WO2024048525A1 - Ni基合金の製造方法 - Google Patents
Ni基合金の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024048525A1 WO2024048525A1 PCT/JP2023/031010 JP2023031010W WO2024048525A1 WO 2024048525 A1 WO2024048525 A1 WO 2024048525A1 JP 2023031010 W JP2023031010 W JP 2023031010W WO 2024048525 A1 WO2024048525 A1 WO 2024048525A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
- C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
- C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
- C22C19/055—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 20% but less than 30%
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/10—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of nickel or cobalt or alloys based thereon
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a Ni-based alloy.
- Ni-based alloys that have an intermetallic compound called ⁇ ' (gamma prime) phase on the matrix have excellent high-temperature strength and are widely used as parts for aircraft jet engines. It is known that the Ni-based alloy has particularly excellent high-temperature strength when the ⁇ ' phase, which is the reinforcing phase, exists finely. However, on the other hand, when the ⁇ ' phase has a fine structure, the hot forgeability of the Ni-based alloy material deteriorates, which becomes a problem because the high-temperature strength of the Ni-based alloy is high. To solve this problem, there is a method in which the Ni-based alloy material is heated to a high temperature at which the ⁇ ' phase dissolves in the matrix, and hot forging is performed in the absence of the ⁇ ' phase.
- ⁇ ' gamma prime
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 after the ⁇ ' phase has been precipitated, the Ni-based alloy material is subjected to a long-time aging treatment to coarsen the ⁇ ' phase, thereby suppressing strengthening by the ⁇ ' phase and increasing the Ni base alloy material. Techniques for increasing the hot forgeability of base alloy materials are presented.
- Patent Document 3 considers coating the Ni-based alloy material with a heat insulating material. If the material is transported to the forging equipment while maintaining that temperature, it may be cooled due to various factors such as contact with the forging equipment. Therefore, when the temperature of the Ni-based alloy material before or during forging falls below the ⁇ ' phase solid solution temperature, the ⁇ ' phase that has been solidly dissolved will re-precipitate.
- this reprecipitated ⁇ ' phase cannot be expected to grow during forging, and is therefore finely dispersed, greatly impairing hot forgeability.
- problems may arise such as deterioration of operability due to complicated processes and prolonged heat treatment time.
- An object of the present invention is to maintain sufficient hot forgeability of a Ni-based alloy material using a simple method even when the temperature of the Ni-based alloy material decreases during hot forging or before the start of hot forging.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a Ni-based alloy.
- the present invention provides C: 0.02 to 0.10%, Si: 0.15% or less, Mn: 0.1% or less, P: 0.015% or less, and S: 0.015% by mass. % or less, Cr: 18-21%, Mo: 3.5-5.0%, Co: 12-15%, Cu: 0.1% or less, Al: 1.2-1.6%, Ti: 2 Ni-based alloy material having a composition of .75 to 3.25%, Fe: 2% or less, B: 0.003 to 0.01%, Zr: 0.02 to 0.08%, and the balance is Ni and impurities.
- a method for producing a Ni-based alloy which involves hot forging
- the above hot forging is performed until the temperature of the Ni-based alloy material heated to a preheating temperature of T 1 to T 2 °C falls, and when the temperature of this Ni-based alloy material is at least 900 °C, the hot forging is performed. It is forged,
- T 1 is the temperature at which the ⁇ ' phase is completely dissolved in the material matrix
- T 2 is the temperature at which the material matrix starts melting.
- the hot forging is started when the temperature of the Ni-based alloy material is 1000° C. or higher.
- the hot forging is completed when the temperature of the Ni-based alloy material is 700° C. or higher.
- the above Ni-based alloy material may further contain Mg: 0.01% or less in mass %.
- a method for producing a Ni-based alloy can maintain sufficient hot workability of the material even if the temperature of the Ni-based alloy material decreases during hot forging or before the start of hot forging. can be provided.
- the feature of the present invention is to find a method that can impart sufficient hot workability to the Ni-based alloy material even if the temperature of the Ni-based alloy material decreases during hot forging or before the start of hot forging. It's somewhere. The details of the present invention will be described below.
- the method for producing the Ni-based alloy of the present invention is based on the following method: "In mass %, C: 0.02 to 0.10%, Si: 0.15% or less, Mn: 0.1% or less, P: 0. 015% or less, S: 0.015% or less, Cr: 18-21%, Mo: 3.5-5.0%, Co: 12-15%, Cu: 0.1% or less, Al: 1.2 ⁇ 1.6%, Ti: 2.75-3.25%, Fe: 2% or less, B: 0.003-0.01%, Zr: 0.02-0.08%, the balance is Ni and impurities Hot forging is performed on a Ni-based alloy material having a composition of .
