WO2015194667A1 - ポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜、その製造方法及び電池用セパレータ - Google Patents
ポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜、その製造方法及び電池用セパレータ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015194667A1 WO2015194667A1 PCT/JP2015/067774 JP2015067774W WO2015194667A1 WO 2015194667 A1 WO2015194667 A1 WO 2015194667A1 JP 2015067774 W JP2015067774 W JP 2015067774W WO 2015194667 A1 WO2015194667 A1 WO 2015194667A1
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- Prior art keywords
- polyolefin
- microporous membrane
- mass
- multilayer microporous
- film
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane, a method for producing the same, and a battery separator, and more specifically, has a low value of air permeability and retains a high porosity and mechanical strength even when thinned.
- the present invention relates to a polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane that has excellent impedance characteristics and can be suitably used for a battery separator, a manufacturing method thereof, and a battery separator.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane can be used, for example, as a battery separator in lithium primary batteries and secondary batteries, lithium polymer batteries, nickel metal hydride batteries, nickel cadmium batteries, nickel zinc batteries, silver zinc secondary batteries, and the like.
- the battery separator prevents short-circuiting due to contact between the bipolar active materials, and also holds an electrolyte solution in the pores to form an ion conduction path.
- the battery safety, battery performance (capacity, output characteristics and cycle) It plays an important role in terms of life). Therefore, the polyolefin microporous membrane is required to have excellent permeability, mechanical characteristics, impedance characteristics, and the like.
- Patent Document 1 discloses an aprotic electrolyte battery separator formed by laminating a polyethylene porous membrane and a polypropylene porous membrane, and its example has a film thickness of 25 ⁇ m and the maximum measured with a mercury porosimeter.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a porous film layer (A layer) whose main component is a polyolefin resin composition (a) having a crystal melting peak temperature of 150 ° C. or more and 250 ° C. or less, and a thickness of 10 ⁇ m or more, and crystal melting.
- a laminated porous film comprising a polyolefin resin composition (b) having a peak temperature of 100 ° C. or more and less than 150 ° C. as a main component and having a nonwoven fabric layer (B layer) having a fiber diameter of 1 ⁇ m or less is disclosed in the examples. Describes a film having an air permeability of 433 to 573 seconds / 100 mL and a film thickness of 22 to 49 ⁇ m.
- Patent Document 3 discloses a battery separator having a porous layer mainly composed of a polyolefin resin.
- arithmetic average roughness Ra of at least one surface of the separator is 0. 3 ⁇ m or more
- the average interval Sm of the roughness of at least one surface of the separator is 1.3 ⁇ m or more
- the bubble point pore diameter is 0.02 to 0.04 ⁇ m
- the Gurley value (air permeability) is 300 to 540 seconds /
- a separator having a volume of 100 mL, a film thickness of 23 to 29 ⁇ m, and a puncture strength of 2.0 to 2.9 N is described.
- Patent Document 4 discloses a battery separator having a porous layer mainly composed of a polyolefin resin.
- the arithmetic average roughness Ra of at least one surface of the separator is 0. 46-0.88 ⁇ m, bubble point pore size 0.02-0.04 ⁇ m, Gurley value (air permeability) 330-600 sec / 100 mL, thickness 22-31 ⁇ m, and piercing strength 2.
- a separator that is 2 to 3.1 N (224.4 to 316.3 gf) is described.
- the problem of the present invention is that the value of air permeability is low, and high porosity and mechanical strength are maintained in a good balance even when the film is thinned, and the impedance characteristics are extremely excellent.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane having excellent battery characteristics when used as a battery separator, a method for producing the same, and a battery separator.
- the present inventors have at least a first microporous layer made of a specific first polyolefin resin and a second made of a second polyolefin resin.
- the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane of the present invention is a polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane including at least a first microporous layer and a second microporous layer, and the first microporous layer.
