WO2021112098A1 - 撮像装置およびその製造方法、電子機器 - Google Patents
撮像装置およびその製造方法、電子機器 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021112098A1 WO2021112098A1 PCT/JP2020/044739 JP2020044739W WO2021112098A1 WO 2021112098 A1 WO2021112098 A1 WO 2021112098A1 JP 2020044739 W JP2020044739 W JP 2020044739W WO 2021112098 A1 WO2021112098 A1 WO 2021112098A1
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- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/805—Coatings
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- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/011—Manufacture or treatment of image sensors covered by group H10F39/12
- H10F39/024—Manufacture or treatment of image sensors covered by group H10F39/12 of coatings or optical elements
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- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/10—Integrated devices
- H10F39/12—Image sensors
- H10F39/199—Back-illuminated image sensors
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- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/802—Geometry or disposition of elements in pixels, e.g. address-lines or gate electrodes
- H10F39/8027—Geometry of the photosensitive area
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- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/803—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements
- H10F39/8033—Photosensitive area
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- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/803—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements
- H10F39/8037—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements the integrated elements comprising a transistor
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- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/807—Pixel isolation structures
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- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/011—Manufacture or treatment of image sensors covered by group H10F39/12
- H10F39/014—Manufacture or treatment of image sensors covered by group H10F39/12 of CMOS image sensors
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- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/10—Integrated devices
- H10F39/12—Image sensors
- H10F39/18—Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor [CMOS] image sensors; Photodiode array image sensors
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- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/10—Integrated devices
- H10F39/12—Image sensors
- H10F39/18—Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor [CMOS] image sensors; Photodiode array image sensors
- H10F39/186—Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor [CMOS] image sensors; Photodiode array image sensors having arrangements for blooming suppression
- H10F39/1865—Overflow drain structures
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- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/802—Geometry or disposition of elements in pixels, e.g. address-lines or gate electrodes
- H10F39/8023—Disposition of the elements in pixels, e.g. smaller elements in the centre of the imager compared to larger elements at the periphery
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- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/809—Constructional details of image sensors of hybrid image sensors
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- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/811—Interconnections
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to an image pickup apparatus that performs imaging by photoelectric conversion, a manufacturing method thereof, and an electronic device.
- This type of imaging device includes, for each pixel, a charge holding unit that stores the charges accumulated in the photoelectric conversion unit.
- the light incident on the image pickup apparatus is directly incident on the charge holding unit without being photoelectrically converted by the photoelectric conversion unit, it causes an increase in noise. Further, when the light incident on one pixel penetrates the boundary of the pixel and is incident on another adjacent pixel, it causes a factor such as color mixing.
- the present disclosure provides an imaging device capable of suppressing noise, color mixing, etc., a manufacturing method thereof, and an electronic device.
- a semiconductor substrate a photoelectric conversion unit provided on the semiconductor substrate and generating an electric charge according to the amount of received light by photoelectric conversion, and a photoelectric conversion unit.
- a charge holding unit arranged on the first surface side of the semiconductor substrate with respect to the photoelectric conversion unit and holding the charge transferred from the photoelectric conversion unit, and a charge holding unit.
- a charge transfer unit that transfers the charge from the photoelectric conversion unit to the charge holding unit, and A vertical electrode arranged in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate, which transmits the charge generated by the photoelectric conversion unit to the charge transfer unit, and A first optical control member arranged on a side closer to a second surface of the semiconductor substrate opposite to the first surface of the semiconductor substrate than the vertical electrode is provided.
- the first light control member has a first light control portion and a second light control portion extending in a direction intersecting each other in an integral structure.
- the first optical control portion is arranged at a position where it overlaps with the vertical electrode when the semiconductor substrate is viewed in a plan view from the normal direction of the first surface.
- the second optical control portion includes an image pickup apparatus having one end portion connected to the first optical control portion and the other end portion arranged from the one end portion in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate. Provided.
- the first light control portion is arranged along the direction of the first surface.
- the other end of the second light control portion may be arranged along the second surface.
- the semiconductor substrate has a silicon crystal plane represented by a plane index ⁇ 111 ⁇ .
- the first optical control portion is A first optical control surface arranged in a first direction different from the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate and arranged along a first crystal plane represented by a plane index ⁇ 111 ⁇ . It has a second optical control surface that is arranged in a second direction different from the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate and is arranged along a second crystal plane represented by a plane index ⁇ 111 ⁇ . You may.
- the photoelectric conversion unit, the charge holding unit, the charge transfer unit, and the vertical electrode are provided for each pixel.
- the first optical control portion overlaps the plurality of vertical electrodes corresponding to the plurality of pixels when the semiconductor substrate is viewed in a plan view from the normal direction of the first surface or the second surface. In addition, it may be arranged over the region of the plurality of pixels.
- At least a part of the first light control member may have a property of absorbing or reflecting incident light.
- the first optical control member may include at least one of an insulating material, a metal, polysilicon, a metal oxide, a carbon-containing material, and an electrochromic material.
- a second optical control member may be provided that is arranged on the first surface side of the semiconductor substrate with respect to the first optical control member and is arranged so as to surround the charge holding portion.
- the second optical control member is A third light control portion arranged along the direction of the first surface, and It may have a fourth optical control portion connected to the third optical control portion and arranged in a direction intersecting the third optical control portion.
- One end of the fourth optical control portion may be connected to the third optical control portion, and the other end of the fourth optical control portion may be arranged along the first surface.
- the fourth optical control portion may penetrate the third optical control portion and extend in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate.
- An element separation portion extending in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate may be provided along the pixel boundary of the semiconductor substrate.
- the element separating portion may have a fifth optical control portion arranged in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate along the pixel boundary of the semiconductor substrate.
- the element separating portion may have a sixth optical control portion connected to the fifth optical control portion and arranged in a direction intersecting the fifth optical control portion.
- One end of the sixth optical control portion may be connected to the fifth optical control portion, and the other end of the sixth optical control portion may be arranged along the second surface.
- the sixth optical control portion may penetrate the fifth optical control portion and extend in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate.
- the photoelectric conversion unit may have a concentration gradient in which the impurity concentration changes depending on the location in the first region on the second surface side from the first optical control portion.
- the photoelectric conversion unit may have a concentration gradient in which the impurity concentration changes depending on the location in the second region on the first surface side from the first optical control portion.
- At least one of the first region and the second region may have a concentration gradient in the horizontal direction of the semiconductor substrate.
- At least one of the first region and the second region may have a concentration gradient in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate.
- a step of forming a photoelectric conversion unit that generates an electric charge according to the amount of received light by photoelectric conversion on the semiconductor substrate.
- a step of forming a charge holding unit which is arranged on the first surface side of the semiconductor substrate with respect to the photoelectric conversion unit and holds the electric charge transferred from the photoelectric conversion unit.
- a step of forming a charge transfer unit that transfers the charge from the photoelectric conversion unit to the charge holding unit, and A step of forming a vertical electrode for transmitting the electric charge generated by the photoelectric conversion unit to the charge transfer unit in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate, and a step of forming the vertical electrode.
- a first optical control portion having an integral structure and extending in a direction intersecting with each other, which is arranged on a side closer to a second surface of the semiconductor substrate opposite to the first surface of the semiconductor substrate than the vertical electrode.
- One end of the second optical control portion is connected to the first optical control portion, and the other end of the second optical control portion is arranged from the one end portion in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate.
- a step of forming a photoelectric conversion unit that generates an electric charge according to the amount of received light by photoelectric conversion on the semiconductor substrate.
- a step of forming a charge holding portion which is arranged on the first surface side of the semiconductor substrate with respect to the cavity portion or the filling portion and holds the charge transferred from the photoelectric conversion portion.
- a step of forming a charge transfer unit that transfers the charge from the photoelectric conversion unit to the charge holding unit, and A step of forming a trench reaching the cavity or the filling portion from the second surface side opposite to the first surface of the semiconductor substrate.
- a method for manufacturing an image pickup apparatus comprises a step of forming the image.
- an electronic device including an imaging device.
- the image pickup device A semiconductor substrate, a photoelectric conversion unit provided on the semiconductor substrate, and a photoelectric conversion unit that generates an electric charge according to the amount of received light by photoelectric conversion.
- a charge holding unit arranged on the first surface side of the semiconductor substrate with respect to the photoelectric conversion unit and holding the charge transferred from the photoelectric conversion unit, and a charge holding unit.
- a charge transfer unit that transfers the charge from the photoelectric conversion unit to the charge holding unit, and A vertical electrode arranged in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate, which transmits the charge generated by the photoelectric conversion unit to the charge transfer unit, and A first optical control member arranged on a side closer to a second surface of the semiconductor substrate opposite to the first surface of the semiconductor substrate than the vertical electrode is provided.
- the first light control member has a first light control portion and a second light control portion extending in a direction intersecting each other in an integral structure.
- the first optical control portion is arranged at a position where it overlaps with the vertical electrode when the semiconductor substrate is viewed in a plan view from the normal direction of the first surface.
- the second optical control portion is an electronic device having one end portion connected to the first optical control portion and the other end portion arranged from the one end portion in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA of FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line BB in FIG.
- FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view in which a P-type semiconductor region is added to increase the PN junction surface.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a vertical light-shielding portion of the first light-shielding portion 13 and the second element separation portion 20.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H of the first light-shielding portion 13.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a specific example of the planar shape of the horizontal light-shielding portion of the first light-shielding portion following FIG. 8A.
- FIG. 8B is a diagram showing a specific example of the planar shape of the horizontal light-shielding portion of the first light-shielding portion following FIG. 8B. It is a figure which shows the specific example of the plane shape of the horizontal light-shielding part of the 1st light-shielding part which follows FIG. 8C. It is a figure which shows the specific example of the plane shape of the horizontal light-shielding part of the 1st light-shielding part which follows FIG. 8D. It is a figure which shows the specific example of the plane shape of the horizontal light-shielding part of the 1st light-shielding part which follows FIG. 8E.
- the figure which shows the example which the planar shape of a horizontal light-shielding part is larger than the plane shape of a vertical light-shielding part.
- the figure which shows the example which the plane shape of the vertical light-shielding part and the plane shape of a horizontal light-shielding part match.
- the figure which shows the example which the plane shape of a horizontal light-shielding part is smaller than the plane shape of a vertical light-shielding part.
- the process chart which shows the manufacturing method of the image pickup apparatus 101 by 1st Embodiment.
- FIG. 12A The process diagram following FIG. 12B.
- the process diagram following FIG. 12C The process diagram following FIG. 12D.
- the process diagram following FIG. 12E The process chart following FIG. 12F.
- the process diagram following FIG. 12G The process chart following FIG. 12H.
- the process diagram following FIG. 12I The process diagram following FIG. 12J.
- the process diagram following FIG. 12K The process diagram following FIG. 12L.
- the process diagram following FIG. 12M The process diagram following FIG. 12N.
- the process diagram following FIG. 12P The process chart following FIG. 12Q.
- the process diagram following FIG. 12R The process chart which shows the 2nd example of the manufacturing process of an image pickup apparatus.
- the process diagram following FIG. 13A The process diagram following FIG.
- FIG. 13B The process diagram following FIG. 13C.
- the process diagram following FIG. 13D The process diagram following FIG. 13E.
- the process chart following FIG. 13F The process diagram following FIG. 13G.
- the process chart following FIG. 13H The process diagram following FIG. 13I.
- FIG. 13O The process chart which shows the 3rd example of the manufacturing process of an image pickup apparatus.
- the process diagram following FIG. 14A The process diagram following FIG. 14B.
- the process diagram following FIG. 14C The process diagram following FIG. 14D.
- FIG. 5 is a plan view showing an example in which a hole member or a contact member is used instead of the vertical light-shielding portion.
- FIG. 5 is a plan view showing another modification of FIG. 15A.
- FIG. 5 is a plan view showing another modification of FIG. 15A.
- FIG. 5 is a plan view showing another modification of FIG. 15A.
- FIG. 5 is a plan view showing another modification of FIG. 15A.
- FIG. 5 is a plan view showing another modification of FIG. 15A.
- FIG. 5 is a plan view showing another modification of FIG. 15A.
- FIG. 5 is a plan view showing another modification of FIG. 15A.
- FIG. 5 is a plan view showing another modification of FIG. 15A.
- FIG. 5 is a plan view showing another modification of FIG. 15A.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an image pickup apparatus configured by laminating the first to third semiconductor substrates.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing various modifications of the second light-shielding portion, the first light-shielding portion, and the element separation portion.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an image pickup apparatus in which the cross section of the second light-shielding portion is cross-shaped.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of an image pickup apparatus according to a modification of FIG. 17B.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view having a second light-shielding portion and an element separation portion in addition to the first light-shielding portion having a T-shaped cross section.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the image pickup apparatus 101 according to the first modification of FIG. 17F.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the image pickup apparatus 101 according to the second modification of FIG. 17F.
- FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of the image pickup apparatus 101 according to the first modification of FIG. 17H.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the image pickup apparatus 101 according to the second modification of FIG. 17H.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the image pickup apparatus 101 according to the second modification of FIG. 17H.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the image pickup apparatus 101 according to a modification of FIG. 17J.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an image pickup apparatus in which the cross section of the second light-shielding portion and the element separation portion is cross-shaped.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an image pickup apparatus in which the cross section of the second light-shielding portion and the element separation portion is cross-shaped.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an image pickup apparatus in which a second light-shielding portion and an element separation portion are integrated into an integrated structure, and a vertical light-shielding portion penetrating from the front surface 11A to the back surface of the semiconductor substrate is provided.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an image pickup apparatus in which the cross section of the second light-shielding portion and the element separation portion are integrated into an integrated structure, and a vertical light-shielding portion penetrating from the front surface 11A
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an image pickup apparatus in which a second light-shielding portion and an element separation portion are integrated into an integrated structure, and a vertical light-shielding portion penetrating from the front surface 11A to the back surface of the semiconductor substrate is provided.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the image pickup apparatus according to the third embodiment.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example in which a density gradient is provided in a horizontal direction in a range wider than FIG. 18A in the photoelectric conversion unit.
- FIG. 18A is a cross-sectional view showing an example in which a concentration gradient is provided in the depth direction in addition to FIG. 18A.
- FIG. 18B is a cross-sectional view showing an example in which a concentration gradient is provided in the depth direction in addition to FIG. 18B.
- FIG. 18C is a cross-sectional view showing an example in which a concentration gradient is provided in the depth direction in addition to FIG. 18C.
- FIG. 5 is a plan view schematically showing the configuration of pixels 121A and 121B according to the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA of FIG. FIG.
- FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line BB of FIG.
- the graph which shows the extinction coefficient of tungsten as an example of the material of the inner layer part 13A.
- the graph which shows the refractive index of a silicon single crystal as an example of a semiconductor substrate 11.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a process showing a method of forming the structure shown in FIG. 20A.
- FIG. 2 is a plan view of a process showing a method of forming the structure shown in FIG. 20A.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA of the process following FIG. 23A.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line BB of the step following FIG. 23A.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA of the process following FIG. 24A.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line BB of the step following FIG. 24B.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA of the process following FIG. 25A.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line BB of the process following FIG. 25B.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing another modified example of the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing another modified example of the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing another modified example of the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing another modified example of the fourth embodiment.
- the figure which shows the specific combination of the plane and the orientation in which the etching in the ⁇ 110> direction is established in the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane.
- the block diagram which shows an example of the schematic structure of the vehicle control system. Explanatory drawing which shows an example of the installation position of the outside information detection unit and the image pickup unit.
- the plan view which shows the main part of the pixel array part in an image pickup apparatus enlarged and schematically.
- the image pickup apparatus of the present disclosure is, for example, a back-illuminated image sensor of a global shutter type using a CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) image sensor or the like.
- the image pickup apparatus of the present disclosure receives light from a subject for each pixel and performs photoelectric conversion to generate a pixel signal which is an electric signal.
- the global shutter method is a method that starts and ends the exposure of all pixels at the same time.
- all pixels refer to all pixels that form a valid image, and dummy pixels and the like that do not contribute to image formation are excluded. Further, as long as the image distortion and the exposure time difference are small enough not to cause a problem, they do not necessarily have to be simultaneous.
- the global shutter method also includes a case where the operation of performing simultaneous exposure in units of a plurality of lines (several tens of lines, etc.) is repeated while shifting in units of a plurality of lines in the line direction. Further, the case where simultaneous exposure is performed only on a part of the pixel areas is also included in the global shutter method.
- a back-illuminated image sensor is an electric signal that receives light from a subject between a light receiving surface on which light from the subject is incident and a wiring layer provided with wiring such as a transistor that drives each pixel.
- This is an image sensor in which a photoelectric conversion unit such as a photodiode is arranged for each pixel. It should be noted that the present disclosure may be applicable to an image sensor of an imaging method other than the CMOS image sensor.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration of an image pickup apparatus 101 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Since the image pickup device 101 of FIG. 1 is formed on the semiconductor substrate 11, it is accurately a solid-state image pickup device 101, but hereinafter, it is simply referred to as an image pickup device 101.
- the image pickup apparatus 101 of FIG. 1 includes a pixel array unit 111 in which a plurality of sensor pixels 121 that perform photoelectric conversion are arranged in a matrix, that is, in a two-dimensional plane.
- the sensor pixel 121 corresponds to a specific example of the "pixel" of the present disclosure.
- the pixel signal photoelectrically converted by the pixel array unit 111 is read out via a read-out circuit.
- the image pickup apparatus 101 includes, for example, a pixel array unit 111, a vertical drive unit 112, a lamp wave module 113, a column signal processing unit 114, a clock module 115, a data storage unit 116, a horizontal drive unit 117, a system control unit 118, and signal processing.
- the unit 119 is provided.
- the image pickup apparatus 101 is composed of a single or a plurality of semiconductor substrates 11.
- the image pickup apparatus 101 has a vertical drive unit 112, a lamp wave module 113, a column signal processing unit 114, a clock module 115, a data storage unit 116, and a horizontal drive unit 117 on a semiconductor substrate 11 on which the pixel array unit 111 is formed.
- Another semiconductor substrate 11 on which the system control unit 118 and the signal processing unit 119 are formed can be electrically connected by Cu-Cu bonding or the like.
- the pixel array unit 111 has a plurality of sensor pixels 121 including a photoelectric conversion element that generates and stores electric charges according to the amount of light incident from the subject. As shown in FIG. 1, the sensor pixels 121 are arranged in the horizontal direction (row direction) and the vertical direction (column direction), respectively.
- the pixel drive lines 122 are wired along the row direction for each pixel row consisting of the sensor pixels 121 arranged in a row in the row direction, and are composed of the sensor pixels 121 arranged in a row in the column direction.
- a vertical signal line 123 is wired along the column direction for each pixel row.
- the vertical drive unit 112 includes a shift register, an address decoder, and the like.
- the vertical drive unit 112 simultaneously drives all of the plurality of sensor pixels 121 in the pixel array unit 111 by supplying signals or the like to the plurality of sensor pixels 121 via the plurality of pixel drive lines 122, or It is driven in pixel row units.
- the lamp wave module 113 generates a lamp wave signal used for A / D (Analog / Digital) conversion of a pixel signal and supplies it to the column signal processing unit 114.
- the column signal processing unit 114 is composed of, for example, a shift register, an address decoder, or the like, and performs noise removal processing, correlation double sampling processing, A / D conversion processing, and the like to generate a pixel signal.