- C 0.02 to 0.10% by mass (hereinafter also simply referred to as "%")
- C is an element that improves strength and ductility at room temperature and high temperature in a well-balanced manner by forming carbides with Cr and Ti and making crystal grains finer. It is also an element that forms a compound with S and has the effect of increasing grain boundary strength. However, if the amount is too small, the amount of MC type carbide produced will be small and a sufficient effect will not be obtained.On the other hand, if it is too large, coarse MC type carbides will be produced, reducing ductility or causing age hardening during use. In order to reduce the necessary amount of Ti, C was set at 0.02 to 0.10%. Preferably, the upper limit of C is 0.05%.
- Si 0.15% or less
- Mn 0.1% or less
- Si and Mn are elements that can be included as deoxidizing elements. However, excessive addition may reduce high-temperature strength, so even if these elements are included, Si is limited to 0.15% or less and Mn is limited to 0.1% or less. More preferably, Si is 0.05% or less and Mn is 0.05% or less.
- P and S are impurity elements, and the smaller the amount, the better, and each may be 0%.
- P and S may be mixed in from raw materials etc. even if they are not actively added. If P and S are mixed in at 0.015% or less, they will not have a detrimental effect on the properties of the Ni-based alloy of the present invention, so P and S are set at 0.015% or less.
- P is preferably 0.005% or less.
- S is preferably 0.005% or less, more preferably 0.001% or less.
- Cr 18-21% Cr is an element necessary to maintain the oxidation resistance of the Ni-based alloy. If it is too small, the oxidation resistance required for the Ni-based alloy cannot be obtained. On the other hand, if the amount is too high, the FCC phase, which is the parent phase of the Ni-based alloy, becomes unstable, and harmful embrittlement phases such as the ⁇ (sigma) phase are generated during long-term use, reducing the strength and ductility of the Ni-based alloy. . Based on this, the Cr content was set at 18 to 21%.
- Mo 3.5-5.0%
- Mo is an effective element for increasing room temperature and high temperature strength through solid solution strengthening by forming a solid solution in the FCC phase, which is the parent phase of the Ni-based alloy. It is a necessary and important element because it has the effect of suppressing deformation at high temperatures through interaction with dislocations during use at high temperatures. If Mo is too small, the effect of improving high temperature strength will be small, while if it is too large, brittle phases such as M6C type carbide and Laves phase may be generated. Therefore, Mo was set at 3.5 to 5.0%. The preferable lower limit of Mo is 4.0%.
- Co 12-15%
- Co dissolves in the FCC phase, which is the parent phase of Ni-based alloys, and not only increases strength through solid solution strengthening, but also causes a large amount of Mo, Al, Ti, etc. to dissolve in the solid solution, indirectly promoting solid solution strengthening and aging. It is an effective element for accelerating hardening and improving strength. If Co is too small, the above effects tend to be insufficient. On the other hand, if the amount is too high, work hardening increases and cold formability tends to decrease, and a brittle phase tends to form during use at high temperatures. Therefore, Co was set at 12 to 15%. Preferably it is 14% or less.
- Cu 0.1% or less Cu is an element that improves corrosion resistance in a non-oxidizing environment. On the other hand, when the content of Cu is high, it segregates at the FCC phase grain boundaries and causes embrittlement. Therefore, even if Cu is contained, it is limited to 0.1% or less.
- Al 1.2-1.6%
- Al is one of the constituent elements of the ⁇ ' phase, which is an intermetallic compound that precipitates with age during aging treatment or during use, together with Ti, and is an element necessary to increase the high-temperature strength during use. If Al is too small, sufficient strength cannot be obtained in the service temperature range, while if it is too large, the amount of ⁇ ' phase produced increases and hot workability deteriorates. Therefore, Al was set at 1.2 to 1.6%.
- Ti is one of the constituent elements of the ⁇ ' phase, which is an intermetallic compound that precipitates during aging treatment or use, together with Al, and is an effective element for increasing high-temperature strength during use. Further, Ti forms MC type carbides together with C, and is effective in suppressing the growth of crystal grains of the FCC phase, which is the parent phase of the Ni-based alloy, and maintaining an appropriate crystal grain size. Furthermore, since MC-type carbides containing Ti can dissolve S, they are effective in effectively trapping S, which tends to segregate at FCC phase grain boundaries, improving cleanliness and increasing high-temperature strength. . However, if there is too much Ti, the Ti concentration in the ⁇ ' phase increases, and there are concerns that the solid solution temperature of the ⁇ ' phase increases and the eutectic ⁇ ' phase increases. Therefore, Ti was set at 2.75 to 3.25%.
- Fe 2% or less Fe has the effect of improving the hot workability and cold workability of the Ni-based alloy. However, if there is too much Fe, the high temperature strength decreases or the oxidation resistance deteriorates, so even if Fe is contained, it is limited to 2% or less. In order to reliably obtain the above effect of Fe, the lower limit of Fe is preferably 0.3%.
