explained in detail, and then the fluorinated ether compounds other than the fluorinated ether compound represented by the above general formula (10) ( Hereinafter, these may be referred to as "other fluorinated ether compounds.”
- the fluorinated ether compound represented by the above general formula (10) and “other fluorinated ether compounds” may be used in combination.
- the fluorinated alkyl group is preferably a fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Among these, a fluorinated alkyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms is more preferred.
- the compound represented by the above general formula (10) preferably has a fluorine content of 40 to 75% by mass. When it has a fluorine content in this range, it has a particularly excellent balance between nonflammability and compatibility. It is also preferred from the standpoint of good oxidation resistance and safety.
- the lower limit of the fluorine content is more preferably 43% by mass, still more preferably 45% by mass, and particularly preferably 50% by mass.
- the upper limit is more preferably 70% by mass, and even more preferably 66% by mass.
- the fluorine content of the fluorinated ether is a value calculated from ⁇ (number of fluorine atoms x 19)/molecular weight of fluorinated ether ⁇ x 100 (%) based on the structural formula of the fluorinated ether.
- R examples include -CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , -CF 2 CFHCF 3 , -CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, -CH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, -CH 2 CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , -CH 2 CF2CFHCF3 , -CF2CF2CF2CF2H , -CH2CF2CF2CF2H , -CH2CH2CF2CF2H , -CH2CF ( CF3 ) CF2H _ _ _ _ , -CF 2 CF 2 H, -CH 2 CF 2 H, -CH 2 CF 3 , -CF 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 -CH 3 , CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 , CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 , CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 -O-CF 2 CF 2 H, -CH 2 CH 2 -O-CF
- Specific examples of the compound represented by the above general formula (10) include, for example, HCF 2 CF 2 -O-CH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, HCF 2 CF 2 -O-CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , HCF 2 CF 2 -O-CH 2 CF 3 , HCF 2 -CF 2 -O-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 , HCF 2 -CF 2 -O-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 , HCF 2 - Examples include CF 2 -O-CH 2 -CH 2 -O-CF 2 -CF 2 H and the like.
- the fluorinated ether represented by the above general formula (10) is particularly at least one fluorinated ether selected from the group consisting of fluorinated ethers represented by the following general formulas (12) to (14). is preferred.
- fluorinated ethers represented by the above general formulas (12) to (14) as additives in the liquid electrolyte in terms of lowering the flash point of the electrolyte.
- fluorinated ethers that is, fluorinated ethers not represented by the above general formula (10)
- fluorinated ethers include the following.
- the other fluorinated ethers described above preferably have a fluorine content of 40 to 75% by mass. When it has a fluorine content in this range, it has a particularly excellent balance between nonflammability and compatibility. It is also preferred from the standpoint of good oxidation resistance and safety.
- the lower limit of the fluorine content is more preferably 45% by mass, still more preferably 50% by mass, and particularly preferably 55% by mass.
- the upper limit is more preferably 70% by mass, and even more preferably 66% by mass.
- the fluorine content of other fluorinated ethers is calculated based on the structural formula of other fluorinated ethers by ⁇ (number of fluorine atoms x 19)/molecular weight of other fluorinated ethers ⁇ x 100 (%). This is the value.
- Rf 4 examples include CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CFHCF 2 -, HCF 2 CF 2 CF 2 -, HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CFHCF 2 CH 2 --, HCF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 --, HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 --, HCF 2 CF(CF 3 )CH 2 --, and the like.
- Rf 4 for example, -CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , -CF 2 CFHCF 3 , -CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, -CH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, -CH 2 CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , -CH2CF2CFHCF3 , -CF2CF2CF2CF2H , -CH2CF2CF2CF2H , -CH2CH2CF2CF2H , -CH2CF ( CF3 ) _ _ _ _ _ Examples include CF 2 H, -CF 2 CF 2 H, -CH 2 CF 2 H, -CF 2 CH 3 and the like.
- fluorinated ethers include, for example, HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 , CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 , C 6 F 13 OCH 3 , C 6 F 13 OC 2 H 5 , C8F17OCH3 , C8F17OC2H5 , CF3CFHCF2CH ( CH3 ) OCF2CFHCF3 , HCF2CF2OCH ( C2H5 ) 2 , HCF2CF2OC4 _ _ Examples include H9 , HCF2CF2OCH2CH ( C2H5 ) 2 , HCF2CF2OCH2CH ( CH3 ) 2 , and the like .
- those containing HCF 2 at one or both ends have excellent polarizability and can provide other fluorinated ethers with high boiling points.
- the boiling point of other fluorinated ethers is preferably 67 to 120°C.
- the temperature is more preferably 80°C or higher, and even more preferably 90°C or higher.
- fluorinated ethers examples include CF 3 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 , CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 , HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 , HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 Examples include one or more of OCH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, CF 3 CFHCF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 , HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 H, and the like.
- HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 (boiling point 106°C), CF 3 CF 2 CH are advantageous in terms of high boiling point, good compatibility with other solvents, and good solubility of electrolyte salts.
- 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 (boiling point: 82° C.), preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 (boiling point: 106° C.).
- the content of the fluorinated ether is preferably less than 90% by mass in the liquid electrolyte. By keeping it within this range, it can be used as a good liquid electrolyte. That is, when the content increases, the concentration of the liquid electrolyte increases and the ionic conductivity decreases, resulting in a decrease in battery life.
- the lower limit is preferably 3% by mass, more preferably 5% by mass. It is preferable that the said upper limit is 70 mass %, and it is more preferable that it is 60 mass %.
- the content of the fluorinated ether is within the range mentioned above.
- the electrolytic solution of the present disclosure preferably contains components other than fluorinated ether. Components that can be added to such an electrolytic solution will be described in detail below.
- the above-mentioned solvent contains at least one selected from the group consisting of carbonate and carboxylic acid ester.
- the carbonate may be a cyclic carbonate or a chain carbonate.
- the cyclic carbonate may be a non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate or a fluorinated cyclic carbonate.
- non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate examples include non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonates, preferably non-fluorinated saturated alkylene carbonates having an alkylene group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and non-fluorinated saturated alkylene carbonates having an alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms. More preferred are saturated alkylene carbonates.
- the non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonates include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, cis-2,3-pentylene carbonate, and cis-2,3-butylene carbonate, since they have a high dielectric constant and a suitable viscosity. , 2,3-pentylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, 1,2-pentylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, and butylene carbonate.
- non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonates may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the content of the non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate is preferably 5 to 90% by volume, more preferably 10 to 60% by volume based on the solvent. It is preferably 15 to 45% by volume, and more preferably 15 to 45% by volume.
- the above-mentioned fluorinated cyclic carbonate is a cyclic carbonate having a fluorine atom. Solvents containing fluorinated cyclic carbonates can be suitably used even under high voltage. Note that in this specification, “high voltage” refers to a voltage of 4.2V or higher. Further, the upper limit of “high voltage” is preferably 4.9V.
- the fluorinated cyclic carbonate may be a fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate or a fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate.
- the above-mentioned fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate is a saturated cyclic carbonate having a fluorine atom, and specifically, the following general formula (A):
- X 1 to X 4 are the same or different, and each represents -H, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -F, a fluorinated alkyl group which may have an ether bond, or an ether bond
- X 1 to X 4 represents a fluorinated alkoxy group that may have an ether bond.
- at least one of X 1 to X 4 is -F, a fluorinated alkyl group that may have an ether bond, or It is a good fluorinated alkoxy group.
- the above-mentioned fluorinated alkyl group includes -CF 3 , -CF 2 H, -CH 2 F, and the like.
- the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate when the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate is included, when the electrolytic solution of the present disclosure is applied to a high-voltage lithium ion secondary battery or the like, the oxidation resistance of the electrolytic solution is improved, and stable and excellent charge/discharge characteristics can be obtained.
- the "ether bond” is a bond represented by -O-.
- one or two of X 1 to X 4 may have -F, a fluorinated alkyl group that may have an ether bond, or an ether bond.
- a fluorinated alkoxy group is preferred.
- X 1 to It is preferably a fluorinated alkyl group (b) or a fluorinated alkoxy group (c).
- the fluorinated alkyl group (a) is an alkyl group in which at least one hydrogen atom is replaced with a fluorine atom.
- the number of carbon atoms in the fluorinated alkyl group (a) is preferably 1 to 20, more preferably 1 to 17, even more preferably 1 to 7, and particularly preferably 1 to 5. If the number of carbon atoms is too large, the low-temperature characteristics may deteriorate or the solubility of the electrolyte salt may be reduced. If the number of carbon atoms is too small, the solubility of the electrolyte salt may be reduced, the discharge efficiency may be reduced, or even Increased viscosity may be observed.
- those having 1 carbon number include CFH 2 -, CF 2 H-, and CF 3 -.
- CF 2 H- or CF 3 - is preferred in terms of high-temperature storage properties, and CF 3 - is most preferred.
- R 8 -R 9 - (a-1) those having 2 or more carbon atoms are represented by the following general formula (a-1): R 8 -R 9 - (a-1)
- R 8 is an alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms which may have a fluorine atom
- R 9 is an alkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms which may have a fluorine atom
- R 1 and A fluorinated alkyl group represented by (at least one of R 2 has a fluorine atom) can be preferably exemplified from the viewpoint of good solubility of the electrolyte salt.
- R 1 and R 2 may further contain atoms other than carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, and fluorine atoms.
- R 8 is an alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms that may have a fluorine atom.
- R 8 is preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms.
- the number of carbon atoms in R 8 is preferably 1 to 6, and even more preferably 1 to 3.
- R 8 as a linear or branched alkyl group, CH 3 -, CH 3 CH 2 -, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 -, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -,
- R 8 is a linear alkyl group having a fluorine atom, CF 3 -, CF 3 CH 2 -, CF 3 CF 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 - , CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 -, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 CF 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3
- R 8 is a branched alkyl group having a fluorine atom
- R 9 is an alkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms which may have a fluorine atom.
- R 9 may be linear or branched. An example of the minimum structural unit constituting such a linear or branched alkylene group is shown below. R 9 is composed of these alone or in combination.
- R 9 When R 9 is linear, it consists only of the above-mentioned linear minimum structural unit, and among these, -CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 - or -CF 2 - is preferable. --CH 2 -- or --CH 2 CH 2 -- is more preferred since it can further improve the solubility of the electrolyte salt.
- R 9 When R 9 is branched, it contains at least one of the above-mentioned branched minimum structural units, and has the general formula -(CX a X b )-(X a is H, F , CH 3 or CF 3 ; X b is CH 3 or CF 3 . However, when X b is CF 3 , X a is H or CH 3 ). In particular, these can further improve the solubility of electrolyte salts.
- Preferred fluorinated alkyl groups (a) include, for example, CF 3 CF 2 -, HCF 2 CF 2 -, H 2 CFCF 2 -, CH 3 CF 2 -, CF 3 CHF-, CH 3 CF 2 -, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 -, HCF 2 CF 2 CF 2 -, H 2 CFCF 2 CF 2 -, CH 3 CF 2 CF 2 -,
- the above-mentioned fluorinated alkyl group (b) having an ether bond is an alkyl group having an ether bond in which at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with a fluorine atom.
- the fluorinated alkyl group (b) having an ether bond preferably has 2 to 17 carbon atoms. If the number of carbon atoms is too large, the viscosity of the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate increases, and since the number of fluorine-containing groups increases, the solubility of the electrolyte salt decreases due to a decrease in dielectric constant, and the compatibility with other solvents decreases. A decrease may be seen. From this point of view, the number of carbon atoms in the fluorinated alkyl group (b) having an ether bond is more preferably 2 to 10, and even more preferably 2 to 7.
- the alkylene group constituting the ether moiety of the fluorinated alkyl group (b) having an ether bond may be a linear or branched alkylene group.
- An example of the minimum structural unit constituting such a linear or branched alkylene group is shown below.
- the alkylene group may be composed of these minimum structural units alone, and may be composed of two linear chains (i), two branched chains (ii), or a combination of linear (i) and branched chain (ii). It may be configured by a combination. Preferred specific examples will be described later.
- fluorinated alkyl group (b) having an ether bond include general formula (b-1): R 10 - (OR 11 ) n2 - (b-1) (In the formula, R 10 is an alkyl group that may have a fluorine atom, preferably having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R 11 is an alkylene group that may have a fluorine atom, preferably having 1 to 4 carbon atoms) group; n 2 is an integer of 1 to 3; provided that at least one of R 3 and R 4 has a fluorine atom).
- R 10 and R 11 include the following, which can be appropriately combined to constitute the fluorinated alkyl group (b) having an ether bond represented by the above general formula (b-1). , but not limited to these.
- R 10 has the general formula : An optional alkylene group; n3 is preferably an alkyl group represented by 0 or 1).
- examples of R 10 include CH 3 -, CF 3 -, HCF 2 - and H 2 CF-.
- n 3 is 1 include CF 3 CH 2 -, CF 3 CF 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 -, where R 10 is linear; CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 -, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 CF 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 -
- R 10 is linear, since viscosity tends to increase if it has branches such as CH 3 - or CF 3 -.
- R 11 include the following linear or branched chains.
- the fluorinated alkoxy group (c) is an alkoxy group in which at least one hydrogen atom is replaced with a fluorine atom.
- the fluorinated alkoxy group (c) preferably has 1 to 17 carbon atoms. More preferably, it has 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- the above - mentioned fluorinated alkoxy group ( c ) has the general formula : A fluorinated alkoxy group represented by an alkylene group which may have 1 to 5 fluorine atoms; n3 is 0 or 1; provided that any one of the three X d contains a fluorine atom is particularly preferred.
- fluorinated alkoxy group (c) examples include the fluorinated alkoxy group in which an oxygen atom is bonded to the terminal of the alkyl group exemplified as R 8 in the above general formula (a-1).
- the fluorine content of the fluorinated alkyl group (a), the fluorinated alkyl group having an ether bond (b), and the fluorinated alkoxy group (c) in the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate is preferably 10% by mass or more. If the fluorine content is too low, there is a risk that the effect of lowering the viscosity at low temperatures and the effect of increasing the flash point may not be sufficiently obtained. From this point of view, the fluorine content is more preferably 12% by mass or more, and even more preferably 15% by mass or more. The upper limit is usually 76% by mass.
- the fluorine content of the fluorinated alkyl group (a), the fluorinated alkyl group having an ether bond (b), and the fluorinated alkoxy group (c) is determined based on the structural formula of each group. x 19)/formula weight of each group ⁇ x 100 (%).
- the fluorine content of the entire fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate is preferably 10% by mass or more, more preferably 15% by mass or more.
- the upper limit is usually 76% by mass.
- the fluorine content of the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate is determined by ⁇ (number of fluorine atoms x 19)/molecular weight of fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate ⁇ x 100 (%), based on the structural formula of the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate. This is the calculated value.
- fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonates in which at least one of X 1 to X 4 is a fluorinated alkyl group (a) and all the remaining are -H include:
- the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate is preferably one of the following compounds.
- Examples of the above-mentioned fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonates include trans-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 5-(1,1-difluoroethyl)-4,4-difluoro-1, 3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-methylene-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-methyl-5-trifluoromethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-ethyl-5-fluoro- 1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-ethyl-5,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-ethyl-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-ethyl-4,5,5-trifluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4,4-difluoro-5-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-flu
- fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonates examples include fluoroethylene carbonate, difluoroethylene carbonate, trifluoromethylethylene carbonate (3,3,3-trifluoropropylene carbonate), and 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluorocarbonate.
- fluoroethylene carbonate difluoroethylene carbonate
- trifluoromethylethylene carbonate (3,3,3-trifluoropropylene carbonate)
- 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluorocarbonate 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluorocarbonate.
- Propyl ethylene carbonate is more preferred.
- the fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate is a cyclic carbonate having an unsaturated bond and a fluorine atom, and is preferably a fluorinated ethylene carbonate derivative substituted with a substituent having an aromatic ring or a carbon-carbon double bond.
- the above-mentioned fluorinated cyclic carbonates may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the content of the fluorinated cyclic carbonate is preferably 5 to 90% by volume, more preferably 10 to 60% by volume, and more preferably 15 to 90% by volume based on the solvent. More preferably, it is 45% by volume.
- the linear carbonate may be a non-fluorinated linear carbonate or a fluorinated linear carbonate.
- non-fluorinated linear carbonates examples include CH 3 OCOOCH 3 (dimethyl carbonate: DMC), CH 3 CH 2 OCOOCH 2 CH 3 (diethyl carbonate: DEC), CH 3 CH 2 OCOOCH 3 (ethyl methyl carbonate: EMC).
- non-fluorinated chain carbonates may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the content of the non-fluorinated linear carbonate is preferably 10 to 90% by volume, more preferably 40 to 85% by volume based on the solvent. It is preferably 50 to 80% by volume, and more preferably 50 to 80% by volume.
- the above-mentioned fluorinated chain carbonate is a chain carbonate having a fluorine atom.
- a solvent containing a fluorinated chain carbonate can be suitably used even under high voltage.
- the above-mentioned fluorinated chain carbonate has the general formula (B): Rf 3 OCOOR 14 (B) (In the formula, Rf 3 is a fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, and R 14 is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms that may contain a fluorine atom.) can be mentioned.
- Rf 3 is a fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms
- R 14 is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms which may contain a fluorine atom.
- the above-mentioned fluorinated alkyl group is an alkyl group in which at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with a fluorine atom.
- R 14 is an alkyl group containing a fluorine atom, it becomes a fluorinated alkyl group.
- Rf 3 and R 14 preferably have 1 to 7 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 2 carbon atoms, from the viewpoint of low viscosity.
- the solubility of the electrolyte salt may be reduced. If the number of carbon atoms is too small, the solubility of the electrolyte salt may be reduced, the discharge efficiency may be reduced, or even Increased viscosity may be observed.
- fluorinated alkyl group having 1 carbon number examples include CFH 2 -, CF 2 H-, CF 3 -, and the like.
- CFH 2 - or CF 3 - is preferred in terms of high temperature storage properties.
- R 1 -R 2 - (d-1) As the fluorinated alkyl group having 2 or more carbon atoms, the following general formula (d-1): R 1 -R 2 - (d-1) (In the formula, R 1 is an alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms which may have a fluorine atom; R 2 is an alkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms which may have a fluorine atom; however, R 1 and A fluorinated alkyl group represented by (at least one of R 2 has a fluorine atom) can be preferably exemplified from the viewpoint of good solubility of the electrolyte salt. Note that R 1 and R 2 may further contain atoms other than carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, and fluorine atoms.
- R 1 is an alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms that may have a fluorine atom.
- R 1 is preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- the number of carbon atoms in R 1 is more preferably 1 to 3.
- R 1 as a linear or branched alkyl group, CH 3 -, CF 3 -, CH 3 CH 2 -, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 -, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2- ,
- R 1 is a linear alkyl group having a fluorine atom, CF 3 -, CF 3 CH 2 -, CF 3 CF 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 - , CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 -, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 CF 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3
- R 1 is a branched alkyl group having a fluorine atom
- R 2 is an alkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms which may have a fluorine atom.
- R 2 may be linear or branched.
- An example of the minimum structural unit constituting such a linear or branched alkylene group is shown below.
- R 2 is composed of these alone or in combination.
- R 2 When R 2 is linear, it consists only of the above-mentioned linear minimum structural unit, and among these, -CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 - or -CF 2 - is preferable. --CH 2 -- or --CH 2 CH 2 -- is more preferred since it can further improve the solubility of the electrolyte salt.
- R 2 When R 2 is branched, it contains at least one branched minimum structural unit as described above, and has the general formula -(CX a X b )-(X a is H, F , CH 3 or CF 3 ; X b is CH 3 or CF 3 . However, when X b is CF 3 , X a is H or CH 3 ). In particular, these can further improve the solubility of electrolyte salts.
- Preferred fluorinated alkyl groups include, for example, CF 3 CF 2 -, HCF 2 CF 2 -, H 2 CFCF 2 -, CH 3 CF 2 -, CF 3 CH 2 - , CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 -, HCF 2 CF 2 CF 2 -, H 2 CFCF 2 CF 2 -, CH 3 CF 2 CF 2 -,
- the fluorinated alkyl groups for Rf 3 and R 14 include CF 3 -, CF 3 CF 2 -, (CF 3 ) 2 CH -, CF 3 CH 2 -, C 2 F 5 CH 2 -, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 -, HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CFHCF 2 CH 2 -, CFH 2 -, and CF 2 H- are preferred because they have high flame retardancy and good rate characteristics and oxidation resistance. , CF 3 CH 2 -, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 -, HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 -, CFH 2 -, and CF 2 H- are more preferred.
- R 14 is an alkyl group containing no fluorine atom, it is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms. From the viewpoint of low viscosity, R 14 preferably has 1 to 4 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- alkyl group not containing a fluorine atom examples include CH 3 --, CH 3 CH 2 --, (CH 3 ) 2 CH-, C 3 H 7 --, and the like.
- CH 3 -- and CH 3 CH 2 -- are preferred because they have low viscosity and good rate characteristics.
- the fluorinated linear carbonate preferably has a fluorine content of 15 to 70% by mass.
- the fluorine content is more preferably 20% by mass or more, even more preferably 30% by mass or more, particularly preferably 35% by mass or more, more preferably 60% by mass or less, and even more preferably 50% by mass or less.
- the fluorine content is a value calculated from ⁇ (number of fluorine atoms x 19)/molecular weight of fluorinated linear carbonate ⁇ x 100 (%) based on the structural formula of the fluorinated linear carbonate. It is.
- the above-mentioned fluorinated chain carbonate is preferably one of the following compounds because of its low viscosity.
- the above-mentioned fluorinated chain carbonates may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the content of the fluorinated linear carbonate is preferably 10 to 90% by volume, more preferably 40 to 85% by volume, based on the solvent; More preferably, it is 50 to 80% by volume.
- the above carboxylic ester may be a cyclic carboxylic ester or a chain carboxylic ester.
- the above-mentioned cyclic carboxylic acid ester may be a non-fluorinated cyclic carboxylic acid ester or a fluorinated cyclic carboxylic acid ester.
- non-fluorinated cyclic carboxylic acid ester examples include non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carboxylic acid esters, and non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carboxylic acid esters having an alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms are preferred.
- non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carboxylic acid esters having an alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms include ⁇ -propiolactone, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -caprolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, ⁇ -methyl- ⁇ - Butyrolactone is mentioned.
- ⁇ -butyrolactone and ⁇ -valerolactone are particularly preferred from the viewpoint of improving the degree of lithium ion dissociation and improving load characteristics.
- non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carboxylic acid esters may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the content of the non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carboxylic acid ester is preferably 0 to 90% by volume, and 0.001 to 90% by volume based on the solvent. %, even more preferably 1 to 60 volume %, particularly preferably 5 to 40 volume %.
- the chain carboxylic acid ester may be a non-fluorinated chain carboxylic acid ester or a fluorinated chain carboxylic acid ester.
- the above-mentioned solvent contains the above-mentioned chain carboxylic acid ester, an increase in resistance of the electrolytic solution after high-temperature storage can be further suppressed.
- non-fluorinated chain carboxylic acid ester examples include methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, butyl propionate, tert-butyl propionate, tert-butyl propionate, and tert-butyl propionate.
- butyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, and butyl propionate are preferred, and ethyl propionate and propyl propionate are particularly preferred.
- non-fluorinated chain carboxylic acid esters may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the content of the non-fluorinated chain carboxylic acid ester is preferably 0 to 90% by volume, and 0.001 to 90% by volume based on the solvent. %, even more preferably 1 to 60 volume %, particularly preferably 5 to 40 volume %.
- the above-mentioned fluorinated chain carboxylic acid ester is a chain carboxylic acid ester having a fluorine atom.
- a solvent containing a fluorinated chain carboxylic acid ester can be suitably used even under high voltage.
- the above-mentioned fluorinated chain carboxylic acid ester has the following general formula: R 31 COOR 32 (In the formula, R 31 and R 32 are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and may contain a fluorine atom, and at least one of R 31 and R 32 contains a fluorine atom.)
- R 31 and R 32 are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and may contain a fluorine atom, and at least one of R 31 and R 32 contains a fluorine atom.
- the fluorinated chain carboxylic acid esters shown are preferred from the viewpoint of good compatibility with other solvents and good oxidation resistance.
- R 31 and R 32 include a methyl group (-CH 3 ), an ethyl group (-CH 2 CH 3 ), a propyl group (-CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), and an isopropyl group (-CH(CH 3 ) 2 ).
