WO2015129186A1 - 非水電解質二次電池用正極及びそれを用いた非水電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池用正極及びそれを用いた非水電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M2220/30—Batteries in portable systems, e.g. mobile phone, laptop
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1391—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a positive electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the same.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries that charge and discharge by moving lithium ions between positive and negative electrodes have high energy density and high capacity, and are therefore widely used as drive power sources for such mobile information terminals. ing.
- non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries have attracted attention as power sources for power tools, electric vehicles (EV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV, PHEV), etc., and further expansion of applications is expected.
- a power source is required to have a high capacity so that it can be used for a long time and to improve output characteristics when a large current is repeatedly charged and discharged in a relatively short time.
- a power source that can achieve high capacity, high output, high durability, high safety, and the like is essential.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a positive electrode active material containing nickel cobalt manganese lithium composite oxide containing one or two of W and Mo. This suggests that it is possible to provide a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having both excellent thermal stability and initial capacity.
- Patent Document 2 suggests that a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having improved high-temperature storage characteristics can be provided by including carbon black containing boron as a conductive agent in the positive electrode mixture.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 Even if the techniques disclosed in Patent Documents 1 and 2 are used, there is a problem that an increase in DC resistance after cycling cannot be suppressed.
- a positive electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a lithium transition metal oxide containing an element belonging to Group 6 of the periodic table, and a conductive agent. And a carbon material containing boron.
- a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery in which an increase in DC resistance after cycling is suppressed is provided.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a three-electrode test cell of Experimental Example 1.
- Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode capable of inserting and extracting lithium, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery as an example of the present embodiment includes, for example, an electrode body in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are wound or stacked with a separator interposed therebetween, and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution that is a liquid non-aqueous electrolyte. Although it has the structure accommodated in the can, it is not limited to this. Below, each structural member of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is explained in full detail.
- Electrode As an example of the positive electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention, an element belonging to Group 6 of the periodic table (hereinafter, simply referred to as “Group 6 element”) is included. And a carbon material containing boron as a conductive agent.
- the ion conductivity is improved and the catalytic properties of the transition metal contained in the lithium transition metal oxide are lowered.
- the presence of a boron-containing carbon material in the vicinity of the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide (in the vicinity of the Group 6 element) the lithium transition during charge / discharge during the cycle
- the elution of the Group 6 element from the surface and the surface layer of the metal oxide particles is suppressed, and the increase in the catalytic properties of the lithium transition metal oxide can be suppressed.
- the decomposition reaction between the lithium transition metal oxide and the electrolytic solution is suppressed, so that it is possible to suppress the coating formed of the decomposition product from being excessively formed on the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide and becoming a resistance.
- the lithium transition metal oxide when the lithium transition metal oxide contains a Group 6 element, the lithium transition metal oxide has an effect of reducing the catalytic property of the lithium transition metal oxide.
- the activity of the boron-containing carbon material that is in contact with the particle surface can also be reduced. Thereby, the decomposition reaction between the carbon material containing boron and the electrolytic solution is suppressed, so that it is possible to suppress the coating formed of the decomposition product from being excessively formed on the surface of the carbon material and becoming a resistance.
- the lithium transition metal oxide and the carbon material have a synergistic effect of containing a Group 6 element in the lithium transition metal oxide and using a carbon material containing boron as a conductive agent. Excessive film formation on both surfaces is suppressed, and a high-quality film excellent in lithium ion permeability is considered. As a result, it is considered that an increase in DC resistance after the cycle can be suppressed.
- the element belonging to Group 6 of the periodic table may be present on at least one of the surface and the surface layer of the lithium transition metal oxide particle. In this case, it is considered that the effect of suppressing the DC resistance increase after the above cycle can be obtained.
- the element belonging to Group 6 may be present as a compound particle containing a Group 6 element on the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide.
- a compound containing a Group 6 element may be partly dissolved in the lithium transition metal oxide (in the crystal), or may be solidly attached only to the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide. It does not have to be dissolved. Even if the Group 6 element is solid-solved inside the crystal of the lithium transition metal oxide, as in the case where it is physically attached as a compound to the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide, It has the effect of reducing the catalytic properties.
- the Group 6 element dissolved in the crystal of the lithium transition metal oxide also has the effect of improving the stability of the crystal at the time of cycling, so that the resistance increase after cycling is further suppressed. Can also be obtained.