- B 0.003-0.01%
- B is an element that is effective in increasing strength and ductility at high temperatures due to its grain boundary strengthening effect when contained in a small amount. However, if it is too small, the amount of segregation to the grain boundaries will be small and the above effect will not be sufficient, while if it is too large, the solidus temperature during heating will decrease and hot workability will deteriorate. Therefore, B was set at 0.003 to 0.01%.
- Zr 0.02-0.08% Zr must be included to strengthen grain boundaries. Since the atomic size of Zr is significantly smaller than that of Ni, which is an atom constituting the matrix, Zr segregates at grain boundaries and has the effect of suppressing grain boundary slippage at high temperatures. In particular, it has the effect of significantly alleviating notch rupture sensitivity. Therefore, the effect of improving creep rupture strength and creep rupture ductility can be obtained. However, if excessively added, oxidation resistance will deteriorate. Therefore, Zr was set at 0.02 to 0.08%.
- Mg is an impurity element that may be included as a deoxidizing agent.
- Mg is also an element that binds with S segregated at grain boundaries to form, for example, MgS, and fixes S. Since S is a grain boundary brittle element, fixing it and suppressing grain boundary segregation contributes to improving hot workability. Therefore, Mg is an element that can be contained, for example, up to 0.01%, if necessary. In order to obtain the above effects, it is preferable to contain 0.003% or more.
- a representative example of the Ni-based alloy having the above-mentioned composition is waspaloy (UNS N07001. Waspaloy is a registered trademark of United Technologies).
- the hot forging in (1) is performed until the temperature of the Ni-based alloy material heated to a preheating temperature of T 1 to T 2 °C falls. , hot forging is performed when the temperature of this Ni-based alloy material is at least 900°C.
- T1 is the "temperature at which all the ⁇ ' phase becomes solid solution in the parent phase” when the Ni-based alloy is heated, and is the so-called “solvus temperature ( ⁇ ' phase solid solution temperature).” This temperature can be calculated from the composition of the Ni-based alloy using thermodynamic calculations.
- T 1 is about 1010° C. (at this time, P of 0.015% or less, S of 0.015% or less, and impurities can be ignored).
- T2 is the "temperature at which the base metal starts to melt" when the temperature of the Ni-based alloy is increased, and is the "solidus temperature of the base phase.”
- This temperature can also be calculated from the component composition of the FCC phase, which is the parent phase of the Ni-based alloy, using thermodynamic calculations. For example, in the case of a Ni-based alloy (equivalent to waspaloy) having the above-mentioned specific composition, T 2 can be calculated to be about 1200°C. Therefore, if the Ni-based alloy has the above-described specific composition, the preheating temperature according to the present invention can be set within the range of 1010°C to 1200°C. Further, even when the composition of the Ni-based alloy is within the range (1), there is no problem in setting the preheating temperature range according to the present invention to, for example, "1010° C. to 1200° C.”.
- the ⁇ ' phase is dissolved in the matrix without melting of the matrix.
- hot workability can be imparted to the material.
- the series of hot forging can be completed while maintaining the temperature of the Ni-based alloy material at or above the solvus temperature.
- the temperature of the material decreases during forging (or even during transportation before the start of forging). Then, when the temperature of the material during forging or before the start of forging falls below the solvus temperature and drops to 900° C., the ⁇ ' phase precipitates and the hot workability of the material deteriorates.
- the rate of temperature drop when the material drops from the preheating temperature to 900°C is "slowed down"
- the precipitated ⁇ ' phase will grow coarsely, so the material deterioration of hot workability can be suppressed.
- the cooling rate at this time is slowed to 2.0°C/second or less, sufficient time can be secured for the precipitated ⁇ ' phase to grow, promoting coarsening, and ensuring sufficient growth of the Ni-based alloy material. It was found that this method is extremely effective in maintaining good hot forgeability.
- the above temperature decreasing rate is preferably 1.5°C/second or less, more preferably 1.0°C/second or less, and even more preferably 0.5°C/second or less.
- the temperature of the Ni-based alloy material can be evaluated by its "surface temperature”.
- the temperature decreasing rate can be determined by the formula: "(preheating temperature - 900°C)/time required from preheating temperature to reach 900°C”.
- a process of maintaining the Ni-based alloy material at a constant temperature may be included until the temperature of the Ni-based alloy material reaches 900° C. from the preheating temperature.
- the effects of the present invention are achieved using a simple method, there is no need to prepare special heat-retaining labor (equipment) for the above steps.
- the temperature reduction rate according to the present invention is satisfied, sufficient time for the growth of the ⁇ ' phase can be ensured, so the temperature may be lowered continuously.