- non-fluorinated alkyl groups such as normal butyl group (-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), tert-butyl group (-C(CH 3 ) 3 ); -CF 3 , -CF 2 H, -CFH 2 , -CF 2 CF 3 , -CF 2 CF 2 H, -CF 2 CFH 2 , -CH 2 CF 3 , -CH 2 CF 2 H, -CH 2 CFH 2 , -CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 , -CF 2 CF 2 H, -CF 2 CF 2 CFH 2 , -CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , -CH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, -CH 2 CF 2 CFH 2 , -CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , -CH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, -CH 2 CF 2 CFH 2 , -CH 2 CH 2 CF 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CF 2 H,
- methyl group, ethyl group, -CF 3 , -CF 2 H, -CF 2 CF 3 , -CH 2 CF 3 , -CH 2 CF 3 , -CH 2 CF 2 H, -CH 2 CFH 2 , -CH 2 CH 2 CF 3 , -CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , -CH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, and -CH 2 CF 2 CFH 2 are particularly preferred because they have good compatibility with other solvents, viscosity, and oxidation resistance.
- the above-mentioned fluorinated chain carboxylic acid esters may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the content of the fluorinated chain carboxylic acid ester is preferably 10 to 90% by volume, and preferably 40 to 85% by volume based on the solvent. is more preferable, and even more preferably 50 to 80% by volume.
- the solvent preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of the cyclic carbonate, the chain carbonate, and the chain carboxylic acid ester, and the cyclic carbonate, the chain carbonate, and the chain carboxylic acid ester. It is more preferable to include at least one selected from the group consisting of esters.
- the cyclic carbonate is preferably a saturated cyclic carbonate.
- the solvent contains the cyclic carbonate and at least one selected from the group consisting of the chain carbonate and the chain carboxylic ester, the cyclic carbonate, the chain carbonate, and the chain carboxylic ester
- the solvent contains the cyclic carbonate and at least one selected from the group consisting of the chain carbonate and the chain carboxylic ester, the cyclic carbonate, the chain carbonate, and the chain carboxylic ester
- the volume ratio with at least one selected from the group consisting of is preferably 5/95 to 95/5, more preferably 10/90 or more, even more preferably 15/85 or more, and particularly preferably 20/80 or more. , more preferably 90/10 or less, further preferably 60/40 or less, particularly preferably 50/50 or less.
- the above-mentioned solvent also preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of the above-mentioned non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate, the above-mentioned non-fluorinated linear carbonate, and the above-mentioned non-fluorinated linear carboxylic acid ester; It is more preferable to include a saturated cyclic carbonate and at least one selected from the group consisting of the non-fluorinated linear carbonate and the non-fluorinated linear carboxylic acid ester.
- An electrolytic solution containing a solvent having the above composition can be suitably used in electrochemical devices used at relatively low voltages.
- the solvent contains the non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate and at least one selected from the group consisting of the non-fluorinated linear carbonate and the non-fluorinated linear carboxylic acid ester
- the non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate Preferably, the total content of carbonate and at least one selected from the group consisting of the non-fluorinated linear carbonate and the non-fluorinated linear carboxylic acid ester is 5 to 100% by volume, and 20 to 100% by volume. It is more preferable to contain it, and it is even more preferable to contain it in an amount of 30 to 100% by volume.
- the electrolytic solution contains the non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate and at least one selected from the group consisting of the non-fluorinated linear carbonate and the non-fluorinated linear carboxylic acid ester
- the non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate The volume ratio of the cyclic carbonate to at least one selected from the group consisting of the non-fluorinated chain carbonate and the non-fluorinated chain carboxylic acid ester is preferably 5/95 to 95/5, and 10/ More preferably 90 or more, still more preferably 15/85 or more, particularly preferably 20/80 or more, more preferably 90/10 or less, even more preferably 60/40 or less, particularly preferably 50/50 or less.
- the solvent also preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate, the fluorinated linear carbonate, and the fluorinated linear carboxylic acid ester, and the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate and at least one selected from the group consisting of the fluorinated chain carbonate and the fluorinated chain carboxylic acid ester.
- An electrolytic solution containing a solvent having the above composition can be suitably used not only for electrochemical devices used at relatively low voltages but also for electrochemical devices used at relatively high voltages.
- the solvent contains the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate and at least one selected from the group consisting of the fluorinated chain carbonate and the fluorinated chain carboxylic acid ester
- the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate and the It preferably contains a total of 5 to 100 volume%, more preferably 10 to 100 volume%, of at least one selected from the group consisting of fluorinated chain carbonates and the above-mentioned fluorinated chain carboxylic acid esters, It is more preferable to contain 30 to 100% by volume.
- the solvent contains the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate and at least one selected from the group consisting of the fluorinated chain carbonate and the fluorinated chain carboxylic acid ester
- the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate and the The volume ratio with at least one selected from the group consisting of fluorinated chain carbonate and the above-mentioned fluorinated chain carboxylic acid ester is preferably 5/95 to 95/5, more preferably 10/90 or more, 15 /85 or more is more preferable, 20/80 or more is particularly preferable, 90/10 or less is more preferable, 60/40 or less is still more preferable, and 50/50 or less is particularly preferable.
- an ionic liquid can also be used as the above-mentioned solvent.
- An "ionic liquid” is a liquid consisting of ions that are a combination of organic cations and anions.
- organic cations include, but are not particularly limited to, imidazolium ions such as dialkylimidazolium cations and trialkylimidazolium cations; tetraalkylammonium ions; alkylpyridinium ions; dialkylpyrrolidinium ions; and dialkylpiperidinium ions. .
- Anions that serve as counters to these organic cations are not particularly limited, but include, for example, PF 6 anion, PF 3 (C 2 F 5 ) 3 anion, PF 3 (CF 3 ) 3 anion, BF 4 anion, BF 2 ( CF 3 ) 2 anion, BF 3 (CF 3 ) anion, bisoxalatoborate anion, P(C 2 O 4 )F 2 anion, Tf (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) anion, Nf (nonafluorobutanesulfonyl) anion, bis( A fluorosulfonyl)imide anion, a bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anion, a bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide anion, a dicyanoamine anion, and a halide anion can be used.
- the solvent is preferably a non-aqueous solvent
- the electrolytic solution of the present disclosure is preferably a non-aqueous electrolytic solution.
- the content of the solvent in the electrolytic solution is preferably 70 to 99.999% by mass, more preferably 80% by mass or more, and more preferably 92% by mass or less.
- the electrolytic solution of the present disclosure may further include a compound (8) represented by general formula (8).
- a a+ is a metal ion, hydrogen ion, or onium ion.
- a is an integer of 1 to 3
- b is an integer of 1 to 3
- p is b/a
- n203 is an integer of 1 to 4
- n201 is 0 to An integer of 8
- n202 is 0 or 1
- Z201 is a transition metal, an element of Group III, IV, or V of the periodic table.
- X201 is O, S, an alkylene group with 1 to 10 carbon atoms, number of carbon atoms
- a halogenated alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an arylene group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, or a halogenated arylene group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms (an alkylene group, a halogenated alkylene group, an arylene group, and a halogenated arylene group are may have a substituent or a heteroatom, and when n202 is 1 and
- Y 201 , Y 202 and Z 203 are each independently O, S, NY 204 , a hydrocarbon group or a fluorinated hydrocarbon group.
- Y 203 and Y 204 are each independently H , F, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, or a halogenated aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms (alkyl group, halogenated alkyl group) , the aryl group and the halogenated aryl group may have a substituent or a heteroatom in their structure, and if a plurality of Y 203 or Y 204 are present, each may combine to form a ring. ).
- a a+ includes lithium ions, sodium ions, potassium ions, magnesium ions, calcium ions, barium ions, cesium ions, silver ions, zinc ions, copper ions, cobalt ions, iron ions, nickel ions, manganese ions, titanium ions, Lead ion, chromium ion, vanadium ion, ruthenium ion, yttrium ion, lanthanide ion, actinide ion, tetrabutylammonium ion, tetraethylammonium ion, tetramethylammonium ion, triethylmethylammonium ion, triethylammonium ion, pyridinium ion, imidazolium ion , hydrogen ion, tetraethylphosphonium ion, tetramethylphosphonium ion, tetraphenylphosphonium ion,
- a a+ is preferably a lithium ion, sodium ion, magnesium ion, tetraalkylammonium ion, or hydrogen ion, and particularly preferably a lithium ion.
- the valence a of the cation of A a+ is an integer of 1 to 3. If it is larger than 3, the crystal lattice energy becomes large, causing a problem that it becomes difficult to dissolve in a solvent. Therefore, when solubility is required, 1 is more preferable.
- the valence b of the anion is likewise an integer of 1 to 3, with 1 being particularly preferred.
- the constant p representing the ratio of cations and anions is necessarily determined by the ratio b/a of their valences.
- ligand portion of general formula (8) will be explained.
- the organic or inorganic moiety bonded to Z 201 in general formula (8) is referred to as a ligand.
- Z 201 is preferably Al, B, V, Ti, Si, Zr, Ge, Sn, Cu, Y, Zn, Ga, Nb, Ta, Bi, P, As, Sc, Hf or Sb; , B or P is more preferable.
- X 201 represents O, S, an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a halogenated alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an arylene group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, or a halogenated arylene group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms.
- alkylene groups and arylene groups may have a substituent or a heteroatom in their structure.
- n202 is 1 and n203 is 2 to 4, each of the n203 X 201 may be connected.
- a ligand such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
- L 201 is a halogen atom, a cyano group, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, a halogenated aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, or -Z 203 Y 203 (Z 203 and Y 203 will be described later).
- the alkyl group and aryl group here may also have a substituent or a heteroatom in their structure, similar to X 201 , and when n201 is 2 to 8, each of the n201 L 201s is bonded to each other. may form a ring.
- a fluorine atom or a cyano group is preferable. This is because, in the case of a fluorine atom, the solubility and degree of dissociation of the salt of an anionic compound are improved, and the ionic conductivity is accordingly improved. In addition, oxidation resistance is improved, thereby suppressing the occurrence of side reactions.
- Y 201 , Y 202 and Z 203 each independently represent O, S, NY 204 , a hydrocarbon group or a fluorinated hydrocarbon group.
- Y 201 and Y 202 are preferably O, S or NY 204 , more preferably O.
- Compound (8) is characterized by the presence of a bond with Z 201 via Y 201 and Y 202 within the same ligand, so that these ligands form a chelate structure with Z 201 . The effect of this chelate improves the heat resistance, chemical stability, and hydrolysis resistance of this compound.
- n202 in this ligand is 0 or 1, and in particular, when it is 0, this chelate ring becomes a five-membered ring, which exhibits the strongest chelating effect and increases stability, which is preferable.
- a fluorinated hydrocarbon group is a group in which at least one hydrogen atom of a hydrocarbon group is substituted with a fluorine atom.
- Y 203 and Y 204 each independently represent H, F, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms. It is a halogenated aryl group, and these alkyl groups and aryl groups may have a substituent or a heteroatom in their structure, and if multiple Y 203 or Y 204 exist, each has a bond. may be used to form a ring.
- the constant n203 related to the number of ligands mentioned above is an integer of 1 to 4, preferably 1 or 2, and more preferably 2.
- the constant n201 related to the number of ligands mentioned above is an integer of 0 to 8, preferably an integer of 0 to 4, and more preferably 0, 2, or 4. Further, it is preferable that when n203 is 1, n201 is 2, and when n203 is 2, n201 is 0.
- the alkyl group, halogenated alkyl group, aryl group, and halogenated aryl group include those having other functional groups such as branches, hydroxyl groups, and ether bonds.
- the compound (8) has the general formula: (wherein A a+ , a, b, p, n201, Z 201 and L 201 are as described above), or a compound represented by the general formula: A compound represented by the formula (wherein A a+ , a, b, p, n201, Z 201 and L 201 are as described above) is preferable.
- Examples of the compound (8) include lithium oxalatoborate salts, which have the following formula: Lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LIBOB) represented by the following formula: lithium difluorooxalatoborate (LIDFOB),
- LIBOB Lithium bis(oxalato)borate
- LIDFOB lithium difluorooxalatoborate
- Compound (8) also includes the following formula: Lithium difluorooxalatophosphanite (LIDFOP) represented by the following formula: Lithium tetrafluorooxalatophosphanite (LITFOP) represented by the following formula: Examples include lithium bis(oxalato)difluorophosphanite represented by:
- dicarboxylic acid complex salts whose central complex element is boron include lithium bis(malonato)borate, lithium difluoro(malonato)borate, lithium bis(methylmalonato)borate, lithium difluoro(methylmalonato)borate, and lithium bis(malonato)borate.
- Examples include dimethylmalonato)borate, lithium difluoro(dimethylmalonato)borate, and the like.
- dicarboxylic acid complex salts whose central complex element is phosphorus include lithium tris(oxalato)phosphate, lithium tris(malonato)phosphate, lithium difluorobis(malonato)phosphate, lithium tetrafluoro(malonato)phosphate, and lithium tris(malonato)phosphate.
- methylmalonato) phosphate lithium difluorobis(methylmalonato)phosphate, lithium tetrafluoro(methylmalonato)phosphate, lithium tris(dimethylmalonato)phosphate, lithium diflu
- dicarboxylic acid complex salts in which the central element of the complex is aluminum include LiAl(C 2 O 4 ) 2 , LiAlF 2 (C 2 O 4 ), and the like.
- lithium bis(oxalato)borate, lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate, lithium tris(oxalato)phosphate, lithium difluorobis(oxalato)phosphate, and lithium tetrafluoro(oxalato)phosphate are easy to obtain and have a stable film-like structure. It is more preferably used because it can contribute to the formation of things.
- lithium bis(oxalato)borate is particularly preferred.
- the content of compound (8) is preferably 0.001% by mass or more, more preferably 0.01% by mass or more, and 10% by mass or more based on the solvent, since even more excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained. % or less, more preferably 3% by mass or less.
- the electrolytic solution of the present disclosure preferably further contains an electrolyte salt (excluding compounds (1) and (8)).
- the above electrolyte salts include lithium salts, ammonium salts, metal salts, liquid salts (ionic liquids), inorganic polymer salts, organic polymer salts, etc. that can be used in the electrolyte solution. Any one can be used.
- lithium salts are preferred. Any lithium salt can be used as the lithium salt, and specific examples include the following.
- electrolyte salts may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- a preferable example of the combination of two or more types is the combination of LiPF 6 and LiBF 4 , or the combination of LiPF 6 and LiPO 2 F 2 , C 2 H 5 OSO 3 Li, or FSO 3 Li, which have good high-temperature storage properties. , has the effect of improving load characteristics and cycle characteristics.
- LiBF 4 LiPO 2 F 2 , C 2 H 5 OSO 3 Li, or FSO 3 Li based on 100% by mass of the entire electrolytic solution
- the amount may be arbitrary as long as it does not significantly impair the effects of the present disclosure.
- organic lithium salts include CF 3 SO 3 Li, LiN(FSO 2 ) 2 , LiN(FSO 2 )(CF 3 SO 2 ), LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , Lithium cyclic 1,2-perfluoroethanedisulfonylimide, Lithium cyclic 1,3-perfluoropropanedisulfonylimide, LiC(FSO 2 ) 3 , LiC(CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , LiC(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 3 , LiBF3CF3 , LiBF3C2F5 , LiPF3 ( CF3 ) 3 , LiPF3 ( C2F5 ) 3, etc.
- the proportion of the organic lithium salt relative to 100% by mass of the entire electrolytic solution is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, particularly preferably 0.5% by mass or more, and preferably 30% by mass or less, especially Preferably it is 20% by mass or less.
- the concentration of these electrolyte salts in the electrolytic solution is not particularly limited as long as the effects of the present disclosure are not impaired.
- the total molar concentration of lithium in the electrolytic solution is preferably 0.3 mol/L or more, more preferably 0.4 mol/L. Above, it is more preferably 0.5 mol/L or more, and preferably 4.0 mol/L or less, more preferably 3.8 mol/L or less, still more preferably 3.5 mol/L or less.
- the electrical conductivity of the electrolyte may be insufficient, while if the concentration is too high, the electrical conductivity may decrease due to increased viscosity, resulting in decreased battery performance.
- ammonium salts are preferable.
- ammonium salts include the following (IIa) to (IIe).
- (IIa) Tetraalkyl quaternary ammonium salt General formula (IIa):
- R 1a , R 2a , R 3a and R 4a are the same or different, and each is an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and may contain an ether bond;
- X - is an anion
- Preferred examples include tetraalkyl quaternary ammonium salts represented by:
- ammonium salts in which some or all of the hydrogen atoms are substituted with fluorine atoms and/or fluorine-containing alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms are also preferred from the viewpoint of improved oxidation resistance.
- R 5a is an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 6a is a divalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 7a is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms
- z is 1 or 2
- X - is anion
- alkyl ether group-containing trialkylammonium salts shown in the following. By introducing an alkyl ether group, the viscosity can be reduced.
- the anion X ⁇ may be an inorganic anion or an organic anion.
- inorganic anions include AlCl 4 ⁇ , BF 4 ⁇ , PF 6 ⁇ , AsF 6 ⁇ , TaF 6 ⁇ , I ⁇ , and SbF 6 ⁇ .
- organic anions include bisoxalatoborate anion, difluorooxalatoborate anion, tetrafluorooxalatophosphate anion, difluorobisoxalatophosphate anion, CF 3 COO ⁇ , CF 3 SO 3 ⁇ , (CF 3 SO 2 ). 2 N - , (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 N - , and the like.
- BF 4 ⁇ , PF 6 ⁇ , AsF 6 ⁇ , and SbF 6 ⁇ are preferable from the viewpoint of good oxidation resistance and ionic dissociation properties.
- Preferred specific examples of tetraalkyl quaternary ammonium salts include Et 4 NBF 4 , Et 4 NClO 4 , Et 4 NPF 6 , Et 4 NAsF 6 , Et 4 NSbF 6 , Et 4 NCF 3 SO 3 , Et 4 N( CF3SO2 ) 2N , Et4NC4F9SO3 , Et3MeNBF4 , Et3MeNClO4 , Et3MeNPF6 , Et3MeNAsF6 , Et3MeNSbF6 , Et3MeNCF3S O 3 , Et 3 MeN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N, Et 3 MeNC 4 F 9 SO 3 may be used, and in particular, Et 4 NBF 4 , Et 4 NPF 6 , Et 4 NSbF 6 , Et 4 NAsF 6 , Et 3 MeNBF 4 , N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl) ammonium salt
- R 8a and R 9a are the same or different, each is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; X - is an anion; n1 is an integer of 0 to 5; n2 is an integer of 0 to 5) Spirocyclic bipyrrolidinium salt represented by general formula (IIb-2):
- R 10a and R 11a are the same or different, each is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; X - is an anion; n3 is an integer of 0 to 5; n4 is an integer of 0 to 5) Spirocyclic bipyrrolidinium salt represented by or general formula (IIb-3):
- R 12a and R 13a are the same or different, each is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; X - is an anion; n5 is an integer of 0 to 5; n6 is an integer of 0 to 5)
- Preferable examples include spirocyclic bipyrrolidinium salts represented by:
- a spirocyclic bipyrrolidinium salt in which some or all of the hydrogen atoms are substituted with a fluorine atom and/or a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is also preferred in terms of improved oxidation resistance.
- anion X - are the same as in (IIa). Among them, BF 4 -, PF 6 -, (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N- or (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 N- are preferred because of their high dissociability and low internal resistance under high voltage. preferable.
- spirocyclic bipyrrolidinium salts include, for example, etc.
- This spirocyclic bipyrrolidinium salt is excellent in solubility in solvents, oxidation resistance, and ionic conductivity.
- R 14a and R 15a are the same or different, each is an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; X - is an anion)
- Preferred examples include imidazolium salts represented by the following. It is also preferable that some or all of the hydrogen atoms in the imidazolium salt be substituted with a fluorine atom and/or a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, from the viewpoint of improved oxidation resistance.
- This imidazolium salt is excellent in that it has low viscosity and good solubility.
- R 16a is an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms;
- X - is an anion
- Preferred examples include N-alkylpyridinium salts represented by: It is also preferable that some or all of the hydrogen atoms in the N-alkylpyridinium salt be substituted with a fluorine atom and/or a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, from the viewpoint of improved oxidation resistance.
- This N-alkylpyridinium salt is excellent in that it has low viscosity and good solubility.
- R 17a and R 18a are the same or different, each is an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; X - is an anion)
- Preferred examples include N,N-dialkylpyrrolidinium salts represented by:
- N,N-dialkylpyrrolidinium salts in which some or all of the hydrogen atoms are substituted with fluorine atoms and/or fluorine-containing alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms also have improved oxidation resistance. Preferable from this point of view.
- This N,N-dialkylpyrrolidinium salt is excellent in that it has low viscosity and good solubility.
- ammonium salts (IIa), (IIb) and (IIc) are preferable because they have good solubility, oxidation resistance, and ionic conductivity, and
- Me is a methyl group
- Et is an ethyl group
- X ⁇ , x, and y are the same as in formula (IIa-1)
- a lithium salt may be used as the electrolyte salt for an electric double layer capacitor.
- the lithium salt for example, LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiN(FSO 2 ) 2 , LiAsF 6 , LiSbF 6 , and LiN(SO 2 C 2 H 5 ) 2 are preferable.
- Magnesium salts may be used to further improve capacity.
- the magnesium salt for example, Mg(ClO 4 ) 2 and Mg(OOC 2 H 5 ) 2 are preferable.
- the concentration is preferably 0.7 mol/liter or more. If it is less than 0.7 mol/liter, there is a risk that not only the low-temperature properties will deteriorate but also the initial internal resistance will become high.
- the concentration of the electrolyte salt is more preferably 0.9 mol/liter or more.
- the upper limit of the concentration is preferably 2.0 mol/liter or less, more preferably 1.5 mol/liter or less, from the viewpoint of low-temperature characteristics.
- the ammonium salt is triethylmethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEMABF 4 )
- its concentration is preferably 0.7 to 1.5 mol/liter from the viewpoint of excellent low-temperature properties.
- the amount is preferably 0.7 to 2.0 mol/liter.
- the electrolytic solution of the present disclosure has the general formula (2): (In the formula, X 21 is a group containing at least H or C, n21 is an integer of 1 to 3, Y 21 and Z 21 are the same or different and a group containing at least H, C, O or F, n22 is 0 or 1, Y 21 and Z 21 may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- the electrolytic solution contains compound (2), even when stored at high temperatures, the capacity retention rate is less likely to decrease and the amount of gas generated is less likely to increase.
- n 21 is 2 or 3
- two or three X 21 may be the same or different.
- the plurality of Y 21 and Z 21 may be the same or different.
- Y 21 includes H-, F-, CH 3 -, CH 3 CH 2 -, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 -, CF 3 CF 2 -, CH 2 FCH 2 - and CF 3 CF 2 CF At least one selected from the group consisting of 2- is preferred.
- Z 21 includes H-, F-, CH 3 -, CH 3 CH 2 -, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 -, CF 3 CF 2 -, CH 2 FCH 2 - and CF 3 CF 2 CF At least one selected from the group consisting of 2- is preferred.
- Y 21 and Z 21 can be bonded to each other to form a carbocycle or a heterocycle that may contain an unsaturated bond and may have aromaticity.
- the number of carbon atoms in the ring is preferably 3 to 20.
- analog refers to an acid anhydride obtained by replacing a part of the structure of the exemplified acid anhydride with another structure within the scope of the spirit of the present disclosure.
- acid anhydrides forming a 5-membered ring structure include succinic anhydride, methylsuccinic anhydride (4-methylsuccinic anhydride), dimethylsuccinic anhydride (4,4-dimethylsuccinic anhydride) , 4,5-dimethylsuccinic anhydride, etc.), 4,4,5-trimethylsuccinic anhydride, 4,4,5,5-tetramethylsuccinic anhydride, 4-vinylsuccinic anhydride, 4,5 - Divinylsuccinic anhydride, phenylsuccinic anhydride (4-phenylsuccinic anhydride), 4,5-diphenylsuccinic anhydride, 4,4-diphenylsuccinic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, maleic anhydride, Methylmaleic anhydride (4-methylmaleic anhydride), 4,5-dimethylmaleic anhydride, phenylmaleic anhydride (4-
- acid anhydrides forming a 6-membered ring structure include cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydride (cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride, etc.), 4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride, Examples include glutaric anhydride, glutaconic anhydride, 2-phenylglutaric anhydride, and analogs thereof.
- acid anhydrides forming other cyclic structures include 5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride, cyclopentanetetracarboxylic dianhydride, pyromellitic anhydride, and diglycolic anhydride. etc., and their analogs.
- acid anhydrides forming a cyclic structure and substituted with halogen atoms include monofluorosuccinic anhydride (4-fluorosuccinic anhydride, etc.), 4,4-difluorosuccinic anhydride, 4-fluorosuccinic anhydride, etc.