- the column signal processing unit 114 supplies the generated pixel signal to the signal processing unit 119.
- the clock module 115 supplies clock signals for operation to each part of the image pickup apparatus 101.
- the horizontal drive unit 117 sequentially selects unit circuits corresponding to the pixel strings of the column signal processing unit 114. By the selective scanning by the horizontal drive unit 117, the pixel signals signal-processed for each unit circuit in the column signal processing unit 114 are sequentially output to the signal processing unit 119.
- the system control unit 118 includes a timing generator or the like that generates various timing signals.
- the system control unit 118 controls the drive of the vertical drive unit 112, the ramp wave module 113, the column signal processing unit 114 clock module 115, and the horizontal drive unit 117 based on the timing signal generated by the timing generator. ..
- the signal processing unit 119 performs signal processing such as arithmetic processing on the pixel signal supplied from the column signal processing unit 114 while temporarily storing data in the data storage unit 116 as necessary, and each pixel signal. It outputs an image signal consisting of.
- FIG. 2 is an equivalent circuit diagram of the sensor pixel 121 and the readout circuit 120.
- FIG. 3 is a plan layout view of a part of the pixel region in the pixel array unit 111.
- FIG. 3 shows a planar layout of a pixel region having 2 pixels in the X direction and 4 pixels in the Y direction.
- the read circuit 120 has four transfer transistors TRZ, TRY, TRX, TRG, an emission transistor OFG, a reset transistor RST, an amplification transistor AMP, and a selection transistor SEL. These transistors are N-type MOS transistors. Since the reset transistor RST, the amplification transistor AMP, and the selection transistor SEL are formed and bonded to a semiconductor substrate different from the semiconductor substrate 11 on which the pixel array unit 111 is arranged, these transistors are clearly shown in the planar layout of FIG. It has not been.
- the transfer transistor TRZ is connected to the photodiode PD in the sensor pixel 121, and transfers the charge (pixel signal) photoelectrically converted by the photodiode PD to the transfer transistor TRY.
- the transfer transistor TRZ assumes a vertical transistor and has a vertical gate electrode.
- the transfer transistor TRY transfers the electric charge transferred from the transfer transistor TRZ to the transfer transistor TRX.
- the transfer transistors TRY and TRX may be replaced with one transfer transistor.
- a charge holding unit (MEM) 54 is connected to the transfer transistors TRY and TRX.
- the potential of the charge holding unit (MEM) 54 is controlled by the control signals applied to the gate electrodes of the transfer transistors TRY and TRX. For example, when the transfer transistors TRY and TRX are turned on, the potential of the charge holding unit (MEM) 54 becomes deep, and when the transfer transistors TRY and TRX are turned off, the potential of the charge holding unit (MEM) 54 becomes shallow.
- the transfer transistors TRZ, TRY and TRX are turned on, the charges stored in the photodiode PD are transferred to the charge holding unit (MEM) 54 via the transfer transistors TRZ, TRY and TRX.
- the drain of the transfer transistor TRX is electrically connected to the source of the transfer transistor TRG, and the gates of the transfer transistors TRY and TRX are connected to the pixel drive line.
- the charge holding unit (MEM) 54 is a region that temporarily holds the charge accumulated in the photodiode PD in order to realize the global shutter function.
- the charge holding unit (MEM) 54 holds the charge transferred from the photodiode PD.
- the transfer transistor TRG is connected between the transfer transistor TRX and the floating diffusion FD, and the charge held in the charge holding unit (MEM) 54 is transferred to the floating diffusion FD according to the control signal applied to the gate electrode. Transfer to. For example, when the transfer transistor TRX is turned off and the transfer transistor TRG is turned on, the charge held in the charge holding unit (MEM) 54 is transferred to the floating diffusion FD.
- the drain of the transfer transistor TRG is electrically connected to the floating diffusion FD, and the gate of the transfer transistor TRG is connected to the pixel drive line.
- the floating diffusion FD is a floating diffusion region that temporarily holds the electric charge output from the photodiode PD via the transfer transistor TRG.
- a reset transistor RST is connected to the floating diffusion FD, and a vertical signal line VSL is connected via an amplification transistor AMP and a selection transistor SEL.
- the discharge transistor OFG initializes (reset) the photodiode PD according to the control signal applied to the gate electrode.
- the drain of the discharge transistor OFG is connected to the power supply line VDD, and the source is connected between the transfer transistor TRZ and the transfer transistor TRY.
- the transfer transistor TRZ and the discharge transistor OFG are turned on, the potential of the photodiode PD is reset to the potential level of the power supply line VDD. That is, the photodiode PD is initialized.
- the discharge transistor OFG forms, for example, an overflow path between the transfer transistor TRZ and the power supply line VDD, and discharges the electric charge overflowing from the photodiode PD to the power supply line VDD.
- the reset transistor RST initializes (reset) each region from the charge holding unit (MEM) 54 to the floating diffusion FD according to the control signal applied to the gate electrode.
- the drain of the reset transistor RST is connected to the power supply line VDD, and the source is connected to the floating diffusion FD.
- the transfer transistor TRG and the reset transistor RST are turned on, the potentials of the charge holding unit (MEM) 54 and the floating diffusion FD are reset to the potential level of the power supply line VDD. That is, by turning on the reset transistor RST, the charge holding unit (MEM) 54 and the floating diffusion FD are initialized.
- the amplification transistor AMP has a gate electrode connected to a floating diffusion FD and a drain connected to a power supply line VDD, and serves as an input unit of a source follower circuit that reads out the electric charge obtained by photoelectric conversion in the photodiode PD. That is, the amplification transistor AMP constitutes a constant current source and a source follower circuit connected to one end of the vertical signal line VSL by connecting the source to the vertical signal line VSL via the selection transistor SEL.
- the selection transistor SEL is connected between the source of the amplification transistor AMP and the vertical signal line VSL, and a control signal is supplied as a selection signal to the gate electrode of the selection transistor SEL.
- the control signal is turned on, the selection transistor SEL is in a conductive state, and the sensor pixel 121 connected to the selection transistor SEL is in a selection state.
- the sensor pixel 121 is in the selected state, the pixel signal output from the amplification transistor AMP is read out to the column signal processing unit 114 via the vertical signal line VSL.
- the transfer transistors TRG, TRX, TRY, and TRZ in the read circuit 120 of one sensor pixel 121 and the discharge transistor OFG are arranged in order in the Y direction.
- the arrangement of each transistor in the two sensor pixels 121 adjacent to each other in the Y direction is symmetrical with respect to the boundary of the pixels in the Y direction.
- the arrangement of the transistors in the readout circuit 120 for the two sensor pixels 121 adjacent to each other in the X direction is reversed and the same is repeated alternately.
- a charge holding unit (MEM) 54 is arranged below the transfer transistors TRG, TRX, and TRY. Further, the photodiode PD in one sensor pixel 121 is below the transfer transistors TRG, TRX, and TRY of the sensor pixel 121, and below the discharge transistors ORG, transfer transistors TRZ, and TRY of the sensor pixel 121 adjacent to the X direction. It is arranged across and.
- each transistor in the readout circuit 120 is not necessarily limited to that shown in FIG. If the arrangement of each transistor in the readout circuit 120 is changed, the arrangement location of the photodiode PD and the charge holding unit (MEM) 54 arranged below the transistor is also changed.
- MEM charge holding unit
- FIG. 4A is a sectional view taken along the line AA of FIG. 3
- FIG. 4B is a sectional view taken along the line BB of FIG.
- the symbols “P” and “N” in the figure represent a P-type semiconductor region and an N-type semiconductor region, respectively.
- P ++", “P +", “P -”, and “P -” at the end of the "+” or in the symbol “-” are all represent the impurity concentration of the P-type semiconductor region There is.
- N ++", “N +", “N -”, and “N -” "+” at the end of each symbol or "-” are all represent the impurity concentration of the N-type semiconductor region ing.
- the image pickup apparatus 101 shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B includes a semiconductor substrate 11, a photoelectric conversion unit 51, a charge holding unit (MEM) 54, a charge transfer unit 50, and a vertical gate electrode 52V which is a vertical electrode of the transfer transistor TRZ. And a first light-shielding portion 13 that functions as a first light control member.
- the semiconductor substrate 11 is, for example, a single crystal silicon substrate 11 having a crystal orientation of a plane index ⁇ 111 ⁇ .
- the semiconductor substrate 11 may be referred to as a silicon ⁇ 111 ⁇ substrate.
- the plane index ⁇ 111 ⁇ is intended to include a crystal orientation in which any direction in the three-dimensional direction such as (-111), (1-11), and (11-1) is opposite.
- the image pickup apparatus 101 includes a second light-shielding portion 12 that functions as a second light control member, element separation portions 13V and 20, an etching stopper 17, a color filter CF, and a light-receiving lens LNS.
- a second light-shielding portion 12 that functions as a second light control member, element separation portions 13V and 20, an etching stopper 17, a color filter CF, and a light-receiving lens LNS.
- a back surface 11B or a light receiving surface one main surface on the side where the readout circuit 120 is arranged is the front surface. It is called surface 11A.
- the photoelectric conversion unit 51 in the semiconductor substrate 11 has, for example, an N - type semiconductor region 51A, an N-type semiconductor region 51B, and a P-type semiconductor region 51C in order from a position closer to the back surface 11B.
- the light incident on the back surface 11B is photoelectrically converted in the N- type semiconductor region 51A to generate an electric charge, and then the electric charge is accumulated in the N-type semiconductor region 51B.
- the N - type semiconductor region 51A and the boundary between the N-type semiconductor region 51B is not always clear, for example, the N - type gradually N-type impurity concentration of as the semiconductor region 51A toward the N-type semiconductor region 51B is not higher Just do it.
- a P + type semiconductor region having a higher P-type impurity concentration than the P-type semiconductor region 51C may be provided between the N-type semiconductor region and the P-type semiconductor region 51C.
- the layer structure of the photoelectric conversion unit 51 formed in the semiconductor substrate 11 is not necessarily limited to that shown in FIG.
- the first light-shielding portion 13 is arranged closer to the back surface 11B of the semiconductor substrate 11 than the second light-shielding portion 12.
- the first light-shielding portion 13 has a vertical light-shielding portion 13V extending in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate 11 and a horizontal light-shielding portion 13H extending in the horizontal direction of the semiconductor substrate 11.
- the vertical light-shielding portion 13V also serves as a part of the element separation portions 13V and 20 described later.
- the cross-sectional shape of the first light-shielding portion 13 is a T-shape formed by the vertical light-shielding portion 13V and the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H.
- the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H of the first light-shielding portion 13 is arranged at a position where it overlaps with the vertical gate electrode 52V in the depth direction when viewed in a plan view. As a result, the light incident from the back surface 11B side of the semiconductor substrate 11 is shielded by the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H and is not incident on the vertical gate electrode 52V.
- the first light-shielding portion 13 is excellent in light absorption characteristics or light reflection characteristics, and may be referred to as a first light control member in the present specification.
- the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H of the first light-shielding portion 13 may be referred to as a first light control portion, and the vertical light-shielding portion 13V of the first light-shielding portion 13 may be referred to as a second light control portion.
- the details of the first light-shielding portion 13 will be described later.
- the second light-shielding portion 12 is a member that functions to prevent light from entering the charge-holding portion (MEM) 54, and is provided so as to surround the charge-holding portion (MEM) 54.
- the second light-shielding portion 12 includes, for example, a horizontal light-shielding portion 12H extending along a horizontal plane (XY plane) between the photoelectric conversion unit 51 and the surface 11A of the semiconductor substrate 11, and the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H. It includes a vertical shading portion 12V that extends along the YZ plane so as to intersect.
- the second light-shielding portion 12 is excellent in light absorption characteristics or light reflection characteristics, and may be referred to as a second light control member in the present specification.
- the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H of the second light-shielding portion 12 may be referred to as a third light control portion, and the vertical light-shielding portion 12V of the second light-shielding portion 12 may be referred to as a fourth light control portion.
- the details of the second light-shielding portion 12 will be described later.
- the element separation units 13V and 20 are provided along the boundary of the pixels, and have a first element separation unit 13V and a second element separation unit 20.
- the first element separation unit 13V corresponds to the vertical light-shielding portion 13V of the first light-shielding unit 13 described above.
- the second element separation unit 20 is a wall-shaped member that extends in the depth (Z-axis) direction along the boundary position between the sensor pixels 121 adjacent to each other and surrounds each photoelectric conversion unit 51.
- the second element separation unit 20 can electrically separate the sensor pixels 121 adjacent to each other.
- the second element separating portion 20 is made of an insulating material such as silicon oxide.
- the second element separation unit 20 can be used to prevent light from being incident on the adjacent sensor pixels 121.
- the second element separating portion 20 is formed of a material having excellent light absorption characteristics or reflection characteristics. The details of the second element separation unit 20 will be described later.
- a vertical light-shielding portion 13V first second element separation section 20
- a second element separation section 20 of the first light-shielding section 13 is located at the boundary of the sensor pixel 121.
- the second element separating portion 20 has only a vertical shading portion, but as will be described later, the second element separating portion 20 may have a vertical shading portion and a horizontal shading portion.
- the cross-sectional shape of the second element separating portion 20 various cross-sectional shapes such as a T-shape and a cross shape can be considered.
- the light incident into each sensor pixel 121 leaks from the back surface 11B side of the semiconductor substrate 11 to the adjacent sensor pixel 121. It is possible to prevent crosstalk between pixels and reduce crosstalk between pixels.
- the first light-shielding portion 13, the second light-shielding portion 12, and the second element separation portion 20 are not necessarily composed of the same structure and the same material, but are made of a material having excellent light absorption characteristics or reflection characteristics. It is common in that it includes.
- the first light-shielding portion 13 and the second element separation portion 20 have a vertical light-shielding portion extending in the depth direction from the back surface 11B side of the semiconductor substrate 11, whereas the second light-shielding portion 12 is the front surface of the semiconductor substrate 11. It has a vertical light-shielding portion extending from the 11A side in the depth direction.
- the transfer transistors TRZ, TRY, TRX, and TRG in the readout circuit 120 and the gate electrodes of the discharge transistor ORG are all provided on the surface 11A side of the semiconductor substrate 11 via an insulating layer 18.
- the charge holding unit (MEM) 54 which is an N-type semiconductor region, is provided in the P-type semiconductor region 51C in the semiconductor substrate 11. More specifically, the charge holding portion (MEM) 54 is arranged between the surface 11A of the semiconductor substrate 11 and the horizontal shading portion 12H of the second shading portion 12. As shown in FIG. 4A, the second light-shielding portion 12 surrounds the charge holding portion (MEM) 54 so that the light from the back surface 11B side is not incident on the charge holding portion (MEM) 54.
- the transfer transistors TRZ, TRY, TRX, and TRG are collectively referred to as a charge transfer unit 50.
- the transfer transistor TRZ has a horizontal gate electrode 52H arranged in the horizontal plane direction of the semiconductor substrate 11 and a vertical gate electrode 52V extending in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate 11.
- the deepest position of the vertical gate electrode 52V is, for example, in the N - type semiconductor region 52A.
- FIG. 4A an example in which each sensor pixel 121 has two vertical gate electrodes 52V is shown, but the number of vertical gate electrodes 52V is not limited and may be one or a plurality.
- the transfer transistor TRZ transfers the electric charge photoelectrically converted by the photoelectric conversion unit 51 to the transfer electrode TRY via the vertical gate electrode 52V.
- the photoelectric conversion unit 51 can efficiently generate electric charges in the depletion layer formed around the PN junction. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 5, a P-type semiconductor region 14 is provided along the depth direction in the vertical light-shielding portion 13V of the first light-shielding portion 13 and the second element separation portion 20, and the PN junction surface is provided. The area may be increased. The P-type semiconductor region 14 may be provided above and below the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H.
- a fixed charge film 15 is provided between the photoelectric conversion unit 51 and the back surface 11B.
- the fixed charge film 15 is provided along the back surface 11B of the semiconductor substrate 11.
- the fixed charge film 15 has a negative fixed charge in order to suppress the generation of dark current due to the interface state of the back surface 11B, which is the light receiving surface of the semiconductor substrate 11.
- the electric field induced by the fixed charge film 15 forms a hole storage layer in the vicinity of the back surface 11B of the semiconductor substrate 11.
- the hole accumulation layer suppresses the generation of electrons from the back surface 11B.
- the color filter CF is arranged on the surface 11A of the fixed charge film 15, and the light receiving lens LNS is arranged on the surface 11A of the color filter CF.
- the color filter CF and the light receiving lens LNS are provided for each pixel.
- FIG. 6A is a plan view of the vertical light-shielding portion 12V of the second light-shielding portion 12.
- FIG. 6A is a plan view of FIG. 4A in the CC line direction.
- FIG. 6B is a plan view of the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H of the second light-shielding portion 12.
- FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line DD'of FIG. 4A.
- the vertical shading portion 12V extends in the Y-axis direction along the boundary portion between the sensor pixels 121 adjacent to each other in the X-axis direction in the plan view and substantially the center of the sensor pixels 121.
- the vertical light-shielding portion 12V extends from the surface 11A of the semiconductor substrate 11 in the depth direction and is connected to the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H.
- the vertical light-shielding portions 12V are arranged at intervals of approximately half pixels in the X-axis direction, and have a length of a plurality of pixels in the Y-axis direction.
- the light-shielding portion extending in the lateral direction shown by the broken line is the vertical light-shielding portion of the second element separation portion 20 described later.
- the vertical light-shielding portion of the second element separation portion 20 is arranged on the back surface 11B side of the vertical light-shielding portion 12V of the second light-shielding portion 12, and both overlap in a plan view, but actually have a depth. They are located in different directions and are not in contact with each other.
- the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H extends in the horizontal (horizontal) direction from the deepest position of the vertical light-shielding portion 12V of the second light-shielding portion 12.
- the hatched region is the horizontal shading portion 12H.
- the horizontal shading portion 12H has a function of reflecting light.
- the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H is provided with openings 12H1 in places.
- An etching stopper 17 is provided in the opening 12H1.
- the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H is formed by forming trenches in the depth direction and the horizontal direction by wet etching treatment and filling the trenches with light-shielding members.
- an etching stopper 17 is provided. As a result, the progress of etching can be stopped, and as a result, the opening 12H1 as shown in FIG. 6B is formed.
- the silicon substrate 11 having a surface index ⁇ 111 ⁇ is used, and for example, the semiconductor substrate 11 is wetted with an etching solution capable of etching in the ⁇ 110> direction, for example, an alkaline aqueous solution. Etching process is performed.
- the etching stopper 17 of FIG. 6B is a material that exhibits etching resistance to this alkaline aqueous solution. For example, a crystal defect structure in which an impurity element such as B (boron) or a hydrogen ion is injected, or an insulator such as an oxide can be formed. Can be formed using.
- the horizontal shading portion 12H is located between the photoelectric conversion unit 51 and the charge holding unit (MEM) 54 in the depth (Z-axis) direction as shown in FIG. 4A.
- the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H is provided over the entire XY surface of the pixel array portion 111 except for the opening portion 12H1.
- the light incident from the back surface 11B and transmitted through the photoelectric conversion unit 51 without being absorbed by the photoelectric conversion unit 51 is reflected by the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H of the second light-shielding unit 12 and is incident on the photoelectric conversion unit 51 again. , Contributes to photoelectric conversion.