- the Ni-based alloy material during forging will reheat and the temperature of the Ni-based alloy material will rise.
- the above-mentioned temperature-falling rate will become even smaller.
- no special lower limit is required for the above-mentioned temperature reduction rate.
- the lower limit of the temperature drop rate can be set as appropriate. For example, it is possible to adjust this lower limit to 0.05°C/sec or 0.1°C/sec.
- Examples of methods for adjusting the above-mentioned cooling rate to 2.0°C/second or less include covering the surface of the Ni-based alloy material with a heat insulating material such as glass coating or inorganic fibers made of ceramic, and In addition to slow cooling from ⁇ ' phase reprecipitation to near the forging temperature, a method of adjusting the size (specific surface area) of the Ni-based alloy itself can be used. By adjusting the size of the Ni-based alloy, the rate of temperature drop on its surface can be adjusted.
- the temperature behavior of the Ni-based alloy material when such a method is applied can be understood in advance using test materials prepared separately from those for actual use or various simulations such as the finite element method, it is possible to It is possible to know in advance a method that can achieve the temperature decreasing rate of "2.0° C./sec or less" according to the present invention with the Ni-based alloy material. Therefore, when hot forging a Ni-based alloy material for production use, by applying the above-mentioned method, the temperature of the Ni-based alloy material according to "2. It is possible to reproducibly achieve a cooling rate of 0° C./second or less.
- the hot forging in (1) is preferably such that "the hot forging is started when the temperature of the Ni-based alloy material is 1000°C or higher.” .
- the temperature of the Ni-based alloy material heated to the preheating temperature decreases, and as a result, the temperature of the material at the time of starting hot forging (hot forging start temperature) is 900°C or less.
- hot forging start temperature the temperature of the material at that time is given hot workability by the above-mentioned temperature reduction rate, hot forging is possible.
- the Ni-based alloy has excellent hot forgeability when the ⁇ ' phase, which is a reinforcing phase, is not present or when the ⁇ ' phase is produced in a small amount. Therefore, it is best if hot forging can be started at a temperature close to the solvus temperature or at a temperature higher than the solvus temperature.
- the hot forging in (1) is "completed when the temperature of the Ni-based alloy material is 700°C or higher.” .
- the temperature of the material at the end of hot forging is 900°C or lower, the material at that time still has hot workability due to the temperature reduction rate described above. Because of this, hot forging is possible.
- the strengthening by the ⁇ ' phase may weaken and the drawing and elongation may improve slightly.
- the temperature of the material drops to about 700° C.
- the tensile strength increases as the material temperature decreases, so the load required for forging increases and hot forging may become difficult. Therefore, it is better to terminate the hot forging according to the present invention after the temperature of the material has decreased to 900° C. or lower, but before the temperature has completely decreased.
- this hot forging is completed when the temperature of the Ni-based alloy material is 700° C. or higher. More preferably, the temperature is 800°C or higher.
- a billet with a diameter of 360 mm having compositions 1 and 2 corresponding to waspaloy in Table 1 was prepared by blooming a steel ingot of a Ni-based alloy. Then, as test pieces simulating the actual Ni-based alloy material, four round bar tensile test pieces (parallel part diameter 8 mm, parallel A length of 24 mm) was collected. The test pieces were sampled at the peripheral edge of the billet and at positions 3D/8 and D/4 from the peripheral edge toward the center in the radial direction (D is the diameter of the billet). By preparing test pieces with different amounts of strain, it is also possible to evaluate the effect on the tensile properties (that is, hot forgeability) when the test pieces are subjected to the tensile test described below.
- the above test piece was heated to a preheating temperature of 1050°C, and a tensile test was conducted until breakage occurred to evaluate the tensile properties. Details of the tensile test are shown in Figure 1. The temperature increase rate to the preheating temperature was 5° C./sec, and the holding time at the preheating temperature was 10 minutes. Then, the test piece was heated to the temperature decreasing rate No. in Table 2. 1 to 3 (inventive examples) and 10 (comparative examples), the temperature was lowered to 900°C, a tensile test was conducted at this test temperature at a strain rate of 0.1/sec, and then air cooling was performed. In addition, the test piece whose temperature was lowered to 900° C. was held for 5 seconds before the tensile test for the purpose of soaking the parallel portion.
- Figure 2 shows the results of the tensile test at different cooling rates. This is a diagram organized by numbers 1 to 3 and 10. It was confirmed that the aperture value increases as the temperature decrease rate decreases. Further, a remarkable increase in the aperture value was observed in the range where the temperature decreasing rate was 2.0° C./sec or less. Regarding the influence on the tensile properties due to the difference in the sampling position of the test piece from the billet, there was a slight difference in the aperture value due to the behavior of the crystal grain size due to the difference in the amount of strain. However, the difference was as small as about 5% in each cooling rate, and did not affect the effects of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 shows the temperature decrease rate No. for the test piece taken from the 3D/8 position of the billet.