- Compound (2) includes, among others, glutaric anhydride, citraconic anhydride, glutaconic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, diglycolic anhydride, cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydride, cyclopentanetetracarboxylic dianhydride, 4-cyclohexene- 1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride, 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, 5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride, phenylsuccinic anhydride, 2-phenylglutaric anhydride, Maleic anhydride, methylmaleic anhydride, trifluoromethylmaleic anhydride, phenylmaleic anhydride, succinic anhydride, methylsuccinic anhydride, dimethylsuccinic anhydride, trifluoromethylsuccinic anhydride, monofluorosuccinic anhydride Acid anhydrides, tetrafluorosucc
- maleic anhydride methylmaleic anhydride, trifluoromethylmaleic anhydride
- succinic anhydride methylsuccinic anhydride, trifluoromethylsuccinic anhydride, tetrafluorosuccinic anhydride, etc.
- Fluorosuccinic anhydride is more preferred, and maleic anhydride and succinic anhydride are even more preferred.
- Compound (2) has the general formula (3):
- X 41 and X 42 are the same or different, and are preferably a group containing at least H, C, O, or F). .
- X 31 to X 34 are the same or different and are preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, a fluorinated alkyl group, an alkenyl group, and a fluorinated alkenyl group.
- the number of carbon atoms in X 31 to X 34 is preferably 1 to 10, more preferably 1 to 3.
- X 31 to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ At least one selected from the group consisting of 2 - and CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 - is more preferred.
- X 41 and X 42 are preferably the same or different and at least one selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, a fluorinated alkyl group, an alkenyl group, and a fluorinated alkenyl group.
- the number of carbon atoms in X 41 and X 42 is preferably 1 to 10, more preferably 1 to 3.
- X 41 and X 42 are the same or different, H-, F-, CH 3 -, CH 3 CH 2 -, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 -, CF 3 CF 2 -, CH 2 FCH At least one selected from the group consisting of 2 - and CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 - is more preferred.
- Compound (3) is preferably one of the following compounds.
- Compound (4) is preferably one of the following compounds.
- the content of compound (2) is more preferably 0.01 to 10% by mass, even more preferably 0.1 to 3% by mass, and particularly preferably 0.1 to 1.0% by mass.
- the electrolytic solution contains both compounds (3) and (4), even when stored at high temperatures, the capacity retention rate is less likely to decrease and the amount of gas generated is less likely to increase.
- the electrolytic solution may contain at least one selected from the group consisting of nitrile compounds represented by the following general formulas (1a), (1b), and (1c).
- R a and R b each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a cyano group (CN), a halogen atom, an alkyl group, or a group in which at least some of the hydrogen atoms of an alkyl group are replaced with a halogen atom.
- R c is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, a group in which at least some of the hydrogen atoms of an alkyl group are substituted with a halogen atom, or NC-R c1 -X c1 - (R c1 is an alkylene group , X c1 represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom.)
- R d and R e each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, or at least a part of an alkyl group. Represents a group in which the hydrogen atom of is replaced with a halogen atom.
- R f , R g , R h and R i each independently represent at least one of a group containing a cyano group (CN), a hydrogen atom (H), a halogen atom, an alkyl group, or an alkyl group
- the above nitrile compounds may be used alone, or two or more of them may be used in combination in any combination and ratio.
- R a and R b are each independently a hydrogen atom, a cyano group (CN), a halogen atom, an alkyl group, or a halogen atom replacing at least a portion of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group. It is a substituted group.
- the halogen atom include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom. Among them, fluorine atoms are preferred.
- the alkyl group preferably has 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
- alkyl group examples include methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, butyl group, isobutyl group, tert-butyl group, and the like.
- groups in which at least some of the hydrogen atoms of an alkyl group are substituted with halogen atoms include groups in which at least some of the hydrogen atoms in the above-mentioned alkyl group are substituted with the above-mentioned halogen atoms.
- R a and R b are an alkyl group or a group in which at least some of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group are substituted with halogen atoms
- R a and R b are bonded to each other to form a ring structure (for example, a cyclohexane ring). ) may be formed. It is preferable that R a and R b are a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group.
- n is an integer of 1 to 10.
- n is 2 or more, all of the n R a 's may be the same, or at least some of them may be different.
- Rb is preferably an integer of 1 to 7, more preferably 2 to 5.
- dinitrile and tricarbonitrile are preferred.
- dinitrile include malononitrile, succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, pimelonitrile, suberonitrile, azelanitrile, sebaconitrile, undecane dinitrile, dodecane dinitrile, methylmalononitrile, ethylmalononitrile, isopropylmalononitrile, tert-butyl Malononitrile, methylsuccinonitrile, 2,2-dimethylsuccinonitrile, 2,3-dimethylsuccinonitrile, 2,3,3-trimethylsuccinonitrile, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylsuccinonitrile , 2,3-diethyl-2,3-dimethylsuccinonitrile, 2,2-diethyl-3,3-dimethylsuccinonitrile, bicyclohexyl-1
- succinonitrile glutaronitrile
- adiponitrile particularly preferred are succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, and adiponitrile.
- tricarbonitrile include pentane tricarbonitrile, propane tricarbonitrile, 1,3,5-hexane tricarbonitrile, 1,3,6-hexane tricarbonitrile, heptane tricarbonitrile, 1, Examples include 2,3-propane tricarbonitrile, 1,3,5-pentane tricarbonitrile, cyclohexane tricarbonitrile, triscyanoethylamine, triscyanoethoxypropane, tricyanoethylene, tris(2-cyanoethyl)amine, etc.
- R c is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, a group in which at least some of the hydrogen atoms of an alkyl group are substituted with a halogen atom, or NC-R c1 -X c1 -(R c1 is an alkylene group, X c1 is an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom. is a group in which at least some of the hydrogen atoms of are substituted with halogen atoms.
- R c1 in the above NC-R c1 -X c1 - is an alkylene group.
- the alkylene group is preferably an alkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. It is preferable that R c , R d and R e each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, or a group in which at least some of the hydrogen atoms of an alkyl group are replaced with a halogen atom.
- At least one of R c , R d and R e is preferably a halogen atom or a group in which at least some of the hydrogen atoms of an alkyl group are replaced with a halogen atom, and at least one of a fluorine atom or at least one of the alkyl groups is substituted with a halogen atom. More preferably, it is a group in which some of the hydrogen atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms.
- R d and R e are an alkyl group or a group in which at least some of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group are substituted with halogen atoms, R d and R e are bonded to each other to form a ring structure (for example, a cyclohexane ring). ) may be formed.
- m is an integer of 1 to 10.
- all m R d's may be the same, or at least some of them may be different.
- m is preferably an integer of 2 to 7, more preferably an integer of 2 to 5.
- Examples of the nitrile compound represented by the above general formula (1b) include acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, isobutyronitrile, valeronitrile, isovaleronitrile, lauronitrile, 3-methoxypropionitrile, 2-methylbutyronitrile, Nitrile, trimethylacetonitrile, hexanenitrile, cyclopentanecarbonitrile, cyclohexanecarbonitrile, fluoroacetonitrile, difluoroacetonitrile, trifluoroacetonitrile, 2-fluoropropionitrile, 3-fluoropropionitrile, 2,2-difluoropropionitrile, 2,3-difluoropropionitrile, 3,3-difluoropropionitrile, 2,2,3-trifluoropropionitrile, 3,3,3-trifluoropropionitrile, 3,3'-oxydipropionitrile, Examples include 3,3'-thiodi
- R f , R g , R h and R i are each independently a group containing a cyano group (CN), a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, or at least one of an alkyl group. This is a group in which some hydrogen atoms are replaced with halogen atoms. Examples of the halogen atom, the alkyl group, and the group in which at least some of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group are substituted with a halogen atom include those exemplified for general formula (1a) above.
- Examples of the group containing a cyano group include, in addition to a cyano group, a group in which at least some of the hydrogen atoms of an alkyl group are substituted with a cyano group.
- Examples of the alkyl group in this case include those exemplified for general formula (1a) above.
- At least one of R f , R g , R h and R i is a group containing a cyano group.
- at least two of R f , R g , R h and R i are groups containing a cyano group, and more preferably, R h and R i are groups containing a cyano group.
- R f and R g are preferably hydrogen atoms.
- l is an integer of 1 to 3.
- all l R f's may be the same, or at least some of them may be different.
- l is preferably an integer of 1 to 2.
- Examples of the nitrile compound represented by the above general formula (1c) include 3-hexenedinitrile, mucononitrile, maleonitrile, fumaronitrile, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, crotononitrile, 3-methylcrotononitrile, 2-methyl-2- Examples include butenenitrile, 2-pentenenitrile, 2-methyl-2-pentenenitrile, 3-methyl-2-pentenenitrile, 2-hexenenitrile, and 3-hexenedinitrile and mucononitrile are preferred, with 3-hexenedinitrile being particularly preferred. Nitriles are preferred.
- the content of the nitrile compound is preferably 0.2 to 7% by mass based on the electrolytic solution. Thereby, the high-voltage, high-temperature storage characteristics and safety of the electrochemical device can be further improved.
- the lower limit of the total content of the nitrile compounds is more preferably 0.3% by mass, and even more preferably 0.5% by mass.
- the upper limit is more preferably 5% by mass, even more preferably 2% by mass, and particularly preferably 0.5% by mass.
- the electrolytic solution of the present disclosure may include a compound having an isocyanate group (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as "isocyanate”).
- isocyanate is not particularly limited, and any isocyanate can be used. Examples of isocyanates include monoisocyanates, diisocyanates, triisocyanates, and the like.
- monoisocyanates include isocyanatomethane, isocyanatoethane, 1-isocyanatopropane, 1-isocyanatobutane, 1-isocyanatopentane, 1-isocyanatohexane, 1-isocyanatoheptane, and 1-isocyanatopropane.
- diisocyanates include 1,4-diisocyanatobutane, 1,5-diisocyanatopentane, 1,6-diisocyanatohexane, 1,7-diisocyanatoheptane, 1,8-diisocyanato Natooctane, 1,9-diisocyanatononane, 1,10-diisocyanatodecane, 1,3-diisocyanatopropene, 1,4-diisocyanato-2-butene, 1,4-diisocyanato-2-fluorobutane , 1,4-diisocyanato-2,3-difluorobutane, 1,5-diisocyanato-2-pentene, 1,5-diisocyanato-2-methylpentane, 1,6-diisocyanato-2-hexene, 1,6-diisocyanato -3-hexene, 1,6-
- triisocyanates include 1,6,11-triisocyanatoundecane, 4-isocyanatomethyl-1,8-octamethylene diisocyanate, 1,3,5-triisocyanate methylbenzene, 1,3,5 -tris(6-isocyanatohex-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione, 4-(isocyanatomethyl)octamethylene diisocyanate, etc. Can be mentioned.
- 1,6-diisocyanatohexane, 1,3-bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane, 1,3,5-tris(6-isocyanatohex-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine- 2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione, 2,4,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, and 2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate are industrially easily available. This is preferable because the manufacturing cost of the electrolytic solution can be kept low, and from a technical point of view, it can contribute to the formation of a stable film-like structure, so it is more preferably used.
- the content of isocyanate is not particularly limited, and is arbitrary as long as it does not significantly impair the effects of the present disclosure, but is preferably 0.001% by mass or more and 1.0% by mass or less based on the electrolytic solution.
- the content of isocyanate is at least this lower limit, a sufficient cycle characteristic improvement effect can be brought about in the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- it is below this upper limit an increase in the initial resistance of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery can be avoided.
- the content of isocyanate is more preferably 0.01% by mass or more, still more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, particularly preferably 0.2% by mass or more, and still more preferably 0.8% by mass or less, and even more preferably is 0.7% by mass or less, particularly preferably 0.6% by mass or less.
- the electrolytic solution of the present disclosure may include a cyclic sulfonic acid ester.
- the cyclic sulfonic acid ester is not particularly limited, and any cyclic sulfonic acid ester can be used.
- Examples of the cyclic sulfonic acid ester include saturated cyclic sulfonic acid ester, unsaturated cyclic sulfonic acid ester, saturated cyclic disulfonic acid ester, unsaturated cyclic disulfonic acid ester, and the like.
- saturated cyclic sulfonic acid esters include 1,3-propane sultone, 1-fluoro-1,3-propane sultone, 2-fluoro-1,3-propane sultone, and 3-fluoro-1,3-propane sultone.
- unsaturated cyclic sulfonic acid esters include 1-propene-1,3-sultone, 2-propene-1,3-sultone, 1-fluoro-1-propene-1,3-sultone, and 2-fluoro-1,3-sultone.
- 1,3-propane sultone, 1-fluoro-1,3-propane sultone, 2-fluoro-1,3-propane sultone, 3-fluoro-1,3-propane sultone, 1-propene-1,3- Sulton is more preferably used because it is easily available and can contribute to the formation of a stable film-like structure.
- the content of the cyclic sulfonic acid ester is not particularly limited and is arbitrary as long as it does not significantly impair the effects of the present disclosure, but it is preferably 0.001% by mass or more and 3.0% by mass or less based on the electrolyte solution. be.
- the content of the cyclic sulfonic acid ester is more preferably 0.01% by mass or more, still more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, particularly preferably 0.2% by mass or more, and still more preferably 2.5% by mass or less. , more preferably 2.0% by mass or less, particularly preferably 1.8% by mass or less.
- the electrolytic solution of the present disclosure may further contain polyethylene oxide having a weight average molecular weight of 2000 to 4000 and having -OH, -OCOOH, or -COOH at the end.
- polyethylene oxide having a weight average molecular weight of 2000 to 4000 and having -OH, -OCOOH, or -COOH at the end.
- the stability of the electrode interface can be improved, and the characteristics of the electrochemical device can be improved.
- the polyethylene oxide include polyethylene oxide monool, polyethylene oxide carboxylic acid, polyethylene oxide diol, polyethylene oxide dicarboxylic acid, polyethylene oxide triol, and polyethylene oxide tricarboxylic acid. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Among these, a mixture of polyethylene oxide monool and polyethylene oxide diol, and a mixture of polyethylene carboxylic acid and polyethylene dicarboxylic acid are preferred, since the characteristics of the electrochemical device are better.
- the weight average molecular weight of the polyethylene oxide is too small, it may be easily oxidized and decomposed.
- the weight average molecular weight is more preferably 3,000 to 4,000.
- the weight average molecular weight can be measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in terms of polystyrene.
- the content of the polyethylene oxide in the electrolytic solution is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 to 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 mol/kg. If the content of the polyethylene oxide is too large, the properties of the electrochemical device may be impaired.
- the content of the polyethylene oxide is more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 mol/kg or more.
- the electrolytic solution of the present disclosure may further contain a fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate, an unsaturated cyclic carbonate, an overcharge inhibitor, other known auxiliary agents, and the like as additives. Thereby, deterioration of the characteristics of the electrochemical device can be suppressed.
- fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate examples include the compound represented by the above-mentioned general formula (A). Among them, fluoroethylene carbonate, difluoroethylene carbonate, monofluoromethylethylene carbonate, trifluoromethylethylene carbonate, 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropylethylene carbonate (4-(2,2,3,3, 3-pentafluoro-propyl)-[1,3]dioxolan-2-one) is preferred.
- One type of fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination in any combination and ratio.
- the content of the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate is preferably 0.001 to 10% by mass, more preferably 0.01 to 5% by mass, and 0.1 to 3% by mass, based on the electrolytic solution. It is more preferable that it is mass %.
- Examples of unsaturated cyclic carbonates include vinylene carbonates, ethylene carbonates substituted with a substituent having an aromatic ring or a carbon-carbon double bond or a carbon-carbon triple bond, phenyl carbonates, vinyl carbonates, allyl carbonates, Examples include catechol carbonates.
- Vinylene carbonates include vinylene carbonate, methyl vinylene carbonate, 4,5-dimethyl vinylene carbonate, phenyl vinylene carbonate, 4,5-diphenyl vinylene carbonate, vinyl vinylene carbonate, 4,5-divinyl vinylene carbonate, allyl vinylene carbonate, , 5-diallylvinylene carbonate, 4-fluorovinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-methylvinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-phenylvinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-vinylvinylene carbonate, 4-allyl-5-fluoro Examples include vinylene carbonate, ethynyl ethylene carbonate, propargyl ethylene carbonate, methyl vinylene carbonate, dimethyl vinylene carbonate, and the like.
- ethylene carbonates substituted with a substituent having an aromatic ring or a carbon-carbon double bond or a carbon-carbon triple bond include vinylethylene carbonate, 4,5-divinylethylene carbonate, 4-methyl-5- Vinyl ethylene carbonate, 4-allyl-5-vinyl ethylene carbonate, ethynyl ethylene carbonate, 4,5-diethynyl ethylene carbonate, 4-methyl-5-ethynyl ethylene carbonate, 4-vinyl-5-ethynyl ethylene carbonate, 4-allyl -5-ethynylethylene carbonate, phenylethylene carbonate, 4,5-diphenylethylene carbonate, 4-phenyl-5-vinylethylene carbonate, 4-allyl-5-phenylethylene carbonate, allylethylene carbonate, 4,5-diallylethylene carbonate , 4-methyl-5-allylethylene carbonate, 4-methylene-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4,5-dimethylene-1,3-dioxolan-2
- examples of unsaturated cyclic carbonates include vinylene carbonate, methylvinylene carbonate, 4,5-dimethylvinylene carbonate, vinylvinylene carbonate, 4,5-vinylvinylene carbonate, allyl vinylene carbonate, 4,5-diallyl vinylene carbonate, vinyl Ethylene carbonate, 4,5-divinylethylene carbonate, 4-methyl-5-vinylethylene carbonate, allylethylene carbonate, 4,5-diallylethylene carbonate, 4-methyl-5-allylethylene carbonate, 4-allyl-5-vinyl Preferred are ethylene carbonate, ethynylethylene carbonate, 4,5-diethynylethylene carbonate, 4-methyl-5-ethynylethylene carbonate, and 4-vinyl-5-ethynylethylene carbonate.
- vinylene carbonate, vinylethylene carbonate, and ethynylethylene carbonate are particularly preferred because they form a more stable interfacial protective film, and vinylene carbonate carbonate
- the molecular weight of the unsaturated cyclic carbonate is not particularly limited, and is arbitrary as long as it does not significantly impair the effects of the present disclosure.
- the molecular weight is preferably 50 or more and 250 or less. Within this range, it is easy to ensure the solubility of the unsaturated cyclic carbonate in the electrolytic solution, and the effects of the present disclosure are likely to be fully exhibited.
- the molecular weight of the unsaturated cyclic carbonate is more preferably 80 or more, and more preferably 150 or less.
- the method for producing the unsaturated cyclic carbonate is not particularly limited, and any known method can be selected to produce the unsaturated cyclic carbonate.
- One type of unsaturated cyclic carbonate may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination in any combination and ratio.
- the content of the unsaturated cyclic carbonate is not particularly limited, and is arbitrary as long as it does not significantly impair the effects of the present disclosure.
- the content of the unsaturated cyclic carbonate is preferably 0.001% by mass or more, more preferably 0.01% by mass or more, and even more preferably 0.1% by mass or more in 100% by mass of the electrolytic solution. Further, the content is preferably 5% by mass or less, more preferably 4% by mass or less, still more preferably 3% by mass or less.
- an electrochemical device using an electrolytic solution will likely exhibit sufficient cycle characteristics improvement effects, and high-temperature storage characteristics will decrease, gas generation will increase, and discharge capacity retention rate will decrease. It is easy to avoid situations like this.
- the unsaturated cyclic carbonate in addition to the above-mentioned non-fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonates, fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonates can also be suitably used.
- the fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate is a cyclic carbonate having an unsaturated bond and a fluorine atom.
- the number of fluorine atoms that the fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate has is not particularly limited as long as it is one or more. Among them, the number of fluorine atoms is usually 6 or less, preferably 4 or less, and 1 or 2 fluorine atoms is most preferred.
- fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate examples include fluorinated vinylene carbonate derivatives, fluorinated ethylene carbonate derivatives substituted with a substituent having an aromatic ring or a carbon-carbon double bond, and the like.
- fluorinated vinylene carbonate derivatives include 4-fluorovinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-methylvinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-phenylvinylene carbonate, 4-allyl-5-fluorovinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5- Examples include vinyl vinylene carbonate.
- fluorinated ethylene carbonate derivatives substituted with a substituent having an aromatic ring or a carbon-carbon double bond include 4-fluoro-4-vinylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4-allylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5 - Vinyl ethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-allyl ethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoro-4-vinyl ethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoro-4-allyl ethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoro-4-vinyl ethylene carbonate , 4,5-difluoro-4-allylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4,5-divinylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4,5-diallylethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoro-4,5-divinylethylene carbonate , 4,5-difluoro-4,5-diallylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4-phenylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-phenylethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoro
- fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonates include 4-fluorovinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-methylvinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-vinylvinylene carbonate, 4-allyl-5-fluorovinylene carbonate, 4- Fluoro-4-vinylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4-allylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-vinylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-allylethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoro-4-vinylethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoro-4-allylethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoro-4-vinylethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoro-4-allylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4,5-divinylethylene carbonate, 4- Fluoro-4,5-diallylethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoro-4,5-divinylethylene carbonate, and 4,5-difluoro-4,5-diallylethylene carbonate form
- the molecular weight of the fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate is not particularly limited, and is arbitrary as long as it does not significantly impair the effects of the present disclosure.
- the molecular weight is preferably 50 or more and 500 or less. Within this range, it is easy to ensure the solubility of the fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate in the electrolytic solution.
- the method for producing the fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate is not particularly limited, and any known method can be selected to produce the fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate.
- the molecular weight is more preferably 100 or more, and more preferably 200 or less.
- fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination in any combination and ratio. Further, the content of the fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate is not particularly limited, and is arbitrary as long as it does not significantly impair the effects of the present disclosure.
- the content of the fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate is usually preferably 0.001% by mass or more, more preferably 0.01% by mass or more, and still more preferably 0.1% by mass or more in 100% by mass of the electrolyte. Further, it is preferably 5% by mass or less, more preferably 4% by mass or less, still more preferably 3% by mass or less. Within this range, electrochemical devices using electrolytes tend to exhibit sufficient cycle characteristics improvement effects, and high-temperature storage characteristics decrease, gas generation increases, and discharge capacity retention rate decreases. It is easy to avoid situations like this.
- the electrolytic solution of the present disclosure may contain a compound having a triple bond.
- the type of compound is not particularly limited as long as it has one or more triple bonds in the molecule.
- Specific examples of compounds having a triple bond include the following compounds. 1-pentyne, 2-pentyne, 1-hexyne, 2-hexyne, 3-hexyne, 1-heptyne, 2-heptyne, 3-heptyne, 1-octyne, 2-octyne, 3-octyne, 4-octyne, 1- Nonine, 2-nonine, 3-nonine, 4-nonine, 1-dodecine, 2-dodecine, 3-dodecine, 4-dodecine, 5-dodecine, phenylacetylene, 1-phenyl-1-propyne, 1-phenyl-2 -Propyne, 1-phenyl-1-butyne, 4-phenyl-1-butyne, 4-pheny
- Methyl(2-propynyl)(vinyl)phosphine oxide divinyl(2-propynyl)phosphine oxide, di(2-propynyl)(vinyl)phosphine oxide, di(2-propynyl)2(-propynyl)phosphine oxide, di(2-propynyl)(vinyl)phosphine oxide, di(2-propynyl)(vinyl)phosphine oxide, - phosphine oxides such as propynyl)(2-propenyl)phosphine oxide, di(3-butenyl)(2-propynyl)phosphine oxide, and di(2-propynyl)(3-butenyl)phosphine oxide;
- compounds having an alkynyloxy group are preferable because they form a negative electrode film more stably in the electrolytic solution.
- 2- Compounds such as propynyl and di-2-propynyl oxalate are particularly preferred from the standpoint of improving storage properties.
- the above-mentioned compounds having a triple bond may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the amount of the compound having a triple bond in the entire electrolytic solution of the present disclosure is arbitrary as long as it does not significantly impair the effects of the present disclosure, but it is usually 0.01% by mass or more with respect to the electrolytic solution of the present disclosure. , preferably 0.05% by mass or more, more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, and usually 5% by mass or less, preferably 3% by mass or less, more preferably 1% by mass or less.
- effects such as output characteristics, load characteristics, cycle characteristics, and high temperature storage characteristics are further improved.
- an overcharge prevention agent can be used to effectively suppress battery rupture and ignition when an electrochemical device using the electrolytic solution is overcharged or the like.
- unsubstituted or alkyl group-substituted terphenyl derivatives such as biphenyl, o-terphenyl, m-terphenyl, p-terphenyl, unsubstituted or alkyl group-substituted terphenyl derivatives are used.
- Examples include biphenyl derivatives which are unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl group.