- the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H of the second light-shielding unit 12 functions as a reflector, suppresses the light transmitted through the photoelectric conversion unit 51 from entering the charge holding unit (MEM) 54 and generating noise, and is photoelectric. It functions to improve the conversion efficiency Qe and improve the sensitivity. Further, the vertical light-shielding portion 12V of the second light-shielding unit 12 functions to prevent the leakage light from the adjacent sensor pixel 121 from entering the photoelectric conversion unit 51 to generate noise such as color mixing.
- the horizontal shading portion 12H includes a pair of first surfaces S1 extending in the horizontal direction, and a pair of second surfaces S2 and a third surface extending in a direction intersecting the pair of first surfaces. Includes S3.
- the pair of first surfaces S1 are surfaces along the first crystal plane 11S1 of the semiconductor substrate 11, and face each other in the Z-axis direction.
- the first crystal plane 11S1 in the semiconductor substrate 11 is represented by a plane index ⁇ 111 ⁇ .
- the pair of second surfaces S2 are surfaces along the second crystal plane 11S2 of the semiconductor substrate 11, respectively.
- FIG. 6B the end faces S2 along the second crystal plane 11S2 of the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H are located on both ends of the pixel array portion 111 in the Y-axis direction.
- the second crystal plane 11S2 of the semiconductor substrate 11 is not in the effective pixel region but in the peripheral pixel region surrounding the effective pixel region.
- FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B show a part of the effective pixel area, and a peripheral pixel area is provided outside the effective pixel area.
- the second crystal plane 11S2 in the semiconductor substrate 11 is represented by a plane index ⁇ 111 ⁇ and is inclined by about 19.5 ° with respect to the Z-axis direction. That is, the inclination angle of the second crystal plane 11S2 with respect to the horizontal plane (XY plane) is about 70.5 °.
- the second crystal plane 11S2 is inclined with respect to the X-axis and the Y-axis in the horizontal plane (XY plane), and forms an angle of about 30 ° with respect to the Y-axis, for example.
- the third surface S3 is, for example, a surface that defines the contour of the opening 12H1 having a rhombic planar shape, and is a surface along the third crystal plane 11S3 of the semiconductor 11.
- the third crystal plane 11S3 of the semiconductor substrate 11 is inclined by about 19.5 ° with respect to the Z-axis direction, like the second crystal plane 11S2. That is, the inclination angle of the third crystal plane 11S3 with respect to the horizontal plane (XY plane) is about 70.5 °.
- the Si remaining region other than the region occupied by the horizontal shading portion 12H in the horizontal plane orthogonal to the thickness direction has a shape along, for example, the third crystal plane 11S3, and is rhombic in the examples of FIGS. 6A and 6B. Is doing.
- the vertical light-shielding portion 12V of the second light-shielding portion 12 is provided at intervals of half pixels along the X-axis direction, extends in the Y-axis direction, and is adjacent to the X-axis direction.
- a charge holding portion (MEM) 54 is arranged between the two vertical shading portions 12V.
- a horizontal light-shielding portion 12H of the second light-shielding unit 12 is arranged between the charge holding unit (MEM) 54 and the photoelectric conversion unit 51, and the charge-holding unit (MEM) 54 has a vertical light-shielding portion 12V. It is surrounded by a horizontal shading portion 12H.
- the second light-shielding portion 12 is electrically connected to a wiring portion provided on the surface 11A side of the semiconductor substrate 11.
- the second light-shielding portion 12 has a two-layer structure of an inner layer portion 12A and an outer layer portion 12B surrounding the inner layer portion 12A.
- the inner layer portion 12A is made of, for example, a material containing at least one of a simple substance metal having a light-shielding property, a metal alloy, a metal nitride, and a metal silicide.
- Al aluminum (aluminum), Cu (copper), Co (cobalt), W (tungsten), Ti (titanium), Ta (tantalum), Ni (nickel), Examples thereof include Mo (molybdenum), Cr (chromium), Ir (iridium), platinum iridium, TiN (titanium nitride) and tungsten silicon compounds.
- Al (aluminum) is the most optically preferable constituent material.
- the inner layer portion 12A may be made of graphite or an organic material.
- the outer layer portion 12B is made of an insulating material such as SiOx (silicon oxide). The outer layer portion 12B ensures electrical insulation between the inner layer portion 12A and the semiconductor substrate 11.
- FIG. 7A is a cross-sectional view of a vertical light-shielding portion of the first light-shielding portion 13 and the second element separation portion 20.
- FIG. 7A is a cross-sectional view taken along the line EE of FIG. 4A.
- FIG. 7B is a cross-sectional view of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H of the first light-shielding portion 13.
- FIG. 7B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line FF of FIG. 4A.
- the second element separation unit 20 is arranged along the boundary of the sensor pixels 121, and is arranged so as to surround the side surface of the photoelectric conversion unit 51 of each sensor pixel 121.
- the first light-shielding portions 13 are arranged in a staggered pattern along the boundary of the sensor pixels 121 on the XY plane.
- the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H extending horizontally from the vertical light-shielding portion 13V of the first light-shielding portion 13 has, for example, a rhombic shape along the third crystal plane 11S3.
- the first light-shielding portion 13 forms a trench from the back surface 11B side of the semiconductor substrate 11 along the boundary of the sensor pixels 121, expands the trench in the horizontal direction from the bottom of the trench by wet etching processing, and expands the trench in the horizontal direction. It is formed by arranging an insulating layer in the outer layer portion of the trench and arranging a metal layer in the inner layer portion.
- the trench for the first light-shielding portion 13 is expanded in the horizontal direction by wet etching treatment, the trench is etched in the direction along a specific crystal plane, and finally the third crystal plane 11S3 having a plane index ⁇ 111 ⁇ is formed. Etching is stopped when it appears. Therefore, if the etching is forcibly stopped before the third crystal plane 11S3 appears, the shape of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H of the first light-shielding portion 13 can be any shape.
- FIGS. 8A to 8F are views showing a specific example of the planar shape of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H of the first light-shielding portion 13.
- the planar shape of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H depends on the shape and direction of the vertical light-shielding portion 13V of the first light-shielding portion 13. ⁇ 111 ⁇
- the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H shown in FIGS. 8A to 8F can be formed regardless of the plane orientation of the silicon substrate 11.
- the manufacturing process for forming the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H and the vertical light-shielding portion 13V shown in FIGS. 8A to 8F is also arbitrary, and various manufacturing processes can be adopted as described later.
- FIG. 8A shows an example in which the vertical shading portion 13V extends in one direction on the XY plane.
- FIG. 8A shows an example in which the plane shape of the horizontal shading portion 13H is a rhombus.
- the plane orientation of the base silicon substrate 11 does not matter, but for example, when the vertical light-shielding portion 13V is formed on the silicon substrate 11 having the surface index ⁇ 111 ⁇ , the final light-shielding portion 13V is as shown in FIG. 8A (a).
- etching will proceed until the third crystal plane 11S3 having a plane index ⁇ 111 ⁇ appears, resulting in a rhombic shape. If the etching is continued from FIG.
- FIG. 8A (a) it may be over-etched and have a shape different from the rhombus. Further, if the etching is forcibly stopped before the third crystal plane 11S3 appears, the etching shape at that time becomes the final shape. Therefore, depending on the etching shape at the time when the etching is forcibly stopped, for example, FIG. 8A (b). ), FIG. 8A (c), or a planar shape as shown in FIG. 8A (d).
- FIG. 8B shows the planar shape of the horizontal light-shielding portion when the vertical light-shielding portion 13V has an I-shape in a plan view.
- the shape may be a rhombus with two opposite vertices at the corners.
- FIG. 8B shows an example in which etching is continued until the third crystal plane 11S3 appears, but the planar shape may be different from that of FIG. 8B depending on the length of the etching time.
- FIG. 8C shows the planar shape of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H when the vertical light-shielding portion 13V has a “G” shape in a plan view.
- the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H in this case may eventually have a flat shape such that the end of the vertical light-shielding portion 13V becomes a corner, but etching is forcibly stopped in the middle. Then, it may have a shape as shown in FIG. 8C (b), or it may have another planar shape.
- FIG. 8D shows the planar shape of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H when the vertical light-shielding portion 13V has a cross shape in a plan view. Also in this case, the etching proceeds so that the end portion of the vertical light-shielding portion 13V becomes a corner portion, and finally, as shown in FIG. 8D (a) or FIG. 8D (b), a rhombic shape can be formed. However, if the etching is forcibly stopped in the middle or if the overetching is performed, the shape may be different.
- FIG. 8E shows the planar shape of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H when the vertical light-shielding portion 13V has an H shape in a plan view. Also in this case, the etching proceeds so that the end portion of the vertical light-shielding portion 13V becomes a corner portion, and finally, as shown in FIG. 8E (a) or FIG. 8E (b), a polygonal shape can be obtained. However, if the etching is forcibly stopped in the middle or if the overetching is performed, the shape may be different.
- FIG. 8F shows the planar shape of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H when the vertical light-shielding portion 13V has an H shape in a plan view.
- FIG. 8F shows an example in which etching proceeds in the horizontal plane direction from one end of the vertical light-shielding portion 13V having a cross-shaped plane shape to form a hexagon-shaped horizontal light-shielding portion 13H.
- the plane shape of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H obtained from the cross-shaped vertical light-shielding portion 13V can be a polygon other than a quadrangle or a hexagon.
- FIGS. 8A to 8F show an example in which the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H spreads horizontally from one end of the vertical light-shielding portion 13V, but when viewed in a plan view from the normal direction of the substrate surface, it is horizontal to the vertical light-shielding portion 13V.
- the ends of the light-shielding portion 13H may not be completely aligned with each other.
- FIG. 9A shows an example in which the plane shape of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H is larger than the plane shape of the vertical light-shielding portion 13V
- FIG. 9B shows an example in which the plane shape of the vertical light-shielding portion 13V and the plane shape of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H match
- FIG. 9C is a diagram showing an example in which the planar shape of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H is smaller than the planar shape of the vertical light-shielding portion 13V.
- a trench for the vertical light-shielding portion 13V is formed first, and the trench is used for the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H by wet etching.
- the trench may be formed and filled with a light-shielding material, or as described later, a cavity for the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H is first formed, and then a trench for the vertical light-shielding portion 13V is formed. Then, the trench and the cavity may be filled with a light-shielding material.
- the area surrounded by the broken line in FIGS. 9A to 9C is the area of the unit pixel 121.
- 9A to 9C show an example in which the horizontal shading portion 13H is arranged across four adjacent pixels.
- the white nuki region in which the horizontal shading portion 13H is not arranged in each pixel is a region to which the electric charge generated by the photoelectric conversion is transferred.
- the depth direction of the paper surface from the horizontal shading portion 13H Horizontal light-shielding portions 12H are arranged at a distance (in the substrate depth direction).
- the gap between the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H and the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H serves as a charge transfer path.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating a charge transfer path.
- Each region surrounded by the broken line in FIG. 10 is a region of the unit pixel 121, and the horizontal shading portion 13H is arranged so as to overlap a part of the region.
- FIG. 10 shows an example in which a rectangular horizontal light-shielding portion 13H is arranged along one end of a vertical light-shielding portion 13V having a cross-shaped plane shape.
- the planar shape of the vertical light-shielding portion 13V can take various shapes as shown in FIGS. 8A to 8F.
- the white-colored region of FIG. 10 is the charge transfer path, but as described in FIGS.
- the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H is arranged in at least a part of the white-colored region, it is subjected to photoelectric conversion.
- the generated electric charge is guided to the vertical gate electrode 52V through the gap between the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H shown in FIG. 10 and the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H arranged in the depth direction of the paper surface.
- FIGS. 4A to 4C an example in which the cross-sectional shape of the first light-shielding portion 13 is T-shaped is shown, but the cross-sectional shape of the first light-shielding portion 13 is a place where the cross-sectional shape of the first light-shielding portion 13 is taken. Can change depending on.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a cross-sectional shape at three locations of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H constituting the first light-shielding portion 13. The cross-sectional shape of the line AA in FIG.
- the cross-sectional shape of the line BB is an elongated rectangular shape having a thickness of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H, and is a line CC.
- the cross-sectional shape of the above is a rectangular shape in which the thickness of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H and the thickness of the vertical light-shielding portion 13V are combined.
- the cross-sectional shape of the first light-shielding portion 13 changes in a plurality of ways depending on the position of the first light-shielding portion 13 where the cross-section is taken, and the cross-sectional shape of the first light-shielding portion 13 becomes T-shaped. This is the case when a cross section is taken at a specific location of the first light-shielding portion 13.
- 12A to 12S are process cross-sectional views showing a first example of the manufacturing process of the image pickup apparatus 101 according to the first embodiment.
- the steps of forming the second light-shielding portion 12 and the first light-shielding portion 13 will be mainly described, and the step of forming the read-out circuit 120 and the like will be omitted.
- a silicon substrate 11 having a surface index ⁇ 111 ⁇ as shown in FIG. 12B is prepared.
- a photoelectric conversion unit 51 made of a photodiode PD is formed on the silicon substrate 11.
- the photoelectric conversion unit 51 has a structure in which an N - type semiconductor region 51A, an N-type semiconductor region 51B, and a P-type semiconductor region 51C are laminated.
- the trench 17T is formed in accordance with the position of the etching stopper 17 used when forming the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H of the second light-shielding portion 12.
- the trench 17T is performed by, for example, dry etching using a hard mask.
- the hard mask is made of an insulating material such as SiN (silicon nitride) or SiO2 (silicon oxide).
- the inside of the trench 17T is filled with a crystal defect structure in which an impurity element such as B (boron) or hydrogen ions is injected, or an insulator such as an oxide, and the etching stopper 17 is filled.
- an impurity element such as B (boron) or hydrogen ions
- an insulator such as an oxide
- the trench 12T is formed in alignment with the position of the vertical light-shielding portion 12V of the second light-shielding portion 12 by dry etching or the like using a hard mask.
- the sidewall 12S is formed so as to cover the side surface and the bottom surface of the trench 12T.
- the sidewall 12S is formed of an insulating film made of, for example, SiN or SiO2.
- the insulating film on the bottom surface is removed while leaving the insulating film on the side surface portion of the trench 12T by, for example, dry etching.
- the hard mask that selectively covers the surface 11A of the silicon substrate 11 remains without being removed by dry etching, it is desirable to use a material different from the material of the hard mask as the constituent material of the sidewall 12S. ..
- a part of the silicon substrate 11 is removed by injecting a predetermined alkaline aqueous solution into the trench 12T and performing wet etching.
- a predetermined alkaline aqueous solution KOH, NaOH, CsOH or the like can be applied if it is an inorganic solution, and EDP (ethylenediamine pyrocatechol aqueous solution), N2H4 (hydrazine), NH4OH (ammonium hydroxide), or TMAH if it is an organic solution. (Tetramethylammonium hydroxide) and the like can be applied.
- crystal anisotropic etching is performed by utilizing the property that the etching rate differs depending on the plane orientation of Si ⁇ 111 ⁇ . Specifically, in the silicon ⁇ 111 ⁇ substrate, the etching rate in the ⁇ 110> direction is sufficiently higher than the etching rate in the ⁇ 111> direction. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the etching proceeds in the X-axis direction, while the etching hardly proceeds in the Y-axis direction and the Z-axis direction. As a result, the space 12Z communicating with the trench 12T is surrounded by the first crystal plane 11S1, the second crystal plane 11S2, and the third crystal plane 11S3 inside the semiconductor substrate 11 which is a silicon ⁇ 111 ⁇ substrate. Will be formed.
- the distance of etching progress in the ⁇ 110> direction can be adjusted by the etching treatment time of the semiconductor substrate 11 with an alkaline aqueous solution.
- the etching stopper 17 at a predetermined position in advance as in the present embodiment, the progress of etching in the ⁇ 110> direction can be easily controlled, and the region where Si ⁇ 111 ⁇ remains can be accurately controlled. Can be secured.
- the progress of etching in the ⁇ 110> direction is stopped by the etching stopper 17, and as a result, the second and third crystal planes 11S2 and 11S3 represented by the plane index ⁇ 111 ⁇ spread from one etching stopper 17 as a base point. Will be formed (see FIG. 4B).
- FIG. 6B shows a state in which the second crystal plane 11S2 and the third crystal plane 11S3 spreading from the two etching stoppers 17 form a rhombus in a plan view.
- the diamond-shaped region surrounded by the second crystal plane 11S2 and the third crystal plane 11S3 is the Si residual region where Si ⁇ 111 ⁇ surrounded by the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H of the light-shielding portion 12 remains.
- the hard mask HM and the sidewall 12S are removed by, for example, wet etching.
- the hard mask HM and the sidewall 12S can be removed by isotropic dry etching.
- wet etching when the hard mask HM or the like is composed of SiO2, it is desirable to use a chemical solution containing HF (hydrofluoric acid) such as DHF (dilute hydrofluoric acid) or BHF (buffered hydrofluoric acid).
- HF hydrofluoric acid
- BHF biuffered hydrofluoric acid
- the hard mask HM or the like is made of SiN, it is desirable to use a chemical solution containing hot phosphoric acid or HF. It is not necessary to remove the hard mask HM and the sidewall 12S.
- the outer layer portion 12B is formed by using an insulating material or the like so as to cover the inner surface of the side surface 12TA and the space 12Z of the trench 12T and the surface 11A of the semiconductor substrate 11, and the outer layer portion 12B is formed.
- the inner layer portion 12A is filled so as to fill the trench 12T and the space 12Z inside.
- a second light-shielding portion 12 including a vertical light-shielding portion 12V occupying the trench 12T and a horizontal light-shielding portion 12H occupying the space 12Z is formed.
- the width of the trench 12T (dimension in the X-axis direction) is wider than the thickness of the space 12Z (dimension in the Z-axis direction).
- the trench 12T and the space 12Z are temporarily filled with a temporary filling material 12G having relatively excellent heat resistance such as SiO2, SiN, or polysilicon, and after the subsequent process involving high temperature is completed, for example, the first It is desirable to replace the element separating portion 20 with a predetermined metal material after the forming step of the element separating portion 20 is completed.
- FIG. 12H shows an example in which a temporary embedding material such as SiO2 is formed in the trench and the inner layer portion of the space.
- the trench 12T may be filled by solid phase diffusion. More specifically, an insulating layer such as a SiO2 film containing P (phosphorus), which is an N-type impurity element, is formed so as to cover the inner surface of the trench and the inner surface of the space. Next, by heat treatment, P (phosphorus) contained in the insulating layer is solid-phase diffused on the inner surface of the trench and the inner surface of the space in the semiconductor substrate 11. Then, after removing the insulating layer, heat treatment is performed again to diffuse P (phosphorus) into the semiconductor substrate 11 to form an N-type region. Next, an insulating layer such as a SiO2 film containing B (boron), which is a P-type impurity element, is formed so as to cover the N-type region.
- P (phosphorus) contained in the insulating layer is solid-phase diffused on the inner surface of the trench and the inner surface of the space in the semiconductor substrate 11. Then, after removing the insulating layer, heat treatment is performed again to diffuse P (phosphorus
- B boron
- an N-type semiconductor region 54 that functions as a charge holding portion (MEM) 54 is formed on the surface 11A side of the semiconductor substrate 11 made of Si ⁇ 111 ⁇ . Along with the formation of the charge holding portion (MEM) 54, an N-type semiconductor region that functions as a floating diffusion is also formed.