- the film thickness is 25 ⁇ m or less, and the film thickness ( ⁇ m) and the porosity (%) satisfy the relationship of the following formula 1. Porosity (%) / film thickness ( ⁇ m) ⁇ 3.0 (Formula 1)
- (II) 16 [mu] m in terms of air permeability is less than 100 sec / 100 cm 3 or more 300 sec / 100 cm 3.
- the content of polypropylene in the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane is 2.0% by mass or more (however, the total of the first and second polyolefin resins in the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane is 100% by mass). It is preferable that Further, the first polyolefin resin contains 10% by mass to 55% by mass of polypropylene and 45% by mass to 90% by mass of high density polyethylene, and the second polyolefin resin contains 10% by mass or more of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. It is preferable to contain 60% by mass or less and high density polyethylene by 40% by mass or more and 90% by mass or less.
- the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane preferably further satisfies the following requirement (III).
- III) The maximum pore diameter measured with a palm porometer is 5 nm or more and 55 nm or less.
- the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane preferably further satisfies the following requirement (IV).
- IV) The average flow diameter measured with a palm porometer is 20 nm or more.
- the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane preferably further satisfies the following requirement (V).
- V The puncture strength converted to a film thickness of 16 ⁇ m is 250 gf / 16 ⁇ m or more.
- the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane preferably further satisfies the following requirement (VI).
- VI The meltdown temperature by the falling ball method is 150 ° C. or higher and 190 ° C. or lower.
- the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane preferably further satisfies the following requirement (VII).
- VII Impedance measured with an impedance measuring device is less than 7.5 ⁇ ⁇ cm 2
- the laminated porous membrane of this embodiment has a porous layer made of an inorganic filler and / or a heat resistant resin on at least one surface of the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane.
- the method for producing a polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane of the present invention is a method for producing the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane, (1) A step of melt-kneading the first polyolefin resin containing polypropylene and a film-forming solvent to prepare a first polyolefin solution; (2) a step of preparing a second polyolefin solution by melt-kneading the second polyolefin resin containing ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene and a film-forming solvent; (3) a step of coextruding the first and second polyolefin solutions to form a multilayer sheet and then cooling to form a gel multilayer sheet; (4) a first stretching step of stretching the gel-like multilayer sheet at 112 ° C.
- the draw ratio (B) in the said 1st extending process and the draw ratio (C) in the said 2nd extending process satisfy
- the battery separator of the present invention uses the polyolefin microporous membrane.
- the battery separator of the present invention is preferably formed using the laminated porous membrane.
- the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane of the present invention has a low value of air permeability, maintains a high porosity and mechanical strength in a good balance even when thinned, has excellent impedance characteristics, and is used as a battery separator. Excellent battery characteristics. Moreover, the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane can be easily and uniformly manufactured by the method for manufacturing a polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a Cole-Cole plot of a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane of the present embodiment includes at least a first microporous layer containing polypropylene and a second microporous layer containing ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene.
- a thin film having a dense pore structure with high uniformity of through-hole diameter and sufficient strength can be obtained. It can be suitably used as a battery separator.
- this embodiment will be described for each item.
- the first microporous layer is made of a first polyolefin resin containing polypropylene.
- polypropylene as an essential component in the first microporous layer, coarse through-holes are reduced, and the pore structure of the first microporous layer becomes dense and uniform.
- each resin component constituting the first polyolefin resin will be described.
- polypropylene contained in the first polyolefin resin is not particularly limited, and is a propylene homopolymer, a copolymer of propylene and other ⁇ -olefin and / or diolefin (propylene copolymer). Alternatively, any of these may be used, but it is preferable to use a propylene homopolymer from the viewpoints of mechanical strength and miniaturization of the through-hole diameter.
- the propylene copolymer either a random copolymer or a block copolymer can be used.