- Examples of elements belonging to Group 6 of the periodic table include chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten. When these elements are contained in the lithium transition metal oxide, the catalytic properties of the lithium transition metal oxide can be reduced. As the Group 6 element, tungsten is particularly preferable. This is because tungsten can further reduce the catalytic properties of the transition metal contained in the lithium transition metal oxide.
- the oxide, boride, carbide, silicide, sulfide, chloride, etc. of a 6th group element are mentioned. .
- Examples include lithium, sodium molybdate, molybdenum carbide, and molybdenum chloride.
- tungsten oxide, lithium tungstate, molybdenum oxide, and lithium molybdate are more preferable from the viewpoint of preventing impurities other than lithium and Group 6 elements from being included in the lithium transition metal oxide.
- the content of the element belonging to Group 6 of the periodic table in the lithium transition metal oxide is 0.05 mol% or more and 10 mol% or more based on the total molar amount of the metal elements excluding lithium in the lithium transition metal oxide. It is preferably 0.0 mol% or less, more preferably 0.20 mol% or more and 1.5 mol% or less. This is because if the content of the Group 6 element is less than 0.05 mol%, the effect of suppressing the increase in direct current resistance after the cycle may not be sufficiently exhibited. On the other hand, if the content of the Group 6 element exceeds 10.0 mol%, the initial capacity per mass is greatly reduced.
- the lithium transition metal oxide as the positive electrode active material examples include those containing at least one selected from the group consisting of nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), and cobalt (Co) as the transition metal.
- the lithium transition metal oxide may contain a non-transition metal such as aluminum (Al) or magnesium (Mg). Specific examples thereof include lithium transition metal oxides such as lithium cobaltate, Ni—Co—Mn, Ni—Co—Al, and Ni—Mn—Al.
- the lithium transition metal oxide is represented by an olivine type lithium transition metal composite oxide (LiMPO 4 ) containing iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), etc., and M is selected from Fe, Mn, Co, and Ni. May be used. These may be used alone or in combination.
- Ni—Co—Al-based lithium transition metal oxides are preferable because of their high capacity and excellent output characteristics.
- Ni—Co—Mn-based lithium transition metal oxides are not only suitable for output characteristics. It is particularly preferably used because of its excellent regenerative characteristics.
- Examples of the Ni—Co—Mn lithium transition metal oxide include a molar ratio of Ni, Co, and Mn of 1: 1: 1, 5: 2: 3, 4: 4: 2, Known compositions such as 5: 3: 2, 6: 2: 2, 55:25:20, 7: 2: 1, 7: 1: 2, 8: 1: 1 can be used.
- the molar ratio of Ni and Mn with respect to the sum of the moles of Ni, Co and Mn. The difference is preferably 0.04% or more.
- Ni—Co—Al based lithium transition metal oxide examples include Ni: Co: Al ratios of 82: 15: 3, 82: 12: 6, 80:10:10, and 80:15: A material having a known composition such as 5, 87: 9: 4, 90: 5: 5, or 95: 3: 2 can be used.
- the lithium transition metal oxide may contain other additive elements.
- additive elements include boron, magnesium, aluminum, titanium, vanadium, iron, copper, zinc, niobium, zirconium, tin, tantalum, sodium, potassium, barium, strontium, calcium, and the like.
- the positive electrode active material is not limited to the case where a lithium transition metal oxide containing a Group 6 element is used alone. Any other positive electrode active material can be used without particular limitation as long as it is a compound that can reversibly insert and desorb lithium ions.
- Examples of a method for adding an element belonging to Group 6 of the periodic table to a lithium transition metal oxide include, for example, a method of mixing and firing a Group 6 element compound together with a lithium compound and a transition metal oxide , A method of mechanically mixing a lithium transition metal oxide and a Group 6 element compound, a method of mixing a lithium transition metal oxide and an aqueous solution in which a Group 6 element salt is dissolved, and at the time of preparing a positive electrode mixture slurry Examples thereof include a method of adding and mixing a Group 6 element compound.
- the carbon material containing boron may be present so as to be in contact with the particle surface of the lithium transition metal oxide.
- the carbon material containing boron may be present in direct contact with the particle surface of the lithium transition metal oxide, or may be present via tungsten on the particle surface of the lithium transition metal oxide.