- MEM charge holding portion
- the trench 52T is formed in accordance with the position of the vertical gate electrode 52V.
- the method of forming the trench 52T is the same as that of the trench 12T for the second light-shielding portion 12 described above.
- the trench 52T is filled with, for example, a polysicon to form a vertical gate electrode 52V.
- the trench 12T in the second light-shielding portion 12 and the insulator or the like which is the inner layer portion 12A of the space 12Z are replaced with a metal material to form the second light-shielding portion 12.
- the metal material of the inner layer portion 12A includes a material containing at least one of a simple substance metal having a light-shielding property, a metal alloy, a metal nitride, and a metal silicide.
- the readout circuit 120 and the wiring layer 80 are formed on the surface 11A side of the semiconductor substrate 11.
- the readout circuit 120 may be formed on another semiconductor substrate 11 and the semiconductor substrates 11 may be bonded to each other.
- the back surface 11B side of the semiconductor substrate 11 is thinned by CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) or the like to form a trench 13T in accordance with the position of the first light-shielding portion 13.
- the method of forming the trench 13T is the same as that of the trench 12T for the second light-shielding portion 12 described above.
- the sidewall 13S is formed so as to cover the side surface and the bottom surface of the trench 13T.
- the sidewall 13S is formed of, for example, an insulating film in which SiN is made of SiO2 or the like.
- the insulating film on the bottom surface is removed while leaving the insulating film on the side surface portion of the trench 13T by, for example, dry etching.
- a predetermined alkaline aqueous solution is injected into the trench 13T and anisotropic etching is performed to form a space 13Z that spreads in the horizontal direction.
- This space 13Z has two third crystal planes 11S3 represented by a plane index ⁇ 111 ⁇ , similarly to the space 12Z formed when the second light-shielding portion 12 is formed.
- the shape of the space 13Z becomes a rhombus shape as shown in FIG. 6B when viewed in a plan view, and becomes a rectangular shape as shown in FIG. 6C as the etching further progresses.
- an outer layer portion made of an insulating material is formed on the side surface of the trench 13T and the inner surface of the space.
- the 13B and the inner layer portion 13A made of a metal material are formed.
- an insulating material, a polycarbonate, or the like may be temporarily embedded as the inner layer portion 13A.
- a trench 20T for element separation is formed along the boundary portion of the pixel, and an outer layer portion 20B made of an insulating material and an inner layer portion 20A made of a metal material are formed in the trench 20T. And form. After that, the inner layer portion of the trench 13T in the first light-shielding portion 13 may be replaced with a metal material.
- a trench is formed in the depth direction of the silicon substrate 11, and then the trench is expanded horizontally by wet etching to form a trench for the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H. Is forming.
- the etching rate at the time of wet etching changes depending on the surface orientation of the silicon substrate 11, so that the finally obtained trench shape for the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H depends on the surface orientation.
- the manufacturing method of first forming the cavity for the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H is adopted, the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H having a desired shape can be formed without depending on the plane orientation of the silicon substrate 11.
- FIG. 13A to 13P are process cross-sectional views showing a second example of the manufacturing process of the image pickup apparatus 101.
- a P-type semiconductor substrate (for example, a silicon substrate) 51C on which the photodiode 51 (PD) is formed is prepared, and the forming surface of the photodiode 51 (PD) is exposed.
- a partial region 51P of the photodiode 51 (PD) corresponding to the formed portion of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H is removed by, for example, etching.
- the oxide film 51Q is embedded in the etching-removed region 51P to flatten the surface of the semiconductor substrate 51C.
- the shape of the region 51P to be etched and removed from the photodiode 51 (PD) can be arbitrarily controlled, and the shape of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13 finally formed in this region 51P can be arbitrarily controlled. Will be able to control.
- a p-type silicon layer 51R is formed on the semiconductor substrate 51C by epitaxial growth.
- a hollow portion 51S for the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H is formed.
- the cavity 51S is arranged on the surface (first surface) side of the semiconductor substrate 51C with respect to the oxide film embedding region 51Q formed in FIG. 13C.
- the oxide film 51U is embedded in the cavity 51S formed in FIG. 13E to flatten the substrate surface.
- a p-type silicon layer 51W is formed on the semiconductor substrate 51C by epitaxial growth.
- a charge holding portion MEM (54) is formed inside the p-type silicon layer 51W on the substrate surface side of the oxide film embedding region 51U formed in FIG. 13F.
- the charge holding unit MEM (54) is formed in, for example, an N-type semiconductor region.
- a trench 52T for the vertical gate electrode 52V is formed.
- a conductive material is embedded in the trench 52T formed in FIG. 13I to form a vertical gate electrode 52V.
- a wiring layer 80 and an insulating layer 81 that covers the periphery of the wiring layer 80 are formed on the surface of the substrate.
- the back surface 11B side of the semiconductor substrate 11 is thinned by CMP or the like to expose the forming surface of the photodiode 51 (PD).
- the oxide film embedded region 51U for the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H and the oxide film-embedded region for the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H are oriented in the depth direction from the formation surface of the exposed photodiode 51 (PD). Trench 12T and 13T are formed so as to reach 51Q.
- FIG. 13N shows an example in which the oxide film embedding regions 51U and 51Q are removed by wet etching through the trenches 12T and 13T formed in FIG. 13M to make them hollow.
- a light-shielding material is embedded inside the trenches 12T and 13T.
- FIG. 13O shows an example in which the insides of the trenches 12T and 13T have a two-phase structure.
- a metal material such as W (tungsten) may be embedded in the inner layer portion, or a supercritical fluid (SCM) may be embedded in the inner layer portion.
- the outer layer portion is an insulating layer.
- the inside of the trench may have a single-layer structure.
- the horizontal shading portion 12H is connected to the vertical shading portion 12V extending from the first surface (front surface) side, and the horizontal shading portion 13H is connected to the second surface (back surface). Although it is connected to the vertical light-shielding portion 13V extending from the side, in the second example of the manufacturing process, both the horizontal light-shielding portions 12H and 13H are connected to the vertical light-shielding portions 12V and 13V extending from the back surface side.
- a trench for element separation is formed along the boundary portion of the pixel, and an outer layer portion made of an insulating material and an inner layer portion made of a metal material are formed in the trench. May be formed to form the pixel boundary light-shielding layer 20.
- the cavities for the horizontal light-shielding portions 12H and 13H are first formed by wet etching or the like, and then the vertical light-shielding portions 12V and 13V are formed. Therefore, the horizontal light-shielding portions 12H and 13H have arbitrary shapes. It becomes easy to form. More specifically, according to the second example of the manufacturing process, the horizontal light-shielding portions 12H and 13H having an arbitrary shape can be formed without depending on the plane orientation of the silicon substrate 11. For example, a silicon substrate having a surface index of (100) has high mobility and a good interface state. Therefore, if the horizontal light-shielding portions 12H and 13H are formed using this silicon substrate 11, the solid-state image sensor can be used. The electrical characteristics can be improved and defects can be reduced. Further, when forming the cavity for the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H, it is not necessary to form the etching stopper 17, so that the manufacturing process can be simplified.
- FIG. 14A to 14O are process cross-sectional views showing a third example of the manufacturing process of the image pickup apparatus.
- a plurality of trenches 13P are formed adjacent to each other in one direction, and p.
- the type semiconductor layer 51R is formed by epitaxial growth.
- the heat treatment is performed in a hydrogen atmosphere that can form a reducing atmosphere.
- the plurality of trenches 13P formed adjacent to each other become spherical and coalesce, and the cavity 13Q is formed inside the photodiode 51 (PD).
- the cavity 13Q having the same volume as the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H is formed.
- a plurality of trenches 12P are formed adjacent to each other at a position shallower than the cavity 13Q.
- the heat treatment is performed in a hydrogen atmosphere that can form a reducing atmosphere.
- the cavity 12Q for the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H is formed at a position shallower than the cavity 13Q formed in FIG. 14C.
- the cavity 12Q having the same volume as the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H is formed.
- a p-type silicon layer 51U is formed on the cavity 12Q by epitaxial growth.
- a charge holding portion MEM which is an N-type semiconductor region, is formed inside the p-type silicon layer 51U on the surface side of the cavity 12Q for the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H.
- a trench 52T for the vertical gate electrode 52V is formed.
- a conductive material is embedded in the trench 52T to form a vertical gate electrode 52V.
- a wiring layer 80 and an insulating layer 81 that covers the periphery of the wiring layer 80 are formed on the surface of the substrate.
- the back surface 11B side of the semiconductor substrate 11 is thinned by CMP or the like to expose the forming surface of the photodiode 51 (PD).
- the cavity 12Q for the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H and the cavity 13Q for the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H are reached in the depth direction from the forming surface of the exposed photodiode 51 (PD). New trenches 12T and 13T are formed.
- a light-shielding material or the like is embedded inside the trenches 12T and 13T as shown in FIG. 14L.
- a pixel boundary structure may be formed.
- the first light-shielding portion 13 has a vertical light-shielding portion 13V connected to the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H
- the second light-shielding portion 12 has a vertical light-shielding portion 12V connected to the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H.
- at least one of the vertical light-shielding portions 12V and 13V may be a hole member or a contact member having a diameter necessary for filling the cavity for the horizontal light-shielding portions 12H and 13H with the light-shielding material.
- 15A to 15F are plan views showing an example in which a hole member or a contact member 12PH, 13PH is used instead of at least one of the vertical shading portions 12V and 13V.
- 15A to 15D are schematic plan views viewed from the second surface (back surface) side of the solid-state image sensor, and show a state in which the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H is arranged below the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H. There is. 15A to 15D have different shapes of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H. The shape of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H is not limited to that shown in FIGS. 15A to 15D.
- hole members 12PH extending from, for example, the second surface (back surface) side are formed at the four corners of the rectangular horizontal light-shielding portion 12H, and through these hole members 12PH, a cavity for the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H is formed. Is filled with a light-shielding material or the like to form a horizontal light-shielding portion 12H.
- a hole member 13PH extending from the back surface side is formed in a substantially central portion of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H arranged near the center of the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H, and the hole member 13PH is passed through the hole member 13PH to form a cavity for the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H.
- a light-shielding material or the like is filled to form the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H.
- a light-shielding material or the like may be embedded therein to form a contact member, or the hole members may remain as they are.
- hole members 12PH are provided at the four corners of the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H to fill the light-shielding materials for the horizontal light-shielding portions 12H and 13H. Yes, it is not always necessary to provide it at the corner of the horizontal shading portion 12H. Further, a plurality of hole members 13PH for the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H may be provided.
- hole members 12PH are provided at the four corners of the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H so as to straddle the adjacent four pixels, and the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H and the hole member 13PH for the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H are provided at the center of these four pixels.
- An example of providing is shown. Also in FIG. 15E, the number and the arrangement location of the hole members 12PH and 13PH are arbitrary.
- a trench 12T is formed so as to surround the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H, and a light-shielding member or the like is filled in the cavity for the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H from the trench 12T to form the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H, and the trench 12T is formed.
- a vertical light-shielding portion 12V is formed in FIG. 15F.
- a cavity for the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H is formed in the central portion of the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H, a hole member 13PH is formed in the central portion of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H, and a light-shielding material for the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H is formed from the hole member 13PH. Etc. are filled to form the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H.
- one of the horizontal light-shielding portions 12H and 13H may have a vertical light-shielding portion, and the other may have a hole member or a contact member.
- the second light-shielding unit 12, the first light-shielding portion 13, and the second element separation unit 20 in the present embodiment have a property of absorbing or reflecting incident light, and various materials can be applied.
- various materials can be applied.
- an insulating film such as SiN or SiO2 may be used.
- a metal material such as tungsten or aluminum may be used. Tungsten has the property of absorbing light, while aluminum has the property of reflecting light.
- the material may be polysilicon. Polysilicon has excellent light reflection characteristics.
- the material may be a metal oxide film (for example, aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, etc.).
- the material may be a carbon compound or an organic material.
- the material may be an electrochromic material.
- the electrochromic material is a material (for example, polyaniline or porogen) whose reflectance and absorption rate of light can be switched by applying a voltage or an electric current.
- the second light-shielding unit 12, the first light-shielding unit 13, and the second element separation unit 20 may have light absorption characteristics or light reflection characteristics.
- light shielding in this specification, means having a property of not transmitting light.
- light shielding even if a slight amount of light is transmitted, it shall be interpreted as being included in "light shielding”. Since the second light-shielding portion 12 and the first light-shielding portion 13 have a property of absorbing or reflecting light, they can also be called an optical control member.
- FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of an image pickup apparatus 101 configured by laminating the first to third semiconductor substrates BP1 to BP3.
- a sensor pixel 121 is formed on the first semiconductor substrate BP1.
- a read-out circuit 120, a wiring layer 80, and an insulating layer 81 are formed on the second semiconductor substrate BP2.
- the first semiconductor substrate BP1 and the second semiconductor substrate BP2 are electrically conducted by the through wiring 82.
- the readout circuit 120 is the circuit shown in FIG.
- a plurality of pixel drive lines 122 and a plurality of vertical signal lines 123 are formed on the wiring layer 83.
- the periphery of the readout circuit 120 and the wiring layer 80 is covered with an insulating layer 81.
- a logic circuit CR3, a wiring layer 63, and an insulating layer 62 are formed on the third semiconductor substrate BP3.
- the logic circuit CR3 includes, for example, a vertical drive unit 112, a ramp wave module 113, a column signal processing unit 114, a clock module 115, a data storage unit 116, a horizontal drive unit 117, a system control unit 118, a signal processing unit 119, and the like. ing.
- the logic circuit and the wiring layer are surrounded by an insulating layer.
- the second semiconductor substrate BP2 and the third semiconductor substrate BP3 are electrically conducted, for example, by a Cu—Cu joint 83.
- the first light-shielding portion 13 having the vertical light-shielding portion 13V and the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H is placed in the photoelectric conversion unit 51 below the vertical gate electrode 52V. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the light incident from the back surface 11B from penetrating the photoelectric conversion unit 51 and being incident on the vertical gate electrode 52V.
- the first light-shielding portion 13 is relatively easy to manufacture because the vertical light-shielding portion 13V and the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H are integrally formed.
- the vertical light-shielding portion 13V moves electrons generated by the photoelectric conversion unit 51. There is no risk of getting in the way.
- the height of the vertical light-shielding portion 13V of the first light-shielding unit 13 can be arbitrarily adjusted and the height of the second element separation unit 20 can be arbitrarily adjusted, the movement of electrons generated by the photoelectric conversion unit 51 can be adjusted.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency Qe that is, the sensitivity can be improved without increasing noise and color mixing.
- the vertical light-shielding portion 13V of the first light-shielding portion 13 is arranged at the boundary portion of the pixels, so that light leakage to adjacent pixels can be prevented and blooming due to color mixing can be reduced. Further, by providing the second element separating portion 20 at the boundary portion of the pixels in addition to the first light-shielding portion 13, the effect of reducing crosstalk between pixels can be further enhanced.
- the second light-shielding portion 12 that covers the charge holding portion (MEM) 54 in addition to the first light-shielding portion 13, it is possible to prevent the possibility of light being incident on the charge-holding portion (MEM) 54. Noise can be reduced.
- 17A to 17O are cross-sectional views showing various modified examples of the second light-shielding portion 12, the first light-shielding portion 13, and the second element separation portion 20.
- 17A to 17O schematically show the cross-sectional structure around the second light-shielding portion 12, the first light-shielding portion 13, and the second element separation portion 20 of the image pickup apparatus 101 according to the second embodiment. ..
- FIG. 17A is a cross-sectional view of the image pickup apparatus 101 in which the second element separation unit 20 is omitted.
- the second element separation unit 20 By omitting the second element separation unit 20, light leaks to the adjacent sensor pixel 121 more, but when the image pickup apparatus 101 performs monochrome imaging, the light is incident on the adjacent sensor pixel 121. Even if this is done, the image quality is not deteriorated, so that the second element separation unit 20 can be omitted.
- the electrons generated in the photoelectric conversion unit 51 can easily move, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency Qe, that is, the sensitivity can be improved.
- FIG. 17B is a cross-sectional view of the image pickup apparatus 101 in which the cross section of the second light-shielding portion 12 is cross-shaped.
- FIG. 17C is a cross-sectional view of the image pickup apparatus 101 according to a modification of FIG. 17B.
- the vertical light-shielding portion 12V of the second light-shielding portion 12 penetrates from the front surface 11A to the back surface 11B of the semiconductor substrate 11.
- the vertical light-shielding portion 12V of the second light-shielding portion 12 also functions as the second element separation portion 20.
- the same effect as that of the second element separation unit 20 can be obtained without forming the second element separation unit 20, so that it is troublesome to separately form the second element separation unit 20. Can be omitted.
- the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H of the second light-shielding portion 12 can be provided at an arbitrary depth position of the semiconductor substrate 11.
- FIG. 17D has a structure similar to that of the image pickup apparatus 101 according to the first embodiment, and in addition to the first light-shielding portion 13 having a T-shaped cross section, the second light-shielding portion 12 and the second element separation portion Has 20 and.
- the image pickup apparatus 101 of FIG. 17D since the second light-shielding portion 12, the first light-shielding portion 13, and the second element separation portion 20 must be formed separately, the number of manufacturing steps increases, but color mixing is suppressed. And the effect of noise reduction can be obtained.
- FIG. 17E differs from FIG. 17D in that the cross section of the second light-shielding portion 12 is not a T-shape but a cross shape.
- the vertical light-shielding portion 12V of the second light-shielding portion 12 and the second element separation portion 20 are arranged so as to face each other, and the region between the two is narrowed. Light is less likely to be incident, and crosstalk between pixels can be reduced.
- FIG. 17F is a cross-sectional view of the image pickup apparatus 101 in which the cross sections of the first light-shielding portion 13 and the second element separation portion 20 are both T-shaped.
- the height of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H of the first light-shielding unit 13 is lower than the height of the horizontal light-shielding portion 20 of the second element separation unit 20. Therefore, it becomes difficult for the light incident from the back surface 11B to enter the adjacent sensor pixel 121.
- the first light-shielding unit 13 so that the movement of electrons generated by the photoelectric conversion unit 51 is not hindered by the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H of the first light-shielding unit 13 and the horizontal light-shielding portion 20H of the second element separation unit 20.
- the height of the vertical light-shielding portion 13V of the first light-shielding portion 13 and the height of the vertical light-shielding portion 20V of the second element separation portion 20 are different from each other. It is desirable to make the distance in the depth direction with and as large as possible.
- FIG. 17G is a cross-sectional view of the image pickup apparatus 101 according to the first modification of FIG. 17F.
- the image pickup device 101 of FIG. 17G is different from the image pickup device 101 of FIG. 17F in that the cross section of the second light-shielding portion 12 is not a T-shape but a cross shape.
- the distance between the vertical light-shielding portion 12V of the second light-shielding portion 12 and the horizontal light-shielding portion 20H of the second element separation portion 20 is shortened, so that light leakage to the adjacent sensor pixel 121 can be reduced. , Crosstalk between pixels can be reduced.