- This is an SE image (secondary electron image) obtained by observing the structure of the test piece after the tensile tests 1 and 3 using an electron microscope. At this time, in order to clarify the ⁇ ' phase, the structure before observation was subjected to electrolytic corrosion. From FIG. 3, it can be seen that the temperature decreasing rate No. Temperature decreasing rate No. smaller (slower) than 1.
- the structure of the test piece (that is, equivalent to a forged material) after the tensile test of No. 3 had a large ⁇ ' phase and a changed shape. In other words, the temperature decreasing rate No. In the case of No.
- the ⁇ ' phase was spherical and the particle size was about 50 nm.
- cooling rate No. In No. 3 the ⁇ ' phase was large and deformed for a long time during the tensile test (corresponding to hot forging).
- the major axis of the particle is approximately 400 nm, and in order to evaluate the particle size in the spherical shape before deformation, when converted to a circular equivalent diameter using the image analysis software ImageJ (provided by the National Institutes of Health (NIH)), it is approximately 100 nm, and the cooling rate was No. 1, it was confirmed that the ⁇ ' phase had grown coarser.
- a billet with a diameter of 360 mm having a composition 3 corresponding to waspaloy in Table 3 was prepared by blooming a steel ingot of a Ni-based alloy. Then, as a test piece simulating an actual Ni-based alloy material, two round bar tensile test pieces were placed from a position D/4 from the periphery of the billet toward the center in the radial direction (D is the diameter of the billet). (parallel part diameter 8 mm, parallel part length 24 mm) was collected. As in Example 1, it was confirmed that the difference in the sampling position of the test piece had little effect on the aperture value. Therefore, the test piece was taken only at the D/4 position mentioned above.
- Example 1 simulating the actual hot forging according to the present invention, the above test piece was heated to a preheating temperature of 1050°C, and a tensile test was conducted until breakage occurred to evaluate the tensile properties.
- the details of the tensile test were the same as in Example 1 (FIG. 1).
- the test piece was heated to the temperature decreasing rate No. in Table 4. 1 and 3 (inventive examples), the temperature was lowered to 900°C, a tensile test was conducted at this test temperature at a strain rate of 0.1/sec, and then air cooling was performed.
- the test piece whose temperature was lowered to 900° C. was held for 5 seconds before the tensile test for the purpose of soaking the parallel portion.