- the carbon material containing boron a material in which boron is solid-dissolved in the carbon material may be used, or a material in which boron is attached to the surface of the carbon material and boron is not in solid solution in the carbon material is used. May be. Further, a material in which boron is solid-solved in the carbon material, and boron is attached to the surface of the carbon material without a part of boron being solid-solved in carbon may be used. Among these, it is particularly preferable to use a material in which at least boron is dissolved in a carbon material from the viewpoint of increasing the elution suppression effect of tungsten. In a carbon material in which boron is dissolved, boron atoms exist in a part of the carbon atoms of the carbon material in a state of substitutional solid solution.
- the boron content in the carbon material is preferably 0.3% by mass or more and 2.0% by mass or less, and preferably 0.5% by mass or more and 1.5% by mass or less with respect to the total mass of the carbon material. Is more preferable. This is because if the boron content is less than 0.3% by mass, the elution suppression effect of tungsten due to the boron content may be insufficient. On the other hand, if the boron content exceeds 2.0 mass%, the resistance of the carbon material may increase.
- Examples of the method for incorporating boron into the carbon material include a method in which a carbon source and a vaporized boron compound are mixed in a gas phase to cause a thermal decomposition reaction, a method in which a carbon compound is mixed with a boron compound, and a method of firing. Can be mentioned.
- the former gas phase reaction is more preferable because the solid solution amount (content) of boron in the carbon material is further increased, and the elution suppression effect of tungsten is enhanced.
- hydrocarbon gas can be used, among which ethylene gas and acetylene gas are preferably used.
- boron compound examples include boron, boron oxide, boric acid, triethyl borate, trimethyl borate, triethylborane, tributylborane, boron trichloride, boron trifluoride, diborane, and the like.
- an organic boron compound such as triethyl borate, trimethyl borate, or triethylborane that can be easily vaporized and used.
- carbon black such as acetylene black, ketjen black and furnace carbon
- graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite
- the conductive agent is not limited to a case where a carbon material containing boron is used alone.
- Other conductive agents include carbon black such as acetylene black, ketjen black and furnace carbon, graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite, conductive fibers such as carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers and metal fibers, and polyphenylene derivatives.
- An organic conductive material or the like can be used.
- a conventionally used negative electrode active material can be used, and in particular, a carbon material capable of occluding and releasing lithium, or lithium and an alloy thereof. Examples thereof include a metal that can be formed or an alloy compound containing the metal.
- the carbon material natural graphite, non-graphitizable carbon, graphite such as artificial graphite, coke, etc. can be used, and examples of the alloy compound include those containing at least one metal capable of forming an alloy with lithium. It is done.
- the element capable of forming an alloy with lithium is preferably silicon or tin, and an alloy of silicon or tin can also be used.
- Other carbon materials such as amorphous carbon and low crystalline carbon
- a negative electrode material having a higher charge / discharge potential than lithium carbon such as lithium titanate can be used.
- the negative electrode active material it is preferable to mainly use a carbon material, and it is particularly preferable to mainly use graphite. Thereby, in the combination with the lithium transition metal oxide used as the positive electrode active material in the present invention, output regeneration characteristics can be maintained in a wide range of charge / discharge depths.
- the negative electrode mixture layer containing the negative electrode active material may contain a known carbon conductive material such as graphite, a known binder such as CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose sodium), SBR (styrene butadiene rubber), and the like. .
- Nonaqueous electrolyte As the non-aqueous electrolyte solvent, cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, and vinylene carbonate, and chain carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate can be used.
- a mixed solvent of a cyclic carbonate and a chain carbonate as a non-aqueous solvent having a low viscosity, a low melting point, and a high lithium ion conductivity.
- the volume ratio of the cyclic carbonate to the chain carbonate in the mixed solvent is preferably regulated in the range of 2: 8 to 5: 5.
- a compound containing an ester such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, or ⁇ -butyrolactone can be used together with the above solvent.
- compounds containing a sulfone group such as propane sultone; ethers such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran
- ethers such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran
- nitriles such as butyronitrile, valeronitrile, n-heptanenitrile, succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, pimeonitrile, 1,2,3-propanetricarbonitrile, 1,3,5-pentanetricarbonitrile, etc.
- Compound A compound containing an amide such as dimethylformamide can be used together with the above solvent.
- a solvent in which some of these hydrogen atoms H are substituted with fluorine atoms F can also be used.