- FIG. 17H is a cross-sectional view of the image pickup apparatus 101 according to the second modification of FIG. 17F.
- the height of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H of the first light-shielding unit 13 from the back surface 11B is higher than the height of the horizontal light-shielding portion 20 of the second element separation unit 20 from the back surface 11B. It is different from FIG. 17F. Since the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H of the first light-shielding portion 13 is arranged closer to the vertical gate electrode 52V, it is possible to further prevent light from entering the vertical gate electrode 52V and to be less susceptible to noise.
- FIG. 17I is a cross-sectional view of the image pickup apparatus 101 according to the first modification of FIG. 17H.
- the image pickup device 101 of FIG. 17I is different from FIG. 17H in that the cross section of the second light-shielding portion 12 minutes is not a T-shape but a cross shape.
- FIG. 17J is a cross-sectional view of the image pickup apparatus 101 according to the second modification of FIG. 17H.
- the image pickup apparatus 101 of FIG. 17J is different from FIG. 17H in that the cross section of the second element separating portion 20 is not a T-shape but a cross shape.
- Both the image pickup apparatus 101 of FIGS. 17I and 17J can further reduce the possibility of light incident on the adjacent sensor pixel 121.
- FIG. 17K is a cross-sectional view of the image pickup apparatus 101 according to a modification of FIG. 17J.
- the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H of the first light-shielding unit 13 is arranged closer to the surface 11A than the horizontal light-shielding portion 20H of the second element separation unit 20. Therefore, in the image pickup device 101 of FIG. 17K, the distance between the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H of the second light-shielding portion 12 and the vertical light-shielding portion 20V of the second element separation portion 20 is wider than that of the image pickup device 101 of FIG. From the viewpoint of light leakage to the adjacent sensor pixel 121, the light leakage can be suppressed more in FIG. 17J than in FIG. 17K.
- 17L and 17M are cross-sectional views of the image pickup apparatus 101 in which the cross-sections of the second light-shielding portion 12 and the second element separation portion 20 are both cross-shaped.
- the heights of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H of the first light-shielding portion 13 and the horizontal light-shielding portion 20H of the second element separation portion 20 are opposite to each other.
- FIGS. 17N and 17O show a cross section of an image pickup apparatus 101 in which a second light-shielding portion 12 and a second element separation portion 20 are integrated and a vertical light-shielding portion penetrating from the front surface 11A to the back surface 11B of the semiconductor substrate 11 is provided. It is a figure.
- the heights of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H of the first light-shielding portion 13 and the horizontal light-shielding portion of the second element separation portion 20 are opposite to each other. In both FIGS.
- the boundary between the adjacent sensor pixels 121 is closed by a vertical light-shielding portion penetrating from the front surface 11A to the back surface 11B of the semiconductor substrate 11, so that light leakage due to color mixing can be more reliably prevented.
- the first light-shielding portion 13 having a T-shaped cross section
- the second light-shielding portion 12 having various cross-sectional shapes
- the second element separating portion 20 having various cross-sectional shapes shown in FIGS. 17A to 17O.
- FIG. 17P When the space 13Z or space 12Z of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H of the first light-shielding portion 13 or the horizontal light-shielding portion 12H of the second light-shielding portion 12 manufactured in the manufacturing process of FIGS. 17A to 17O is large, FIG. 17P As described above, voids may occur even if the inner layer portion is filled, but there is no particular problem in terms of performance. Further, the vertical light-shielding portions 13V and 12V may actually be tapered as shown in FIG. 17Q. In the present specification, even if the vertical light-shielding portion is not completely perpendicular to the horizontal plane of the semiconductor substrate 11 but intersects the horizontal plane, it is included in the concept of the vertical light-shielding portion.
- the photoelectric conversion unit 51 is generated by variously changing the cross-sectional shape of the second light-shielding portion 12 in addition to the first light-shielding portion 13 having a T-shaped cross section. It suppresses the incident of light on the vertical gate electrode 52V and the charge holding portion (MEM) 54 while preventing the movement of the charged charge as much as possible, and also prevents the light from leaking to the adjacent sensor pixel 121. .. Further, in addition to the first light-shielding portion 13 having a T-shaped cross section and the second light-shielding portion 12 having various cross-sectional shapes, the second element separating portions 20 having various shapes are provided adjacent to each other. Light leakage to the sensor pixel 121 can be prevented more reliably.
- the image pickup apparatus 101 provides a horizontal impurity concentration gradient in the photoelectric conversion unit 51 to facilitate the movement of electrons in the horizontal direction.
- FIG. 18A is a cross-sectional view of the image pickup apparatus 101 according to the third embodiment.
- This cross-sectional view shows the cross-sectional structure in the direction of AA in FIG. 3, and the basic cross-sectional structure is the same as that in FIG.
- the impurity concentration gradient in the photoelectric conversion unit 51 is schematically provided with a gradation, and it is shown that the portion closer to black has a higher impurity concentration and the portion closer to white has a lower impurity concentration.
- a simple graph showing the gradient of the impurity concentration is shown beside the cross-sectional view of FIG. 18A. The horizontal axis of these graphs is the horizontal position coordinates, and the vertical axis is the N-type impurity concentration.
- the concentration of N-type impurities increases as the vertical light-shielding portion 13V of the first light-shielding portion 13 approaches the vertical light-shielding portion of the second element separation unit 20 in the horizontal direction.
- the density in the depth direction of the N- type semiconductor region in the photoelectric conversion unit 51 is substantially constant.
- the concentration of N-type impurities changes substantially linearly, but it may change non-linearly.
- the region of the photoelectric conversion unit 51 from the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H to the back surface 11B side is referred to as a first region
- the region of the photoelectric conversion unit 51 from the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H to the front surface 11A side is referred to as a second region.
- an N-type impurity concentration gradient is provided in the horizontal direction in the first region.
- the N-type impurity concentration is lowered toward the side closer to the vertical light-shielding portion of the second element separation unit 20, and the side closer to the vertical light-shielding portion 12V of the second light-shielding portion 12 is closer.
- the concentration of N-type impurities is increased.
- the electrons generated by the photoelectric conversion on the side of the second element separation unit 20 near the vertical light-shielding portion can easily move to the vicinity of the second element separation unit 20 on the side having a high impurity concentration.
- the electrons that have moved to the vicinity of the second element separating portion 20 move to the surface 11A side, and also move to the vertical gate electrode VG. Is attracted to the vertical gate electrode VG because a positive potential is applied.
- the horizontal light-shielding portion becomes an obstacle for the electrons generated on the back surface 11B side of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H of the first light-shielding portion 13 in the photoelectric conversion unit 51. Therefore, the movement to the vertical gate electrode 52V is hindered.
- the electrons tend to move in the direction of the second element separation unit 20, and thereafter, the impurity concentration gradient in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate 11 , According to the positive potential applied to the vertical gate electrode 52V, it moves in the direction of the vertical gate electrode 52V.
- the vertical light-shielding portion of the second element separation portion 20 of FIG. 18A has, for example, a three-layer structure, the innermost layer is a metal layer, the outer layer thereof is an N-type region, and the outermost layer is a P-type region. Is.
- the N-type region and the P-type region are formed by, for example, solid-phase diffusion.
- the 18A contains P (phosphorus) and As (arsenic) in the trench in the solid phase diffusion process when forming the vertical light-shielding portion of the second device separation portion 20.
- an insulator such as SiO2
- N-type impurities can be gradually diffused in the horizontal direction of the photoelectric conversion unit 51 to give a concentration gradient.
- a density gradient is provided in the horizontal direction in the range from the back surface 11B side of the semiconductor substrate 11 to the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H of the first light-shielding portion 13.
- the electrons generated in the region having the density gradient in the photoelectric conversion unit 51 move in the direction of the second element separation unit 20, but are generated on the surface 11A side in the photoelectric conversion unit 51.
- the electrons may not move close to the vertical gate electrode 52V. Therefore, an impurity concentration gradient may be provided in the horizontal direction over a wider range of the photoelectric conversion unit 51.
- FIG. 18B is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example in which a density gradient is provided in a horizontal direction in a wider range than that in FIG. 18A in the photoelectric conversion unit 51.
- the second element separating portion 20 of FIG. 18B shows an example in which the length in the depth direction is longer than that of the second element separating portion 20 of FIG. 18A.
- the photoelectric conversion unit 51 has a gradient of impurity concentration in the horizontal direction with respect to a region about the length of the second element separation unit 20 in the depth direction, that is, the above-mentioned first region and the second region. In this case, the electrons attracted near the second element separation unit 20 move to the vertical gate electrode 52V through, for example, the N-type semiconductor region 51B.
- the electrons are inside the photoelectric conversion unit 51 on the surface 11A side of the horizontal light shielding portion 13H of the first light shielding unit 13. ,
- the concentration gradient in the opposite direction may be provided.
- FIG. 18C is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example in which the density gradient in the photoelectric conversion unit 51 is reversed from the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H of the first light-shielding portion 13 to the back surface 11B side and the front surface 11A side.
- the back surface 11B side of the first light-shielding portion 13 from the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H that is, in the first region, as in FIGS. 18A and 18B, the closer to the second element separation portion 20, the higher the impurity concentration. Is high.
- the electrons attracted near the second element separation unit 20 move slightly toward the surface 11A according to the electric field in the depth direction, and then move to the vertical gate electrode 52V according to the concentration gradient in the opposite direction. become.
- 18D to 18F show an example in which a concentration gradient is provided in the depth direction in addition to the concentration gradient in the horizontal direction of FIGS. 18A to 18C, respectively.
- the electrons attracted near the second element separating portion 20 are more likely to move to the surface 11A side, and more at the vertical gate electrode 52V. Electrons can be collected, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency Qe, that is, the sensitivity can be improved.
- the electrons generated on the back surface 11B side of the horizontal shading portion 13H of the first shading unit 13 Can be once moved in the direction of the second element separating portion 20, and the possibility that the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H becomes an obstacle to the movement of electrons can be prevented.
- a concentration gradient in the depth direction of the photoelectric conversion unit 51 it becomes easier to move the electrons that have moved near the second element separation unit 20 to the surface 11A side, and the electrons are transferred by the vertical gate electrode 52V. It becomes easier to collect, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency Qe, that is, the sensitivity can be improved.
- FIG. 19 is a plan view schematically showing the configuration of the sensor pixels 121A and 121B according to the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 20A is a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA of FIG.
- FIG. 20B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line BB of FIG.
- the configuration of the first light-shielding unit (first element separation unit) 13 and the second element separation unit 20 will be described in more detail.
- FIG. 19 shows the plane of the semiconductor substrate 11 as seen from the back surface 11B side.
- 20A and 20B are cross-sectional views in which the upper end is the front surface 11A and the lower end is the back surface 11B.
- the first and second element separation units 13 and 20 are provided between the plurality of sensor pixels 121, and electrically or optically separate the plurality of sensor pixels 121.
- the first element separating portion 13 is composed of a substantially rhombic horizontal light-shielding portion 13H and a vertical light-shielding portion 13V provided in the diagonal direction (Y direction) of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H, as in the above embodiment. ..
- the second element separating portion 20 does not have a horizontal light-shielding portion and is composed of only a vertical light-shielding portion.
- the vertical gate electrode 52V which is a part of the transfer transistor TRZ, is provided directly above the four corners of the cross point XP where the first and second element separation portions 13 and 20 intersect. It is arranged at a position overlapping the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H when viewed in a plan view (see FIGS. 20A and 20B). As a result, the vertical gate electrode 52V can be shielded from light by the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H.
- the first and second element separation units 13 and 20 are separated without being overlapped or connected.
- the vertical light-shielding portion 13V of the first element separating portion 13 is extended in the Y direction as shown in FIG. 19 and is separated from the second element separating portion 20 which is also extended in the Y direction. , It is also separated from the second element separating portion 20 arranged in the X direction.
- the end of the vertical shading portion extending in the X direction of the second element separating portion 20 is connected to the vertical shading portion 13V extending in the Y direction of the first element separating portion 13.
- the vertical shading portion 20V which is in the foreground and extends in the X direction of the second element separating portion 20, and the vertical shading portion 13V extending in the Y direction of the first element separating portion 13 are not connected. As a result, it is possible to prevent a problem that the depth of the trench for the vertical light-shielding portion at the cross point XP of the first and second element separation portions 13 and 20 becomes too deep.
- the first element separating portion 13 includes a vertical shading portion 13V and a horizontal shading portion 13H, and an end portion of the vertical shading portion 13V is connected to the horizontal shading portion 13H, and has a cross section in the depth direction. Is T-shaped.
- the second element separating portion 20 does not have a horizontal light-shielding portion, and is composed of only a vertical light-shielding portion 20V. As described above, the second element separating portion 20 may also be provided with the horizontal shading portion 20H.
- the first element separating portion 13 has an inner layer portion 13A and an outer layer portion 13B.
- the inner layer portion 13A is made of a light-shielding material, and may be at least one of a simple substance metal, a metal alloy, a metal nitride, and a metal silicide.
- the outer layer portion 13B is made of a material that covers the inner layer portion 13A, has a lower refractive index than the semiconductor substrate 11 (for example, silicon), and has a light extinction coefficient K lower than that of the inner layer portion 13A.
- the outer layer portion 20B is made of an insulating material such as SiO2, SiN, SiCN, SiON, Al2O3, SiOC, TiO2, Ta2O5, etc.
- FIG. 21A is a graph showing the extinction coefficient of tungsten as an example of the material of the inner layer portion 13A.
- FIG. 21B is a graph showing the extinction coefficient of the silicon oxide film as an example of the material of the outer layer portion 13B.
- the extinction coefficient of the outer layer portion 13B is lower than that of the inner layer portion 13A. Therefore, the outer layer portion 13B does not absorb the incident light so much, but the inner layer portion 13A absorbs the incident light, so that the first element separating portion 13 has an excellent light-shielding property.
- FIG. 22A is a graph showing the refractive index of a silicon single crystal as an example of the semiconductor substrate 11.
- FIG. 22B is a graph showing the refractive index of the silicon oxide film as an example of the material of the outer layer portion 13B.
- silicon is used as the semiconductor substrate 11 and a silicon oxide film is used as the outer layer portion 13B of the first element separating portion 13 and the second element separating portion 20, the first element separating portion 13 or the second element separating portion 13 or the second element separating portion At the interface between the 20 and the semiconductor substrate 11, the incident light from the semiconductor substrate 11 is easily reflected.
- the refractive index of silicon is 3.9 and the refractive index of the silicon oxide film is 1.46 with respect to the incident light having a wavelength of 633 nm. In this case, the refraction angle of the incident light from the semiconductor substrate 11 to the first element separation unit 13 or the second element separation unit 20 becomes larger than the incident angle, and total reflection is likely to occur.
- the first element separation portion 13 is located at the interface between the outer layer portion 13B and the semiconductor substrate 11. It can reflect incident light. Thereby, the photoelectric conversion efficiency Qe can be improved. Further, since the inner layer portion 13A has a relatively high light extinction coefficient K and has a light-shielding property, even if the outer layer portion 13B is a transparent material, the first element separating portion 13 does not transmit incident light. Therefore, the vertical light-shielding portion 13V of the first element separation unit 13 can suppress crosstalk between pixels, and the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H can suppress the ingress of noise into the transfer transistor TRZ.
- the second element separating portion 20 does not include the material of the inner layer portion, and is composed only of the same material as the outer layer portion 13B. That is, the second element separating portion 20 is made of a material having a refractive index lower than that of the semiconductor substrate 11 and a light extinction coefficient K lower than that of the inner layer portion 13A.
- the second element separation unit 20 is made of, for example, a transparent insulating material, and reflects the incident light at the interface between the second element separation unit 20 and the semiconductor substrate 11 without significantly extinguishing the incident light. As a result, the second element separation unit 20 can further improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency Qe while suppressing crosstalk between pixels.
- the material of the second element separating portion 20 may be the same material as the outer layer portion 13B, but may be another material different from the outer layer portion 13B as long as it has the above characteristics.
- the horizontal first width W13 of the vertical shading portion 13V of the first element separating portion 13 can be larger than the horizontal second width W20 of the second element separating portion 20.
- the second element separating portion 20 is formed only of the material of the outer layer portion 13B, whereas the first element separating portion 13 has a two-layer structure of the outer layer portion 13B and the inner layer portion 13A. ..
- the first width W13 is preferably larger than 2x and smaller than 2x + 2y.
- the second width W20 is preferably smaller than 2x.
- the width (thickness) of the inner layer portion 13A in the Z direction may be larger than 2x + 2y.
- the BB cross section of FIG. 20B includes a cross point XP where the first and second element separation portions 13 and 20 intersect.
- the semiconductor substrate 11 remains between the second element separating portion 20 and the vertical shading portion 13V of the first element separating portion 13, and the second element separating portion 20 is , It is not in contact with the vertical shading portion 13V of the first element separating portion 13.
- the second element separating portion 20 is in contact with the outer layer portion 13B of the horizontal shading portion 13H of the first element separating portion 13. This is because, in the manufacturing process of the first and second element separating portions 13 and 20, the second element separating portion 20 functions as an etching stopper 17 of the first element separating portion 13.
- FIGS. 23A to 26B are cross-sectional views or plan views showing a method of forming the structure shown in FIG. 20A. It should be noted that FIGS. 23A to 26B show the state of being processed from the back surface 11B.
- the method of forming the trench 13T and the space 13Z of the first element separating portion 13 is basically the same as the method of forming the trench 13T and the space 13Z described with reference to FIGS. 12P to 12R.
- the space 13Z is formed in a substantially rhombus shape along the direction of the crystal plane as shown in FIG. 23B.
- the trench 13T and the space 13Z are embedded with the sacrificial membrane 13S.
- Both the cross section along the line AA and the cross section along the line BB in FIG. 23B are substantially the same as the cross section shown in FIG. 23A.
- FIGS. 24A and 24B the trench 20T is formed in the formation region of the second element separation portion 20 by using the lithography technique and the etching technique.
- FIG. 24A shows a cross section along line AA of FIG. 24C.
- FIG. 24B shows a cross section along line BB of FIG. 24C.
- the width W20 of the trench 20T for the second element separating portion 20 is formed to be narrower than the width W13 of the trench 13T for the first element separating portion 13.
- the trench 20T is formed between pixels other than the trench 13T.
- the cross point XP where the first and second element separation portions 13 and 20 intersect is covered with a resist PR, and the sacrificial film 13S of the trench 13T is left behind.
- the other region of the trench 20T is etched.
- the sacrificial film 13S in the space 13Z functions as an etching stopper 17.
- the sacrificial membrane 13S is removed after the resist PR is removed.
- the material of the outer layer portion 13B is formed into the trenches 13T, 20T and the space 13Z.
- the material of the outer layer portion 13B is deposited so as to fill the trench 20T without filling the trench 13T and the space 13Z.
- the outer layer portion 13B is formed in the trench 13T and the space 13Z, and the trench 20T is filled with the material of the outer layer portion 13B to form the second element separating portion 20. Since the width W20 of the trench 20T for the second element separating portion 20 is narrower than the width W13 of the trench 13T for the first element separating portion 13, the trench 20T is filled with the material of the outer layer portion 13B. , The inside of the trench 20T is filled, and the second element separating portion 20 is completed.
- the material of the inner layer portion 13A is next filled in the trench 13T and the space 13Z.