- the ⁇ -olefin in the propylene copolymer is preferably an ⁇ -olefin having 8 or less carbon atoms. Examples of the ⁇ -olefin having 8 or less carbon atoms include ethylene, butene-1, pentene-1, 4-methylpentene-1, octene-1, vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, styrene, and combinations thereof.
- the diolefin in the propylene copolymer is preferably a diolefin having 4 to 14 carbon atoms.
- Examples of the diolefin having 4 to 14 carbon atoms include butadiene, 1,5-hexadiene, 1,7-octadiene, 1,9-decadiene, and the like.
- the content of the other ⁇ -olefin or diolefin in the propylene copolymer is preferably less than 10 mol% with respect to 100 mol% of the propylene copolymer.
- the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of polypropylene is preferably 6 ⁇ 10 5 or more, more preferably 8 ⁇ 10 5 or more, and particularly preferably 1 ⁇ 10 6 to 4 ⁇ 10 6 . This is because when the Mw of polypropylene is within the above range, the strength, air permeability and meltdown characteristics of the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane of this embodiment are improved. Further, the content of polypropylene having Mw of 5 ⁇ 10 4 or less is preferably 5% by mass or less with respect to 100% by mass of polypropylene contained in the first microporous layer.
- the molecular weight distribution (Mw / Mn) of polypropylene is preferably 1.01 to 100, more preferably 1.1 to 50, and further preferably 2.0 to 20. This is because when the weight average molecular weight of polypropylene is within the above range, the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane of this embodiment has good strength, air permeability and meltdown characteristics. Mw, Mw / Mn, etc. are values measured by the GPC method described later.
- the melting point of polypropylene is preferably from 155 to 170 ° C, more preferably from 160 to 165 ° C, from the viewpoint of improving the meltdown characteristics.
- the heat of fusion ⁇ H m of polypropylene is preferably 90 J / g or more, more preferably 100 J / g or more, and particularly preferably 110 J / g, from the viewpoint of improving meltdown characteristics and permeability. That's it.
- the melting point and heat of fusion are values measured by a scanning differential calorimeter (DSC) according to JIS K7121.
- Powdery polypropylene may be used to improve film formability.
- the powdered polypropylene preferably has an average particle size of 100 to 2,000 ⁇ m and a particle size distribution of 50 to 3,000.
- the average particle size and the particle size distribution can be measured according to JIS K0069.
- the lower limit of the polypropylene content in the first polyolefin resin is preferably 10% by mass or more, more preferably 11% by mass or more, with respect to 100% by mass of the entire first polyolefin resin. More preferably, it is 15% by mass or more. Moreover, the upper limit is 55 mass% or less, More preferably, it is 50 mass% or less, More preferably, it is 35 mass% or less.
- the lower limit of the polypropylene content in the polyolefin microporous membrane is preferably 2.0 mass with respect to the total of 100 mass% of the first and second polyolefin resins contained in the polyolefin microporous membrane.
- the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane of the present embodiment is a thin film having a high porosity and strength and a uniform and fine pore structure.
- the content of polypropylene in the polyolefin microporous membrane is preferably 2.5% by mass or more and less than 12% by mass, more preferably 3.0% by mass or more and 11% by mass or less. It is.
- the first polyolefin resin can include polyethylene.
- the polyethylene is preferably polyethylene other than ultra high molecular weight polyethylene having an Mw of 1 ⁇ 10 6 or more, more preferably selected from the group consisting of high density polyethylene, medium density polyethylene, branched low density polyethylene and linear low density polyethylene. More preferably, high density polyethylene (density: 0.920 to 0.970 g / m 3 ) can be used.
- the polyethylene preferably has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 1 ⁇ 10 4 or more and less than 1 ⁇ 10 6 , more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 5 or more to 9 ⁇ 10 5 , and even more preferably 2 ⁇ 10 5.
- Mw weight average molecular weight
- the above is 8 ⁇ 10 5 .