- solutes can be used as the solute of the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- LiPF 6 LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN (FSO 2 ) 2 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ). 2 , LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) (C 4 F 9 SO 2 ), LiC (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 3 , LiAsF 6 , and the like can be used.
- a lithium salt other than the fluorine-containing lithium salt [a lithium salt containing one or more elements among P, B, O, S, N, and Cl (for example, LiClO 4 , LiPO 2 F 2, etc.) )] May be used.
- a fluorine-containing lithium salt and a lithium salt having an oxalato complex as an anion from the viewpoint of forming a stable film on the surface of the negative electrode even in a high temperature environment.
- lithium salts having the oxalato complex as an anion include LiBOB [lithium-bisoxalate borate], Li [B (C 2 O 4 ) F 2 ], Li [P (C 2 O 4 ) F 4 ]. , Li [P (C 2 O 4 ) 2 F 2 ]. Among these, it is particularly preferable to use LiBOB that forms a stable film on the negative electrode.
- separator conventionally used polypropylene or polyethylene separators, polypropylene-polyethylene multilayer separators, and separators coated with a resin such as an aramid resin can be used.
- a layer made of an inorganic filler that has been conventionally used can be formed at the interface between the positive electrode and the separator or the interface between the negative electrode and the separator.
- the filler it is possible to use oxides or phosphate compounds using titanium, aluminum, silicon, magnesium, etc., which have been used conventionally, or those whose surfaces are treated with hydroxide or the like.
- the filler layer may be formed by directly applying a filler-containing slurry to the positive electrode, negative electrode, or separator, or by attaching a filler-formed sheet to the positive electrode, negative electrode, or separator. Can do.
- Example 1 [Preparation of positive electrode active material] First, nickel cobalt manganese composite hydroxide represented by [Ni 0.35 Co 0.35 Mn 0.30 ] (OH) 2 obtained by coprecipitation is baked at 500 ° C., and nickel cobalt manganese composite oxidation is performed. I got a thing. Next, the molar ratio of lithium carbonate, nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide obtained above, tungsten oxide (WO 3 ), lithium, nickel cobalt manganese as the whole transition metal, and tungsten is 1.20. 1: The mixture was mixed in a mortar of Ishikawa type so as to be 0.005. Thereafter, the mixture was pulverized after heat treatment at 900 ° C.
- lithium nickel cobalt composed of Li 1.09 [Ni 0.32 Co 0.32 Mn 0.27 ] O 2 containing tungsten.
- Manganese composite oxide was obtained. Furthermore, the crystal structure analysis of this lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide was performed by XRD, and lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite composed of Li 1.09 [Ni 0.32 Co 0.32 Mn 0.27 ] O 2 not containing tungsten. From the fact that the lattice volume was changed as compared with the oxide, it was confirmed that tungsten was partially dissolved in the crystal. Further, it was confirmed by SEM-EDX that part of tungsten remained as compound particles on the surface.
- the positive electrode active material thus obtained, the conductive agent, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) as the binder have a mass ratio of 91: 7: 2 between the positive electrode active material, the conductive agent, and the binder.
- a suitable amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as a dispersion medium was added and kneaded to prepare a positive electrode mixture slurry. Thereafter, the positive electrode mixture slurry is uniformly applied to one side of a positive electrode current collector made of an aluminum foil, dried, and then rolled by a rolling roller to form a positive electrode mixture layer formed on one side of the positive electrode current collector.
- the packing density was 2.6 g / cm 3 .
- a positive electrode plate having a positive electrode mixture layer formed on one side of the positive electrode current collector was prepared by attaching a positive electrode current collector tab to the surface of the positive electrode current collector.
- FIG. 1 shows a three-electrode test cell 20 using the above positive electrode as the working electrode 11.
- the three-electrode test cell 20 is manufactured using the positive electrode as the working electrode 11 and metallic lithium for the counter electrode 12 and the reference electrode 13 serving as the negative electrode.
- ethylene carbonate (EC), methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC), and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) were mixed at a volume ratio of 3: 3: 4.
- Lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) was dissolved in the mixed solvent to a concentration of 1.0 mol / liter.
- battery A1 a nonaqueous electrolytic solution in which 1% by mass of vinylene carbonate (VC) was added and dissolved with respect to the total amount of the electrolytic solution was used.
- VC vinylene carbonate
- the three-electrode test cell thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery A1.