- the first element separating portion 13 is formed, and the structures shown in FIGS. 20A and 20B are obtained.
- the refractive index of the outer layer portion 13B of the first element separation portion 13 is lower than the refractive index of the semiconductor substrate 11, the incident light is reflected at the interface between the outer layer portion 13B and the semiconductor substrate 11. can do. As a result, the incident light can be retained in the pixel, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency Qe can be improved. Further, since the inner layer portion 13A of the first element separation portion 13 has a relatively high light extinction coefficient K and has a light-shielding property, it can absorb incident light without transmitting it. Therefore, even if the light reaches the inner layer portion 13A without being reflected by the outer layer portion 13B of the first element separation portion 13, the light is absorbed by the inner layer portion 13A. Light is not incident on the sensor pixels 121 that are transmitted and adjacent to each other, and crosstalk between pixels can be prevented.
- the first element separating portion 13 is made of a material having a refractive index lower than that of the semiconductor substrate 11 and a light extinction coefficient K lower than that of the inner layer portion 13A, for example, a transparent insulating material, the incident light is largely extinguished. The incident light can be reflected at the interface between the first element separating portion 13 and the semiconductor substrate 11 without deteriorating. As a result, the first element separation unit 13 can prevent light from leaking to the adjacent sensor pixel 121 and further improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency Qe.
- FIGS. 27A and 27B are plan views showing a modified example of the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 19 an example is shown in which the vertical shading portion 13V of the first element separating portion 13 and the vertical shading portion of the second element separating portion 20 are not connected by the cross point XP.
- the vertical shading portion 13V and the second element separation portion 13V and the second element separation portion are not necessarily a problem. 20 may be connected. Further, the vertical shading portion 13V and the second element separating portion 20 may be connected in an arbitrary region other than the pixel boundary position. Further, the second element separating portions 20 may be connected to each other in a cross shape, for example.
- not only the vertical shading portion 13V and the second element separating portion 20 but also the second element separating portions 20 may be separated from each other by the cross point XP. Thereby, the trench depth of the vertical shading portion 13V and the second element separating portion 20 can be controlled more satisfactorily.
- (Modification example: inner layer part and void) 28A-28D are cross-sectional views showing another modification of the fourth embodiment.
- the inner layer portion 13A is provided in the horizontal shading portion 13H and may not be provided in the vertical shading portion 13V.
- the vertical light-shielding portion 13V is filled with the outer layer portion 13B, and the vertical light-shielding portion 13V does not have a light-shielding property.
- the outer layer portion 13B is made of a material having a refractive index lower than that of the semiconductor substrate 11, the vertical light-shielding portion 13V can reflect the incident light. Thereby, the photoelectric conversion efficiency Qe can be improved. Further, since the light-shielding property of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H is maintained, noise to the transfer transistor TRZ can be suppressed.
- the vertical light-shielding portion 13V may protrude into the inner layer portion 13A of the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H. Even in this case, the same effect as that of the modified example of FIG. 28A can be obtained.
- the inner layer portion 13A may be formed at the tip end portion of the first element separation portion 13.
- the light-shielding property at the tip of the first element separation unit 13 is improved, and noise in the transfer transistor TRZ can be further suppressed.
- the inner layer portion 13A of the horizontal shading portion 13H may have a void B. Even if some voids remain, there is no problem as long as the horizontal light-shielding portion 13H has a light-shielding performance. Further, when the metal material is filled in the space 13Z, stress may be applied to the semiconductor substrate 11. Therefore, by forming the void B in the inner layer portion 13A, the stress applied to the semiconductor substrate 11 can be relaxed and the warp of the semiconductor substrate 11 can be suppressed.
- the void B may be provided in the horizontal light-shielding portions 12H and 13H of any of the above-described embodiments and modifications.
- the fourth embodiment may be applied to the first to third embodiments described above.
- the second light-shielding unit 12 may have the same configuration as the first element separation unit 13.
- the space 12Z shown in FIG. 12G for forming the first light-shielding portion 12 is subjected to crystal anisotropic etching utilizing the property that the etching rate differs depending on the plane orientation of Si ⁇ 111 ⁇ . It was explained that it is formed.
- the Si ⁇ 111 ⁇ substrate in the present disclosure is a substrate or wafer made of a silicon single crystal and having a crystal plane represented by ⁇ 111 ⁇ in the notation of the Miller index.
- the Si ⁇ 111 ⁇ substrate in the present disclosure also includes a substrate or wafer whose crystal orientation is deviated by several degrees, for example, a substrate or wafer deviated by several degrees from the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane in the closest [110] direction. Further, it also includes a silicon single crystal grown on a part or the entire surface of these substrates or wafers by an epitaxial method or the like.
- the ⁇ 111 ⁇ planes are crystal planes equivalent to each other in terms of symmetry, which are (111) plane, (-111) plane, (1-11) plane, (11-1) plane, and (-) plane. It is a general term for the 1-11) plane, the (-11-1) plane, the (1-1-1) plane, and the (1-1-1) plane. Therefore, the description of the Si ⁇ 111 ⁇ substrate in the specification and the like of the present disclosure may be read as, for example, a Si (1-11) substrate.
- the bar sign for expressing the negative index of the Miller index is replaced with a minus sign.
- the ⁇ 110> direction in the description of the present disclosure is the [110] direction, the [101] direction, the [011] direction, the [-110] direction, and [1-10], which are crystal plane directions equivalent to each other in terms of symmetry.
- Direction, [-101] direction, [10-1] direction, [0-11] direction, [01-1] direction, [-1-10] direction, [-10-1] direction and [0-1- 1] It is a general term for directions, and may be read as either.
- etching is performed in a direction orthogonal to the element forming surface and a direction further orthogonal to the direction orthogonal to the element forming surface (that is, a direction parallel to the element forming surface).
- FIG. 29 shows a specific combination of a plane and an orientation in which etching in the ⁇ 110> direction is established on the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane, which is the crystal plane of the Si ⁇ 111 ⁇ substrate in the present disclosure. ..
- the ⁇ 110> direction of the present disclosure is limited to a direction orthogonal to the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane which is an element forming surface and a direction parallel to the element forming surface. That is, the combination of the element forming surface of the Si ⁇ 111 ⁇ substrate of the present disclosure and the orientation for etching the Si ⁇ 111 ⁇ substrate is selected from any of the combinations shown by ⁇ in FIG. 29.
- the case where the etching proceeds in the X-axis direction but does not proceed in the Y-axis direction and the Z-axis direction is illustrated by using the Si ⁇ 111 ⁇ substrate.
- the present disclosure is not limited to this, and it is sufficient that the etching progress direction is in both the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction, or in either the X-axis direction or the Y-axis direction.
- the horizontal shading portion has one or two Si backbonds in a direction substantially horizontal to the substrate surface, at least three, whereas three Si backbonds are substantially perpendicular to the substrate surface.
- the back bond represents a bond extending in the negative direction on the opposite side of the normal of the Si ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane, where the Si unbonded hand side is in the positive direction. ..
- FIG. 30 shows an example of three back bonds at -19.47 ° to + 19.47 ° with respect to the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane.
- the horizontal light-shielding portion is orthogonal to the first direction and is represented by a plane index ⁇ 111 ⁇ .
- ⁇ Along the first plane along the first crystal plane of the substrate and along the second crystal plane of the Si ⁇ 111 ⁇ substrate that is inclined with respect to the first direction and represented by a plane index ⁇ 111 ⁇ .
- the electronic device as one embodiment of the present disclosure includes the above-mentioned imaging device.
- the Si ⁇ 111 ⁇ substrate in each of the above-described embodiments includes, for example, a substrate in which the surface of the substrate is processed so as to have an off angle with respect to the ⁇ 112> direction, as shown in FIG. 31.
- the off angle is 19.47 ° or less, even in the case of a substrate having an off angle, the etching rate in the ⁇ 111> direction, that is, the direction having three Si back bonds, is in the ⁇ 110> direction, that is, Si back.
- the relationship in which the etching rate in the direction of having one bond is sufficiently high is maintained.
- the off angle increases, the number of steps increases and the density of microsteps increases, so 5 ° or less is preferable. In the example of FIG.
- the Si plane orientation can be analyzed by using an X-ray diffraction method, an electron beam diffraction method, an electron backscatter diffraction method, or the like. Since the number of Si backbonds is determined by the Si product structure, the number of backbonds can also be analyzed by analyzing the Si plane orientation.
- FIG. 32 is a block diagram showing a configuration example of the camera 2000 as an electronic device to which the present technology is applied.
- the camera 2000 includes an optical unit 2001 composed of a lens group and the like, an image pickup device (imaging device) 2002 to which the above-mentioned image pickup device 101 and the like (hereinafter referred to as an image pickup device 101 and the like) are applied, and a DSP (camera signal processing circuit).
- a Digital Signal Processor) circuit 2003 is provided.
- the camera 2000 also includes a frame memory 2004, a display unit 2005, a recording unit 2006, an operation unit 2007, and a power supply unit 2008.
- the DSP circuit 2003, the frame memory 2004, the display unit 2005, the recording unit 2006, the operation unit 2007, and the power supply unit 2008 are connected to each other via the bus line 2009.
- the optical unit 2001 captures incident light (image light) from the subject and forms an image on the image pickup surface of the image pickup apparatus 2002.
- the image pickup apparatus 2002 converts the amount of incident light imaged on the image pickup surface by the optical unit 2001 into an electric signal in pixel units and outputs it as a pixel signal.
- the display unit 2005 is composed of a panel-type display device such as a liquid crystal panel or an organic EL panel, and displays a moving image or a still image captured by the image pickup device 2002.
- the recording unit 2006 records a moving image or a still image captured by the imaging device 2002 on a recording medium such as a hard disk or a semiconductor memory.
- the operation unit 2007 issues operation commands for various functions of the camera 2000 under the operation of the user.
- the power supply unit 2008 appropriately supplies various power sources serving as operating power sources for the DSP circuit 2003, the frame memory 2004, the display unit 2005, the recording unit 2006, and the operation unit 2007 to these supply targets.
- the technology according to the present disclosure can be applied to various products.
- the technology according to the present disclosure is realized as a device mounted on a moving body of any kind such as an automobile, an electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, a motorcycle, a bicycle, a personal mobility, an airplane, a drone, a ship, and a robot. You may.
- FIG. 33 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration example of a vehicle control system, which is an example of a mobile control system to which the technique according to the present disclosure can be applied.
- the vehicle control system 12000 includes a plurality of electronic control units connected via the communication network 12001.
- the vehicle control system 12000 includes a drive system control unit 12010, a body system control unit 12020, an outside information detection unit 12030, an in-vehicle information detection unit 12040, and an integrated control unit 12050.
- a microcomputer 12051, an audio image output unit 12052, and an in-vehicle network I / F (Interface) 12053 are shown as a functional configuration of the integrated control unit 12050.
- the drive system control unit 12010 controls the operation of the device related to the drive system of the vehicle according to various programs.
- the drive system control unit 12010 provides a driving force generator for generating the driving force of the vehicle such as an internal combustion engine or a driving motor, a driving force transmission mechanism for transmitting the driving force to the wheels, and a steering angle of the vehicle. It functions as a control device such as a steering mechanism for adjusting and a braking device for generating a braking force of a vehicle.
- the body system control unit 12020 controls the operation of various devices mounted on the vehicle body according to various programs.
- the body system control unit 12020 functions as a keyless entry system, a smart key system, a power window device, or a control device for various lamps such as headlamps, back lamps, brake lamps, blinkers or fog lamps.
- the body system control unit 12020 may be input with radio waves transmitted from a portable device that substitutes for the key or signals of various switches.
- the body system control unit 12020 receives inputs of these radio waves or signals and controls a vehicle door lock device, a power window device, a lamp, and the like.
- the vehicle outside information detection unit 12030 detects information outside the vehicle equipped with the vehicle control system 12000.
- the image pickup unit 12031 is connected to the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030.
- the vehicle outside information detection unit 12030 causes the image pickup unit 12031 to capture an image of the outside of the vehicle and receives the captured image.
- the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030 may perform object detection processing or distance detection processing such as a person, a vehicle, an obstacle, a sign, or a character on the road surface based on the received image.
- the imaging unit 12031 is an optical sensor that receives light and outputs an electric signal according to the amount of the light received.
- the image pickup unit 12031 can output an electric signal as an image or can output it as distance measurement information. Further, the light received by the imaging unit 12031 may be visible light or invisible light such as infrared light.
- the in-vehicle information detection unit 12040 detects the in-vehicle information.
- a driver state detection unit 12041 that detects the driver's state is connected to the in-vehicle information detection unit 12040.
- the driver state detection unit 12041 includes, for example, a camera that images the driver, and the in-vehicle information detection unit 12040 determines the degree of fatigue or concentration of the driver based on the detection information input from the driver state detection unit 12041. It may be calculated, or it may be determined whether the driver is dozing.
- the microcomputer 12051 calculates the control target value of the driving force generator, the steering mechanism, or the braking device based on the information inside and outside the vehicle acquired by the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030 or the vehicle interior information detection unit 12040, and the drive system control unit.
- a control command can be output to 12010.
- the microcomputer 12051 realizes ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System) functions including vehicle collision avoidance or impact mitigation, follow-up driving based on inter-vehicle distance, vehicle speed maintenance driving, vehicle collision warning, vehicle lane deviation warning, and the like. It is possible to perform cooperative control for the purpose of.
- ADAS Advanced Driver Assistance System
- the microcomputer 12051 controls the driving force generator, the steering mechanism, the braking device, and the like based on the information around the vehicle acquired by the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030 or the vehicle interior information detection unit 12040, so that the driver can control the driver. It is possible to perform coordinated control for the purpose of automatic driving, etc., which runs autonomously without depending on the operation.
- the microcomputer 12051 can output a control command to the body system control unit 12020 based on the information outside the vehicle acquired by the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030.
- the microcomputer 12051 controls the headlamps according to the position of the preceding vehicle or the oncoming vehicle detected by the external information detection unit 12030, and performs cooperative control for the purpose of antiglare such as switching the high beam to the low beam. It can be carried out.
- the audio image output unit 12052 transmits an output signal of at least one of audio and an image to an output device capable of visually or audibly notifying information to the passenger or the outside of the vehicle.
- an audio speaker 12061, a display unit 12062, and an instrument panel 12063 are exemplified as output devices.
- the display unit 12062 may include, for example, at least one of an onboard display and a heads-up display.
- FIG. 34 is a diagram showing an example of the installation position of the imaging unit 12031.
- the imaging unit 12031 includes imaging units 12101, 12102, 12103, 12104, and 12105.
- the imaging units 12101, 12102, 12103, 12104, 12105 are provided at positions such as, for example, the front nose, side mirrors, rear bumpers, back doors, and the upper part of the windshield in the vehicle interior of the vehicle 12100.
- the imaging unit 12101 provided on the front nose and the imaging unit 12105 provided on the upper part of the windshield in the vehicle interior mainly acquire an image in front of the vehicle 12100.
- the imaging units 12102 and 12103 provided in the side mirrors mainly acquire images of the side of the vehicle 12100.
- the imaging unit 12104 provided on the rear bumper or the back door mainly acquires an image of the rear of the vehicle 12100.
- the imaging unit 12105 provided on the upper part of the windshield in the vehicle interior is mainly used for detecting a preceding vehicle, a pedestrian, an obstacle, a traffic light, a traffic sign, a lane, or the like.
- FIG. 34 shows an example of the photographing range of the imaging units 12101 to 12104.
- the imaging range 12111 indicates the imaging range of the imaging unit 12101 provided on the front nose
- the imaging ranges 12112 and 12113 indicate the imaging ranges of the imaging units 12102 and 12103 provided on the side mirrors, respectively
- the imaging range 12114 indicates the imaging range of the imaging units 12102 and 12103.
- the imaging range of the imaging unit 12104 provided on the rear bumper or the back door is shown. For example, by superimposing the image data captured by the imaging units 12101 to 12104, a bird's-eye view image of the vehicle 12100 as viewed from above can be obtained.
- At least one of the imaging units 12101 to 12104 may have a function of acquiring distance information.
- at least one of the image pickup units 12101 to 12104 may be a stereo camera composed of a plurality of image pickup elements, or may be an image pickup element having pixels for phase difference detection.
- the microcomputer 12051 has a distance to each three-dimensional object within the imaging range 12111 to 12114 based on the distance information obtained from the imaging units 12101 to 12104, and a temporal change of this distance (relative velocity with respect to the vehicle 12100).
- a predetermined speed for example, 0 km / h or more.
- the microcomputer 12051 can set an inter-vehicle distance to be secured in front of the preceding vehicle in advance, and can perform automatic braking control (including follow-up stop control), automatic acceleration control (including follow-up start control), and the like. In this way, it is possible to perform coordinated control for the purpose of automatic driving or the like in which the vehicle runs autonomously without depending on the operation of the driver.
- the microcomputer 12051 converts three-dimensional object data related to a three-dimensional object into two-wheeled vehicles, ordinary vehicles, large vehicles, pedestrians, electric poles, and other three-dimensional objects based on the distance information obtained from the imaging units 12101 to 12104. It can be classified and extracted and used for automatic avoidance of obstacles. For example, the microcomputer 12051 distinguishes obstacles around the vehicle 12100 into obstacles that can be seen by the driver of the vehicle 12100 and obstacles that are difficult to see. Then, the microcomputer 12051 determines the collision risk indicating the risk of collision with each obstacle, and when the collision risk is equal to or higher than the set value and there is a possibility of collision, the microcomputer 12051 via the audio speaker 12061 or the display unit 12062. By outputting an alarm to the driver and performing forced deceleration and avoidance steering via the drive system control unit 12010, driving support for collision avoidance can be provided.
- At least one of the imaging units 12101 to 12104 may be an infrared camera that detects infrared rays.
- the microcomputer 12051 can recognize a pedestrian by determining whether or not a pedestrian is present in the captured image of the imaging units 12101 to 12104.
- pedestrian recognition includes, for example, a procedure for extracting feature points in an image captured by an imaging unit 12101 to 12104 as an infrared camera, and pattern matching processing for a series of feature points indicating the outline of an object to determine whether or not the pedestrian is a pedestrian. It is done by the procedure to determine.
- the audio image output unit 12052 When the microcomputer 12051 determines that a pedestrian is present in the captured images of the imaging units 12101 to 12104 and recognizes the pedestrian, the audio image output unit 12052 outputs a square contour line for emphasizing the recognized pedestrian.
- the display unit 12062 is controlled so as to superimpose and display. Further, the audio image output unit 12052 may control the display unit 12062 so as to display an icon or the like indicating a pedestrian at a desired position.
- the above is an example of a vehicle control system to which the technology according to the present disclosure can be applied.
- the technique according to the present disclosure can be applied to the imaging unit 12031 among the configurations described above. Specifically, the image pickup apparatus 101 and the like shown in FIG. 1 and the like can be applied to the image pickup unit 12031. By applying the technique according to the present disclosure to the imaging unit 12031, excellent operation of the vehicle control system can be expected.
- the present disclosure has been described above with reference to some embodiments and modifications, the present disclosure is not limited to the above embodiments and the like, and various modifications are possible.
- the shape of the etching stopper is not limited to this.
- a wall-shaped etching stopper extending along the Y axis may be provided.
- the opening 12H1 has a substantially hexagonal shape.