- Mw molecular weight distribution
- the molecular weight distribution (Mw / Mn) of polyethylene is preferably 1.0 to 20, more preferably 3.0 to 10.0, from the viewpoints of extrusion moldability and control of physical properties by stable crystallization control.
- Polyethylene is not only a homopolymer of ethylene but also other ⁇ such as propylene, butene-1, hexene-1, pentene-1, 4-methylpentene-1, octene, vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate or styrene.
- -It may be an ethylene copolymer containing a small amount of olefin. Such a copolymer is preferably produced by a single site catalyst.
- the content of polyethylene in the first polyolefin resin is preferably 45% by mass or more, more preferably 50% by mass or more, with respect to 100% by mass of the entire first polyolefin resin. More preferably, it is 65 mass% or more. Moreover, the upper limit becomes like this. Preferably it is 90 mass% or less, More preferably, it is 89 mass% or less, More preferably, it is 85 mass% or less. When the content of polyethylene is in the above range, excellent melt extrusion characteristics and uniform stretch processing characteristics are excellent.
- the said 1st polyolefin resin can contain other resin components other than the said polypropylene and polyethylene as needed.
- the other resin component is preferably a heat resistant resin.
- the heat resistant resin include crystalline resins having a melting point of 150 ° C. or higher (including partially crystalline resins) and / or glass.
- An amorphous resin having a point transfer (Tg) of 150 ° C. or higher is exemplified.
- Tg is a value measured according to JIS K7121.
- resin components include polyester, polymethylpentene [PMP or TPX (transparent polymer X), melting point: 230 to 245 ° C.], polyamide (PA, melting point: 215 to 265 ° C.), polyarylene sulfide ( Fluorine-containing resin such as PAS, polyvinylidene fluoride homopolymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), fluorinated olefins such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and copolymers thereof; polystyrene (PS, melting point: 230 ° C.) ), Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, melting point: 220-240 ° C.), polyimide (PI, Tg: 280 ° C.
- the resin component is not limited to one composed of a single resin component, and may be composed of a plurality of resin components.
- the preferred Mw of other resin components varies depending on the type of resin, but is generally 1 ⁇ 10 3 to 1 ⁇ 10 6 , more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 4 to 7 ⁇ 10 5 . Further, the content of other resin components in the first polyolefin resin is appropriately adjusted within a range not departing from the gist of the present embodiment, but with respect to 100% by mass of the entire first polyolefin resin, It is contained in a range of approximately 45% by mass or less.
- polyolefins other than the polyethylene may be included as required, and polybutene-1, polybutene-1, polypentene-1, polyhexene having Mw of 1 ⁇ 10 4 to 4 ⁇ 10 6 1. At least one selected from the group consisting of polyethylene wax having a polyoctene-1 and Mw of 1 ⁇ 10 3 to 1 ⁇ 10 4 may be used.
- the content of polyolefin other than polyethylene can be adjusted as appropriate within the range not impairing the effects of the present embodiment, but is preferably 20% by mass or less, based on 100% by mass of the entire second polyolefin resin, and is preferably 10% by mass. The following is more preferable, and less than 5% by mass is further preferable.
- ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene can be included as other resin components within a range not impairing the effects of the present embodiment.
- the content of the ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene is, for example, in the range of 0 to 30% by mass, preferably 0 to 15% by mass, and more preferably 0 to 10% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the entire first polyolefin resin. It may be 0% by mass.
- the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane of the present embodiment includes a second microporous layer made of a second polyolefin resin containing ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, thereby being molded. Excellent stability, mechanical strength in thin film, porosity, and air permeability.
- a second polyolefin resin containing ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene thereby being molded.
- Excellent stability, mechanical strength in thin film, porosity, and air permeability will be described.
- the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene contained in the second polyolefin resin has a mass average molecular weight (Mw) of 1 ⁇ 10 6 or more, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 6 to 8 ⁇ 10 6 or more. It is preferably 1.2 ⁇ 10 6 to 3 ⁇ 10 6 .