- Example 2 A three-electrode test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 except that tungsten oxide was not mixed when the positive electrode active material was prepared in Experimental Example 1.
- the three-electrode test cell thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery B1.
- Example 3 Similar to Experimental Example 1 except that when the conductive agent was prepared in Experimental Example 1, a carbon material containing no boron was obtained by a thermal decomposition reaction without mixing vaporized trimethyl borate. Thus, a three-electrode test cell was produced.
- the three-electrode test cell thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery B2.
- Example 4 In Experimental Example 1, when producing the positive electrode active material, tungsten oxide was not mixed, and when producing the conductive agent, the pyrolysis reaction was performed without mixing vaporized trimethyl borate. A three-electrode test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 except that a carbon material containing no carbon was obtained. The three-electrode test cell produced in this way is hereinafter referred to as battery B3.
- the battery after the initial charge / discharge test was fixed to a positive electrode potential of 4.3 V (vs. Li / Li + ) at a current density of 0.2 mA / cm 2 under a temperature condition of 25 ° C. After performing current charging, constant voltage charging was performed at a constant voltage of 4.3 V until the current density reached 0.04 mA / cm 2 . Thereafter, the battery voltage after a 10-minute pause was measured and used as the pre-discharge voltage. Thereafter, the battery was discharged at a current density of 5.0 mA / cm 2 , and the battery voltage after 0.1 seconds was measured to obtain a post-discharge voltage. A value obtained by dividing 5.0 mA to the voltage change value before and after the discharge was defined as the initial DC resistance value.
- the change in the DC resistance value after the cycle with respect to the initial DC resistance value was defined as the DC resistance increase rate after the cycle.
- the results are shown in Table 1.
- the DC resistance increase rate after the cycle of the battery A1, the battery B1, and the battery B2 is shown as a relative value with respect to the case where the DC resistance increase rate after the cycle of the battery 3 is 100 (reference).
- the battery A1 using a carbon material in which tungsten is contained in the lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide and boron is contained as a conductive agent is lithium nickel cobalt manganese.
- the composite oxide contains tungsten, but the battery B1 using a carbon material containing no boron as a conductive agent, and the carbon material containing boron as a conductive agent is used. It can be seen that the DC resistance increase rate after the cycle is small as compared with the battery B2 in which tungsten is not contained in the oxide and the battery B3 in which neither configuration is satisfied. The reason why such a result was obtained is considered as follows.
- Battery B1 uses a carbon material that contains tungsten in the lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide but does not contain boron as a conductive agent.
- the lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide accompanies charging / discharging. Tungsten are eluted from the surface and the surface layer, and the catalytic properties of the surface of the lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide are greatly increased.
- Battery B2 uses a carbon material containing boron as a conductive agent, but lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide does not contain tungsten.
- the inclusion of boron accelerates the decomposition reaction of the nonaqueous electrolyte solution on the surface of the carbon material (conductive agent) containing boron.
- the battery B2 since lithium is not contained in the lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide and the catalytic property of the transition metal contained in the lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide is high, The activity of the conductive agent present so as to come into contact with the surface of the cobalt manganese composite oxide is further increased.
- the decomposition reaction of the nonaqueous electrolyte solution on the surface of the conductive agent is further promoted, and it is considered that an excessive coating of decomposition products is formed on the surface of the conductive agent.
- the excessively formed film becomes a resistance, and the movement of lithium ions is inhibited. Therefore, it is considered that the DC resistance increase rate after the cycle is larger than that of the battery B4.
- a carbon material containing tungsten in the lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide and containing boron as a conductive agent is used.
- the presence of the boron-containing carbon material in the vicinity of the tungsten compound remaining on the surface of the lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide causes the lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide to accompany charging and discharging. Since it was possible to suppress the elution of tungsten from the surface and surface layer of the particles, it is considered that the catalytic properties of the surface of the lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide could be reduced.
- the lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide contains tungsten, the catalytic properties of the lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide can be reduced. It is thought that the activity of the conductive agent (carbon material containing boron) present so as to be in contact with the surface of the oxide could also be reduced.
- the decomposition reaction of the non-aqueous electrolyte on the surface of the lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide and the decomposition reaction of the non-aqueous electrolyte on the surface of the conductive agent can be suppressed. It is considered that the formation of an excessive film on both surfaces of the cobalt manganese composite oxide and the conductive agent was suppressed, and a high-quality film excellent in lithium ion permeability was formed. As a result, it is considered that the DC resistance increase rate after the cycle was smaller than that of other batteries.