- an etching stopper extending in the Y-axis direction in parallel with the vertical light-shielding portion 12V of the light-shielding portion 12 like the image pickup device 106. ..
- an etching stopper 17 having a shape having a small occupied area in the XY plane, as in the imaging device 101 of the first embodiment.
- a solid phase diffusion layer 19 having a pn junction is formed around the first light-shielding portion 13 and the second element separation portion 20. May be good. As a result, the number of PN junction surfaces can be increased, and the saturation signal amount Qs can be increased.
- FIG. 16 an image pickup apparatus 101 having a three-dimensional structure in which three substrates are laminated is illustrated, but the type and number of the substrates to be laminated are not limited thereto.
- the present technology can have the following configurations.
- a charge holding unit arranged on the first surface side of the semiconductor substrate with respect to the photoelectric conversion unit and holding the charge transferred from the photoelectric conversion unit, and a charge holding unit.
- a charge transfer unit that transfers the charge from the photoelectric conversion unit to the charge holding unit, and
- a vertical electrode arranged in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate, which transmits the charge generated by the photoelectric conversion unit to the charge transfer unit, and
- a first optical control member arranged on a side closer to a second surface of the semiconductor substrate opposite to the first surface of the semiconductor substrate than the vertical electrode is provided.
- the first light control member has a first light control portion and a second light control portion extending in a direction intersecting each other in an integral structure.
- the first optical control portion is arranged at a position where it overlaps with the vertical electrode when the semiconductor substrate is viewed in a plan view from the normal direction of the first surface.
- the second optical control portion is an image pickup apparatus having one end portion connected to the first optical control portion and the other end portion arranged from the one end portion in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate.
- the first optical control portion is arranged along the direction of the first surface.
- the imaging device according to (1), wherein the other end of the second optical control portion is arranged along the second surface.
- the semiconductor substrate has a silicon crystal plane represented by a plane index ⁇ 111 ⁇ .
- the first optical control portion is A first optical control surface arranged in a first direction different from the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate and arranged along a first crystal plane represented by a plane index ⁇ 111 ⁇ . It has a second optical control surface that is arranged in a second direction different from the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate and is arranged along a second crystal plane represented by a plane index ⁇ 111 ⁇ .
- the imaging device according to (1) or (2). (4) The photoelectric conversion unit, the charge holding unit, the charge transfer unit, and the vertical electrode are provided for each pixel.
- the first optical control portion overlaps the plurality of vertical electrodes corresponding to the plurality of pixels when the semiconductor substrate is viewed in a plan view from the normal direction of the first surface or the second surface.
- the imaging apparatus according to any one of (1) to (3), which is arranged over a region of the plurality of pixels.
- the first optical control member includes at least one of an insulating material, a metal, polysilicon, a metal oxide, a carbon-containing material, and an electrochromic material.
- a second optical control member arranged on the first surface side of the semiconductor substrate with respect to the first optical control member and arranged so as to surround the charge holding portion, (1) to The imaging device according to any one of (6).
- the second optical control member is A third light control portion arranged along the direction of the first surface, and The imaging apparatus according to (7), further comprising a fourth optical control portion connected to the third optical control portion and arranged in a direction intersecting the third optical control portion. (9) One end of the fourth optical control portion is connected to the third optical control portion, and the other end of the fourth optical control portion is arranged along the first surface. The imaging apparatus according to 8). (10) The imaging apparatus according to (8), wherein the fourth optical control portion penetrates the third optical control portion and extends in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate. (11) The imaging apparatus according to any one of (1) to (10), comprising an element separating portion extending in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate along the pixel boundary of the semiconductor substrate.
- the image pickup apparatus according to (11), wherein the element separation unit has a fifth optical control portion arranged in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate along a pixel boundary of the semiconductor substrate.
- the element separating portion has a sixth optical control portion connected to the fifth optical control portion and arranged in a direction intersecting the fifth optical control portion (12). ).
- One end of the sixth optical control portion is connected to the fifth optical control portion, and the other end of the sixth optical control portion is arranged along the second surface.
- the imaging apparatus according to 13).
- the photoelectric conversion unit has a concentration gradient in which the impurity concentration changes depending on the location in the first region on the second surface side from the first optical control portion, according to (1) to (15).
- the imaging apparatus according to any one item.
- the imaging apparatus according to (17) or (18), wherein at least one of the first region and the second region has a density gradient in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate.
- a step of forming a photoelectric conversion unit that generates an electric charge according to the amount of received light by photoelectric conversion on a semiconductor substrate A step of forming a charge holding unit which is arranged on the first surface side of the semiconductor substrate with respect to the photoelectric conversion unit and holds the electric charge transferred from the photoelectric conversion unit.
- a first optical control portion and a first optical control portion which are arranged closer to the second surface of the semiconductor substrate on the side opposite to the first surface of the semiconductor substrate than the vertical electrodes, and extend in an integral structure in a direction intersecting with each other.
- One end of the second optical control portion is connected to the first optical control portion, and the other end of the second optical control portion is arranged from the one end portion in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate.
- a method of manufacturing an image pickup apparatus comprising a step of forming the image.
- An electronic device equipped with an imaging device The image pickup device A semiconductor substrate, a photoelectric conversion unit provided on the semiconductor substrate, and a photoelectric conversion unit that generates an electric charge according to the amount of received light by photoelectric conversion.
- a charge holding unit arranged on the first surface side of the semiconductor substrate with respect to the photoelectric conversion unit and holding the charge transferred from the photoelectric conversion unit, and a charge holding unit.
- a charge transfer unit that transfers the charge from the photoelectric conversion unit to the charge holding unit, and A vertical electrode arranged in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate, which transmits the charge generated by the photoelectric conversion unit to the charge transfer unit, and A first optical control member, which is arranged closer to the second surface of the semiconductor substrate on the side opposite to the first surface of the semiconductor substrate than the vertical electrode, is provided.
- the first optical control member has a first optical control portion and a second optical control portion extending in a direction intersecting each other in an integral structure.
- the first optical control portion is arranged at a position where it overlaps with the vertical electrode when the semiconductor substrate is viewed in a plan view from the normal direction of the first surface.
- the second optical control portion is an electronic device having one end portion connected to the first optical control portion and the other end portion arranged from the one end portion in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate.
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- Solid State Image Pick-Up Elements (AREA)
Abstract
Description
前記半導体基板に設けられ、受光量に応じた電荷を光電変換により生成する光電変換部と、
前記光電変換部よりも前記半導体基板の第1の面側に配置され、前記光電変換部から転送される前記電荷を保持する電荷保持部と、
前記光電変換部から前記電荷保持部に前記電荷を転送する電荷転送部と、
前記光電変換部で生成された前記電荷を前記電荷転送部に伝送する、前記半導体基板の深さ方向に配置される縦電極と、
前記縦電極よりも前記半導体基板の前記第1の面とは反対側の第2の面に近い側に配置される第1の光制御部材と、を備え、
前記第1の光制御部材は、一体構造で互いに交差する方向に延在される第1の光制御部分及び第2の光制御部分を有し、
前記第1の光制御部分は、前記半導体基板を前記第1の面の法線方向から平面視したときに前記縦電極と重なる位置に配置され、
前記第2の光制御部分は、前記第1の光制御部分に接続される一端部と、前記一端部から前記半導体基板の深さ方向に配置される他端部と、を有する、撮像装置が提供される。
前記第2の光制御部分の他端部は前記第2の面に沿って配置されてもよい。
前記第1の光制御部分は、
前記半導体基板の深さ方向とは異なる第1の方向に配置され、かつ面指数{111}で表される第1の結晶面に沿って配置される第1の光制御面と、
前記半導体基板の深さ方向とは異なる第2の方向に配置され、かつ面指数{111}で表される第2の結晶面に沿って配置される第2の光制御面と、を有してもよい。
前記第1の光制御部分は、前記半導体基板を前記第1の面又は前記第2の面の法線方向から平面視したときに、複数の前記画素に対応する複数の前記縦電極に重なるように、前記複数の画素の領域にまたがって配置されてもよい。
前記第1の面の方向に沿って配置される第3の光制御部分と、
前記第3の光制御部分に接続されるとともに、前記第3の光制御部分に交差する方向に配置される第4の光制御部分と、を有してもよい。
前記光電変換部よりも前記半導体基板の第1の面側に配置され、前記光電変換部から転送される前記電荷を保持する電荷保持部を形成する工程と、
前記光電変換部から前記電荷保持部に前記電荷を転送する電荷転送部を形成する工程と、
前記光電変換部で生成された前記電荷を前記電荷転送部に伝送する縦電極を前記半導体基板の深さ方向に形成する工程と、
前記縦電極よりも前記半導体基板の前記第1の面とは反対側の第2の面に近い側に配置される、一体構造で互いに交差する方向に延在される第1の光制御部分及び第2の光制御部分を有する第1の光制御部材を形成する工程と、を備え、
前記第1の光制御部分は、前記半導体基板を前記第1の面の法線方向から平面視したときに前記縦電極と重なる位置に配置され、
前記第2の光制御部分の一端部は、前記第1の光制御部分に接続され、前記第2の光制御部分の他端部は、前記一端部から前記半導体基板の深さ方向に配置される、撮像装置の製造方法が提供される。
前記光電変換部の一部に、空洞部又は前記空洞部に所定の材料を充填した充填部を形成する工程と、
前記空洞部又は前記充填部よりも前記半導体基板の第1の面側に配置され、前記光電変換部から転送される前記電荷を保持する電荷保持部を形成する工程と、
前記光電変換部から前記電荷保持部に前記電荷を転送する電荷転送部を形成する工程と、
前記半導体基板の前記第1の面とは反対の第2の面側から、前記空洞部又は前記充填部に到達するトレンチを形成する工程と、
前記空洞部又は前記充填部と、前記トレンチとを用いて、前記空洞部又は前記充填部の形成箇所に第1の光制御部分を形成するとともに、前記トレンチの形成箇所に第2の光制御部分を形成する工程と、を備える、撮像装置の製造方法が提供される。
前記撮像装置は、
半導体基板と
前記半導体基板に設けられ、受光量に応じた電荷を光電変換により生成する光電変換部と、
前記光電変換部よりも前記半導体基板の第1の面側に配置され、前記光電変換部から転送される前記電荷を保持する電荷保持部と、
前記光電変換部から前記電荷保持部に前記電荷を転送する電荷転送部と、
前記光電変換部で生成された前記電荷を前記電荷転送部に伝送する、前記半導体基板の深さ方向に配置される縦電極と、
前記縦電極よりも前記半導体基板の前記第1の面とは反対側の第2の面に近い側に配置される第1の光制御部材と、を備え、
前記第1の光制御部材は、一体構造で互いに交差する方向に延在される第1の光制御部分及び第2の光制御部分を有し、
前記第1の光制御部分は、前記半導体基板を前記第1の面の法線方向から平面視したときに前記縦電極と重なる位置に配置され、
前記第2の光制御部分は、前記第1の光制御部分に接続される一端部と、前記一端部から前記半導体基板の深さ方向に配置される他端部と、を有する、電子機器が提供される。
以下、本開示の実施の形態について、詳細に説明する。本開示の撮像装置は、例えば、CMOS(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)イメージセンサ等によるグローバルシャッタ方式の裏面照射型のイメージセンサである。本開示の撮像装置は、被写体からの光を画素ごとに受光して光電変換し、電気信号である画素信号を生成する。
図1は、本開示の一実施形態に係る撮像装置101の概略構成を示すブロック図である。図1の撮像装置101は、半導体基板11上に形成されるため、正確には固体撮像装置101であるが、以下では、単に撮像装置101と呼ぶ。図1の撮像装置101は、光電変換を行う複数のセンサ画素121が行列状、すなわち二次元平面状に配置された画素アレイ部111を備えている。センサ画素121は、本開示の「画素」の一具体例に相当する。画素アレイ部111で光電変換された画素信号は、読み出し回路を介して読み出される。
図2はセンサ画素121及び読み出し回路120の等価回路図である。図3は画素アレイ部111内の一部の画素領域の平面レイアウト図である。図3では、X方向に2画素、Y方向に4画素の画素領域の平面レイアウトを示している。
図4Aは図3のA-A方向の断面図、図4Bは図3のB-B方向の断面図である。図中の「P」及び「N」の記号は、それぞれP型半導体領域およびN型半導体領域を表している。さらに、「P++」、「P+」、「P-」、および「P--」の各記号における末尾の「+」または「-」は、いずれもP型半導体領域の不純物濃度を表している。同様に、「N++」、「N+」、「N-」、および「N--」の各記号における末尾の「+」または「-」は、いずれもN型半導体領域の不純物濃度を表している。ここで、「+」の数が多いほど不純物濃度が高いことを示し、「-」の数が多いほど不純物濃度が低いことを示す。これは、以降の図面についても同様である。