- aromatic compounds such as biphenyl, alkylbiphenyl, terphenyl, partially hydrogenated products of terphenyl, cyclohexylbenzene, t-butylbenzene, t-amylbenzene, diphenyl ether, dibenzofuran, diphenylcyclohexane, 1,1,3-trimethyl -3-phenylindane, 3-propylphenyl acetate, 2-ethylphenyl acetate, benzylphenyl acetate, methylphenylacetate, benzyl acetate, diphenyl carbonate, methylphenyl carbonate and the like are preferred.
- Carboxylic acid anhydrides (excluding compound (2)) may be used in the electrolytic solution used in the battery of the present disclosure.
- a compound represented by the following general formula (6) is preferred.
- the method for producing carboxylic acid anhydride is not particularly limited, and any known method can be selected for production.
- R 61 and R 62 each independently represent a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms and which may have a substituent.
- R 61 and R 62 are not particularly limited as long as they are monovalent hydrocarbon groups.
- it may be an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, or a combination of an aliphatic hydrocarbon group and an aromatic hydrocarbon group.
- the aliphatic hydrocarbon group may be a saturated hydrocarbon group or may contain an unsaturated bond (carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-carbon triple bond).
- the aliphatic hydrocarbon group may be chain-like or cyclic, and when it is chain-like, it may be linear or branched. Furthermore, it may be a combination of a chain and a ring. Note that R 61 and R 62 may be the same or different.
- the type of the substituent is not particularly limited as long as it does not go against the spirit of the present disclosure, but examples include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom. , halogen atoms such as iodine atoms, and preferably fluorine atoms.
- substituents other than the rogen atom include substituents having functional groups such as ester groups, cyano groups, carbonyl groups, and ether groups, with cyano groups and carbonyl groups being preferred.
- the hydrocarbon group represented by R 61 and R 62 may have only one of these substituents, or may have two or more of these substituents. When it has two or more substituents, those substituents may be the same or different from each other.
- the number of carbon atoms in each hydrocarbon group of R 61 and R 62 is usually 1 or more, and usually 15 or less, preferably 12 or less, more preferably 10 or less, still more preferably 9 or less.
- the number of carbon atoms in the divalent hydrocarbon group is usually 1 or more and usually 15 or less, preferably It is 13 or less, more preferably 10 or less, even more preferably 8 or less.
- the hydrocarbon group of R61 and R62 has a substituent containing a carbon atom, it is preferable that the carbon number of R61 and R62 as a whole including the substituent satisfies the above range.
- analog refers to an acid anhydride obtained by replacing a part of the structure of the exemplified acid anhydride with another structure within the scope of the spirit of the present disclosure.
- acid anhydrides in which R 61 and R 62 are chain alkyl groups include acetic anhydride, propionic anhydride, butanoic anhydride, 2-methylpropionic anhydride, 2,2-dimethylpropionic anhydride.
- R 61 and R 62 are cyclic alkyl groups
- acid anhydrides in which R 61 and R 62 are cyclic alkyl groups include cyclopropanecarboxylic anhydride, cyclopentanecarboxylic anhydride, cyclohexanecarboxylic anhydride, and analogs thereof. .
- acid anhydrides in which R 61 and R 62 are alkenyl groups include acrylic anhydride, 2-methylacrylic anhydride, 3-methylacrylic anhydride, 2,3-dimethylacrylic anhydride, 3,3-dimethylacrylic anhydride, 2,3,3-trimethylacrylic anhydride, 2-phenylacrylic anhydride, 3-phenylacrylic anhydride, 2,3-diphenylacrylic anhydride, 3, 3-diphenylacrylic anhydride, 3-butenoic anhydride, 2-methyl-3-butenoic anhydride, 2,2-dimethyl-3-butenoic anhydride, 3-methyl-3-thenic anhydride, 2-Methyl-3-methyl-3-butenoic anhydride, 2,2-dimethyl-3-methyl-3-butenoic anhydride, 3-pentenoic anhydride, 4-pentenoic anhydride, 2-cyclopentenecarboxylic anhydride Examples include acid anhydrides, 3-cyclopentenecarboxylic anhydride,
- acid anhydrides in which R 61 and R 62 are alkynyl groups include propylic anhydride, 3-phenylpropytic anhydride, 2-butylic anhydride, 2-pentytic anhydride, and 3-butic acid anhydride.
- Examples include anhydride, 3-pentylic anhydride, 4-pentylic anhydride, and analogs thereof.
- acid anhydrides in which R 61 and R 62 are aryl groups include benzoic anhydride, 4-methylbenzoic anhydride, 4-ethylbenzoic anhydride, 4-tert-butylbenzoic anhydride, Examples include 2-methylbenzoic anhydride, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoic anhydride, 1-naphthalenecarboxylic anhydride, 2-naphthalenecarboxylic anhydride, and analogs thereof.
- Examples of acid anhydrides in which R 61 and R 62 are chain alkyl groups substituted with halogen atoms include fluoroacetic anhydride, difluoroacetic anhydride, trifluoroacetic anhydride, 2-fluoropropionic anhydride, 2,2-difluoropropionic anhydride, 2,3-difluoropropionic anhydride, 2,2,3-trifluoropropionic anhydride, 2,3,3-trifluoropropionic anhydride, 2,2, 3,3-tetrapropionic anhydride, 2,3,3,3-tetrapropionic anhydride, 3-fluoropropionic anhydride, 3,3-difluoropropionic anhydride, 3,3,3-trifluoro Examples include propionic anhydride, perfluoropropionic anhydride, and analogs thereof.
- Examples of acid anhydrides in which R 61 and R 62 are cyclic alkyl groups substituted with halogen atoms include 2-fluorocyclopentanecarboxylic anhydride, 3-fluorocyclopentanecarboxylic anhydride, 4-fluorocyclopentane Examples include carboxylic acid anhydrides and their analogs.
- Examples of acid anhydrides in which R 61 and R 62 are alkenyl groups substituted with halogen atoms include 2-fluoroacrylic anhydride, 3-fluoroacrylic anhydride, 2,3-difluoroacrylic anhydride, 3,3-difluoroacrylic anhydride, 2,3,3-trifluoroacrylic anhydride, 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic anhydride, 3-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic anhydride, 2,3 -Bis(trifluoromethyl)acrylic anhydride, 2,3,3-tris(trifluoromethyl)acrylic anhydride, 2-(4-fluorophenyl)acrylic anhydride, 3-(4-fluorophenyl) Acrylic anhydride, 2,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)acrylic anhydride, 3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)acrylic anhydride, 2-fluoro-3-butenoic anhydride, 2, 2-difluoro-3
- Examples of acid anhydrides in which R 61 and R 62 are alkynyl groups substituted with halogen atoms include 3-fluoro-2-propynoic anhydride, 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-propynoic anhydride , 3-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)-2-propionic anhydride, 4-fluoro-2-butyric anhydride, 4,4-difluoro-2-butyric anhydride, Examples include 4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butyric anhydride, and analogs thereof.
- Examples of acid anhydrides in which R 61 and R 62 are aryl groups substituted with halogen atoms include 4-fluorobenzoic anhydride, 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzoic anhydride, and 4-fluorobenzoic anhydride. -Trifluoromethylbenzoic anhydride, etc., and analogs thereof.
- Examples of acid anhydrides in which R 61 and R 62 have a substituent having a functional group such as ester, nitrile, ketone, or ether include methoxyformic anhydride, ethoxyformic anhydride, methyl oxalic anhydride, Ethyl oxalic anhydride, 2-cyanoacetic anhydride, 2-oxopropionic anhydride, 3-oxobutanoic anhydride, 4-acetylbenzoic anhydride, methoxyacetic anhydride, 4-methoxybenzoic anhydride, etc. and their analogs.
- Examples of combinations of chain alkyl groups include acetic acid propionic anhydride, acetic butyric anhydride, butanoic acid propionic anhydride, acetic acid 2-methylpropionic anhydride, and the like.
- Examples of the combination of a chain alkyl group and a cyclic alkyl group include acetic cyclopentanoic anhydride, acetic cyclohexanoic anhydride, cyclopentanoic propionic anhydride, and the like.
- Examples of combinations of chain alkyl groups and alkenyl groups include acetic acid acrylic anhydride, acetic 3-methyl acrylic anhydride, acetic 3-butenoic anhydride, acrylic acid propionic anhydride, and the like.
- Examples of combinations of chain alkyl groups and alkynyl groups include acetic acid propylic anhydride, acetic acid 2-butylic anhydride, acetic acid 3-butylic anhydride, acetic acid 3-phenylpropynoic anhydride, propionic acid propylic anhydride , etc.
- Examples of the combination of a chain alkyl group and an aryl group include acetic acid benzoic anhydride, acetic acid 4-methylbenzoic anhydride, acetic acid 1-naphthalenecarboxylic anhydride, benzoic acid propionic anhydride, and the like.
- Examples of combinations of a chain alkyl group and a hydrocarbon group having a functional group include acetic acid fluoroacetic anhydride, acetic acid trifluoroacetic anhydride, acetic acid 4-fluorobenzoic anhydride, fluoroacetic acid propionic anhydride, and alkyl acetate.
- Examples include oxalic anhydride, acetic acid 2-cyanoacetic anhydride, acetic acid 2-oxopropionic anhydride, acetic methoxyacetic anhydride, methoxyacetic acid propionic anhydride, and the like.
- Examples of combinations of cyclic alkyl groups include cyclopentanoic acid cyclohexanoic anhydride.
- Examples of combinations of cyclic alkyl groups and alkenyl groups include acrylic cyclopentanoic anhydride, 3-methylacrylic cyclopentanoic anhydride, 3-butenoic cyclopentanoic anhydride, acrylic cyclohexanoic anhydride, etc. can be mentioned.
- Examples of the combination of a cyclic alkyl group and an alkynyl group include propylic cyclopentanoic anhydride, 2-butylic cyclopentanoic anhydride, propylic cyclohexanoic anhydride, and the like.
- Examples of the combination of a cyclic alkyl group and an aryl group include benzoic cyclopentanoic anhydride, 4-methylbenzoic cyclopentanoic anhydride, benzoic cyclohexanoic anhydride, and the like.
- Examples of combinations of a cyclic alkyl group and a hydrocarbon group having a functional group include fluoroacetic acid cyclopentanoic anhydride, cyclopentanoic acid trifluoroacetic anhydride, cyclopentanoic acid 2-cyanoacetic anhydride, and cyclopentanoic acid methoxyacetic anhydride.
- Examples include anhydride, cyclohexanoic acid fluoroacetic anhydride, and the like.
- alkenyl groups examples include acrylic acid 2-methylacrylic anhydride, acrylic acid 3-methylacrylic anhydride, acrylic acid 3-butenoic anhydride, 2-methylacrylic acid and 3-methylacrylic anhydride. things, etc.
- alkenyl groups and alkynyl groups examples include acrylic acid propylic anhydride, acrylic acid 2-butylic anhydride, 2-methylacrylic acid propylic anhydride, and the like.
- alkenyl groups and aryl groups examples include acrylic acid benzoic anhydride, acrylic acid 4-methylbenzoic anhydride, 2-methylacrylic acid benzoic anhydride, and the like.
- alkenyl groups and hydrocarbon groups having a functional group examples include acrylic acid fluoroacetic anhydride, acrylic acid trifluoroacetic anhydride, acrylic acid 2-cyanoacetic anhydride, acrylic acid methoxyacetic anhydride, 2- Methyl acrylic acid fluoroacetic anhydride, and the like.
- Examples of combinations of alkynyl groups include propic acid 2-butyric anhydride, propylic acid 3-butyric anhydride, 2-butic acid 3-butyric anhydride, and the like.
- Examples of the combination of an alkynyl group and an aryl group include benzoic acid anhydride, 4-methylbenzoic acid propylic anhydride, benzoic acid 2-butylic anhydride, and the like.
- Examples of combinations of an alkynyl group and a hydrocarbon group having a functional group include propylic acid fluoroacetic anhydride, propylic acid trifluoroacetic anhydride, propylic acid 2-cyanoacetic anhydride, propylic acid methoxyacetic anhydride, 2- butylic acid fluoroacetic anhydride, and the like.
- Examples of combinations of aryl groups include benzoic acid 4-methylbenzoic anhydride, benzoic acid 1-naphthalenecarboxylic anhydride, 4-methylbenzoic acid 1-naphthalenecarboxylic anhydride, and the like.
- Examples of the combination of an aryl group and a hydrocarbon group having a functional group include benzoic acid fluoroacetic anhydride, benzoic acid trifluoroacetic anhydride, benzoic acid 2-cyanoacetic anhydride, benzoic acid methoxyacetic anhydride, 4- Examples include methylbenzoic acid fluoroacetic anhydride, and the like.
- hydrocarbon groups having functional groups examples include fluoroacetic acid trifluoroacetic anhydride, fluoroacetic acid 2-cyanoacetic anhydride, fluoroacetic methoxyacetic anhydride, trifluoroacetic acid 2-cyanoacetic anhydride, etc. can be mentioned.
- acid anhydrides forming a chain structure preferred examples include acetic anhydride, propionic anhydride, 2-methylpropionic anhydride, cyclopentanecarboxylic anhydride, cyclohexanecarboxylic anhydride, and acrylic acid anhydride.
- Anhydride 2-methylacrylic anhydride, 3-methylacrylic anhydride, 2,3-dimethylacrylic anhydride, 3,3-dimethylacrylic anhydride, 3-butenoic anhydride, 2-methyl- 3-butenoic anhydride, propic anhydride, 2-butyric anhydride, benzoic anhydride, 2-methylbenzoic anhydride, 4-methylbenzoic anhydride, 4-tert-butylbenzoic anhydride, Trifluoroacetic anhydride, 3,3,3-trifluoropropionic anhydride, 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic anhydride, 2-(4-fluorophenyl)acrylic anhydride, 4-fluorobenzoic anhydride 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzoic anhydride, methoxyformic anhydride, ethoxyformic anhydride, more preferably acrylic anhydride, 2-methylacrylic anhydride, 3 -Methyl acrylic anhydride, benzoic anhydride,
- These compounds can improve charge/discharge rate characteristics, input/output characteristics, and impedance characteristics, especially after durability tests, by forming bonds with lithium oxalate salts to form highly durable films. It is preferable from the viewpoint that it can be done.
- the molecular weight of the carboxylic acid anhydride is not limited and may be arbitrary as long as it does not significantly impair the effects of the present disclosure, but it is usually 90 or more, preferably 95 or more, while it is usually 300 or less, preferably 200 or less. be.
- the molecular weight of the carboxylic acid anhydride is within the above range, an increase in the viscosity of the electrolytic solution can be suppressed, and the film density can be optimized, so that durability can be appropriately improved.
- the method for producing the carboxylic acid anhydride is not particularly limited, and any known method can be selected for production.
- the above-described carboxylic acid anhydrides may be contained singly in the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present disclosure, or two or more thereof may be contained in any combination and ratio.
- the content of the carboxylic acid anhydride in the electrolytic solution of the present disclosure is not particularly limited and may be arbitrary as long as it does not significantly impair the effects of the present disclosure, but it is usually 0.01 mass % or more, preferably 0.1% by mass or more, and usually 5% by mass or less, preferably 3% by mass or less.
- the content of the carboxylic acid anhydride is within the above range, the effect of improving cycle characteristics is likely to be exhibited, and since the reactivity is suitable, the battery characteristics are likely to be improved.
- auxiliaries include pentane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, cycloheptane, benzene, furan, naphthalene, 2-phenylbicyclohexyl, cyclohexane, 2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro [5.5] Hydrocarbon compounds such as undecane, 3,9-divinyl-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane; Fluorobenzene, difluorobenzene, hexafluorobenzene, benzotrifluoride, monofluorobenzene, 1-fluoro-2-cyclohexylbenzene, 1-fluoro-4-tert-butylbenzene, 1-fluoro-3-cyclohexylbenzene, 1-fluoro -Fluorine-containing aromatic compounds such as 2-
- phosphorus-containing compounds are preferred, and tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphate and phosphorous acid (tristrimethylsilyl) are preferred.
- the amount of other auxiliary agents to be blended is not particularly limited, and is arbitrary as long as it does not significantly impair the effects of the present disclosure.
- the amount of other auxiliary agents is preferably 0.01% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less in 100% by mass of the electrolyte. Within this range, the effects of other auxiliary agents can be sufficiently exhibited, and it is easy to avoid a situation where battery characteristics such as high load discharge characteristics deteriorate.
- the amount of other auxiliary agents is more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, still more preferably 0.2% by mass or more, and more preferably 3% by mass or less, still more preferably 1% by mass or less. .
- the electrolytic solution used in the battery of the present disclosure may contain cyclic and chain carboxylic acid esters, ether compounds, nitrogen-containing compounds, boron-containing compounds, organosilicon-containing compounds, and non-flammable (flame-retardant) compounds within the range that does not impair the effects of the present disclosure. It may further contain additives such as a surfactant, a surfactant, a high dielectric additive, a cycle characteristic and rate characteristic improving agent, a sulfone compound, and the like.
- Examples of the above-mentioned cyclic carboxylic acid esters include those having a total number of carbon atoms in the structural formula of 3 to 12. Specific examples include gamma butyrolactone, gamma valerolactone, gamma macaprolactone, epsilon caprolactone, and 3-methyl- ⁇ -butyrolactone. Among these, gamma-butyrolactone is particularly preferred from the viewpoint of improving the characteristics of electrochemical devices due to the improved degree of lithium ion dissociation.
- the amount of the cyclic carboxylic acid ester as an additive is usually preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 1% by mass or more based on 100% by mass of the solvent. Within this range, it is easy to improve the electrical conductivity of the electrolytic solution and improve the large current discharge characteristics of the electrochemical device. Further, the blending amount of the cyclic carboxylic acid ester is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or less. By setting the upper limit in this way, it is possible to keep the viscosity of the electrolyte in an appropriate range, avoid a decrease in electrical conductivity, suppress an increase in negative electrode resistance, and keep the large current discharge characteristics of the electrochemical device in a good range. Make it easier.
- cyclic carboxylic acid ester a fluorinated cyclic carboxylic acid ester (fluorine-containing lactone) can also be suitably used.
- fluorine-containing lactone examples include the following formula (C):
- X 15 to Examples include fluorine-containing lactones represented by the group ).
- Examples of the fluorinated alkyl group in X 15 to _ _ (CF 3 ) 2, etc., and -CH 2 CF 3 and -CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 are preferred because they have high oxidation resistance and are effective in improving safety.
- At least one of X 15 to or may be replaced in multiple locations is 1 to 3, more preferably 1 to 2 locations.
- substitution position of the fluorinated alkyl group is not particularly limited, but since the synthesis yield is good, X 17 and/or X 18 , especially X 17 or X 18 , is a fluorinated alkyl group , especially -CH 2 CF , -CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 are preferred.
- X 15 to X 20 other than the fluorinated alkyl group are -H, -F, -Cl or CH 3 , and -H is particularly preferred from the viewpoint of good solubility of the electrolyte salt.
- examples of the fluorine-containing lactone include the following formula (D):
- Rf 12 is a fluorinated alkyl group that may have an ether bond or a fluorinated Alkoxy group;
- X 221 and X 222 are the same or different, all are -H , -F, -Cl, -CF 3 or CH 3 ;
- n 0 or 1
- fluorine-containing lactones represented by the following.
- the fluorine-containing lactone represented by formula (D) is the following formula (E):
- a 5-membered ring structure represented by the following formula (F) is preferably mentioned from the viewpoint of easy synthesis and good chemical stability.
- the characteristics as an electrolytic solution in the present disclosure are improved due to excellent properties such as high dielectric constant and high withstand voltage, and good solubility of electrolyte salt and reduction in internal resistance.
- Examples of the above-mentioned chain carboxylic acid esters include those having a total number of carbon atoms of 3 to 7 in the structural formula. Specifically, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, t-butyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, n-propyl propionate, Isobutyl propionate, n-butyl propionate, methyl butyrate, isobutyl propionate, t-butyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate, n-propyl butyrate, isopropyl butyrate, methyl isobutyrate, ethyl isobutyrate, Examples include n-propyl butyrate and isopropyl isobutyrate.
- methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, n-propyl propionate, isopropyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate, etc. are ions due to viscosity reduction. This is preferable from the viewpoint of improving conductivity.
- chain ethers having 2 to 10 carbon atoms and cyclic ethers having 3 to 6 carbon atoms are preferred.
- chain ethers having 2 to 10 carbon atoms include dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, di-n-butyl ether, dimethoxymethane, methoxyethoxymethane, diethoxymethane, dimethoxyethane, methoxyethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, ethylene glycol di-n -propyl ether, ethylene glycol di-n-butyl ether, diethylene glycol, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, pentaethylene glycol, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diisopropyl ether and the like.
- fluorinated ether can also be suitably used.
- the above fluorinated ether has the following general formula (I): Rf 4 -O-Rf 5 (I) (In the formula, Rf 4 and Rf 5 are the same or different and are an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- Rf 3 and Rf 4 are a fluorine (This is an alkyl group.)
- fluorinated ethers (I) represented by: By containing the fluorinated ether (I), the flame retardance of the electrolytic solution is improved, and the stability and safety at high temperature and high voltage are improved.
- Rf 4 and Rf 5 may be a fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- both Rf 3 and Rf 4 are preferably fluorinated alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- Rf 3 and Rf 4 may be the same or different from each other.
- Rf 4 and Rf 5 are the same or different, Rf 4 is a fluorinated alkyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms, and Rf 5 is a fluorinated alkyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms. More preferred.
- Rf 4 and Rf 5 If the total number of carbon atoms in Rf 4 and Rf 5 is too small, the boiling point of the fluorinated ether will be too low, and if the number of carbon atoms in Rf 4 or Rf 5 is too large, the solubility of the electrolyte salt will decrease and it will be difficult to use other solvents. The compatibility with the compound begins to be adversely affected, and the rate characteristic decreases due to the increase in viscosity. When Rf 4 has 3 or 4 carbon atoms and Rf 5 has 2 or 3 carbon atoms, it is advantageous in that the boiling point and rate characteristics are excellent.
- the fluorinated ether (I) preferably has a fluorine content of 40 to 75% by mass. When it has a fluorine content in this range, it has a particularly excellent balance between nonflammability and compatibility. It is also preferred from the standpoint of good oxidation resistance and safety.
- the lower limit of the fluorine content is more preferably 45% by mass, still more preferably 50% by mass, and particularly preferably 55% by mass.
- the upper limit is more preferably 70% by mass, and even more preferably 66% by mass.
- the fluorine content of the fluorinated ether (I) is calculated as ⁇ (number of fluorine atoms x 19)/molecular weight of the fluorinated ether (I) ⁇ x 100 (%) based on the structural formula of the fluorinated ether (I). ) is the value calculated.
- Rf 4 examples include CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CFHCF 2 -, HCF 2 CF 2 CF 2 -, HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, CF 3 CFHCF 2 CH 2 --, HCF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 --, HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 --, HCF 2 CF(CF 3 )CH 2 --, and the like.
- Rf 4 for example, -CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , -CF 2 CFHCF 3 , -CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, -CH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, -CH 2 CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , -CH2CF2CFHCF3 , -CF2CF2CF2CF2H , -CH2CF2CF2CF2H , -CH2CH2CF2CF2H , -CH2CF ( CF3 ) _ _ _ _ _ Examples include CF 2 H, -CF 2 CF 2 H, -CH 2 CF 2 H, -CF 2 CH 3 and the like.
- fluorinated ether (I) examples include HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 H, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 H, HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 , CF 3 CF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3 , C6F13OCH3 , C6F13OC2H5 , C8F17OCH3 , C8F17OC2H5 , CF3CFHCF2CH ( CH3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ) OCF2CFHCF3 , HCF2CF2OCH ( C2H5 ) 2 , HCF2CF2OC4H9 , HCF2CF2OCH2CH ( C2H5 ) 2 , HCF2CF2OCH2CH _ _ (CH 3 ) 2 and the like.
- those containing HCF 2 -- or CF 3 CFH -- at one or both ends have excellent polarizability and can provide fluorinated ether (I) with a high boiling point.
- the boiling point of the fluorinated ether (I) is preferably 67 to 120°C.
- the temperature is more preferably 80°C or higher, and even more preferably 90°C or higher.
- fluorinated ether (I) examples include CF 3 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 , CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 , HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 , HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 One or two of OCH2CF2CF2H , CF3CFHCF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3 , HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CF2H , CF3CF2CH2OCF2CF2H , etc.
- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ The above can be mentioned.
- HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 (boiling point 106°C), CF 3 CF 2 CH are advantageous in terms of high boiling point, good compatibility with other solvents, and good solubility of electrolyte salts.
- 2OCF2CFHCF3 (boiling point 82°C), HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CF2H ( boiling point 92° C ) and CF3CF2CH2OCF2CF2H ( boiling point 68 °C ) .
- Examples of the cyclic ether having 3 to 6 carbon atoms include 1,2-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane, 2-methyl-1,3-dioxane, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, and methane.