- the positive electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is a driving power source such as an electric vehicle (EV), a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV, PHEV), and an electric tool, and particularly requires a long life. It can be applied for use. Furthermore, expansion to mobile information terminals such as mobile phones, notebook computers, smartphones, and tablet terminals can also be expected.
- EV electric vehicle
- HEV hybrid electric vehicle
- PHEV PHEV
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Abstract
Description
本発明の実施形態に係る非水電解質二次電池の一例としては、正極と、リチウムを吸蔵・放出可能な負極と、非水電解質とを備える。本実施形態の一例である非水電解質二次電池は、例えば、正極および負極がセパレータを介して巻回もしくは積層された電極体と、液状の非水電解質である非水電解液とが電池外装缶に収容された構成を有するが、これに限定されるものではない。以下に、非水電解質二次電池の各構成部材について詳述する。
本発明の実施形態に係る非水電解質二次電池用正極の一例としては、周期律表の第6族に帰属される元素(以降、単に「第6族元素」と称することがある)を含有したリチウム遷移金属酸化物と、導電剤としてホウ素を含有した炭素材料と、を含むものである。
本発明の非水電解質二次電池の負極に用いる負極活物質としては、従来から用いられてきた負極活物質を用いることができ、特に、リチウムを吸蔵放出可能な炭素材料、あるいはリチウムと合金を形成可能な金属またはその金属を含む合金化合物が挙げられる。炭素材料としては、天然黒鉛や難黒鉛化性炭素、人造黒鉛等のグラファイト類、コークス類等を用いることができ、合金化合物としては、リチウムと合金形成可能な金属を少なくとも1種類含むものが挙げられる。特に、リチウムと合金形成可能な元素としてはケイ素やスズであることが好ましく、ケイ素やスズの合金等を用いることもできる。これらの炭素材料や合金化合物の表面に、他の炭素材料(非晶質の炭素や低結晶性の炭素など)を点在させたり、被覆させることができる。また、上記炭素材料とケイ素やスズの化合物とを混合したものを用いることができる。上記の他、エネルギー密度は低下するものの、負極材料としてはチタン酸リチウム等の金属リチウムに対する充放電の電位が、炭素材料等より高いものも用いることができる。
非水電解質の溶媒としては、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ブチレンカーボネート、ビニレンカーボネート等の環状カーボネートや、ジメチルカーボネート、メチルエチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート等の鎖状カーボネートを用いることができる。特に、低粘度、低融点でリチウムイオン伝導度の高い非水系溶媒として、環状カーボネートと鎖状カーボネートとの混合溶媒を用いることが好ましい。また、この混合溶媒における環状カーボネートと鎖状カーボネートとの体積比は、2:8~5:5の範囲に規制することが好ましい。また、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、酢酸プロピル、プロピオン酸メチル、プロピオン酸エチル、γ-ブチロラクトン等のエステルを含む化合物を上記の溶媒とともに使用することができる。また、プロパンスルトン等のスルホン基を含む化合物;1,2-ジメトキシエタン、1,2-ジエトキシエタン、テトラヒドロフラン、1,3-ジオキサン、1,4-ジオキサン、2-メチルテトラヒドロフラン等のエーテルを含む化合物を上記の溶媒とともに使用することができる。また、ブチロニトリル、バレロニトリル、n-ヘプタンニトリル、スクシノニトリル、グルタロニトリル、アジポニトリル、ピメロニトリル、1,2,3-プロパントリカルボニトリル、1,3,5-ペンタントリカルボニトリル等のニトリルを含む化合物;ジメチルホルムアミド等のアミドを含む化合物等を上記の溶媒とともに用いることもできる。また、これらの水素原子Hの一部がフッ素原子Fにより置換されている溶媒も用いることができる。
セパレータとしては、従来から使用されている、ポリプロピレン製やポリエチレン製のセパレータ、ポリプロピレン-ポリエチレンの多層セパレータや、セパレータの表面にアラミド系の樹脂等の樹脂が塗布されたものを用いることができる。
[正極活物質の作製]