- Mw mass average molecular weight
- the ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene is not particularly limited as long as it satisfies the above Mw, and any conventionally known one can be used. Not only ethylene homopolymers but also ethylene / ⁇ - containing a small amount of other ⁇ -olefins. Olefin copolymers can be used.
- ⁇ -olefin other than ethylene propylene, butene-1, pentene-1, hexene-1, 4-methylpentene-1, octene-1, vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate and styrene are preferable.
- the content of ⁇ -olefin other than ethylene is preferably 5 mol% or less.
- the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- two or more ultra-high molecular weight polyethylenes having different Mw may be mixed and used.
- the content of the ultra-high molecular polyethylene in the second polyolefin resin is preferably 10% by mass or more, more preferably 20% by mass or more, with respect to 100% by mass of the entire second polyolefin resin. More preferably, it is 25% by mass or more.
- the lower limit is preferably 60% by mass or less, more preferably 50% by mass or less, and further preferably 45% by mass or less.
- the second polyolefin resin can contain polyethylene other than ultra high molecular weight polyethylene.
- polyethylene other than the ultra high molecular weight polyethylene the same polyethylene as that contained in the first polyolefin resin described above can be used, but preferably a high density polyethylene (density: 0.920 to 0.970 g / m). 3 ) can be used.
- the composition of the polyethylene used for the second polyolefin resin may be the same as or different from the composition of the polyethylene contained in the first polyolefin resin, and is appropriately selected according to the desired physical properties. can do.
- the content of the resin component other than the ultra-high molecular polyethylene in the ethylene-based resin is preferably 40% by mass or more, and more preferably 50% by mass, with respect to 100% by mass of the entire second polyolefin resin. % Or more. Moreover, the upper limit becomes like this. Preferably it is 90 mass% or less, More preferably, it is less than 80 mass%. In particular, by including a high-density polyethylene having an Mw of 2 ⁇ 10 5 or more and less than 8 ⁇ 10 5 in the above range, excellent melt extrusion characteristics and uniform stretch processing characteristics are excellent.
- the second polyolefin resin can contain other resin components as necessary, as in the case of the first polyolefin resin. Specifically, the above-mentioned (1) (Iii) The same components as other resin components can be used.
- resin components other than ultra high molecular weight polyethylene can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.
- two or more kinds of high-density polyethylenes having different Mw, medium-density polyethylenes, or low-density polyethylenes may be mixed and used.
- polypropylene can be included as other resin components as long as the effects of the present embodiment are not impaired.
- the polypropylene content is, for example, preferably 0 to less than 5% by mass, more preferably less than 2% by mass, and even more preferably less than 1% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the entire second polyolefin resin. It may be 0% by mass.
- the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane of the present embodiment includes at least a first microporous layer and a second microporous membrane.
- the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane of this embodiment has a high meltdown temperature and a high porosity as compared with a single-layer polyolefin microporous membrane by having the multilayer structure described above, and the maximum pore size is small. It has an excellent property that it is easy to do.
- the battery separator comprising the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane of this embodiment has a uniform ion passage path in the in-plane direction of the separator. Therefore, local dendrite growth is suppressed, and improvement in battery safety during repeated charging and discharging can be expected.
- the composition of the first or second microporous layer may be the same or different in each layer when it is composed of a plurality of layers, but is preferably the same.
- the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane can be made into three or more layers by providing other layers other than the first and second microporous layers as required.
- each layer of the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane of the present embodiment is not particularly limited, but the first porous layer / second porous layer (solid content mass ratio) is preferably 90/10 to 10 /. 90, more preferably 80/20 to 20/80.
- the polyolefin multilayer microporous film of this embodiment has a film thickness of 25 ⁇ m or less.
- the lower limit of the film thickness is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 2 ⁇ m or more, and further preferably 3 ⁇ m or more.
- the upper limit becomes like this.