- FIG. 4 shows the results of the tensile test and the results of Example 1, and shows the temperature decrease rate No.
- This is a diagram organized by numbers 1 to 3 and 10.
- the aperture value for component composition 3 is approximately 5% when the cooling rate is 1.0°C/sec, and 0.1°C/sec. In this case, a value about 7% higher was obtained.
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Abstract
Description
上記の熱間鍛造が、T1~T2℃の予熱温度に加熱した上記のNi基合金素材が温度降下するまでの間で、このNi基合金素材の温度が少なくとも900℃の時点で熱間鍛造を行うものであり、
上記のNi基合金素材の予熱温度から900℃までの温度降下の降温速度が2.0℃/秒以下である、Ni基合金の製造方法である。
なお、上記において、T1:γ’相が素材母相へすべて固溶する温度、T2:素材母相が溶融を開始する温度である。
上記のNi基合金素材は、質量%で、さらに、Mg:0.01%以下を含むことができる。
Cは、CrやTiと炭化物を形成し、結晶粒を微細化することで常温及び高温での強度と延性をバランスよく向上させる元素である。そして、Sと化合物を形成し、粒界強度を高める効果を有する元素でもある。しかし、少なすぎると生成されるMC型炭化物の量は少なくなり、十分な効果が得られず、一方、多すぎると粗大なMC型炭化物を生じて延性を低下させたり、使用中の時効硬化に必要なTi量を減少させたりするので、Cは0.02~0.10%とした。好ましくはCの上限は0.05%がよい。
Mn:0.1%以下
Si及びMnは、脱酸元素として含み得る元素である。しかし、過度の添加は高温強度を低下させるおそれがあることから、これらの元素を含む場合であっても、Siは0.15%以下、Mnは0.1%以下に制限する。より好ましくは、Siは0.05%以下、Mnは0.05%以下がよい。
S:0.015%以下
P及びSは不純物元素であり少ない方が好ましく、それぞれ0%であってもよい。P及びSは積極的に添加しなくても、原料等から混入する場合がある。混入した場合、P及びSは0.015%以下であれば、本発明のNi基合金の特性に有害な影響を与えないことから、P及びSが0.015%以下とした。なお、Pは好ましくは0.005%以下がよい。また、Sは好ましくは0.005%以下、さらに好ましくは0.001%以下がよい。
Crは、Ni基合金の耐酸化性を維持するのに必要な元素である。少なすぎるとNi基合金に必要な耐酸化性が得られない。一方、多すぎるとNi基合金の母相であるFCC相が不安定となり、長時間使用中にσ(シグマ)相などの有害脆化相を生成してNi基合金の強度や延性を低下させる。このことから、Crは18~21%とした。
Moは、Ni基合金の母相であるFCC相に固溶することで固溶強化により常温及び高温強度を高めるのに有効な元素である。高温での使用中に、転位との相互作用によって高温での変形を抑制する作用をもたらすため、必要かつ重要な元素である。Moは少なすぎると高温強度向上効果が少なく、一方、多すぎるとM6C型炭化物やLaves相等の脆化相が生成するおそれがある。よって、Moは、3.5~5.0%とした。Moの好ましい下限は4.0%である。
Coは、Ni基合金の母相であるFCC相に固溶して、固溶強化により強度を高めるだけでなく、Mo、Al及びTi等を多く固溶させ、間接的に固溶強化及び時効硬化を促進させて強度を向上させるのに有効な元素である。Coは少なすぎると上記の効果が不十分となりやすい。一方、多すぎると加工硬化が大きくなり冷間成形性が低下しやくなるだけでなく、高温での使用中に脆化相が生成しやすくなる。よって、Coは、12~15%とした。好ましくは14%以下である。
Cuは、非酸化性の環境における耐食性を向上させる元素である。一方、Cuの含有量が多いと、FCC相粒界に偏析して脆化を引き起こす。そのためCuは、含有する場合でも、0.1%以下に制限した。
Alは、Tiと共に時効処理中または使用中に時効析出する金属間化合物であるγ’相の構成元素の一つであり、使用中の高温強度を高めるのに必要な元素である。Alは、少なすぎると使用温度域での十分な強度が得られず、一方、多すぎるとγ’相の生成量が増大し熱間加工性が低下する。よって、Alは1.2~1.6%とした。
Tiは、Alと共に時効処理中または使用中に時効析出する金属間化合物であるγ’相の構成元素の一つであり、使用中の高温強度を高めるのに有効な元素である。また、TiはCと共にMC型炭化物を形成し、Ni基合金の母相であるFCC相の結晶粒の成長を抑制して、適正な結晶粒径を維持するのに有効である。さらに、Tiを含むMC型炭化物はSを固溶することができるため、FCC相粒界に偏析しやすいSを有効にトラップして清浄度を向上させて高温強度を高めるのにも有効である。但し、Tiが多すぎると、γ’相内のTi濃度が増大し,γ’相の固溶温度の上昇や共晶γ’相の増大が懸念される。よって、Tiは2.75~3.25%とした。
Feは、Ni基合金の熱間加工性、冷間加工性を改善する効果がある。しかし、Feが多すぎると、高温強度が低下したり、耐酸化性が劣化したりすることから、Feは、含有する場合でも、2%以下に限定する。上記のFeの効果を確実に得るためにはFeの下限を0.3%とすることが好ましい。