まず、共沈により得られた[Ni0.35Co0.35Mn0.30](OH)2で表されるニッケルコバルトマンガン複合水酸化物を500℃で焼成して、ニッケルコバルトマンガン複合酸化物を得た。次に、炭酸リチウムと、上記で得たニッケルコバルトマンガン複合酸化物と、酸化タングステン(WO3)とを、リチウムと、遷移金属全体としてのニッケルコバルトマンガンと、タングステンとのモル比が1.20:1:0.005になるように、石川式らいかい乳鉢にて混合した。その後、この混合物を空気雰囲気中にて900℃で20時間熱処理後に粉砕することにより、タングステンを含むLi1.09[Ni0.32Co0.32Mn0.27]O2からなるリチウムニッケルコバルトマンガン複合酸化物を得た。さらに、このリチウムニッケルコバルトマンガン複合酸化物をXRDにて結晶構造解析し、タングステンを含まないLi1.09[Ni0.32Co0.32Mn0.27]O2からなるリチウムニッケルコバルトマンガン複合酸化物と比較して格子体積が変化していることより、タングステンは一部結晶内部に固溶していることを確認した。また、タングステンの一部は表面に化合物の粒子として残存していることをSEM-EDXにより確認した。
炭素源としてのアセチレンガスと、気化させたホウ酸トリメチルとを、炭素に対するホウ素の割合が1質量%となるように予め混合し、これを約2000℃の反応層に噴霧した。そして、反応槽内で熱分解反応させることにより、ホウ素が炭素材料に対して1質量%含有した炭素材料を得た。ホウ素の含有量は、得られた炭素材料を灰化し、塩酸で加熱溶解した液のICP分析により確認した。また、得られた炭素材料では、炭素材料にホウ素が固溶しており、一部のホウ素は固溶せずに、炭素材料の表面にホウ素が付着した状態であった。
このようにして得られた正極活物質と、導電剤と、結着剤としてのポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)とを、正極活物質と導電剤と結着剤との質量比が91:7:2の割合になるように適量の分散媒としてのN-メチル-2-ピロリドンに加えた後に混練して、正極合剤スラリーを調製した。その後、この正極合剤スラリーを、アルミニウム箔からなる正極集電体の片面に均一に塗布し、乾燥した後、圧延ローラにより圧延し、正極集電体の片面に形成された正極合剤層の充填密度を2.6g/cm3にした。更に、正極集電体の表面に正極集電タブを取り付けることにより、正極集電体の片面に正極合剤層が形成された正極板を作製した。
図1に、上記の正極を作用極11として用いた三電極式試験セル20を示す。三電極式試験セル20は、上記正極を作用極11とし、負極となる対極12及び参照極13にそれぞれ金属リチウムを用いて作製される。三電極式試験セル20の非水電解液14には、エチレンカーボネート(EC)と、メチルエチルカーボネート(MEC)と、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)とを、3:3:4の体積比で混合させた混合溶媒に対し、六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を1.0モル/リットルの濃度になるように溶解した。さらに、ビニレンカーボネート(VC)を電解液全量に対して1質量%添加し溶解させた非水電解液を用いた。
このようにして作製した三電極式試験セルを、以下、電池A1と称する。
実験例1において正極活物質を作製する際に、酸化タングステンを混合しなかったこと以外は、上記実験例1と同様にして三電極式試験セルを作製した。
このようにして作製した三電極式試験セルを、以下、電池B1と称する。
実験例1において導電剤を作製する際に、気化させたホウ酸トリメチルを混合せずに熱分解反応させることによりホウ素を含有していない炭素材料を得たこと以外は、上記実験例1と同様にして三電極式試験セルを作製した。
このようにして作製した三電極式試験セルを、以下、電池B2と称する。
実験例1において、正極活物質を作製する際に、酸化タングステンを混合しなかったことと、導電剤を作製する際に、気化させたホウ酸トリメチルを混合せずに熱分解反応させることによりホウ素を含有していない炭素材料を得たこと以外は、上記実験例1と同様にして三電極式試験セルを作製した。
このようにして作製した三電極式試験セルを、以下、電池B3と称する。
〔初期の直流抵抗値の算出〕
上記のようにして作製された電池A1及び電池B1~電池B3の各電池について、以下の条件で充放電し、初期の直流抵抗値を算出した。
(初期の充放電条件)
25℃の温度条件下において、0.2mA/cm2の電流密度で正極電位が4.3V(vs.Li/Li+)となるまで定電流充電を行った後、4.3Vの定電圧で電流密度が0.04mA/cm2になるまで定電圧充電を行った。次に、0.2mA/cm2の電流密度で電池電圧が2.5Vとなるまで定電流放電を行った。尚、上記充電と放電との間の休止間隔は10分間とした。
初期充放電試験後の電池を、25℃の温度条件下において、0.2mA/cm2の電流密度で正極電位が4.3V(vs.Li/Li+)まで定電流充電を行った後、4.3Vの定電圧で電流密度が0.04mA/cm2になるまで定電圧充電を行った。その後、10分間の休止を行った後の電池電圧を測定し、放電前電圧とした。その後、5.0mA/cm2の電流密度で放電し、0.1秒後の電池電圧を測定し、放電後電圧とした。
これらの放電前後の電圧変化値に5.0mAを除した値を初期の直流抵抗値とした。
次に、初期の直流抵抗値を測定した後の各電池について、以下の条件で充放電を繰り返し、サイクル後の直流抵抗値を算出した。