- dimethoxymethane, diethoxymethane, ethoxymethoxymethane, ethylene glycol-n-propyl ether, ethylene glycol di-n-butyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and crown ether have a high ability to solvate lithium ions and have a low degree of ion dissociation.
- dimethoxymethane, diethoxymethane, and ethoxymethoxymethane because they have low viscosity and provide high ionic conductivity.
- nitrogen-containing compound examples include nitrile, fluorine-containing nitrile, carboxylic acid amide, fluorine-containing carboxylic acid amide, sulfonic acid amide, fluorine-containing sulfonic acid amide, acetamide, formamide, and the like.
- 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, 1-methyl-2-piperidone, 3-methyl-2-oxaziridinone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, N-methylsuccinimide, and the like can also be used.
- the nitrile compounds represented by the above general formulas (1a), (1b) and (1c) are not included in the above nitrogen-containing compounds.
- boron-containing compound examples include boric esters such as trimethylborate and triethylborate, boric ethers, and alkyl borates.
- organosilicon-containing compound examples include (CH 3 ) 4 -Si, (CH 3 ) 3 -Si-Si(CH 3 ) 3 and silicone oil.
- Examples of the flame retardant agent include phosphoric acid esters and phosphazene compounds.
- Examples of the phosphoric acid ester include fluorine-containing alkyl phosphoric esters, non-fluorine alkyl phosphoric esters, aryl phosphoric esters, and the like. Among these, fluorine-containing alkyl phosphate esters are preferred because they can exhibit a nonflammable effect even in small amounts.
- Examples of the above phosphazene compounds include methoxypentafluorocyclotriphosphazene, phenoxypentafluorocyclotriphosphazene, dimethylaminopentafluorocyclotriphosphazene, diethylaminopentafluorocyclotriphosphazene, ethoxypentafluorocyclotriphosphazene, and ethoxyheptafluorocyclotriphosphazene. can be mentioned.
- the above-mentioned fluorine-containing alkyl phosphate esters include fluorine-containing dialkyl phosphate esters described in JP-A-11-233141, and cyclic alkyl phosphates described in JP-A-11-283669. , or fluorine-containing trialkyl phosphate esters.
- the above surfactant may be any of cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, and amphoteric surfactants, but from the viewpoint of good cycle characteristics and rate characteristics, fluorine atom It is preferable that it contains.
- the content of the above-mentioned surfactant is preferably 0.01 to 2% by mass in the electrolytic solution, since the surface tension of the electrolytic solution can be lowered without deteriorating the charge-discharge cycle characteristics.
- Examples of the above-mentioned high dielectric additive include sulfolane, methylsulfolane, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, and the like.
- cycle characteristic and rate characteristic improving agents examples include methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, and 1,4-dioxane.
- electrolytic solution used in the battery of the present disclosure may be further combined with a polymeric material to form a gel-like (plasticized) gel electrolytic solution.
- Examples of such polymer materials include conventionally known polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, and modified products thereof (JP-A-8-222270, JP-A-2002-100405); polyacrylate polymers, polyacrylonitrile, and polyvinylidene fluoride.
- Fluororesins such as Ride, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (Japanese Patent Publication No. 4-506726, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 8-507407, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 10-294131); these fluororesins and hydrocarbons Examples include composites with other resins (JP-A-11-35765, JP-A-11-86630).
- the electrolytic solution used in the battery of the present disclosure may also contain the ion conductive compound described in Japanese Patent Application No. 2004-301934.
- This ion conductive compound has the formula (101): A-(D)-B (101) [In the formula, D is the formula (201): -(D1) n -(FAE) m -(AE) p -(Y) q - (201) (In the formula, D1 is the formula (2a):
- Rf is a fluorine-containing ether group that may have a crosslinkable functional group; R10 is a group or bond that connects Rf and the main chain)
- An ether unit having a fluorine-containing ether group in its side chain; FAE is the formula (2b):
- Rfa is a hydrogen atom, a fluorinated alkyl group that may have a crosslinkable functional group;
- R 11 is a group or bond that connects Rfa to the main chain
- AE is the formula (2c):
- R 13 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group that may have a crosslinkable functional group, an aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbon group that may have a crosslinkable functional group, or a crosslinkable functional group) (optional aromatic hydrocarbon group;
- R 12 is a group or bond that connects R 13 and the main chain) Ether unit denoted by;
- Y is represented by formulas (2d-1) to (2d-3):
- a and B are the same or different, a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom and/or an alkyl group that may contain a crosslinkable functional group, a phenyl group that may contain a fluorine atom and/or a crosslinkable functional group, -COOH group, -OR (R is a hydrogen atom or a fluorine atom and/or an alkyl group which may contain a crosslinkable functional group), an ester group or a carbonate group (however, if the terminal of D is an oxygen atom, a -COOH group, -OR, not an ester group or a carbonate group)] It is an amorph
- the electrolyte used in the battery of the present disclosure may include a sulfone compound.
- a sulfone compound a cyclic sulfone having 3 to 6 carbon atoms and a chain sulfone having 2 to 6 carbon atoms are preferred.
- the number of sulfonyl groups in one molecule is preferably 1 or 2.
- cyclic sulfone examples include monosulfone compounds such as trimethylene sulfones, tetramethylene sulfones, and hexamethylene sulfones; disulfone compounds such as trimethylene disulfones, tetramethylene disulfones, and hexamethylene disulfones.
- monosulfone compounds such as trimethylene sulfones, tetramethylene sulfones, and hexamethylene sulfones
- disulfone compounds such as trimethylene disulfones, tetramethylene disulfones, and hexamethylene disulfones.
- tetramethylene sulfones, tetramethylene disulfones, hexamethylene sulfones, and hexamethylene disulfones are more preferable, and tetramethylene sulfones (sulfolanes) are
- sulfolanes As the sulfolanes, sulfolane and/or sulfolane derivatives (hereinafter, sulfolane may also be abbreviated as "sulfolanes") are preferred.
- sulfolane derivative one in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atoms constituting the sulfolane ring is substituted with a fluorine atom or an alkyl group is preferable.
- chain sulfones dimethylsulfone, ethylmethylsulfone, diethylsulfone, n-propylmethylsulfone, n-propylethylsulfone, di-n-propylsulfone, isopropylmethylsulfone, isopropylethylsulfone, diisopropylsulfone, n- Butylmethylsulfone, n-butylethylsulfone, t-butylmethylsulfone, t-butylethylsulfone, monofluoromethylmethylsulfone, difluoromethylmethylsulfone, trifluoromethylmethylsulfone, monofluoroethylmethylsulfone, difluoroethylmethylsulfone, Trifluoroethylmethylsulfone, pentafluoroethylmethylsulfone,
- the content of the sulfone compound is not particularly limited and is arbitrary as long as it does not significantly impair the effects of the present disclosure, but it is usually 0.3% by volume or more, preferably 0.5% by volume or more in 100% by volume of the above solvent. , more preferably 1% by volume or more, and usually 40% by volume or less, preferably 35% by volume or less, more preferably 30% by volume or less. If the content of the sulfone compound is within the above range, it is easy to obtain the effect of improving durability such as cycle characteristics and storage characteristics, and the viscosity of the non-aqueous electrolyte is adjusted to an appropriate range, reducing electrical conductivity. can be avoided, and the input/output characteristics and charge/discharge rate characteristics of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery can be kept within appropriate ranges.
- lithium fluorophosphate salts examples include lithium monofluorophosphate (LiPO 3 F), lithium difluorophosphate (LiPO 2 F 2 ), and the like.
- LiPO 2 F 2 , FSO 3 Li, and C 2 H 5 OSO 3 Li are preferable.
- the content of compound (7) is preferably 0.001 to 20% by mass, more preferably 0.01 to 15% by mass, and 0.1 to 10% by mass based on the electrolyte. It is more preferable that the amount is 0.1 to 7% by mass, and particularly preferably 0.1 to 7% by mass.
- additives may be added to the electrolytic solution used in the battery of the present disclosure, if necessary.
- additives include metal oxides, glass, and the like.
- the electrolytic solution used in the battery of the present disclosure preferably has a hydrogen fluoride (HF) content of 5 to 200 ppm.
- HF hydrogen fluoride
- the electrolytic solution used in the battery of the present disclosure preferably has a hydrogen fluoride (HF) content of 5 to 200 ppm.
- HF hydrogen fluoride
- the film formation of the above-mentioned additive can be promoted.
- the HF content is too low, the ability to form a film on the negative electrode tends to decrease, and the characteristics of the electrochemical device tend to deteriorate.
- the HF content is too high, the oxidation resistance of the electrolytic solution tends to decrease due to the influence of HF. Even if the electrolytic solution used in the battery of the present disclosure contains HF within the above range, it does not reduce the high temperature storage recovery capacity rate of the electrochemical device.
- the content of HF is more preferably 10 ppm or more, and even more preferably 20 ppm or more.
- the content of HF is also more preferably 100 ppm or less, even more preferably 80 ppm or less, and particularly preferably 50 ppm or less.
- the content of HF can be measured by neutralization titration.
- the electrolyte used in the battery of the present disclosure can be prepared by any method using the components described above.
- the positive electrode is not particularly limited, but one that is composed of a positive electrode active material layer containing a positive electrode active material and a current collector can be used.
- the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it can electrochemically intercalate and release at least one metal selected from lithium, sodium, magnesium, and zinc.
- materials containing transition metals include alkali metal-containing transition metal composite oxides, alkali metal-containing transition metal phosphate compounds, sulfur-based materials, conductive polymers, and the like.
- particularly preferred as the positive electrode active material are alkali metal-containing transition metal composite oxides that produce high voltage.
- the alkali metal ions include lithium ions, sodium ions, and the like.
- the alkali metal ion may be a lithium ion. That is, in this embodiment, the alkali metal ion secondary battery is a lithium ion secondary battery.
- alkali metal-containing transition metal composite oxide examples include: Formula: MaMn 2-b M 1 b O 4 (wherein, M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li and Na; 0.5 ⁇ a; 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 1.5; M 1 is Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Lithium-manganese spinel composite oxide represented by at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Zn, Al, Sn, Cr, V, Ti, Mg, Ca, Sr, B, Ga, In, Si and Ge thing, Formula: MNi 1-c M 2 c O 2 (wherein, M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li and Na; 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.5; M2 is Fe, Co, Mn, Cu, Zn, Al, Sn, an alkali metal/nickel composite oxide represented by (at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Cr, V, Ti, Mg, Ca, Sr, B, Ga, In, Si, and Ge), or Formula: MCo 1-d M 3 d O 2
- M e M 4 f (PO 4 ) g (wherein, M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li and Na, and M4 is selected from the group consisting of V, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu. Examples include at least one compound represented by 0.5 ⁇ e ⁇ 3, 1 ⁇ f ⁇ 2, 1 ⁇ g ⁇ 3).
- M is preferably one metal selected from the group consisting of Li and Na, and more preferably Li.
- the transition metal of the lithium-containing transition metal phosphate compound is preferably V, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, etc., and specific examples include, for example, LiFePO 4 , Li 3 Fe 2 (PO 4 ). 3 , iron phosphates such as LiFeP 2 O 7 , cobalt phosphates such as LiCoPO 4 , and some of the transition metal atoms that are the main components of these lithium transition metal phosphate compounds are replaced with Al, Ti, V, Cr, and Mn. , Fe, Co, Li, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mg, Ga, Zr, Nb, Si, and other elements substituted.
- the lithium-containing transition metal phosphate compound preferably has an olivine structure.
- positive electrode active materials include MFePO 4 , MNi 0.8 Co 0.2 O 2 , M 1.2 Fe 0.4 Mn 0.4 O 2 , MNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 2 , MV 3 O 6 , M 2 MnO 3 , M Examples include MnO 3 .
- positive electrode active materials such as M 2 MnO 3 and MNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 2 can be used at voltages exceeding 4.4V or when a secondary battery is operated at voltages of 4.6V or higher. , is preferable in that the crystal structure does not collapse.
- electrochemical devices such as secondary batteries that use cathode materials containing the cathode active materials exemplified above are unlikely to have a decrease in residual capacity and change in resistance increase rate even when stored at high temperatures. This is preferable because the battery performance does not deteriorate even if the battery is operated with voltage.
- positive electrode active materials include M 2 MnO 3 and MM 6 O 2 (wherein M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li and Na, and M 6 is Co, Ni, Mn , transition metals such as Fe), and the like.
- the solid solution material is, for example, an alkali metal manganese oxide represented by the general formula M x [Mn (1-y) M 7 y ]O z .
- M in the formula is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K
- M7 is at least one metal element other than M and Mn, such as Co, Ni , Fe, Ti, Mo, W, Cr, Zr and Sn.
- the values of x, y, and z in the formula are in the range of 0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1, and 1.5 ⁇ z ⁇ 3.
- manganese-containing solid solution materials such as Li 1.2 Mn 0.5 Co 0.14 Ni 0.14 O 2 , which are based on Li 2 MnO 3 and include LiNiO 2 or LiCoO 2 as a solid solution, have a high energy density. This is preferred from the standpoint of providing an alkali metal ion secondary battery.
- lithium phosphate in the positive electrode active material, since this improves continuous charging characteristics.
- the lower limit of the amount of lithium phosphate used is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.3% by mass or more, and even more preferably 0.5% by mass, based on the total of the positive electrode active material and lithium phosphate. % or more, and the upper limit is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 8% by mass or less, still more preferably 5% by mass or less.
- Examples of the sulfur-based material include materials containing sulfur atoms, and at least one selected from the group consisting of elemental sulfur, metal sulfides, and organic sulfur compounds is preferred, and elemental sulfur is more preferred.
- the metal sulfide may be a metal polysulfide.
- the organic sulfur compound may be an organic polysulfide.
- the metal sulfides include compounds represented by LiS x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 8); compounds represented by Li 2 S x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 8); two-dimensional layered structures such as TiS 2 and MoS 2 ; Examples include Chebrel compounds having a strong three-dimensional skeleton structure represented by the general formula Me x Mo 6 S 8 (Me is various transition metals including Pb, Ag, and Cu).
- organic sulfur compounds examples include carbon sulfide compounds.
- the above-mentioned organic sulfur compound may be supported on a material having pores such as carbon and used as a carbon composite material.
- the content of sulfur contained in the carbon composite material is preferably 10 to 99% by mass, more preferably 20% by mass or more, based on the carbon composite material, because it provides better cycle performance and further reduces overvoltage. It is preferably 30% by mass or more, more preferably 40% by mass or more, and preferably 85% by mass or less.
- the positive electrode active material is the simple sulfur
- the content of sulfur contained in the positive electrode active material is equal to the content of the simple sulfur.
- Examples of the conductive polymer include p-doped conductive polymers and n-doped conductive polymers.
- Examples of conductive polymers include polyacetylene-based, polyphenylene-based, heterocyclic polymers, ionic polymers, ladder and network polymers, and the like.
- the positive electrode active material may have a substance having a different composition adhered to its surface.
- Substances attached to the surface include oxides such as aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, boron oxide, antimony oxide, and bismuth oxide, lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and calcium sulfate.
- oxides such as aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, boron oxide, antimony oxide, and bismuth oxide
- lithium sulfate sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and calcium sulfate.
- sulfates such as aluminum sulfate
- carbonates such as lithium carbonate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and carbon.
- These surface-adhering substances can be prepared, for example, by dissolving or suspending them in a solvent, adding them to the cathode active material and then drying them, or by dissolving or suspending a surface-adhering substance precursor in a solvent and adding them to the cathode active material by impregnating them. It can be attached to the surface of the positive electrode active material by a method of causing a reaction by heating or the like, a method of adding it to a positive electrode active material precursor and baking it at the same time, or the like. In addition, when attaching carbon, it is also possible to use a method of mechanically attaching carbonaceous matter later, for example, in the form of activated carbon.
- the amount of the surface-attached substance is preferably 0.1 ppm or more, more preferably 1 ppm or more, still more preferably 10 ppm or more as a lower limit, and preferably 20% or less as an upper limit, more preferably 20% or less, based on the mass of the positive electrode active material. is used in an amount of 10% or less, more preferably 5% or less.
- Substances attached to the surface can suppress the oxidation reaction of the electrolyte on the surface of the positive electrode active material and improve battery life, but if the amount attached is too small, the effect will not be fully realized and many If it is too large, the resistance may increase because the ingress and egress of lithium ions is inhibited.
- Examples of the shape of the particles of the positive electrode active material include conventionally used shapes such as a lump, a polyhedron, a sphere, an ellipsoid, a plate, a needle, and a column. Further, primary particles may aggregate to form secondary particles.
- the tap density of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.5 g/cm 3 or more, more preferably 0.8 g/cm 3 or more, and still more preferably 1.0 g/cm 3 or more. If the tap density of the cathode active material is below the above lower limit, the amount of dispersion medium required will increase when forming the cathode active material layer, and the amount of conductive material and binder will also increase. The filling rate of the active material is restricted, and the battery capacity may be restricted. By using composite oxide powder with a high tap density, a high-density positive electrode active material layer can be formed.
- the tap density is the powder packing density (tap density) g/cm 3 when 5 to 10 g of positive electrode active material powder is placed in a 10 ml glass graduated cylinder and tapped 200 times with a stroke of approximately 20 mm. Find it as.
- the median diameter d50 of the particles of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.3 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more, and even more preferably is 0.8 ⁇ m or more, most preferably 1.0 ⁇ m or more, and preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 27 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 25 ⁇ m or less, and most preferably 22 ⁇ m or less.
- the median diameter d50 is measured by a known laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution measuring device.
- LA-920 manufactured by HORIBA as a particle size distribution meter
- a 0.1% by mass sodium hexametaphosphate aqueous solution is used as the dispersion medium used during measurement, and the measured refractive index is set to 1.24 after 5 minutes of ultrasonic dispersion. It is measured by
- the average primary particle diameter of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more, and still more preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 5 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 4 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 3 ⁇ m or less, and most preferably 2 ⁇ m or less. If the above upper limit is exceeded, it may be difficult to form spherical secondary particles, which may adversely affect powder filling properties or significantly reduce the specific surface area, increasing the possibility that battery performance such as output characteristics will deteriorate. be. On the other hand, if it is less than the above lower limit, problems such as poor reversibility of charging and discharging may occur due to underdeveloped crystals.
- the primary particle diameter is measured by observation using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Specifically, in a photograph with a magnification of 10,000 times, the longest value of the intercept by the left and right boundaries of the primary particles with respect to the horizontal straight line is determined for any 50 primary particles, and the average value is calculated. It will be done.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the BET specific surface area of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.1 m 2 /g or more, more preferably 0.2 m 2 /g or more, even more preferably 0.3 m 2 /g or more, and the upper limit is preferably 50 m 2 /g. g or less, more preferably 40 m 2 /g or less, still more preferably 30 m 2 /g or less. If the BET specific surface area is smaller than this range, the battery performance tends to deteriorate, and if it is larger, it becomes difficult to increase the tap density, which may easily cause problems in coating properties when forming the positive electrode active material layer.
- the BET specific surface area is determined by pre-drying the sample at 150°C for 30 minutes under nitrogen flow using a surface area meter (for example, a fully automatic surface area measurement device manufactured by Okura Riken Co., Ltd.). It is defined as a value measured by a nitrogen adsorption BET one-point method using a gas flow method using a nitrogen-helium mixed gas that is precisely adjusted so that the value of the relative pressure of nitrogen to atmospheric pressure is 0.3.
- the particles of the positive electrode active material are mainly secondary particles. It is preferable.
- the particles of the positive electrode active material preferably contain 0.5 to 7.0% by volume of fine particles having an average secondary particle size of 40 ⁇ m or less and an average primary particle size of 1 ⁇ m or less. By containing fine particles with an average primary particle size of 1 ⁇ m or less, the contact area with the electrolyte becomes larger, and the diffusion of lithium ions between the electrode and the electrolyte becomes faster. As a result, the battery output performance can be improved.
- a method for producing the positive electrode active material a method commonly used for producing inorganic compounds is used.
- various methods can be used to create spherical or ellipsoidal active materials.
- a transition metal raw material may be dissolved or pulverized and dispersed in a solvent such as water, and the pH may be adjusted while stirring.
- a Li source such as LiOH, Li 2 CO 3 , LiNO 3 is added and fired at a high temperature to obtain an active material. .
- the above-mentioned positive electrode active materials may be used alone, or two or more of different compositions may be used in combination in any combination or ratio.
- a preferred combination is a combination of LiCoO 2 and LiMn 2 O 4 such as LiNi 0.33 Co 0.33 Mn 0.33 O 2 or one in which a part of this Mn is replaced with another transition metal, etc.
- a combination with LiCoO 2 or Co in which a part of it is replaced with another transition metal or the like can be mentioned.
- the content of the positive electrode active material is preferably 50 to 99.5% by mass, more preferably 80 to 99% by mass of the positive electrode mixture, in terms of high battery capacity. Further, the content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 82% by mass or more, particularly preferably 84% by mass or more. Further, the upper limit is preferably 99% by mass or less, more preferably 98% by mass or less. If the content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer is low, the electric capacity may become insufficient. Conversely, if the content is too high, the strength of the positive electrode may be insufficient.
- the positive electrode mixture further contains a binder, a thickener, and a conductive material.
- a binder any material can be used as long as it is safe for the solvent and electrolyte used during electrode manufacturing, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, aromatic Resin-based polymers such as group polyamides, chitosan, alginic acid, polyacrylic acid, polyimide, cellulose, nitrocellulose; SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber), isoprene rubber, butadiene rubber, fluororubber, NBR (acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber), ethylene ⁇ Rubber-like polymers such as propylene rubber; styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers or hydrogenated products thereof; EPDM (ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer), styrene-ethylene-butadiene-
- the content of the binder is usually 0.1% by mass or more, preferably 1% by mass or more, more preferably 1.5% by mass or more, as a proportion of the binder in the positive electrode active material layer, and It is usually 80% by mass or less, preferably 60% by mass or less, more preferably 40% by mass or less, most preferably 10% by mass or less. If the proportion of the binder is too low, the positive electrode active material may not be retained sufficiently, resulting in insufficient mechanical strength of the positive electrode, which may deteriorate battery performance such as cycle characteristics. On the other hand, if it is too high, it may lead to a decrease in battery capacity and conductivity.
- thickener examples include carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, oxidized starch, phosphorylated starch, casein, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and salts thereof.
- One type may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination in any combination and ratio.
- the ratio of the thickener to the active material is usually 0.1% by mass or more, preferably 0.2% by mass or more, more preferably 0.3% by mass or more, and usually 5% by mass or less, preferably 3% by mass or more. It is in the range of not more than 2% by mass, more preferably not more than 2% by mass. If it is below this range, coating properties may be significantly reduced. If it exceeds the ratio, the proportion of the active material in the positive electrode active material layer decreases, which may cause problems such as a decrease in battery capacity or an increase in resistance between the positive electrode active materials.
- any known conductive material can be used as the conductive material.
- Specific examples include metal materials such as copper and nickel, graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite, carbon black such as acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, and thermal black, and needle coke. , carbon nanotubes, fullerene, amorphous carbon such as VGCF, and the like. In addition, these may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together in arbitrary combinations and ratios.
- the amount of the conductive material in the positive electrode active material layer is usually 0.01% by mass or more, preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 1% by mass or more, and usually 50% by mass or less, preferably 30% by mass. % or less, more preferably 15% by mass or less. When the content is lower than this range, conductivity may become insufficient. Conversely, if the content is higher than this range, the battery capacity may decrease.
- any solvent capable of dissolving or dispersing the positive electrode active material, the conductive material, the binder, and the thickener used as necessary may be used.
- an aqueous solvent or an organic solvent may be used.
- the aqueous solvent include water, a mixed medium of alcohol and water, and the like.
- organic solvents include aliphatic hydrocarbons such as hexane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and methylnaphthalene; heterocyclic compounds such as quinoline and pyridine; and ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and cyclohexanone.
- esters such as methyl acetate and methyl acrylate; amines such as diethylenetriamine and N,N-dimethylaminopropylamine; ethers such as diethyl ether, propylene oxide, and tetrahydrofuran (THF); N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) , dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, and other amides; and aprotic polar solvents such as hexamethylphosphalamide and dimethylsulfoxide.
- amines such as diethylenetriamine and N,N-dimethylaminopropylamine
- ethers such as diethyl ether, propylene oxide, and tetrahydrofuran (THF)
- N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) N-methylpyrrolidone
- dimethylformamide dimethylacetamide
- other amides and aprotic polar solvents
- aprotic polar solvents such as hexamethylpho
- Examples of the material for the positive electrode current collector include metal materials such as aluminum, titanium, tantalum, stainless steel, and nickel, or alloys thereof; carbon materials such as carbon cloth and carbon paper. Among these, metal materials, particularly aluminum or alloys thereof, are preferred.