Bは、少量を含有することで粒界強化作用により高温での強度と延性を高めるのに有効な元素である。しかし、少なすぎると粒界への偏析量が少ないため上記の効果が十分でなく、一方、多すぎると加熱時の固相線温度が低下して熱間加工性が低下する。よって、Bは、0.003~0.01%とした。
Zrは、結晶粒界強化のために含有する必要がある。Zrは基地を構成する原子であるNiより原子の大きさが著しく小さいため、結晶粒界に偏析し高温での粒界すべりを抑制する効果がある。特に切り欠きラプチャー感受性を大幅に緩和させる効果を有する。そのため、クリープ破断強度やクリープ破断延性が向上する効果が得られる。但し、過度に添加すると耐酸化性が劣化する。よって、Zrは0.02~0.08%とした。
このとき、Mgは、脱酸剤として含み得る不純物元素である。その一方で、Mgは、粒界偏析したSと結合して、例えばMgS等を形成して、Sを固定する元素でもある。Sは粒界脆性元素であるため、これを固定して粒界偏析を抑制することで、熱間加工性の向上に寄与する。よって、Mgは、必要に応じて、例えば0.01%を上限として、含有が可能な元素である。そして、上記の効果を得る上で、0.003%以上を含有することが好ましい。
以上の成分組成を有するNi基合金として、例えば、waspaloy(UNS N07001。WaspaloyはUnited Technologies社の登録商標)が代表的である。
まず、上記の「T1」および「T2」について説明しておく。T1は、Ni基合金の昇温時に「γ’相が母相にすべて固溶する温度」であり、いわゆる「ソルバス温度(γ’相固溶温度)」のことである。この温度は熱力学計算を用いて、Ni基合金の成分組成から算出できる。例えば、具体的な成分組成が、質量%で、C=0.03%,Si=0.03%,Mn=0.008%,Cr=19%,Mo=4%,Co=13%,Cu=0.005%,Al=1.35%,Ti=3%,Fe=0.4%,B=0.005%,Zr=0.06%,残部NiのNi基合金(waspaloy相当)の場合、T1は1010℃程度である(このとき、0.015%以下のPや、0.015%以下のS、不純物は無視することができる)。
よって、Ni基合金の成分組成が上記の具体的なものであるなら、本発明に係る予熱温度は「1010℃~1200℃」の範囲から設定することができる。また、Ni基合金の成分組成が(1)の範囲にあるときでも、本発明に係る予熱温度の範囲を、例えば「1010℃~1200℃」に設定することに差し支えない。
そこで、本発明では、ソルバス温度以上の予熱温度に加熱したNi基合金素材が温度降下して、それが900℃に至った時点においてもなお、熱間鍛造を続けているような(または、熱間鍛造自体まだ開始していないような)鍛造条件に限定することで、これ以降の熱間鍛造を容易に行うことができるNi基合金の製造方法を提供する。
上記において、鍛造中の(あるいは鍛造開始前であっても)Ni基合金素材の温度が900℃まで温度降下すると、γ’相が析出して素材の熱間鍛造性が劣化すると述べた。しかし、この温度降下による熱間鍛造性の劣化においては、その温度自体の影響も然ることながら、実は、その温度降下の際の「降温速度」が大きく影響していることを、発明者は知見した。つまり、素材が温度降下するときに、この降温速度が大きいと(速いと)、析出したγ’相が微細となり、特に絞りや伸びは想定した以上に劣化して、鍛造時の素材に割れやひびなどの欠陥が生じやすくなることを知見した。
なお、上記の「降温速度」を求めるにあたり、Ni基合金素材の温度は、その「表面温度」で評価することができる。そして、降温速度は、「(予熱温度-900℃)/予熱温度から900℃に達するまでの所要時間」の式で求めることができる。
本発明の効果を達成する上で、上記の降温速度に特別な下限は要しない。但し、降温速度が遅すぎることが、結果的には時間を要することとなり、鍛造スケジュール等に支障を来たすのであれば、降温速度の下限を、適宜、定めることができる。そして、例えば、この下限を0.05℃/秒や、0.1℃/秒に調整することが可能である。
そして、このような手法を適用したときのNi基合金素材の温度挙動を、本番用とは別に準備した試験素材や、有限要素法などの各種シミュレーション等によって事前に把握しておけば、本番用のNi基合金素材で本発明に係る「2.0℃/秒以下」の降温速度を達成できる手法を予め知っておくことができる。よって、本番用のNi基合金素材を熱間鍛造するときには、上記の手法を適用することで、これに並行してNi基合金素材の温度を測定しなくても、本発明に係る「2.0℃/秒以下」の降温速度を、再現性をもって、実施することが可能である。
本発明の場合、予熱温度に加熱したNi基合金素材の温度が下がって、結果的には、熱間鍛造を開始するときの素材の温度(熱間鍛造開始温度)が900℃以下であっても、そのときの素材には、上記の降温速度によって熱間加工性が付与されているので、熱間鍛造が可能である。しかし、上述の通り、Ni基合金は、強化相であるγ’相が存在しない状態やγ’相の生成量が微量である状態が熱間鍛造性に優れる。よって、熱間鍛造は、ソルバス温度に近い温度や、ソルバス温度以上の温度で開始できるに越したことはない。そして、本発明のNi基合金の製造方法では、その熱間鍛造を、Ni基合金素材の温度が1000℃以上のときに開始することが好ましい。より好ましくは1010℃以上である(つまり、上記の予熱温度である)。
本発明の場合、熱間鍛造を終了するときの素材の温度(熱間鍛造終了温度)が900℃以下であっても、そのときの素材には、やはり上記の降温速度によって熱間加工性が付与されているので、熱間鍛造が可能である。また、素材の温度が低下するまでの経過時間内で、γ’相は僅かに成長する可能性も考えれば、γ’相による強化は弱まり絞りや伸びについては若干改善するかも知れない。しかし、素材の温度が700℃程度にまで低下した際には、素材温度の低下に伴う引張強度の増加が見られるため、鍛造に必要な荷重が増大し熱間鍛造が困難になり得る。よって、本発明に係る熱間鍛造は、素材の温度が900℃以下に低下して以降、その温度が下がりきらないうちに終了するに越したことはない。そして、本発明のNi基合金の製造方法では、この熱間鍛造を、Ni基合金素材の温度が700℃以上のときに終了することが好ましい。より好ましくは800℃以上である。