- Preferably it is 18 micrometers or less, More preferably, it is 16 micrometers or less, More preferably, it is 15 micrometers or less.
- the film thickness can be adjusted to the above range by appropriately adjusting, for example, the discharge amount from the T die, the rotation speed of the cooling roll, the line speed, and the draw ratio.
- a polyolefin microporous film adjusts physical properties, such as a film thickness and intensity
- physical properties such as a film thickness and intensity
- the density of the microporous film may increase, and it has been found that it is difficult to achieve both a thin film and a high porosity. This is considered to be one of the causes that the pores tend to be crushed by stretching as the film thickness decreases.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present embodiment has a specific range of the resin component content in each layer, and further, by appropriately adjusting the stretching ratio in the first stretching and second stretching steps described later, Highly compatible with thinning and high porosity.
- the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane of the present embodiment has a film thickness ( ⁇ m) and porosity (%) satisfying the relationship of the following formula (1), preferably the following formula (2), more preferably the following formula: The relationship of (3) is satisfied.
- the upper limit of porosity (%) / film thickness ( ⁇ m) is not particularly limited, but is about 9.
- the value of porosity (%) / film thickness ( ⁇ m) is adjusted by adjusting the content of the resin component in each layer and the stretching ratio in the first stretching and second stretching steps described below. The above range can be adopted.
- the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane of the present embodiment has a porosity of preferably 30 to 70%, more preferably 40 to 60%.
- the porosity can be within the above range even in a thin film thickness by adjusting the content of the resin component in each layer and the stretching ratio in the first and second stretching steps described below.
- a film thickness and a sky efficiency are the values measured by the method as described in the below-mentioned Example.
- the air permeability of the multi-layer, microporous polyolefin membrane of the present embodiment is 100 sec / 100 cm 3 or more and 300 sec / 100 cm 3 or less.
- the upper limit of the air permeability is preferably 280 sec / 100 cm 3 or less, more preferably 250 sec / 100 cm 3 or less.
- the air permeability can be set to the above range by adjusting the stretching conditions of the gel-like sheet and the multilayer microporous membrane after drying within a range where the polypropylene used does not deviate from the above range.
- the air permeability is a value measured by a method described in Examples described later.
- the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane of this embodiment preferably has a maximum pore size of 5 nm or more and 55 nm or less measured in the order of Dry-up and Wet-up using a palm porometer.
- the lower limit of the maximum pore diameter is preferably 5 nm or more, more preferably 15 nm or more, and further preferably 20 nm or more.
- the upper limit of the maximum pore diameter is 55 nm or less, preferably 53 nm or less, more preferably 50 nm or less.
- the hole diameter measured with a palm porometer shows the hole diameter of the through-hole in a film
- the maximum pore diameter is in the above range, a fine pore structure with a high uniformity of through-hole diameter is obtained.
- the battery separator having such a pore structure can uniformly disperse the ion passage paths in the in-plane direction of the separator.
- the cycle life of the battery can be improved, such as local clogging and dendrite growth being suppressed.
- improvement of battery safety and output characteristics can be expected.
- the maximum pore diameter is within the above range by adjusting the polypropylene content in the first and second polyolefin resins as described above, and appropriately adjusting the stretching in the first stretching step and the second stretching step described later. Can do.
- the maximum pore diameter is a value measured by the method described in Examples described later.
- the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane of this embodiment preferably has a lower limit of the average flow diameter measured in the order of Dry-up and Wet-up using a palm porometer of 20 nm or more. Is preferably 40 nm or less.
- a battery separator having an average flow diameter in the above range can suppress an increase in impedance and a decrease in air permeability and porosity, and can be expected to improve battery capacity and output.
- the average pore diameter should be in the above range by adjusting the polypropylene content in the first and second polyolefin resins in the above-described range, and adjusting the draw ratio in the first and second stretching steps described below. Can do.