- the shape of the current collector includes metal foil, metal cylinder, metal coil, metal plate, metal thin film, metal roughened foil, expanded metal, punched metal, foamed metal, etc.
- the shape of the current collector includes , a carbon plate, a carbon thin film, a carbon cylinder, etc.
- metal thin films are preferred.
- the thin film may be formed into a mesh shape as appropriate.
- the thickness of the thin film is arbitrary, it is usually 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 3 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, and usually 1 mm or less, preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less. If the thin film is thinner than this range, it may lack the strength necessary as a current collector. Conversely, if the thin film is thicker than this range, handling properties may be impaired.
- a conductive additive be applied to the surface of the current collector from the viewpoint of reducing the electrical contact resistance between the current collector and the positive electrode active material layer.
- the conductive aid include carbon and noble metals such as gold, platinum, and silver.
- the ratio of the thickness of the current collector to the positive electrode active material layer is not particularly limited, but the value of (thickness of the positive electrode active material layer on one side immediately before electrolyte injection)/(thickness of the current collector) is 20. It is preferably below, more preferably 15 or below, most preferably 10 or below, and preferably 0.5 or above, more preferably 0.8 or above, and most preferably 1 or above. If it exceeds this range, the current collector may generate heat due to Joule heat during high current density charging and discharging. If it falls below this range, the volume ratio of the current collector to the positive electrode active material increases, and the capacity of the battery may decrease.
- the positive electrode may be manufactured by a conventional method.
- the above-mentioned binder, thickener, conductive material, solvent, etc. are added to the above-mentioned positive electrode active material to form a slurry-like positive electrode mixture, which is applied to a current collector, dried, and then pressed to form a high
- a method of densification is a method of densification.
- the above-mentioned densification can be performed using a hand press, a roller press, or the like.
- the density of the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 1.5 g/cm 3 or more, more preferably 2 g/cm 3 or more, even more preferably 2.2 g/cm 3 or more, and preferably 5 g/cm 3 or less,
- the range is more preferably 4.5 g/cm 3 or less, still more preferably 4 g/cm 3 or less. If it exceeds this range, the permeability of the electrolytic solution to the vicinity of the current collector/active material interface decreases, and the charge/discharge characteristics particularly at high current densities deteriorate, and high output may not be obtained. On the other hand, if it is less than that, the conductivity between active materials decreases, battery resistance increases, and high output may not be obtained.
- the area of the positive electrode active material layer is It is preferable to make it larger than the outer surface area of the battery outer case.
- the total area of the positive electrode relative to the surface area of the exterior of the secondary battery is preferably 15 times or more, more preferably 40 times or more.
- the outer surface area of the battery case is the total area calculated from the length, width, and thickness of the case filled with the power generation element, excluding the protruding parts of the terminals, in the case of a rectangular shape with a bottom. say.
- the geometric surface area is approximated by assuming that the case portion filled with the power generation element excluding the protruding portion of the terminal is a cylinder.
- the total electrode area of the positive electrode is the geometric surface area of the positive electrode mixture layer facing the mixture layer containing the negative electrode active material. , refers to the sum of the areas calculated for each surface separately.
- the thickness of the positive electrode plate is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of high capacity and high output, the thickness of the mixture layer minus the thickness of the metal foil of the core material is preferably set as the lower limit for one side of the current collector. is 10 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 20 ⁇ m or more, and preferably 500 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 450 ⁇ m or less.
- the positive electrode plate may have a substance having a different composition adhered to its surface.
- Substances attached to the surface include oxides such as aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, boron oxide, antimony oxide, and bismuth oxide, lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and calcium sulfate.
- oxides such as aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, boron oxide, antimony oxide, and bismuth oxide
- lithium sulfate sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and calcium sulfate.
- sulfates such as aluminum sulfate
- carbonates such as lithium carbonate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and carbon.
- the secondary battery of the present disclosure further includes a separator.
- the material and shape of the separator are not particularly limited as long as they are stable in the electrolytic solution and have excellent liquid retention properties, and known materials can be used. Among these, resins, glass fibers, inorganic materials, etc., which are made of materials that are stable to the electrolyte used in the battery of the present disclosure or the electrolyte used in the alkali metal secondary battery of the present disclosure, are used. It is preferable to use a porous sheet or nonwoven fabric with excellent liquid properties.
- the resin and glass fiber separators for example, polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, aromatic polyamides, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethersulfone, glass filters, etc. can be used. These materials, such as a polypropylene/polyethylene two-layer film, a polypropylene/polyethylene/polypropylene three-layer film, etc., may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the separator is preferably a porous sheet or nonwoven fabric made from a polyolefin such as polyethylene or polypropylene, since it has good permeability to the electrolyte and a good shut-down effect.
- the thickness of the separator is arbitrary, it is usually 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 8 ⁇ m or more, and usually 50 ⁇ m or less, preferably 40 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 30 ⁇ m or less. If the separator is too thin than the above range, the insulation properties and mechanical strength may decrease. Further, if the thickness is too thick than the above range, not only battery performance such as rate characteristics may deteriorate, but also the energy density of the electrolyte battery as a whole may decrease.
- the porosity of the separator is arbitrary, but is usually 20% or more, preferably 35% or more, more preferably 45% or more, Further, it is usually 90% or less, preferably 85% or less, and more preferably 75% or less. If the porosity is too smaller than the above range, the membrane resistance tends to increase and the rate characteristics tend to deteriorate. Moreover, if it is too large than the above range, the mechanical strength of the separator tends to decrease and the insulation properties tend to decrease.
- the average pore diameter of the separator is also arbitrary, but it is usually 0.5 ⁇ m or less, preferably 0.2 ⁇ m or less, and usually 0.05 ⁇ m or more.
- the average pore diameter exceeds the above range, short circuits tend to occur. Moreover, if it falls below the above range, the film resistance may increase and the rate characteristics may deteriorate.
- oxides such as alumina and silicon dioxide
- nitrides such as aluminum nitride and silicon nitride
- sulfates such as barium sulfate and calcium sulfate are used, and those in the form of particles or fibers are used. used.
- a separator can be used in which a composite porous layer containing the inorganic particles is formed on the surface layer of the positive electrode and/or negative electrode using a resin binder.
- a porous layer may be formed on both sides of the positive electrode using alumina particles having a 90% particle size of less than 1 ⁇ m and a fluororesin as a binder.
- the electrode group may have a laminated structure consisting of the above positive electrode plate and negative electrode plate with the above separator in between, or a structure in which the above positive electrode plate and negative electrode plate are spirally wound with the above separator interposed therebetween. Either is fine.
- the ratio of the volume of the electrode group to the internal volume of the battery (hereinafter referred to as electrode group occupancy) is usually 40% or more, preferably 50% or more, and usually 90% or less, preferably 80% or less. .
- the battery capacity will decrease.
- the above range there is less void space, and when the battery becomes high temperature, the components expand and the vapor pressure of the liquid component of the electrolyte increases, resulting in an increase in internal pressure, which affects the battery's charge/discharge cycle performance. This may cause deterioration of various properties such as high-temperature storage, and furthermore, a gas release valve that releases internal pressure to the outside may operate.
- the current collecting structure is not particularly limited, it can more effectively improve the charging and discharging characteristics at high current density by the electrolytic solution used in the battery of the present disclosure or the electrolyte solution used in the alkali metal secondary battery of the present disclosure.
- the electrode group has the above-mentioned laminated structure
- a structure in which the metal core portions of each electrode layer are bundled and welded to a terminal is preferably used.
- the area of one electrode becomes large, the internal resistance becomes large, so it is also suitable to provide a plurality of terminals within the electrode to reduce the resistance.
- the electrode group has the above-mentioned wound structure, internal resistance can be lowered by providing a plurality of lead structures on each of the positive and negative electrodes and bundling them into a terminal.
- the material of the outer case is not particularly limited as long as it is stable with respect to the electrolyte used. Specifically, metals such as nickel-plated steel plates, stainless steel, aluminum or aluminum alloys, and magnesium alloys, or laminated films of resin and aluminum foil are used. From the viewpoint of weight reduction, aluminum or aluminum alloy metals and laminate films are preferably used.
- the metals are welded together using laser welding, resistance welding, or ultrasonic welding to create a hermetically sealed structure, or the metals are caulked using a resin gasket. Things can be mentioned.
- Examples of exterior cases using the above-mentioned laminate film include those in which resin layers are heat-sealed to each other to form a hermetically sealed structure.
- a resin different from the resin used for the laminate film may be interposed between the resin layers.
- the intervening resin may be a resin with a polar group or a modified resin with a polar group introduced. Resin is preferably used.
- the shape of the secondary battery of the present disclosure is arbitrary, and examples include shapes such as a cylindrical shape, a square shape, a laminate shape, a coin shape, and a large size. Note that the shapes and configurations of the positive electrode, negative electrode, and separator can be changed depending on the shape of each battery.
- VdF vinylidene fluoride
- TFE Tetrafluoroethylene
- HFP Hexafluoropropylene
- TrFE Trifluoroethylene AEHF-1 is a compound represented by the following general formula.
- composition for forming a protective film was obtained by dissolving 5 parts by weight of the fluoropolymer shown in Table 1 in tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a solvent.
- Examples 1 to 8, Comparative Examples 1 to 3 Coating to current collector
- the above composition for forming a protective film was coated on one side of a copper foil (thickness: 15 ⁇ m) by dipping.
- the coated copper foil was dried at room temperature to form a protective film on the copper foil.
- the copper foil on which the protective film was formed was cut out to a size of ⁇ 13 mm to prepare an electrode.
- Table 2 shows the polymers used in each Example and Comparative Example, the dipping speed, and the thickness of the coating layer after drying.
- the thickness of the coating layer after drying was calculated from the weight part of the fluoropolymer in the protective film forming composition and the thickness of the coating layer before drying.
- Coin cells were produced in the same manner as Examples 1 to 8 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, except that copper foil ( ⁇ 13 mm) not coated with the protective film forming composition was used for the working electrode. .
- ⁇ Cycle test> The coin cell was subjected to a cycle test at 25° C. with a discharge capacity of 0.28 mAh (1 coulomb), a charge capacity of 0.28 mAh (1 coulomb), and a rest time of 1 minute. The test was terminated when the voltage reached 0.2V, which was defined as the life span. Table 2 shows the number of cycles at that point.
- Example 9 to 16, Comparative Examples 5 to 7 (Coating on lithium metal foil)
- the above composition for forming a protective film was coated on one side of a lithium metal foil (thickness: 15 ⁇ m) by dipping.
- the coated lithium metal foil was dried at room temperature to form a protective film on the lithium metal foil.
- the lithium metal foil on which the protective film was formed was cut out to a size of ⁇ 13 mm to prepare an electrode.
- Table 3 shows the polymers used in each Example and Comparative Example, the dipping speed, and the thickness of the coating layer after drying.
- Coin cells were produced in the same manner as in Examples 9 to 16 and Comparative Examples 5 to 7, except that lithium metal foil ( ⁇ 13 mm) not coated with the protective film forming composition was used as the working electrode. .
- ⁇ Cycle test> The coin cell was subjected to a cycle test at 25° C. with a discharge capacity of 0.28 mAh (1 coulomb), a charge capacity of 0.28 mAh (1 coulomb), and a rest time of 1 minute. The test was terminated when the voltage reached 0.2V, which was defined as the life span. Table 2 shows the number of cycles at that point.
- the thickness of the coating layer after drying was calculated from the weight part of the fluoropolymer in the protective film forming composition and the thickness of the coating layer before drying.