(充放電条件)
25℃の温度条件下において、1.0mA/cm2の電流密度で正極電位が4.3V(vs.Li/Li+)となるまで定電流充電を行った後、4.3Vの定電圧で電流密度が0.04mA/cm2になるまで定電圧充電を行った。次に、2.5mA/cm2の電流密度で電池電圧が2.5Vとなるまで定電流放電を行った。この充放電条件にて、10サイクルの充放電試験を実施した。尚、上記充電と放電との間にそれぞれ10分間の休止を行った。
サイクル試験後の電池について、上記した初期直流抵抗値の測定と同様の測定方法を用いて放電前電圧と放電後電圧を測定し、サイクル後の直流抵抗値を求めた。
11 作用極(正極)
12 対極(負極)
13 参照極
14 非水電解液
Claims (5)
- 周期律表の第6族に帰属される元素を含有したリチウム遷移金属酸化物と、導電剤としてホウ素を含有した炭素材料と、を含む非水電解質二次電池用正極。
- 前記周期律表の第6族に帰属される元素がタングステンである、請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極。
- 前記周期律表の第6族に帰属される元素の含有量が、前記リチウム遷移金属酸化物中のリチウムを除く金属元素の総モル量に対して、0.05モル%以上10.0モル%以下である、請求項1又は2に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極。
- 前記ホウ素の含有量が、前記炭素材料に対して0.3質量%以上2.0質量%以下である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極。
- 請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極と、リチウムを吸蔵・放出可能な負極と、非水電解質と、を備える非水電解質二次電池。
Priority Applications (3)
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| US15/121,997 US20170077492A1 (en) | 2014-02-28 | 2015-02-13 | Positive electrode for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the same |
| CN201580011017.XA CN106063000A (zh) | 2014-02-28 | 2015-02-13 | 非水电解质二次电池用正极以及使用其的非水电解质二次电池 |
| JP2016505031A JP6399081B2 (ja) | 2014-02-28 | 2015-02-13 | 非水電解質二次電池用正極及びそれを用いた非水電解質二次電池 |
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| JP2018533157A (ja) * | 2015-11-30 | 2018-11-08 | エルジー・ケム・リミテッド | 二次電池用正極活物質およびそれを含む二次電池 |
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| WO2018216692A1 (ja) * | 2017-05-25 | 2018-11-29 | 株式会社 東芝 | 蓄電ユニットおよび蓄電システム |
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| CN107636869B (zh) * | 2015-09-30 | 2020-10-20 | 松下知识产权经营株式会社 | 二次电池用正极活性物质 |
| JP2018533157A (ja) * | 2015-11-30 | 2018-11-08 | エルジー・ケム・リミテッド | 二次電池用正極活物質およびそれを含む二次電池 |
| US10439216B2 (en) | 2015-11-30 | 2019-10-08 | Lg Chem, Ltd. | Positive electrode active material for secondary battery, and secondary battery including the same |
| US10910641B2 (en) | 2015-11-30 | 2021-02-02 | Lg Chem, Ltd. | Positive electrode active material for secondary battery, and secondary battery including the same |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPWO2015129186A1 (ja) | 2017-03-30 |
| US20170077492A1 (en) | 2017-03-16 |
| JP6399081B2 (ja) | 2018-10-03 |
| CN106063000A (zh) | 2016-10-26 |
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