図3から、降温速度No.1よりも小さい(遅い)降温速度No.3を経た引張試験後の試験片(つまり、鍛造材に相当)の組織は、γ’相が大きく、かつ、形状が変化していた。つまり、降温速度No.1によるものは、γ’相が球状であり、かつ、その粒径も50nm程度であった。これに対して、降温速度No.3によるものは、γ’相は大きく、かつ、引張試験(熱間鍛造に相当)により長く変形していた。そして、その長径は約400nmであるところ、これを変形前の球状での粒径で評価すべく、画像解析ソフトImageJ(アメリカ国立衛生研究所(NIH)提供)で円相当径に変換すると、約100nmであり、降温速度No.1によるものから、さらにγ’相が粗大に成長していたことが確認できた。
Claims (4)
- 質量%で、C:0.02~0.10%、Si:0.15%以下、Mn:0.1%以下、P:0.015%以下、S:0.015%以下、Cr:18~21%、Mo:3.5~5.0%、Co:12~15%、Cu:0.1%以下、Al:1.2~1.6%、Ti:2.75~3.25%、Fe:2%以下、B:0.003~0.01%、Zr:0.02~0.08%、残部がNiおよび不純物の成分組成を有するNi基合金素材に熱間鍛造を行うNi基合金の製造方法において、
前記熱間鍛造が、T1~T2℃の予熱温度に加熱した前記Ni基合金素材が温度降下するまでの間で、該Ni基合金素材の温度が少なくとも900℃の時点で熱間鍛造を行うものであり、
前記Ni基合金素材の前記予熱温度から900℃までの温度降下の降温速度が2.0℃/秒以下であることを特徴とする、Ni基合金の製造方法。
但し、上記において、
T1:γ’相が素材母相へすべて固溶する温度
T2:素材母相が溶融を開始する温度
- 前記熱間鍛造が、前記Ni基合金素材の温度が1000℃以上のときに熱間鍛造を開始するものであることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載のNi基合金の製造方法。
- 前記熱間鍛造が、前記Ni基合金素材の温度が700℃以上のときに熱間鍛造を終了するものであることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載のNi基合金の製造方法。
- 前記Ni基合金素材が、質量%で、さらに、Mg:0.01%以下を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載のNi基合金の製造方法。
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| JPH05508194A (ja) | 1991-04-15 | 1993-11-18 | ユナイテッド・テクノロジーズ・コーポレイション | 超合金鍛造方法 |
| JP2006225756A (ja) | 2005-01-19 | 2006-08-31 | Daido Steel Co Ltd | 900℃での使用に耐える排気バルブ用耐熱合金およびその合金を用いた排気バルブ |
| JP2016003374A (ja) * | 2014-06-18 | 2016-01-12 | 三菱日立パワーシステムズ株式会社 | Ni基合金軟化材及びNi基合金部材の製造方法 |
| WO2017046851A1 (ja) * | 2015-09-14 | 2017-03-23 | 三菱日立パワーシステムズ株式会社 | タービン動翼の製造方法 |
| WO2020203460A1 (ja) * | 2019-03-29 | 2020-10-08 | 日立金属株式会社 | Ni基超耐熱合金及びNi基超耐熱合金の製造方法 |
| CN112139415A (zh) * | 2020-09-16 | 2020-12-29 | 江苏隆达超合金航材有限公司 | 一种补偿加热辅助自由锻生产难变形镍基高温合金的方法 |
| WO2021182606A1 (ja) | 2020-03-13 | 2021-09-16 | 日立金属株式会社 | 熱間鍛造材の製造方法 |
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Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH05508194A (ja) | 1991-04-15 | 1993-11-18 | ユナイテッド・テクノロジーズ・コーポレイション | 超合金鍛造方法 |
| JP2006225756A (ja) | 2005-01-19 | 2006-08-31 | Daido Steel Co Ltd | 900℃での使用に耐える排気バルブ用耐熱合金およびその合金を用いた排気バルブ |
| JP2016003374A (ja) * | 2014-06-18 | 2016-01-12 | 三菱日立パワーシステムズ株式会社 | Ni基合金軟化材及びNi基合金部材の製造方法 |
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| WO2020203460A1 (ja) * | 2019-03-29 | 2020-10-08 | 日立金属株式会社 | Ni基超耐熱合金及びNi基超耐熱合金の製造方法 |
| WO2021182606A1 (ja) | 2020-03-13 | 2021-09-16 | 日立金属株式会社 | 熱間鍛造材の製造方法 |
| CN112139415A (zh) * | 2020-09-16 | 2020-12-29 | 江苏隆达超合金航材有限公司 | 一种补偿加热辅助自由锻生产难变形镍基高温合金的方法 |
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