- the secondary battery of the present disclosure can be used as a battery with excellent durability in various fields.
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Abstract
Description
金属を含む層上にフッ素ポリマーが積層された積層体を含む負極であって、金属はリチウム、ナトリウム、マグネシウム及び亜鉛から選択される少なくとも1種であり、フッ素ポリマーは、ビニリデンフルオライド単位および単量体単位(A)を含有する含フッ素重合体であって、上記単量体単位(A)は、下記一般式(1)で表される構造を有する単量体単位、下記一般式(2)で表される構造を有する単量体単位、下記一般式(3)で表される単量体単位からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であることを特徴とする負極である。
上記フッ素ポリマーは、ガラス転移温度が25℃以下であることが好ましい。
上記負極は、コーティング厚みが0.5~15μmであることが好ましい。
上記フッ素ポリマーは、ガラス転移温度が25℃以下であることが好ましい。
上記負極は、コーティング厚みが0.5~15μmであることが好ましい。
本開示は、特定の組成を有する含フッ素重合体による被覆層を形成した負極である。このような被覆層によって、上述した特許文献に記載されたような被覆層に比べても、特に好適に上述した問題を改善することができる。
上記第2の態様においては、集電体上に金属からなる負極材料による層を設けず、直接フッ素ポリマーによる被覆層を形成したものを負極とする。この場合、このような負極を正極等のその他の電池を構成する層と積層させて、その後、充電を行った場合、充電における電極反応によって、集電体上にリチウム金属等の金属層が形成されることになる。このような金属層は、集電体とフッ素ポリマー層との間に形成されることとなる。すなわち、充電を行うことによって、リチウム金属等の金属からなる層上に直接フッ素ポリマーによる被覆を形成した負極となり、これは、上述した第1の態様の負極と同様のものである。
よって、本開示の効果を好適に発揮するものである。
以下に、本開示において使用される重合体について詳述し、その後、負極、電池について詳述する。
一般式(1)で表される含フッ素単量体は、Rf1が、炭素数1~12の直鎖状もしくは分岐鎖状のフッ素化アルキル基、又は、炭素数1~12の直鎖状もしくは分岐鎖状のフッ素化アルコキシ基である。フッ素化アルキル基およびフッ素化アルコキシ基は、いずれも、炭素数が2以上ある場合には、炭素-炭素原子間に酸素原子(-O-)を含むことができる。
-(Rf11)m-(O)p-(Rf12-O)n-Rf13
(式中、Rf11およびRf12は、独立に、直鎖状もしくは分岐鎖状の、炭素数1~4のフッ素化アルキレン基、Rf13は、直鎖状もしくは分岐鎖状の、炭素数1~4のフッ素化アルキル基、pは0又は1、mは0~4の整数、nは0~4の整数である)で表される基が好ましい。
-CH2-CF[-CF3]-、
-CH2-CF[-CF2CF3]-、
-CH2-CF[-CF2CF2CF3]-、
-CH2-CF[-CF2CF2CF2CF3]-、
-CH2-CF[-CF2-O-CF(CF3)-CF2-O-CHF-CF3]-、
-CH2-CF[-CF2-O-CF(CF3)-CF2-O-CF2-CF3]-、
-CH2-CF[-CF2-O-CF(CF3)-CF2-O-CF(CF3)-CF3]-、
-CH2-CF[-CF2-O-CF(CF3)-CF2-O-CH(CF3)-CF2
-CF3]-、
-CH2-CF[-CF2-O-CF(CF3)-CF2-O-CF(CF3)-CF2-CF3]-、
-CH2-CF[-OCF2OCF3]-、
-CH2-CF[-OCF2CF2CF22OCF3]-、
-CH2-CF[-CF2OCFOCF3]-、
-CH2-CF[-CF2OCF2CF2CF2OCF3]-、又は、
-CH2-CF[-O-CF2-CF3]-
が好ましく、
-CH2-CF[-CF3]-
がより好ましい。
Rf2は、炭素数1~12の直鎖状もしくは分岐鎖状のフッ素化アルキル基、又は、炭素数1~12の直鎖状もしくは分岐鎖状のフッ素化アルコキシ基である。フッ素化アルキル基およびフッ素化アルコキシ基は、いずれも、炭素数が2以上ある場合には、炭素-炭素原子間に酸素原子(-O-)を含むことができる。
-(Rf21)m-(O)p-(Rf22-O)n-Rf23
(式中、Rf21およびRf22は、独立に、直鎖状もしくは分岐鎖状の、炭素数1~4のフッ素化アルキレン基、Rf23は、直鎖状もしくは分岐鎖状の、炭素数1~4のフッ素化アルキル基、pは0又は1、mは0~4の整数、nは0~4の整数である。)で表される基が好ましい。
-CHF-CH[-CF3]-、
-CHF-CH[-CF2CF3]-、
-CHF-CH[-CF2CF2CF3]-、又は、
-CHF-CH[-CF2CF2CF2CF3]-、
が好ましく、
-CHF-CH[-CF3]-
がより好ましい。
上記架橋部位を与える単量体としては特に限定されず、たとえば、一般式:
CX12=CX1-Rf1CHR1X2
(式中、X1は、水素原子、フッ素原子又はCH3、Rf1は、フルオロアルキレン基、パーフルオロアルキレン基、フルオロ(ポリ)オキシアルキレン基又はパーフルオロ(ポリ)オキシアルキレン基、R1は、水素原子又はCH3、X2は、ヨウ素原子又は臭素原子である。)で表されるヨウ素又は臭素含有単量体、一般式:
CF2=CFO(CF2CF(CF3)O)m(CF2)n-X3
(式中、mは0~5の整数、nは1~3の整数、X3は、シアノ基、カルボキシル基、アルコキシカルボニル基、ヨウ素原子、又は臭素原子である。)で表される単量体、一般式
:
CH2=CFCF2O(CF(CF3)CF2O)m(CF(CF3))n-X4
(式中、mは0~5の整数、nは1~3の整数、X4は、シアノ基、カルボキシル基、アルコキシカルボニル基、ヨウ素原子、臭素原子、又は-CH2OHである。)で表される単量体を他の単量体として使用するものであってもよい。
このような低Tgで非晶質である含フッ素エラストマーは、溶媒に溶けやすく、電極に柔軟性を与え、加工し易さを与えるという点で特に好ましいものである。
含フッ素エラストマーは、ビニリデンフルオライド、共重合単位及び他の単量体のみからなる共重合体であることが好ましい。
フッ素ポリマー1の140℃のムーニー粘度(ML1+10(121℃))は、2以上であることが好ましく、5以上であることがより好ましく、10以上であることがさらに好ましく、30以上であることが特に好ましい。
ムーニー粘度は、ASTM-D1646-15およびJIS K6300-1:2013に準拠して測定する値である。
0.01≦([-CH2OH]+[-COOH])/([-CH3]+[-CF2H]+[-CH2OH]+[-CH2I]+[-OC(O)RH]+[-COOH])≦0.25
(式中、Rは炭素数1~20のアルキル基を表す。)を満たすことが好ましい。
より好ましくは、0.03≦([-CH2OH]+[-COOH])/([-CH3]+[-CF2H]+[-CH2OH]+[-CH2I]+[-OC(O)RH]+[-COOH]≦0.20である。
末端官能基が上記式を満たすものとすることで、密着性・柔軟性が良好なものとなり、優れた機能を有するものとなる。
したがって、これらの官能基量を一定以上の割合で含有すると、密着性が優れる点で好ましい。一方、[-CH2OH]や[-COOH]の量が過剰になると、柔軟性が低下することとなってしまう。このような観点から、[-CH2OH]や[-COOH]が上述した範囲内となることが好ましい。
NMRの末端基分析は、プロトンの溶液NMR法により測定した。分析サンプルはAcetone-d6を溶媒として、20wt%溶液となるように調整し、測定を行った。
基準ピークはアセトンのピークトップを2.05ppmとする測定装置:バリアン社製 VNMRS400
共鳴周波数:399.74(Sfrq)
パルス幅:45°
各末端は、以下のピーク位置のものに対応させた。
[-CH3]:1.72~1.86ppm
[-CF2H]:6.1~6.8ppm
[-CH2OH]:3.74~3.80ppm
[-CH2I]:3.87~3.92ppm
[-OC(O)RH]:1.09~1.16ppm
[-COOH]:10~15ppm
上述した測定によって特定された各ピークの積分値に基づいて、各ピーク強度から官能基量を算出し、その結果に基づいて下記式にて計算する。
([-CH2OH]+[-COOH])/([-CH3]+[-CF2H]+[-CH2OH]+[-CH2I]+[-OC(O)RH]+[-COOH])
R2IxBry
(式中、xおよびyはそれぞれ0~2の整数であり、かつ1≦x+y≦2を満たすものであり、R2は炭素数1~16の飽和もしくは不飽和のフルオロ炭化水素基又はクロロフルオロ炭化水素基、又は炭素数1~3の炭化水素基であり、酸素原子を含んでいてもよい)
で表される化合物があげられる。
本開示に用いられるフッ素ポリマーは、フッ化ビニリデンと、上記式(3)で表される単量体との共重合体を含有するものであってもよい。
上記式(5)において、X’は、主鎖が原子数1~18で構成される分子量456以下の原子団であるが、好ましくは主鎖が原子数1~13、主鎖が原子数1~8で構成されることがより好ましく、分子量は156以下であることが好ましい。またX’は原子団の分子量の下限としては特に限定はないが、通常は14である。この範囲であると、重合性の観点から好ましい。なお、主鎖の原子数には、水素原子の数は含めない。また、主鎖の原子数とは、式(3)におけるXの右側に記載されたカルボキシル基と、Xの左側に記載された基(R1R2C=CR3-)とを、最も少ない原子数で結ぶ鎖の骨格部分の原子数を意味している。またXは、官能基を側鎖として含むことで分岐していてもよい。Xに含まれる側鎖は、1つであってもよく、複数含まれていてもよい。
極性基含有化合物としては、例えば、カルボキシル基、エポキシ基、ヒドロキシル基、スルホン酸基等を含む化合物が挙げられ、中でもカルボキシル基を含む化合物であることが好ましい。上記式(3)で表される極性基含有化合物がカルボキシル基を含むことは、電極活物質と集電体との良好な結着性の点から好ましい。
なお、上述したインヘレント粘度ηiは、重合体80mgを20mlのN,N-ジメチルホルムアミドに溶解して、30°Cの恒温槽内でウベローデ粘度計を用いて次式により求めることができる。
上記式においてηは重合体溶液の粘度、η0は溶媒であるN,N-ジメチルホルムアミドの粘度、Cは0.4g/dlである。
本開示の二次電池における負極は、リチウム、ナトリウム、マグネシウム及び亜鉛からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属元素の金属状態の層を含むものであることが好ましい。
上記第2の態様においては、電極が製造された時点では、金属状態の層を有していない。その後充電によって形成されることとなる金属元素の金属状態の層は、リチウム、ナトリウム、マグネシウム及び亜鉛からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属元素からなるものであることが好ましい。
負極用集電体の材質としては、アルミニウム、チタン、タンタル、ステンレス鋼、ニッケル、銅等の金属、又は、その合金等の金属材料;カーボンクロス、カーボンペーパー等の炭素材料が挙げられる。なかでも、金属材料、特にアルミニウム、銅又はその合金が好ましい。
第2の態様においては、コーティング層が形成された集電体を液体窒素に投入することにより凍結乾燥し、この凍結乾燥サンプルをコーティング層に対して垂直に切断することで断面観察用のサンプルを作製し、該サンプルのコーティング層断面を走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)で観察することでも、乾燥後のコーティング層の厚みを測定可能である。
本開示の負極の製造は、上述した重合体の溶液を負極材料又は集電体上に塗布・乾燥する方法、圧延より貼り付ける方法によって得ることができる。
重合体の溶液とする場合の溶媒は、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン、3-メトキシ-N,N-ジメチルプロパンアミド、N-エチル-2-ピロリドンおよびN-ブチル-2-ピロリドン、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルアセトアミド、ヘキサメチルホスファルアミド、ジメチルスルホキシド、ジエチレントリアミン、N,N-ジメチルアミノプロピルアミン、ジエチルエーテル、プロピレンオキシド、テトラヒドロフラン等を挙げることができる。
重合体の溶液中の重合体は、重合体の溶液全体に対して0.1~40質量%であることが好ましく、より好ましくは1~10質量%である。
本開示は、上述した負極を備える二次電池でもある。また、全固体電池であってもよいが、電解液を有する電池において、特に好適に使用することができる。本開示の電池において使用される電解液は、特に限定されるものではなく、公知の一般的なものを使用することができる。
本開示の電池における電解液は特に限定されず、公知の任意のものを使用することができる。
本開示の電池においては、電解液は、以下に詳述するフッ素化エーテルを電解液溶媒全体のうち90質量%未満含むものであることが好ましい。フッ素化エーテルを含有する電解液を使用し、上述した負極を使用した場合に、特にデンドライトの形成を低減することができる点で好ましい。
液体電解質は、以下で詳述するフッ素化エーテルを電解液溶媒全体のうち90質量%未満含むものであることが好ましい。
フッ素化エーテルとしては特に限定されずフッ素を一部に含むエーテル化合物であれば特に限定されるものではない。
Rf4-O-Rf5 (I)
(式中、Rf4及びRf5は同じか又は異なり、炭素数1~10のアルキル基又は炭素数1~10のフッ素化アルキル基である。ただし、Rf4及びRf5の少なくとも一方は、フッ素化アルキル基である。)
で表されるその他のフッ素化エーテルが挙げられる。その他のフッ素化エーテルを含有させることにより、液体電解質の難燃性が向上するとともに、高温高電圧での安定性、安全性が向上する。
なかでも、Rf4及びRf5が、同じか又は異なり、Rf4が炭素数3~6のフッ素化アルキル基であり、かつ、Rf5が炭素数2~6のフッ素化アルキル基であることがより好ましい。
HCF2CF2-O-R (10)
(式中、Rは、エーテル基を含有しても良いアルキル基、もしくはエーテル基を含有してもよいフッ素化アルキル基である。)
本開示においては、上記一般式(10)で表されるフッ素化エーテル化合物と「その他のフッ素化エーテル化合物」とを併用して使用するものであっても差し支えない。
上記フッ素含有率の下限は、43質量%がより好ましく、45質量%が更に好ましく、50質量%が特に好ましい。上限は70質量%がより好ましく、66質量%が更に好ましい。
なお、フッ素化エーテルのフッ素含有率は、フッ素化エーテルの構造式に基づいて、{(フッ素原子の個数×19)/フッ素化エーテルの分子量}×100(%)により算出した
値である。
HCF2CF2-O-CH2CF2CF3 (13)
HCF2CF2-O-CH2CF3 (14)
上記フッ素含有率の下限は、45質量%がより好ましく、50質量%が更に好ましく、55質量%が特に好ましい。上限は70質量%がより好ましく、66質量%が更に好ましい。
なお、その他のフッ素化エーテルのフッ素含有率は、その他のフッ素化エーテルの構造式に基づいて、{(フッ素原子の個数×19)/その他のフッ素化エーテルの分子量}×100(%)により算出した値である。
なかでも、高沸点、他の溶媒との相溶性や電解質塩の溶解性が良好な点で有利なことから、HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3(沸点106℃)、CF3CF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3(沸点82℃)、からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であることが好ましく、HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3(沸点106℃)がより好ましい。
当該範囲内とすることで、良好な液体電解質として使用することができる。すなわち、含有量が多くなると、液体電解質の濃度が高くなり、また、イオン伝導度は下がることから、電池の寿命が下がってしまう。
上記下限は、3質量%であることが好ましく、5質量%であることが更に好ましい。上記上限は、70質量%であることが好ましく、60質量%であることが更に好ましい。
本開示の電解液は、フッ素化エーテル以外の成分を含むことが好ましい。このような電解液に配合することができる成分について以下詳述する。
なお、本明細書中で「エーテル結合」は、-O-で表される結合である。
炭素数が大きくなりすぎると低温特性が低下したり、電解質塩の溶解性が低下したりするおそれがあり、炭素数が少な過ぎると、電解質塩の溶解性の低下、放電効率の低下、更には粘性の増大等がみられることがある。
R8-R9- (a-1)
(式中、R8はフッ素原子を有していてもよい炭素数1以上のアルキル基;R9はフッ素原子を有していてもよい炭素数1~3のアルキレン基;ただし、R1及びR2の少なくとも一方はフッ素原子を有している)で示されるフッ素化アルキル基が、電解質塩の溶解性が良好な点から好ましく例示できる。
なお、R1及びR2は、更に、炭素原子、水素原子及びフッ素原子以外の、その他の原子を有していてもよい。
-CH2-、-CHF-、-CF2-、-CHCl-、-CFCl-、-CCl2-
-CH2-、-CHF-、-CF2-、-CHCl-、-CFCl-、-CCl2-
R10-(OR11)n2- (b-1)
(式中、R10はフッ素原子を有していてもよい、好ましくは炭素数1~6のアルキル基;R11はフッ素原子を有していてもよい、好ましくは炭素数1~4のアルキレン基;n2は1~3の整数;ただし、R3及びR4の少なくとも1つはフッ素原子を有している)で示されるものが挙げられる。
フッ素化アルキル基(a)、エーテル結合を有するフッ素化アルキル基(b)、及び、フッ素化アルコキシ基(c)のフッ素含有率は、各基の構造式に基づいて、{(フッ素原子の個数×19)/各基の式量}×100(%)により算出した値である。
なお、上記フッ素化飽和環状カーボネートのフッ素含有率は、フッ素化飽和環状カーボネートの構造式に基づいて、{(フッ素原子の個数×19)/フッ素化飽和環状カーボネートの分子量}×100(%)により算出した値である。
Rf3OCOOR14 (B)
(式中、Rf3は、炭素数1~7のフッ素化アルキル基であり、R14は、炭素数1~7のフッ素原子を含んでいてもよいアルキル基である。)で示される化合物を挙げることができる。
上記フッ素化アルキル基は、アルキル基が有する水素原子の少なくとも1つをフッ素原子で置換したものである。R14がフッ素原子を含むアルキル基である場合、フッ素化アルキル基となる。
Rf3及びR14は、低粘性である点で、炭素数が1~7であることが好ましく、1~2であることがより好ましい。
炭素数が大きくなりすぎると低温特性が低下したり、電解質塩の溶解性が低下したりするおそれがあり、炭素数が少な過ぎると、電解質塩の溶解性の低下、放電効率の低下、更には粘性の増大等がみられることがある。
R1-R2- (d-1)
(式中、R1はフッ素原子を有していてもよい炭素数1以上のアルキル基;R2はフッ素原子を有していてもよい炭素数1~3のアルキレン基;ただし、R1及びR2の少なくとも一方はフッ素原子を有している)で示されるフッ素化アルキル基が、電解質塩の溶解性が良好な点から好ましく例示できる。
なお、R1及びR2は、更に、炭素原子、水素原子及びフッ素原子以外の、その他の原子を有していてもよい。
-CH2-、-CHF-、-CF2-、-CHCl-、-CFCl-、-CCl2-
なお、本開示においてフッ素含有率は、上記フッ素化鎖状カーボネートの構造式に基づいて、{(フッ素原子の個数×19)/フッ素化鎖状カーボネートの分子量}×100(%)により算出した値である。
R31COOR32
(式中、R31及びR32は、互いに独立に、炭素数1~4のフッ素原子を含んでいてもよいアルキル基であり、R31及びR32の少なくとも一方はフッ素原子を含む。)で示されるフッ素化鎖状カルボン酸エステルが、他溶媒との相溶性や耐酸化性が良好な点から好ましい。
なかでもCF3CH2C(=O)OCH3、HCF2C(=O)OCH3、HCF2C(=O)OC2H5、CF3C(=O)OCH2C2F5、CF3C(=O)OCH2CF2CF2H、CF3C(=O)OCH2CF3、CF3C(=O)OCH(CF3)2、ペンタフルオロ酪酸エチル、ペンタフルオロプロピオン酸メチル、ペンタフルオロプロピオン酸エチル、ヘプタフルオロイソ酪酸メチル、トリフルオロ酪酸イソプロピル、トリフルオロ酢酸エチル、トリフルオロ酢酸tert-ブチル、トリフルオロ酢酸n-ブチル、テトラフルオロ-2-(メトキシ)プロピオン酸メチル、酢酸2,2-ジフルオロエチル、酢酸2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロプロピル、CH3C(=O)OCH2CF3、酢酸1H,1H-ヘプタフルオロブチル、4,4,4-トリフルオロ酪酸メチル、4,4,4-トリフルオロ酪酸エチル、3,3,3-トリフルオロプロピオン酸エチル、3,3,3-トリフルオロプロピオン酸3,3,3-トリフルオロプロピル、3-(トリフルオロメチル)酪酸エチル、2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロピオン酸メチル、2,2-ジフルオロ酢酸ブチル、2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロプロピオン酸メチル、2-(トリフルオロメチル)-3,3,3-トリフルオロプロピオン酸メチル、ヘプタフルオロ酪酸メチルが、他溶媒との相溶性及びレート特性が良好な点から好ましく、CF3CH2C(=O)OCH3、HCF2C(=O)OCH3、HCF2C(=O)OC2H5、CH3C(=O)OCH2CF3がより好ましく、HCF2C(=O)OCH3、HCF2C(=O)OC2H5、CH3C(=O)OCH2CF3が特に好ましい。
上記の組成の溶媒を含有する電解液は、電気化学デバイスの高温保存特性やサイクル特性を一層向上させることができる。
が好ましい。
上記溶媒の含有量は、電解液中70~99.999質量%であることが好ましく、80質量%以上がより好ましく、92質量%以下がより好ましい。
又はフッ素化炭化水素基を表す。Y201及びY202は、O、S又はNY204であることが好ましく、Oであることがより好ましい。化合物(8)の特徴として、同一の配位子内にY201及びY202によるZ201との結合があるため、これらの配位子がZ201とキレート構造を構成している。このキレートの効果により、この化合物の耐熱性、化学的安定性、耐加水分解性が向上している。この配位子中の定数n202は0又は1であるが、特に、0の場合はこのキレートリングが五員環になるため、キレート効果が最も強く発揮され安定性が増すため好ましい。
なお、本明細書において、フッ素化炭化水素基は、炭化水素基の水素原子の少なくとも1つがフッ素原子に置換された基である。
化合物(8)としては、リチウムビス(オキサラト)ボレートが特に好ましい。
上記リチウム塩として任意のものを用いることができ、具体的には以下のものが挙げられる。例えば、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiClO4、LiAlF4、LiSbF6、LiTaF6、LiWF7、LiAsF6,LiAlCl4,LiI、LiBr、LiCl、LiB10Cl10、Li2SiF6、Li2PFO3、LiPO2F2等の無機リチウム塩;
LiWOF5等のタングステン酸リチウム類;
HCO2Li、CH3CO2Li、CH2FCO2Li、CHF2CO2Li、CF3CO2Li、CF3CH2CO2Li、CF3CF2CO2Li、CF3CF2CF2CO2Li、CF3CF2CF2CF2CO2Li等のカルボン酸リチウム塩類;
FSO3Li、CH3SO3Li、CH2FSO3Li、CHF2SO3Li、CF3SO3Li、CF3CF2SO3Li、CF3CF2CF2SO3Li、CF3CF2CF2CF2SO3Li、リチウムメチルサルフェート、リチウムエチルサルフェート(C2H5OSO3Li)、リチウム2,2,2-トリフルオロエチルサルフェート等のS=O基を有するリチウム塩類;
LiN(FCO)2、LiN(FCO)(FSO2)、LiN(FSO2)2、LiN(FSO2)(CF3SO2)、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiN(C2F5SO2)2、リチウムビスパーフルオロエタンスルホニルイミド、リチウム環状1,2-パーフルオロエタンジスルホニルイミド、リチウム環状1,3-パーフルオロプロパンジスルホニルイミド、リチウム環状1,2-エタンジスルホニルイミド、リチウム環状1,3-プロパンジスルホニルイミド、リチウム環状1,4-パーフルオロブタンジスルホニルイミド、LiN(CF3SO2)(FSO2)、LiN(CF3SO2)(C3F7SO2)、LiN(CF3SO2)(C4F9SO2)、LiN(POF2)2等のリチウムイミド塩類;
LiC(FSO2)3、LiC(CF3SO2)3、LiC(C2F5SO2)3等のリチウムメチド塩類;
その他、式:LiPFa(CnF2n+1)6-a(式中、aは0~5の整数であり、nは1~6の整数である)で表される塩(例えばLiPF3(C2F5)3、LiPF3(CF3)3、LiPF3(iso-C3F7)3、LiPF5(iso-C3F7)、LiPF4(CF3)2、LiPF4(C2F5)2)、LiPF4(CF3SO2)2、LiPF4(C2F5SO2)2、LiBF3CF3、LiBF3C2F5、LiBF3C3F7、LiBF2(CF3)2、LiBF2(C2F5)2、LiBF2(CF3SO2)2、LiBF2(C2F5SO2)2等の含フッ素有機リチウム塩類、LiSCN、LiB(CN)4、LiB(C6H5)4、Li2(C2O4)、LiP(C2O4)3、Li2B12FbH12-b(bは0~3の整数)等が挙げられる。
あるのが好ましい。この場合には、電解液全体100質量%に対する有機リチウム塩の割合は、好ましくは0.1質量%以上、特に好ましくは0.5質量%以上であり、また、好ましくは30質量%以下、特に好ましくは20質量%以下である。
上記アンモニウム塩としては、以下(IIa)~(IIe)が挙げられる。
(IIa)テトラアルキル4級アンモニウム塩
一般式(IIa):
で示されるテトラアルキル4級アンモニウム塩が好ましく例示できる。また、このアンモニウム塩の水素原子の一部又は全部がフッ素原子及び/又は炭素数1~4の含フッ素アルキル基で置換されているものも、耐酸化性が向上する点から好ましい。
で示されるテトラアルキル4級アンモニウム塩、一般式(IIa-2):
で示されるアルキルエーテル基含有トリアルキルアンモニウム塩、等が挙げられる。アルキルエーテル基を導入することにより、粘性の低下を図ることができる。
一般式(IIb-1):
で示されるスピロ環ビピロリジニウム塩、一般式(IIb-2):
で示されるスピロ環ビピロリジニウム塩、又は、一般式(IIb-3):
で示されるスピロ環ビピロリジニウム塩が好ましく挙げられる。また、このスピロ環ビピロリジニウム塩の水素原子の一部又は全部がフッ素原子及び/又は炭素数1~4の含フッ素アルキル基で置換されているものも、耐酸化性が向上する点から好ましい。
一般式(IIc):
で示されるイミダゾリウム塩が好ましく例示できる。また、このイミダゾリウム塩の水素原子の一部又は全部がフッ素原子及び/又は炭素数1~4の含フッ素アルキル基で置換されているものも、耐酸化性が向上する点から好ましい。
一般式(IId):
で示されるN-アルキルピリジニウム塩が好ましく例示できる。また、このN-アルキルピリジニウム塩の水素原子の一部又は全部がフッ素原子及び/又は炭素数1~4の含フッ素アルキル基で置換されているものも、耐酸化性が向上する点から好ましい。
一般式(IIe):
で示されるN,N-ジアルキルピロリジニウム塩が好ましく例示できる。また、このN,N-ジアルキルピロリジニウム塩の水素原子の一部又は全部がフッ素原子及び/又は炭素数1~4の含フッ素アルキル基で置換されているものも、耐酸化性が向上する点から好ましい。
が好ましい。
更に容量を向上させるために、マグネシウム塩を用いてもよい。マグネシウム塩としては、例えば、Mg(ClO4)2、Mg(OOC2H5)2等が好ましい。
上記濃度の上限は、低温特性の点で、2.0モル/リットル以下であることが好ましく、1.5モル/リットル以下であることがより好ましい。
上記アンモニウム塩が、4フッ化ホウ酸トリエチルメチルアンモニウム(TEMABF4)の場合、その濃度は、低温特性に優れる点で、0.7~1.5モル/リットルであることが好ましい。
また、4フッ化ホウ酸スピロビピロリジニウム(SBPBF4)の場合は、0.7~2.0モル/リットルであることが好ましい。
に含むことが好ましい。上記電解液が化合物(2)を含むと、高温で保管した場合でも、容量保持率が一層低下しにくく、ガスの発生量が更に増加しにくい。
Y21及びZ21が複数存在する場合、複数存在するY21及びZ21は同じであっても異なっていてもよい。
Z21としては、H-、F-、CH3-、CH3CH2-、CH3CH2CH2-、CF3-、CF3CF2-、CH2FCH2-及びCF3CF2CF2-からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種が好ましい。
で示される化合物(3)、及び、一般式(4):
X31~X34の炭素数は、1~10が好ましく、1~3がより好ましい。
これにより、電気化学デバイスの高温保存特性を向上させることができる。上記ニトリル化合物を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を任意の組み合わせ及び比率で併用してもよい。
ハロゲン原子としては、例えば、フッ素原子、塩素原子、臭素原子、ヨウ素原子が挙げられる。中でもフッ素原子が好ましい。
アルキル基としては、炭素数1~5のものが好ましい。アルキル基の具体例としては、メチル基、エチル基、プロピル基、イソプロピル基、ブチル基、イソブチル基、tert-ブチル基等が挙げられる。
アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をハロゲン原子で置換した基としては、上述したアルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子を上述したハロゲン原子で置換した基が挙げられる。
Ra及びRbがアルキル基、又は、アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をハロゲン原子で置換した基である場合は、RaとRbとが互いに結合して環構造(例えば、シクロヘキサン環)を形成していてもよい。
Ra及びRbは、水素原子又はアルキル基であることが好ましい。
ジニトリルの具体例としては、マロノニトリル、スクシノニトリル、グルタロニトリル、アジポニトリル、ピメロニトリル、スベロニトリル、アゼラニトリル、セバコニトリル、ウンデカンジニトリル、ドデカンジニトリル、メチルマロノニトリル、エチルマロノニトリル、イソプロピルマロノニトリル、tert-ブチルマロノニトリル、メチルスクシノニトリル、2,2-ジメチルスクシノニトリル、2,3-ジメチルスクシノニトリル、2,3,3-トリメチルスクシノニトリル、2,2,3,3-テトラメチルスクシノニトリル、2,3-ジエチル-2,3-ジメチルスクシノニトリル、2,2-ジエチル-3,3-ジメチルスクシノニトリル、ビシクロヘキシル-1,1-ジカルボニトリル、ビシクロヘキシル-2,2-ジカルボニトリル、ビシクロヘキシル-3,3-ジカルボニトリル、2,5-ジメチル-2,5-ヘキサンジカルボニトリル、2,3-ジイソブチル-2,3-ジメチルスクシノニトリル、2,2-ジイソブチル-3,3-ジメチルスクシノニトリル、2-メチルグルタロニトリル、2,3-ジメチルグルタロニトリル、2,4-ジメチルグルタロニトリル、2,2,3,3-テトラメチルグルタロニトリル、2,2,4,4-テトラメチルグルタロニトリル、2,2,3,4-テトラメチルグルタロニトリル、2,3,3,4-テトラメチルグルタロニトリル、1,4-ジシアノペンタン、2,6-ジシアノヘプタン、2,7-ジシアノオクタン、2,8-ジシアノノナン、1,6-ジシアノデカン、1,2-ジジアノベンゼン、1,3-ジシアノベンゼン、1,4-ジシアノベンゼン、3,3’-(エチレンジオキシ)ジプロピオニトリル、3,3’-(エチレンジチオ)ジプロピオニトリル、3,9-ビス(2-シアノエチル)-2,4,8,10-テトラオキサスピロ[5,5]ウンデカン、ブタンニトリル、フタロニトリル等を例示できる。これらのうち、特に好ましいのはスクシノニトリル、グルタロニトリル、アジポニトリルである。
また、トリカルボニトリルの具体例としては、ペンタントリカルボニトリル、プロパントリカルボニトリル、1,3,5-ヘキサントリカルボニトリル、1,3,6-ヘキサントリカルボニトリル、ヘプタントリカルボニトリル、1,2,3-プロパントリカルボニトリル、1,3,5-ペンタントリカルボニトリル、シクロヘキサントリカルボニトリル、トリスシアノエチルアミン、トリスシアノエトキシプロパン、トリシアノエチレン、トリス(2-シアノエチル)アミン等が挙げられ特に好ましいものは、1,3,6-ヘキサントリカルボニトリル、シクロヘキサントリカルボニトリルであり、最も好ましいものはシクロヘキサントリカルボニトリルである。
ハロゲン原子、アルキル基、及び、アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をハロゲン原子で置換した基については、上記一般式(1a)について例示したものが挙げられる。
上記NC-Rc1-Xc1-におけるRc1はアルキレン基である。アルキレン基としては、炭素数1~3のアルキレン基が好ましい。
Rc、Rd及びReは、それぞれ独立して、水素原子、ハロゲン原子、アルキル基、又は、アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をハロゲン原子で置換した基であることが好ましい。