図6Aは第2の遮光部12の垂直遮光部分12Vの平面図である。図6Aは図4AのC-C線方向の平面図である。図6Bは第2の遮光部12の水平遮光部分12Hの平面図である。図6Bは図4AのD-D’線方向の断面図である。垂直遮光部分12Vは、図4A及び図6Aに示すように、平面視においてX軸方向に隣り合うセンサ画素121同士の境界部分とセンサ画素121の略中央に沿って、Y軸方向に延びている。垂直遮光部分12Vは、半導体基板11の表面11Aから深さ方向に延びて、水平遮光部分12Hに接続されている。垂直遮光部分12Vは、X軸方向では略半画素の間隔で配置されており、Y軸方向には複数画素分の長さを有する。
図7Aは第1の遮光部13及び第2の素子分離部20の垂直遮光部分の断面図である。図7Aは図4AのE-E線方向の断面図である。図7Bは第1の遮光部13の水平遮光部分13Hの断面図である。図7Bは図4AのF-F線方向の断面図である。図示のように、第2の素子分離部20は、センサ画素121の境界に沿って配置されており、各センサ画素121の光電変換部51の側面を囲むように配置されている。図7Bに示すように、XY平面上にセンサ画素121の境界に沿って千鳥状に第1の遮光部13が配置されている。第1の遮光部13の垂直遮光部分13Vから水平に延びる水平遮光部分13Hは、例えば第3の結晶面11S3に沿った菱形形状である。
図8A~図8Fは、第1の遮光部13の水平遮光部分13Hの平面形状の具体例を示す図である。水平遮光部分13Hの平面形状は、第1の遮光部13の垂直遮光部分13Vの形状及び方向に依存する。{111}図8A~図8Fに示す水平遮光部分13Hは、シリコン基板11の面方位によらず、形成可能である。図8A~図8Fに示す水平遮光部分13Hと垂直遮光部分13Vを形成する製造プロセスも任意であり、後述するように、種々の製造プロセスを採用しうる。
次に、撮像装置101の製造工程の第1例を説明する。図12A~図12Sは、第1の実施形態による撮像装置101の製造工程の第1例を示す工程断面図である。なお、以下では、第2の遮光部12と第1の遮光部13を形成する工程を中心に説明し、読み出し回路120を形成する工程等は省略する。
上述した図12A~図12Sに示す製造工程の第1例では、シリコン基板11の深さ方向にトレンチを形成してから、そのトレンチをウェットエッチングにより水平方向に広げて水平遮光部分13H用のトレンチを形成している。この製法だと、シリコン基板11の面方位によって、ウェットエッチング時のエッチング速度が変化するため、最終的に得られる水平遮光部分13H用のトレンチ形状が面方位に依存してしまう。これに対して、水平遮光部分13H用の空洞を先に形成する製法を採用した場合は、シリコン基板11の面方位に依存せずに、所望の形状の水平遮光部分13Hを形成できる。
図14A~図14Oは撮像装置の製造工程の第3例を示す工程断面図である。まず、図14Aで半導体基板51C上のフォトダイオード51(PD)の形成面を露出させた後、図14Bに示すように、複数のトレンチ13Pを一方向に隣接して形成し、その上にp型半導体層51Rをエピタキシャル成長により形成する。次に、図14Cに示すように、還元性雰囲気を形成できる水素雰囲気中で熱処理を行う。これにより、隣接して形成された複数のトレンチ13Pが球状にになって合体し、フォトダイオード51(PD)の内部に空洞13Qが形成される。図14Bにおける複数のトレンチ13Pの形成箇所を少しずつずらしながら図14Bと図14Cの工程を繰り返すことで、水平遮光部分13Hと同等の体積の空洞13Qが形成される。
本実施形態における第2の遮光部12、第1の遮光部13及び第2の素子分離部20は、入射された光を吸収又は反射する特性を有するものであり、種々の材料が適用可能である。例えば、材料の一例としては、SiNやSiO2等の絶縁膜でもよい。あるいは、タングステンやアルミニウムなどの金属材料でもよい。タングステンは光を吸収する特性を有するのに対して、アルミニウムを光を反射する特性を有する。この他、上記材料は、ポリシリコンでもよい。ポリシリコンは、光の反射特性に優れている。あるいは、上記材料は、金属酸化膜(例えば、酸化アルミニウムや窒化アルミニウムなど)でもよい。あるいは、上記材料は、炭素化合物や有機系材料でもよい。あるいは、上記材料は、エレクトロクロミック材料でもよい。エレクトロクロミック材料は、電圧や電流を与えることで、光の反射率や吸収率を切り替えることができる材料(例えば、ポリアニリンやポロゲンなどである。
本実施形態による撮像装置101は、画素アレイ部111が形成される半導体基板11の上に、読み出し回路120等が形成される別の半導体基板11を貼り合わせて構成される。図16は第1~第3の半導体基板BP1~BP3を貼り合わせて構成した撮像装置101の断面図である。第1の半導体基板BP1には、センサ画素121が形成されている。第2の半導体基板BP2には、読み出し回路120と、配線層80と、絶縁層81とが形成されている。第1の半導体基板BP1と第2の半導体基板BP2とは、貫通配線82にて電気的に導通されている。読み出し回路120は、図2に示した回路であり、センサ画素121から出力される電荷に基づく画素信号を出力する回路である。配線層83には、複数の画素駆動線122と、複数の垂直信号線123とが形成されている。読み出し回路120と配線層80の周囲は絶縁層81で覆われている。第3の半導体基板BP3には、ロジック回路CR3と、配線層63と、絶縁層62とが形成されている。ロジック回路CR3は、例えば垂直駆動部112、ランプ波モジュール113、カラム信号処理部114、クロックモジュール115、データ格納部116、水平駆動部117、システム制御部118、および信号処理部119などを有している。ロジック回路と配線層の周囲は絶縁層で覆われている。第2の半導体基板BP2と第3の半導体基板BP3とは、例えばCu-Cu接合83にて電気的に導通されている。
第1の実施形態では、第1の遮光部13の断面がT字形状で、かつ第2の遮光部12と第2の素子分離部20が存在する例を説明したが、第2の素子分離部20は必ずしも必須ではない。また、第2の素子分離部20と第2の遮光部12の形状には、種々の変形例が考えられる。
図17A~図17Oは、第2の遮光部12、第1の遮光部13及び第2の素子分離部20の種々の変形例を示す断面図である。図17A~図17Oは、第2の実施形態による撮像装置101の第2の遮光部12、第1の遮光部13及び第2の素子分離部20の周辺の断面構造を模式的に示している。
図4A及び図4Bに示す断面構造の撮像装置101では、光電変換部51内の裏面11B側にN-型半導体領域51Aがあり、その上にN型半導体領域51Bがあり、ポテンシャル勾配及び不純物濃度勾配は半導体基板11の深さ方向のみに存在する。その一方で、半導体基板11の水平方向(基板面方向)にはポテンシャル勾配や不純物濃度勾配は存在しないため、光電変換部51で発生された電子が水平方向に移動しにくいという課題がある。例えば図16に示した撮像装置101において、第1の遮光部13の垂直遮光部分13Vの近くで発生された電子は、水平遮光部分が障害物となることから、水平遮光部分13Hを迂回して垂直ゲート電極52Vまで移動する必要があるが、半導体基板11の水平方向には、ポテンシャル勾配や不純物濃度勾配がないことから、水平方向に電子を移動させるのは容易でない。
図19は、第4の実施形態によるセンサ画素121A、121Bの構成を模式的に示す平面図である。図20Aは、図19のA-A線に沿った断面図である。図20Bは図19のB-B線に沿った断面図である。第4の実施形態では、第1の遮光部(第1の素子分離部)13と第2の素子分離部20の構成についてより詳細に説明する。なお、図19は、裏面11B側から見た半導体基板11の平面を示している。図20Aと図20Bは、上端を表面11A、下端を裏面11Bとした断面図である。
図27Aおよび図27Bは、第4の実施形態の変形例を示す平面図である。図19の平面図では、第1の素子分離部13の垂直遮光部分13Vと、第2の素子分離部20の垂直遮光部分とがクロスポイントXPで接続されていない例を示した。
図28A~図28Dは、第4の実施形態の他の変形例を示す断面図である。
図32は、本技術を適用した電子機器としてのカメラ2000の構成例を示すブロック図である。
本開示に係る技術(本技術)は、様々な製品へ応用することができる。例えば、本開示に係る技術は、自動車、電気自動車、ハイブリッド電気自動車、自動二輪車、自転車、パーソナルモビリティ、飛行機、ドローン、船舶、ロボット等のいずれかの種類の移動体に搭載される装置として実現されてもよい。
以上、いくつかの実施の形態および変形例を挙げて本開示を説明したが、本開示は上記実施の形態等に限定されるものではなく、種々の変形が可能である。例えば上記第1の実施の形態では、柱状のエッチングストッパ17を有する撮像装置101について説明したが、エッチングストッパの形状はこれに限定されるものではない。例えばY軸に沿って延在する壁状のエッチングストッパを設けるようにしてもよい。この場合、開口部12H1は略六角形となる。垂直ゲート電極52Vを形成するための領域面積を十分に確保したい場合には、撮像装置106のように遮光部12の垂直遮光部分12Vと平行にY軸方向へ延在するエッチングストッパを設けるとよい。一方、開口部12H1の領域面積をより小さくするためには、上記第1の実施の形態の撮像装置101のように、XY面内における占有面積の小さな形状のエッチングストッパ17を設けるとよい。
(1)シリコンの{111}基板と
前記半導体基板に設けられ、受光量に応じた電荷を光電変換により生成する光電変換部と、
前記光電変換部よりも前記半導体基板の第1の面側に配置され、前記光電変換部から転送される前記電荷を保持する電荷保持部と、
前記光電変換部から前記電荷保持部に前記電荷を転送する電荷転送部と、
前記光電変換部で生成された前記電荷を前記電荷転送部に伝送する、前記半導体基板の深さ方向に配置される縦電極と、
前記縦電極よりも前記半導体基板の前記第1の面とは反対側の第2の面に近い側に配置される第1の光制御部材と、を備え、
前記第1の光制御部材は、一体構造で互いに交差する方向に延在される第1の光制御部分及び第2の光制御部分を有し、
前記第1の光制御部分は、前記半導体基板を前記第1の面の法線方向から平面視したときに前記縦電極と重なる位置に配置され、
前記第2の光制御部分は、前記第1の光制御部分に接続される一端部と、前記一端部から前記半導体基板の深さ方向に配置される他端部と、を有する、撮像装置。
(2)前記第1の光制御部分は、前記第1の面の方向に沿って配置され、
前記第2の光制御部分の他端部は前記第2の面に沿って配置される、(1)に記載の撮像装置。
(3) 前記半導体基板は、面指数{111}で表されるシリコンの結晶面を有し、
前記第1の光制御部分は、
前記半導体基板の深さ方向とは異なる第1の方向に配置され、かつ面指数{111}で表される第1の結晶面に沿って配置される第1の光制御面と、
前記半導体基板の深さ方向とは異なる第2の方向に配置され、かつ面指数{111}で表される第2の結晶面に沿って配置される第2の光制御面と、を有する、(1)又は(2)に記載の撮像装置。
(4)前記光電変換部、前記電荷保持部、前記電荷転送部及び前記縦電極は、画素ごとに設けられ、
前記第1の光制御部分は、前記半導体基板を前記第1の面又は前記第2の面の法線方向から平面視したときに、複数の前記画素に対応する複数の前記縦電極に重なるように、前記複数の画素の領域にまたがって配置される、(1)乃至(3)のいずれか一項に記載の撮像装置。
(5)前記第1の光制御部材の少なくとも一部は、入射された光を吸収又は反射する特性を有する、(1)乃至(4)のいずれか一項に記載の撮像装置。
(6)前記第1の光制御部材は、絶縁物、金属、ポリシリコン、金属酸化物、炭素含有物、及びエレクトロクロミック材料の少なくとも一つを含む、(5)に記載の撮像装置。
(7)前記第1の光制御部材よりも前記半導体基板の前記第1の面側に配置され、前記電荷保持部を取り囲むように配置される第2の光制御部材を備える、(1)乃至(6)のいずれか一項に記載の撮像装置。
(8)前記第2の光制御部材は、
前記第1の面の方向に沿って配置される第3の光制御部分と、
前記第3の光制御部分に接続されるとともに、前記第3の光制御部分に交差する方向に配置される第4の光制御部分と、を有する、(7)に記載の撮像装置。
(9)前記第4の光制御部分の一端部は前記第3の光制御部分に接続され、前記第4の光制御部分の他端部は前記第1の面に沿って配置される、(8)に記載の撮像装置。
(10)前記第4の光制御部分は、前記第3の光制御部分を貫通して、前記半導体基板の深さ方向に延在される、(8)に記載の撮像装置。
(11)前記半導体基板の画素境界に沿って前記半導体基板の深さ方向に延在される素子分離部を備える、(1)乃至(10)のいずれか一項に記載の撮像装置。
(12)前記素子分離部は、前記半導体基板の画素境界に沿って前記半導体基板の深さ方向に配置される第5の光制御部分を有する、(11)に記載の撮像装置。
(13)前記素子分離部は、前記第5の光制御部分に接続されるとともに、前記第5の光制御部分に交差する方向に配置される第6の光制御部分と、を有する、(12)に記載の撮像装置。
(14)前記第6の光制御部分の一端部は前記第5の光制御部分に接続され、前記第6の光制御部分の他端部は前記第2の面に沿って配置される、(13)に記載の撮像装置。
(15)前記第6の光制御部分は、前記第5の光制御部分を貫通して、前記半導体基板の深さ方向に延在される、(13)に記載の撮像装置。
(16)前記光電変換部は、前記第1の光制御部分から前記第2の面側の第1の領域において、不純物濃度が場所によって変化する濃度勾配を有する、(1)乃至(15)のいずれか一項に記載の撮像装置。
(17)前記光電変換部は、前記第1の光制御部分から前記第1の面側の第2の領域において、不純物濃度が場所によって変化する濃度勾配を有する、(16)に記載の撮像装置。
(18)前記第1の領域及び前記第2の領域の少なくとも一方は、前記半導体基板の水平方向の濃度勾配を有する、(17)に記載の撮像装置。
(19)前記第1の領域及び前記第2の領域の少なくとも一方は、前記半導体基板の深さ方向の濃度勾配を有する、(17)又は(18)に記載の撮像装置。
(20)半導体基板に、受光量に応じた電荷を光電変換により生成する光電変換部を形成する工程と、
前記光電変換部よりも前記半導体基板の第1の面側に配置され、前記光電変換部から転送される前記電荷を保持する電荷保持部を形成する工程と、
前記光電変換部から前記電荷保持部に前記電荷を転送する電荷転送部を形成する工程と、
前記光電変換部で生成された前記電荷を前記電荷転送部に伝送する縦電極を前記半導体基板の深さ方向に形成する工程と、
前記縦電極よりも前記半導体基板の前記第1の面とは反対側の第2の面に近い側に配置され、一体構造で互いに交差する方向に延在される第1の光制御部分及び第2の光制御部分を有する第1の光制御部材を形成する工程と、を備え、
前記第1の光制御部分は、前記半導体基板を前記第1の面の法線方向から平面視したときに前記縦電極と重なる位置に配置され、
前記第2の光制御部分の一端部は、前記第1の光制御部分に接続され、前記第2の光制御部分の他端部は、前記一端部から前記半導体基板の深さ方向に配置される、撮像装置の製造方法。
(21)半導体基板に、受光量に応じた電荷を光電変換により生成する光電変換部を形成する工程と、
前記光電変換部の一部に、空洞部又は前記空洞部に所定の材料を充填した充填部を形成する工程と、
前記空洞部又は前記充填部よりも前記半導体基板の第1の面側に配置され、前記光電変換部から転送される前記電荷を保持する電荷保持部を形成する工程と、
前記光電変換部から前記電荷保持部に前記電荷を転送する電荷転送部を形成する工程と、
前記半導体基板の前記第1の面とは反対の第2の面側から、前記空洞部又は前記充填部に到達するトレンチを形成する工程と、
前記空洞部又は前記充填部と、前記トレンチとを用いて、前記空洞部又は前記充填部の形成箇所に第1の光制御部分を形成するとともに、前記トレンチの形成箇所に第2の光制御部分を形成する工程と、を備える、撮像装置の製造方法。
(22)撮像装置を備えた電子機器であって、
前記撮像装置は、
半導体基板と
前記半導体基板に設けられ、受光量に応じた電荷を光電変換により生成する光電変換部と、
前記光電変換部よりも前記半導体基板の第1の面側に配置され、前記光電変換部から転送される前記電荷を保持する電荷保持部と、
前記光電変換部から前記電荷保持部に前記電荷を転送する電荷転送部と、
前記光電変換部で生成された前記電荷を前記電荷転送部に伝送する、前記半導体基板の深さ方向に配置される縦電極と、
前記縦電極よりも前記半導体基板の前記第1の面とは反対側の第2の面に近い側に配置される、第1の光制御部材と、を備え、
前記第1の光制御部材は、一体構造で互いに交差する方向に延在される第1の光制御部分及び第2の光制御部分を有し、
前記第1の光制御部分は、前記半導体基板を前記第1の面の法線方向から平面視したときに前記縦電極と重なる位置に配置され、
前記第2の光制御部分は、前記第1の光制御部分に接続される一端部と、前記一端部から前記半導体基板の深さ方向に配置される他端部と、を有する、電子機器。
Claims (22)
- 半導体基板と
前記半導体基板に設けられ、受光量に応じた電荷を光電変換により生成する光電変換部と、
前記光電変換部よりも前記半導体基板の第1の面側に配置され、前記光電変換部から転送される前記電荷を保持する電荷保持部と、
前記光電変換部から前記電荷保持部に前記電荷を転送する電荷転送部と、
前記光電変換部で生成された前記電荷を前記電荷転送部に伝送する、前記半導体基板の深さ方向に配置される縦電極と、
前記縦電極よりも前記半導体基板の前記第1の面とは反対側の第2の面に近い側に配置される第1の光制御部材と、を備え、
前記第1の光制御部材は、一体構造で互いに交差する方向に延在される第1の光制御部分及び第2の光制御部分を有し、
前記第1の光制御部分は、前記半導体基板を前記第1の面の法線方向から平面視したときに前記縦電極と重なる位置に配置され、
前記第2の光制御部分は、前記第1の光制御部分に接続される一端部と、前記一端部から前記半導体基板の深さ方向に配置される他端部と、を有する、撮像装置。 - 前記第1の光制御部分は、前記第1の面の方向に沿って配置され、
前記第2の光制御部分の他端部は前記第2の面に沿って配置される、請求項1に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記半導体基板は、面指数{111}で表されるシリコンの結晶面を有し、
前記第1の光制御部分は、
前記半導体基板の深さ方向とは異なる第1の方向に配置され、かつ面指数{111}で表される第1の結晶面に沿って配置される第1の光制御面と、
前記半導体基板の深さ方向とは異なる第2の方向に配置され、かつ面指数{111}で表される第2の結晶面に沿って配置される第2の光制御面と、を有する、請求項1に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記光電変換部、前記電荷保持部、前記電荷転送部及び前記縦電極は、画素ごとに設けられ、
前記第1の光制御部分は、前記半導体基板を前記第1の面又は前記第2の面の法線方向から平面視したときに、複数の前記画素に対応する複数の前記縦電極に重なるように、前記複数の画素の領域にまたがって配置される、請求項1に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記第1の光制御部材の少なくとも一部は、入射された光を吸収又は反射する特性を有する、請求項1に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記第1の光制御部材は、絶縁物、金属、ポリシリコン、金属酸化物、炭素含有物、及びエレクトロクロミック材料の少なくとも一つを含む、請求項5に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記第1の光制御部材よりも前記半導体基板の前記第1の面側に配置され、前記電荷保持部を取り囲むように配置される第2の光制御部材を備える、請求項1に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記第2の光制御部材は、
前記第1の面の方向に沿って配置される第3の光制御部分と、
前記第3の光制御部分に接続されるとともに、前記第3の光制御部分に交差する方向に配置される第4の光制御部分と、を有する、請求項7に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記第4の光制御部分の一端部は前記第3の光制御部分に接続され、前記第4の光制御部分の他端部は前記第1の面に沿って配置される、請求項8に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記第4の光制御部分は、前記第3の光制御部分を貫通して、前記半導体基板の深さ方向に延在される、請求項8に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記半導体基板の画素境界に沿って前記半導体基板の深さ方向に延在される素子分離部を備える、請求項1に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記素子分離部は、前記半導体基板の画素境界に沿って前記半導体基板の深さ方向に配置される第5の光制御部分を有する、請求項11に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記素子分離部は、前記第5の光制御部分に接続されるとともに、前記第5の光制御部分に交差する方向に配置される第6の光制御部分と、を有する、請求項12に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記第6の光制御部分の一端部は前記第5の光制御部分に接続され、前記第6の光制御部分の他端部は前記第2の面に沿って配置される、請求項13に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記第6の光制御部分は、前記第5の光制御部分を貫通して、前記半導体基板の深さ方向に延在される、請求項13に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記光電変換部は、前記第1の光制御部分から前記第2の面側の第1の領域において、不純物濃度が場所によって変化する濃度勾配を有する、請求項1に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記光電変換部は、前記第1の光制御部分から前記第1の面側の第2の領域において、不純物濃度が場所によって変化する濃度勾配を有する、請求項16に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記第1の領域及び前記第2の領域の少なくとも一方は、前記半導体基板の水平方向の濃度勾配を有する、請求項17に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記第1の領域及び前記第2の領域の少なくとも一方は、前記半導体基板の深さ方向の濃度勾配を有する、請求項17に記載の撮像装置。
- 半導体基板に、受光量に応じた電荷を光電変換により生成する光電変換部を形成する工程と、
前記光電変換部よりも前記半導体基板の第1の面側に配置され、前記光電変換部から転送される前記電荷を保持する電荷保持部を形成する工程と、
前記光電変換部から前記電荷保持部に前記電荷を転送する電荷転送部を形成する工程と、
前記光電変換部で生成された前記電荷を前記電荷転送部に伝送する縦電極を前記半導体基板の深さ方向に形成する工程と、
前記縦電極よりも前記半導体基板の前記第1の面とは反対側の第2の面に近い側に配置される、一体構造で互いに交差する方向に延在される第1の光制御部分及び第2の光制御部分を有する第1の光制御部材を形成する工程と、を備え、
前記第1の光制御部分は、前記半導体基板を前記第1の面の法線方向から平面視したときに前記縦電極と重なる位置に配置され、
前記第2の光制御部分の一端部は、前記第1の光制御部分に接続され、前記第2の光制御部分の他端部は、前記一端部から前記半導体基板の深さ方向に配置される、撮像装置の製造方法。 - 半導体基板に、受光量に応じた電荷を光電変換により生成する光電変換部を形成する工程と、
前記光電変換部の一部に、空洞部又は前記空洞部に所定の材料を充填した充填部を形成する工程と、
前記空洞部又は前記充填部よりも前記半導体基板の第1の面側に配置され、前記光電変換部から転送される前記電荷を保持する電荷保持部を形成する工程と、
前記光電変換部から前記電荷保持部に前記電荷を転送する電荷転送部を形成する工程と、
前記半導体基板の前記第1の面とは反対の第2の面側から、前記空洞部又は前記充填部に到達するトレンチを形成する工程と、
前記空洞部又は前記充填部と、前記トレンチとを用いて、前記空洞部又は前記充填部の形成箇所に第1の光制御部分を形成するとともに、前記トレンチの形成箇所に第2の光制御部分を形成する工程と、を備える、撮像装置の製造方法。 - 撮像装置を備えた電子機器であって、
前記撮像装置は、
半導体基板と
前記半導体基板に設けられ、受光量に応じた電荷を光電変換により生成する光電変換部と、
前記光電変換部よりも前記半導体基板の第1の面側に配置され、前記光電変換部から転送される前記電荷を保持する電荷保持部と、
前記光電変換部から前記電荷保持部に前記電荷を転送する電荷転送部と、
前記光電変換部で生成された前記電荷を前記電荷転送部に伝送する、前記半導体基板の深さ方向に配置される縦電極と、
前記縦電極よりも前記半導体基板の前記第1の面とは反対側の第2の面に近い側に配置される第1の光制御部材と、を備え、
前記第1の光制御部材は、一体構造で互いに交差する方向に延在される第1の光制御部分及び第2の光制御部分を有し、
前記第1の光制御部分は、前記半導体基板を前記第1の面の法線方向から平面視したときに前記縦電極と重なる位置に配置され、
前記第2の光制御部分は、前記第1の光制御部分に接続される一端部と、前記一端部から前記半導体基板の深さ方向に配置される他端部と、を有する、電子機器。
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| WO2023021787A1 (ja) * | 2021-08-16 | 2023-02-23 | ソニーセミコンダクタソリューションズ株式会社 | 光検出装置およびその製造方法 |
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| WO2023166884A1 (ja) * | 2022-03-03 | 2023-09-07 | ソニーセミコンダクタソリューションズ株式会社 | 固体撮像装置及びその製造方法 |
| WO2025142948A1 (ja) * | 2023-12-25 | 2025-07-03 | ソニーセミコンダクタソリューションズ株式会社 | 光検出装置及び電子機器 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US12317623B2 (en) | 2025-05-27 |
| CN114730777B (zh) | 2025-06-13 |
| JPWO2021112098A1 (ja) | 2021-06-10 |
| CN114730777A (zh) | 2022-07-08 |
| EP4071817A4 (en) | 2023-01-04 |
| TWI865665B (zh) | 2024-12-11 |
| EP4071817A1 (en) | 2022-10-12 |
| TW202133410A (zh) | 2021-09-01 |
| US20230005978A1 (en) | 2023-01-05 |
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