Rc、Rd及びReの少なくとも1つは、ハロゲン原子、又は、アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をハロゲン原子で置換した基であることが好ましく、フッ素原子、又は、アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をフッ素原子で置換した基であることがより好ましい。
Rd及びReがアルキル基、又は、アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をハロゲン原子で置換した基である場合は、RdとReとが互いに結合して環構造(例えば、シクロヘキサン環)を形成していてもよい。
ハロゲン原子、アルキル基、及び、アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をハロゲン原子で置換した基については、上記一般式(1a)について例示したものが挙げられる。
シアノ基を含む基としては、シアノ基のほか、アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をシアノ基で置換した基が挙げられる。この場合のアルキル基としては、上記一般式(1a)について例示したものが挙げられる。
Rf、Rg、Rh及びRiのうち少なくとも1つはシアノ基を含む基である。好ましくは、Rf、Rg、Rh及びRiのうち少なくとも2つがシアノ基を含む基であることであり、より好ましくは、Rh及びRiがシアノ基を含む基であることである。Rh及びRiがシアノ基を含む基である場合、Rf及びRgは、水素原子であることが好ましい。
このような化合物を含有することにより、電極界面の安定性が向上し、電気化学デバイスの特性を向上させることができる。
上記ポリエチレンオキシドとしては、例えば、ポリエチレンオキシドモノオール、ポリエチレンオキシドカルボン酸、ポリエチレンオキシドジオール、ポリエチレンオキシドジカルボン酸、ポリエチレンオキシドトリオール、ポリエチレンオキシドトリカルボン酸等が挙げられる。これらは単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
なかでも、電気化学デバイスの特性がより良好となる点で、ポリエチレンオキシドモノオールとポリエチレンオキシドジオールの混合物、及び、ポリエチレンカルボン酸とポリエチレンジカルボン酸の混合物であることが好ましい。
上記重量平均分子量は、ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィー(GPC)法によるポリスチレン換算により測定することができる。
上記ポリエチレンオキシドの含有量は、5×10-6mol/kg以上であることがより好ましい。
フッ素化不飽和環状カーボネートは、不飽和結合とフッ素原子とを有する環状カーボネートである。フッ素化不飽和環状カーボネートが有するフッ素原子の数は1以上があれば、特に制限されない。中でもフッ素原子が通常6以下、好ましくは4以下であり、1個又は2個のものが最も好ましい。
三重結合を有する化合物の具体例としては、例えば、以下の化合物が挙げられる。
1-ペンチン、2-ペンチン、1-ヘキシン、2-ヘキシン、3-ヘキシン、1-ヘプチン、2-ヘプチン、3-ヘプチン、1-オクチン、2-オクチン、3-オクチン、4-オクチン、1-ノニン、2-ノニン、3-ノニン、4-ノニン、1-ドデシン、2-ドデシン、3-ドデシン、4-ドデシン、5-ドデシン、フェニルアセチレン、1-フェニル-1-プロピン、1-フェニル-2-プロピン、1-フェニル-1-ブチン、4-フェニル-1-ブチン、4-フェニル-1-ブチン、1-フェニル-1-ペンチン、5-フェニル-1-ペンチン、1-フェニル-1-ヘキシン、6-フェニル-1-ヘキシン、ジフェニルアセチレン、4-エチニルトルエン、ジシクロヘキシルアセチレン等の炭化水素化合物;
フルオロベンゼン、ジフルオロベンゼン、ヘキサフルオロベンゼン、ベンゾトリフルオライド、モノフルオロベンゼン、1-フルオロ-2-シクロヘキシルベンゼン、1-フルオロ-4-tert-ブチルベンゼン、1-フルオロ-3-シクロヘキシルベンゼン、1-フルオロ-2-シクロヘキシルベンゼン、フッ素化ビフェニル等の含フッ素芳香族化合物;
エリスリタンカーボネート、スピロ-ビス-ジメチレンカーボネート、メトキシエチル-メチルカーボネート等のカーボネート化合物;
ジオキソラン、ジオキサン、2,5,8,11-テトラオキサドデカン、2,5,8,11,14-ペンタオキサペンタデカン、エトキシメトキシエタン、トリメトキシメタン、グライム、エチルモノグライム等のエーテル系化合物;
ジメチルケトン、ジエチルケトン、3-ペンタノン等のケトン系化合物;
2-アリル無水コハク酸等の酸無水物;
シュウ酸ジメチル、シュウ酸ジエチル、シュウ酸エチルメチル、シュウ酸ジ(2-プロピニル)、シュウ酸メチル2-プロピニル、コハク酸ジメチル、グルタル酸ジ(2-プロピニル)、ギ酸メチル、ギ酸エチル、ギ酸2-プロピニル、2-ブチン-1,4-ジイルジホルメート、メタクリル酸2-プロピニル、マロン酸ジメチル等のエステル化合物;
アセトアミド、N-メチルホルムアミド、N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド、N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド等のアミド系化合物;
硫酸エチレン、硫酸ビニレン、亜硫酸エチレン、フルオロスルホン酸メチル、フルオロスルホン酸エチル、メタンスルホン酸メチル、メタンスルホン酸エチル、ブスルファン、スルホレン、ジフェニルスルホン、N,N-ジメチルメタンスルホンアミド、N,N-ジエチルメタンスルホンアミド、ビニルスルホン酸メチル、ビニルスルホン酸エチル、ビニルスルホン酸アリル、ビニルスルホン酸プロパルギル、アリルスルホン酸メチル、アリルスルホン酸エチル、アリルスルホン酸アリル、アリルスルホン酸プロパルギル、1,2-ビス(ビニルスルホニロキシ)エタン、無水プロパンジスルホン酸、無水スルホ酪酸、無水スルホ安息香酸、無水スルホプロピオン酸、無水エタンジスルホン酸、メチレンメタンジスルホネート、メタンスルホン酸2-プロピニル、ペンテンサルファイト、ペンタフルオロフェニルメタンスルホネート、プロピレンサルフェート、プロピレンサルファイト、プロパンサルトン、ブチレンサルファイト、ブタン-2,3-ジイルジメタンスルホネート、2-ブチン-1,4-ジイルジメタンスルホネート、ビニルスルホン酸2-プロピニル、ビス(2-ビニルスルホニルエチル)エーテル、5-ビニル-ヘキサヒドロ-1,3,2-ベンゾジオキサチオール-2-オキシド、2-(メタンスルホニルオキシ)プロピオン酸2-プロピニル、5,5-ジメチル-1,2-オキサチオラン-4-オン2,2-ジオキシド、3-スルホ-プロピオン酸無水物トリメチレンメタンジスルホネート2-メチルテトラヒドロフラン、トリメチレンメタンジスルホネート、テトラメチレンスルホキシド、ジメチレンメタンジスルホネート、ジフルオロエチルメチルスルホン、ジビニルスルホン、1,2-ビス(ビニルスルホニル)エタン、エチレンビススルホン酸メチル、エチレンビススルホン酸エチル、エチレンサルフェート、チオフェン1-オキシド等の含硫黄化合物;
1-メチル-2-ピロリジノン、1-メチル-2-ピペリドン、3-メチル-2-オキサゾリジノン、1,3-ジメチル-2-イミダゾリジノン及びN-メチルスクシンイミド、ニトロメタン、ニトロエタン、エチレンジアミン等の含窒素化合物;
亜リン酸トリメチル、亜リン酸トリエチル、亜リン酸トリフェニル、リン酸トリメチル、リン酸トリエチル、リン酸トリフェニル、メチルホスホン酸ジメチル、エチルホスホン酸ジエチル、ビニルホスホン酸ジメチル、ビニルホスホン酸ジエチル、ジエチルホスホノ酢酸エチル、ジメチルホスフィン酸メチル、ジエチルホスフィン酸エチル、トリメチルホスフィンオキシド、トリエチルホスフィンオキシド、リン酸ビス(2,2-ジフルオロエチル)2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル、リン酸ビス(2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロプロピル)2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル、リン酸ビス(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)メチル、リン酸ビス(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)エチル、リン酸ビス(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)2,2-ジフルオロエチルリン酸ビス(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロプロピル、リン酸トリブチル、リン酸トリス(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)、リン酸トリス(1,1,1,3,3,3-ヘキサフルオロプロパン-2-イル)、リン酸トリオクチル、リン酸2-フェニルフェニルジメチル、リン酸2-フェニルフェニルジエチル、リン酸(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)(2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロプロピル)メチル、メチル2-(ジメトキシホスホリル)アセテート、メチル2-(ジメチルホスホリル)アセテート、メチル2-(ジエトキシホスホリル)アセテート、メチル2-(ジエチルホスホリル)アセテート、メチレンビスホスホン酸メチル、メチレンビスホスホン酸エチル、エチレンビスホスホン酸メチル、エチレンビスホスホン酸エチル、ブチレンビスホスホン酸メチル、ブチレンビスホスホン酸エチル、酢酸2-プロピニル2-(ジメトキシホスホリル)、酢酸2-プロピニル2-(ジメチルホスホリル)、酢酸2-プロピニル2-(ジエトキシホスホリル)、酢酸2-プロピニル2-(ジエチルホスホリル)、リン酸トリス(トリメチルシリル)、リン酸トリス(トリエチルシリル)、リン酸トリス(トリメトキシシリル)、亜リン酸トリス(トリメチルシリル)、亜リン酸トリス(トリエチルシリル)、亜リン酸トリス(トリメトキシシリル)、ポリリン酸トリメチルシリル等の含燐化合物;
ホウ酸トリス(トリメチルシリル)、ホウ酸トリス(トリメトキシシリル)等の含ホウ素化合物;
ジメトキシアルミノキシトリメトキシシラン、ジエトキシアルミノキシトリエトキシシラン、ジプロポキシアルミノキシトリエトキシシラン、ジブトキシアルミノキシトリメトキシシラン、ジブトキシアルミノキシトリエトキシシラン、チタンテトラキス(トリメチルシロキシド)、チタンテトラキス(トリエチルシロキシド)、テトラメチルシラン等のシラン化合物;
等が挙げられる。これらは1種を単独で用いても、2種以上を併用してもよい。これらの助剤を添加することにより、高温保存後の容量維持特性やサイクル特性を向上させることができる。
上記その他の助剤としては、なかでも、含燐化合物が好ましく、リン酸トリス(トリメチルシリル)、亜リン酸(トリストリメチルシリル)が好ましい。
で示される含フッ素ラクトン等も挙げられる。
で示される5員環構造が、合成が容易である点、化学的安定性が良好な点から好ましく挙げられ、更には、AとBの組合せにより、下記式(F):
同じである)
で示される含フッ素ラクトンと、下記式(G):
同じである)
で示される含フッ素ラクトンがある。
フッ素化環状カルボン酸エステルを含有させることにより、イオン伝導度の向上、安全性の向上、高温時の安定性向上といった効果が得られる。
炭素数2~10の鎖状エーテルとしては、ジメチルエーテル、ジエチルエーテル、ジ-n-ブチルエーテル、ジメトキシメタン、メトキシエトキシメタン、ジエトキシメタン、ジメトキシエタン、メトキシエトキシエタン、ジエトキシエタン、エチレングリコールジ-n-プロピルエーテル、エチレングリコールジ-n-ブチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコール、ジエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、ペンタエチレングリコール、トリエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、トリエチレングリコール、テトラエチレングリコール、テトラエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、ジイソプロピルエーテル等が挙げられる。
Rf4-O-Rf5 (I)
(式中、Rf4及びRf5は同じか又は異なり、炭素数1~10のアルキル基又は炭素数1~10のフッ素化アルキル基である。ただし、Rf3及びRf4の少なくとも一方は、フッ素化アルキル基である。)
で表されるフッ素化エーテル(I)が挙げられる。フッ素化エーテル(I)を含有させることにより、電解液の難燃性が向上するとともに、高温高電圧での安定性、安全性が向上する。
なかでも、Rf4及びRf5が、同じか又は異なり、Rf4が炭素数3~6のフッ素化アルキル基であり、かつ、Rf5が炭素数2~6のフッ素化アルキル基であることがより好ましい。
なお、フッ素化エーテル(I)のフッ素含有率は、フッ素化エーテル(I)の構造式に基づいて、{(フッ素原子の個数×19)/フッ素化エーテル(I)の分子量}×100(%)により算出した値である。
なかでも、高沸点、他の溶媒との相溶性や電解質塩の溶解性が良好な点で有利なことから、HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3(沸点106℃)、CF3CF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3(沸点82℃)、HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CF2H(沸点92℃)及びCF3CF2CH2OCF2CF2H(沸点68℃)からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であることが好ましく、HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3(沸点106℃)及びHCF2CF2CH2OCF2CF2H(沸点92℃)からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であることがより好ましい。
上記リン酸エステルとしては、例えば、含フッ素アルキルリン酸エステル、非フッ素系アルキルリン酸エステル、アリールリン酸エステル等が挙げられる。なかでも、少量で不燃効果を発揮できる点で、含フッ素アルキルリン酸エステルであることが好ましい。
A-(D)-B (101)
[式中、Dは式(201):
-(D1)n-(FAE)m-(AE)p-(Y)q- (201)
(式中、D1は、式(2a):
で示される側鎖に含フッ素エーテル基を有するエーテル単位;
FAEは、式(2b):
で示される側鎖にフッ素化アルキル基を有するエーテル単位;
AEは、式(2c):
で示されるエーテル単位;
Yは、式(2d-1)~(2d-3):
nは0~200の整数;mは0~200の整数;pは0~10000の整数;qは1~100の整数;ただしn+mは0ではなく、D1、FAE、AE及びYの結合順序は特定されない);
A及びBは同じか又は異なり、水素原子、フッ素原子及び/又は架橋性官能基を含んでいてもよいアルキル基、フッ素原子及び/又は架橋性官能基を含んでいてもよいフェニル基、-COOH基、-OR(Rは水素原子又はフッ素原子及び/又は架橋性官能基を含んでいてもよいアルキル基)、エステル基又はカーボネート基(ただし、Dの末端が酸素原子の場合は-COOH基、-OR、エステル基及びカーボネート基ではない)]
で表される側鎖に含フッ素基を有する非晶性含フッ素ポリエーテル化合物である。
中でも誘電率と粘性の観点から、テトラメチレンスルホン類、テトラメチレンジスルホン類、ヘキサメチレンスルホン類、ヘキサメチレンジスルホン類がより好ましく、テトラメチレンスルホン類(スルホラン類)が特に好ましい。
なお、添加剤として化合物(7)を使用する場合、上述した電解質塩としては、化合物(7)以外の化合物を使用することが好ましい。
上記S=O基を有するリチウム塩類としては、モノフルオロスルホン酸リチウム(FSO3Li)、メチル硫酸リチウム(CH3OSO3Li)、エチル硫酸リチウム(C2H5OSO3Li)、2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル硫酸リチウム等が挙げられる。化合物(7)としては、中でも、LiPO2F2、FSO3Li、C2H5OSO3Liが好ましい。
HFの含有量は、10ppm以上がより好ましく、20ppm以上が更に好ましい。HFの含有量はまた、100ppm以下がより好ましく、80ppm以下が更に好ましく、50ppm以下が特に好ましい。
HFの含有量は、中和滴定法により測定することができる。
本開示の電池において、正極は、特に限定されるものではないが、正極活物質を含む正極活物質層と、集電体とから構成されるものを使用することができる。
なかでも、正極活物質としては、特に、高電圧を産み出すアルカリ金属含有遷移金属複合酸化物が好ましい。上記アルカリ金属イオンとしては、リチウムイオン、ナトリウムイオン等が挙げられる。好ましい態様において、アルカリ金属イオンは、リチウムイオンであり得る。即ち、この態様において、アルカリ金属イオン二次電池は、リチウムイオン二次電池である。
式:MaMn2-bM1 bO4
(式中、Mは、Li及びNaからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属であり;0.5≦a;0≦b≦1.5;M1はFe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、SiおよびGeよりなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属)で表されるリチウム・マンガンスピネル複合酸化物、
式:MNi1-cM2 cO2
(式中、Mは、Li及びNaからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属であり;0≦c≦0.5;M2はFe、Co、Mn、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、SiおよびGeよりなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属)で表されるアルカリ金属・ニッケル複合酸化物、又は、
式:MCo1-dM3 dO2
(式中、Mは、Li及びNaからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属であり;0≦d≦0.5;M3はFe、Ni、Mn、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、SiおよびGeよりなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属)
で表されるアルカリ金属・コバルト複合酸化物が挙げられる。上記において、Mは、好ましくは、Li及びNaからなる群より選択される1種の金属であり、さらに好ましくはLiである。
MNihCoiMnjM5 kO2 (3)
(式中、Mは、M5はFe、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、Si及びGeからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を示し、(h+i+j+k)=1.0、0≦h≦1.0、0≦i≦1.0、0≦j≦1.5、0≦k≦0.2である。)
MeM4 f(PO4)g
(式中、Mは、Li及びNaからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属であり、M4はV、Ti、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni及びCuからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を示し、0.5≦e≦3、1≦f≦2、1≦g≦3)で表される化合物が挙げられる。上記において、Mは、好ましくは、Li及びNaからなる群より選択される1種の金属であり、さらに好ましくはLiである。
上記リチウム含有遷移金属リン酸化合物としては、オリビン型構造を有するものが好ましい。
MnO3等が挙げられる。特に、M2MnO3、MNi0.5Mn1.5O2等の正極活物質は、4.4Vを超える電圧や、4.6V以上の電圧で二次電池を作動させた場合であって、結晶構造が崩壊しない点で好ましい。従って、上記に例示した正極活物質を含む正極材を用いた二次電池等の電気化学デバイスは、高温で保管した場合でも、残存容量が低下しにくく、抵抗増加率も変化しにくい上、高電圧で作動させても電池性能が劣化しないことから、好ましい。
上記正極活物質が上記硫黄単体の場合、上記正極活物質に含まれる硫黄の含有量は、上記硫黄単体の含有量と等しい。
なお、本開示では、タップ密度は、正極活物質粉体5~10gを10mlのガラス製メスシリンダーに入れ、ストローク約20mmで200回タップした時の粉体充填密度(タップ密度)g/cm3として求める。
上記正極活物質の粒子は、二次粒子の平均粒子径が40μm以下で、かつ、平均一次粒子径が1μm以下の微粒子を、0.5~7.0体積%含むものであることが好ましい。平均一次粒子径が1μm以下の微粒子を含有させることにより、電解液との接触面積が大きくなり、電極と電解液との間でのリチウムイオンの拡散をより速くすることができ、その結果、電池の出力性能を向上させることができる。
上記結着剤としては、電極製造時に使用する溶媒や電解液に対して安全な材料であれば、任意のものを使用することができ、例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリメチルメタクリレート、芳香族ポリアミド、キトサン、アルギン酸、ポリアクリル酸、ポリイミド、セルロース、ニトロセルロース等の樹脂系高分子;SBR(スチレン・ブタジエンゴム)、イソプレンゴム、ブタジエンゴム、フッ素ゴム、NBR(アクリロニトリル・ブタジエンゴム)、エチレン・プロピレンゴム等のゴム状高分子;スチレン・ブタジエン・スチレンブロック共重合体又はその水素添加物;EPDM(エチレン・プロピレン・ジエン三元共重合体)、スチレン・エチレン・ブタジエン・スチレン共重合体、スチレン・イソプレン・スチレンブロック共重合体又はその水素添加物等の熱可塑性エラストマー状高分子;シンジオタクチック-1,2-ポリブタジエン、ポリ酢酸ビニル、エチレン・酢酸ビニル共重合体、プロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体等の軟質樹脂状高分子;ポリビニリデンフルオライド、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ビニリデンフルオライド共重合体、テトラフルオロエチレン・エチレン共重合体等のフッ素系高分子;アルカリ金属イオン(特にリチウムイオン)のイオン伝導性を有する高分子組成物等が挙げられる。これらは、1種を単独で用いても、2種以上を任意の組み合わせ及び比率で併用してもよい。
本開示の二次電池は、更に、セパレータを備えることが好ましい。
上記セパレータの材質や形状は、電解液に安定であり、かつ、保液性に優れていれば特に限定されず、公知のものを使用することができる。なかでも、本開示の電池において使用される電解液又は本開示のアルカリ金属二次電池で使用される電解液に対し安定な材料で形成された、樹脂、ガラス繊維、無機物等が用いられ、保液性に優れた多孔性シート又は不織布状の形態の物等を用いるのが好ましい。
なかでも、上記セパレータは、電解液の浸透性やシャットダウン効果が良好である点で、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン等のポリオレフィンを原料とする多孔性シート又は不織布等であることが好ましい。
例えば、正極の両面に90%粒径が1μm未満のアルミナ粒子を、フッ素樹脂を結着剤として多孔層を形成させることが挙げられる。
電極群は、上記の正極板と負極板とを上記のセパレータを介してなる積層構造のもの、及び上記の正極板と負極板とを上記のセパレータを介して渦巻き状に捲回した構造のもののいずれでもよい。電極群の体積が電池内容積に占める割合(以下、電極群占有率と称する)は、通常40%以上であり、50%以上が好ましく、また、通常90%以下であり、80%以下が好ましい。
この様に内部抵抗を低減させた場合、本開示の電池において使用される電解液又は本開示のアルカリ金属二次電池で使用される電解液を使用した効果は特に良好に発揮される。
TFE:テトラフルオロエチレン
HFP:ヘキサフルオロプロピレン
TrFE:トリフルオロエチレン
AEHF-1は、以下の一般式で表される化合物である。
表1のフッ素ポリマーを溶媒であるテトラヒドロフラン(THF)に5重量部を溶解させ、保護膜形成用組成物を得た。
(集電体への塗工)
上記保護膜形成用組成物を、銅箔(厚み15μm)の片面にディッピングによりコーティングした。コーティングされた銅箔を室温で乾燥し、銅箔上に保護膜を形成させた。保護膜が形成された銅箔をφ13mmのサイズに切り抜き電極を作製した。
各実施例、比較例に使用したポリマー、ディッピング速度および乾燥後のコーティング層の膜厚を表2に示す。
保護膜形成組成物中のフッ素ポリマー重量部と、乾燥前のコーティング層の厚みから、乾燥後のコーティング層の厚みを算出した。
上記過程によって得た電極を作用極、リチウム金属箔(φ15mm)を対極とし、間にポリエチレン/ポリプロピレンセパレータを介在させ、電解液(1M LiPF6 EC/DMC = 30/70)を注入しコインセルを作製した。
作用極に保護膜形成用組成物によるコーティングを施していない銅箔(φ13mm)を使用したことを除いては、実施例1~8および比較例1~3と同様の方法でコインセルを作製―した。
コインセルを、25℃において、放電容量0.28mAh(1クーロン)、充電容量0.28mAh(1クーロン)、休止時間1分でサイクル試験を行った。電圧が0.2Vに達した時点を寿命として試験を終了した。その時点のサイクル数を表2に示す。
(リチウム金属箔への塗工)
上記保護膜形成用組成物を、リチウム金属箔(厚み15μm)の片面にディッピングによりコーティングした。コーティングされたリチウム金属箔を室温で乾燥し、リチウム金属箔上に保護膜を形成させた。保護膜が形成されたリチウム金属箔をφ13mmのサイズに切り抜き電極を作製した。
各実施例、比較例に使用したポリマー、ディッピング速度および乾燥後のコーティング層の膜厚を表3に示す。
上記過程によって得た電極を作用極、リチウム金属箔(φ15mm)を対極とし、間にポリエチレン/ポリプロピレンセパレータを介在させ、電解液(1M LiPF6 EC/DMC = 30/70)を注入しコインセルを作製した。
作用極に保護膜形成用組成物によるコーティングを施していないリチウム金属箔(φ13mm)を使用したことを除いては、実施例9~16および比較例5~7と同様の方法でコインセルを作製した。
コインセルを、25℃において、放電容量0.28mAh(1クーロン)、充電容量0.28mAh(1クーロン)、休止時間1分でサイクル試験を行った。電圧が0.2Vに達した時点を寿命として試験を終了した。その時点のサイクル数を表2に示す。
保護膜形成組成物中のフッ素ポリマー重量部と、乾燥前のコーティング層の厚みから、乾燥後のコーティング層の厚みを算出した。
Claims (13)
- 金属を含む層上にフッ素ポリマーが積層された積層体を含む負極であって、
金属はリチウム、ナトリウム、マグネシウム及び亜鉛から選択される少なくとも1種であり、
フッ素ポリマーは、
ビニリデンフルオライド単位および単量体単位(A)を含有する含フッ素重合体であって、上記単量体単位(A)は、下記一般式(1)で表される構造を有する単量体単位、下記一般式(2)で表される構造を有する単量体単位及び下記一般式(3)で表される単量体単位からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であることを特徴とする負極。
式中、Rf1は、炭素数1~12の直鎖又は分岐したフルオロアルキル基又はフッ素化アルコキシ基であり、フッ素化アルキル基およびフッ素化アルコキシ基は、いずれも、炭素数が2以上ある場合には、炭素-炭素原子間に酸素原子(-O-)を含むことができる。
Rf2は、炭素数1~12の直鎖又は分岐したフルオロアルキル基又はフッ素化アルコキシ基であり、フッ素化アルキル基およびフッ素化アルコキシ基は、いずれも、炭素数が2以上ある場合には、炭素-炭素原子間に酸素原子(-O-)を含むことができる。
式中、R1、R2及びR3は、それぞれ独立に水素原子、塩素原子又は炭素数1~5のアルキル基である。Xは、単結合又は主鎖が原子数1~20で構成される分子量500以下の原子団である。Yは、無機カチオンおよび/又は有機カチオンを表す。 - フッ素ポリマーは、ビニリデンフルオライド単位/共重合単位(A)のモル比が87/13~20/80である、請求項1記載の負極。
- フッ素ポリマーは、ガラス転移温度が25℃以下である請求項1又は2記載の負極。
- フッ素ポリマーは、ビニリデンフルオライド、上記一般式(1)及び/又は(2)で表される含フッ素単量体、及び、これらと共重合可能な他の単量体からなる共重合体であり、
ビニリデンフルオライド単位/含フッ素単量体単位のモル比が87/13~20/80であり、上記他の単量体単位が全単量体単位の0~50モル%である請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の負極。 - コーティング厚みが0.5~15μmである請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の負極。
- 請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の負極を備えることを特徴とする二次電池。
- 集電体上に直接フッ素ポリマーが積層された積層体を含む負極であって、
フッ素ポリマーは、ビニリデンフルオライド単位および単量体単位(A)を含有する含フッ素重合体であって、前記単量体単位(A)が、下記一般式(1)で表される構造を有する単量体単位、下記一般式(2)で表される構造を有する単量体単位及び下記一般式(3)で表される単量体単位からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の構成単位であることを特徴とする負極。
式中、Rf1は、炭素数1~12の直鎖又は分岐したフルオロアルキル基又はフッ素化アルコキシ基であり、フッ素化アルキル基およびフッ素化アルコキシ基は、いずれも、炭素数が2以上ある場合には、炭素-炭素原子間に酸素原子(-O-)を含むことができる。
Rf2は、炭素数1~12の直鎖又は分岐したフルオロアルキル基又はフッ素化アルコキシ基であり、フッ素化アルキル基およびフッ素化アルコキシ基は、いずれも、炭素数が2以上ある場合には、炭素-炭素原子間に酸素原子(-O-)を含むことができる。
式中、R1、R2及びR3は、それぞれ独立に水素原子、塩素原子又は炭素数1~5のアルキル基である。Xは、単結合又は主鎖が原子数1~20で構成される分子量500以下の原子団である。Yは、無機カチオンおよび/又は有機カチオンを表す。 - フッ素ポリマーは、ビニリデンフルオライド単位/単量体単位(A)のモル比が87/13~20/80である、請求項7記載の負極。
- フッ素ポリマーは、ガラス転移温度が25℃以下である請求項7又は8記載の負極。
- フッ素ポリマーは、ビニリデンフルオライド、上記単量体単位(A)、及び、これらと共重合可能な他の単量体からなる共重合体であり、ビニリデンフルオライド単位/含フッ素単量体単位のモル比が87/13~20/80であり、上記他の単量体単位が全単量体単位の0~50モル%である請求項7~9のいずれかに記載の負極。
- コーティング厚みが0.5~15μmである請求項7~10のいずれかに記載の負極。
- 請求項7~11のいずれかに記載の負極を備えることを特徴とする二次電池。
- ビニリデンフルオライド単位並びに下記一般式(1)で表される構造を有する単量体単位、下記一般式(2)で表される単量体単位及び下記一般式(3)で表される単量体単位からなる群より選択される少なくとも1の共重合単位(A)を有するフッ素ポリマーを溶媒に溶解した溶液を金属を含む層又は集電体上に塗布する工程を有することを特徴とする電池用材料の被覆方法。
式中、Rf1は、炭素数1~12の直鎖又は分岐したフルオロアルキル基又はフッ素化アルコキシ基であり、フッ素化アルキル基およびフッ素化アルコキシ基は、いずれも、炭素数が2以上ある場合には、炭素-炭素原子間に酸素原子(-O-)を含むことができる。
Rf2は、炭素数1~12の直鎖又は分岐したフルオロアルキル基又はフッ素化アルコキシ基であり、フッ素化アルキル基およびフッ素化アルコキシ基は、いずれも、炭素数が2以上ある場合には、炭素-炭素原子間に酸素原子(-O-)を含むことができる。
式中、R1、R2及びR3は、それぞれ独立に水素原子、塩素原子又は炭素数1~5のアルキル基である。Xは、単結合又は主鎖が原子数1~20で構成される分子量500以下の原子団である。Yは、無機カチオンおよび/又は有機カチオンを表す。
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| JPWO2024010057A1 (ja) | 2024-01-11 |
| CN119497914A (zh) | 2025-02-21 |
| TW202411272A (zh) | 2024-03-16 |
| KR20250027832A (ko) | 2025-02-27 |
| JP7748012B2 (ja) | 2025-10-02 |
| EP4553918A1 (en) | 2025-05-14 |
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