- the lower limit of the ratio of the maximum pore diameter to the average flow diameter is preferably 1.0 or more.
- the upper limit is not specifically limited, Preferably it is 1.7 or less, More preferably, it is 1.6 or less. By being the said range, it can be set as the structure which has a more uniform pore (through-hole).
- an average hole diameter is a value measured by the method as described in the below-mentioned Example.
- the piercing strength converted to a film thickness of 16 ⁇ m of the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane of the present embodiment is preferably 250 gf / ⁇ m or more, more preferably 280 gf / 16 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 300 gf / 16 ⁇ m or more, and further preferably 320 gf. / 16 ⁇ m or more.
- the upper limit of the puncture strength is not particularly limited, but is about 800 gf / 16 ⁇ m. When the puncture strength is in the above range, it is excellent in mechanical strength even when it is thinned, and when used as a battery separator, it is excellent in safety because it prevents film breakage and short circuit due to impact.
- the puncture strength is controlled within the above range by adjusting the polypropylene content of the first layer, the content of the ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene of the second layer, the stretching ratio in the first stretching step and the second stretching step, and the like. Can do.
- the puncture strength is a value measured by the method described in Examples described later.
- the lower limit of the meltdown temperature of the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane of the present embodiment is preferably 150 ° C or higher, more preferably 160 ° C or higher, more preferably 165 ° C or higher, and further preferably 170 ° C or higher. It is. Moreover, it is preferable that the upper limit of the said meltdown temperature is 190 degrees C or less. When the meltdown temperature is within the above range, the heat resistance is more excellent.
- the meltdown temperature can be improved by adding a polypropylene having a melting point higher than that of polyethylene to the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane, but further, the content of polypropylene in the first layer can be adjusted, By appropriately adjusting the thickness ratio of the first layer / second layer and the like, it can be set to a range equal to or higher than the melting point of the resin containing polypropylene.
- meltdown temperature is a value measured by the method as described in the below-mentioned Example.
- the upper limit of the measured impedance with the impedance measuring device is preferably less than 7.5 ⁇ ⁇ cm 2, more preferably less than 7.4 ⁇ ⁇ cm 2, further Preferably, it is 7.3 ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 or less.
- the lower limit of the impedance is preferably 1.0 ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 or more.
- the impedance can be set to the above range by adjusting the content of the resin component in each layer in the above-described range and adjusting the draw ratio in the first and second stretching steps described later.
- the impedance is a value measured by the method described in Examples described later.
- the rate of increase in solution resistance after the accelerated deterioration test is preferably less than 200%, more preferably less than 150%, and even more preferably less than 100%.
- the rate of increase in solution resistance after the accelerated deterioration test is a value measured by the method described in the examples described later.
- the method for producing the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane of the present embodiment is not particularly limited as long as the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane having the above-described characteristics can be produced, and conventionally known methods can be used, for example, Japan The methods described in the specifications of Japanese Patent No. 2132327 and Japanese Patent No. 3347835, International Publication No. 2006/137540, and the like can be used.
- the first production method preferably includes the following steps (1) to (7), and may further include the following steps (8) and / or (9).
- Step of preparing a first polyolefin solution by melt-kneading the first polyolefin resin containing polypropylene and a film forming solvent (2) Forming a film with the second polyolefin resin containing ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene
- a step of preparing a second polyolefin solution by melt-kneading the working solvent (3) a step of coextruding the first and second polyolefin solutions to form a multilayer sheet and then cooling to form a gel multilayer sheet (4)
- First stretching step of stretching the gel-like multilayer sheet (5) Step of removing the film-forming solvent from the stretched gel-like multilayer sheet (6)
- the multilayer sheet after removal of the film-forming solvent Step of drying (7)
- Second stretching step of stretching the multilayer sheet after drying (8) Step of heat-treating the multilayer sheet after drying (9)
- the multilayer sheet after the stretching step Step of cross-linking treatment and / or hydrophilization treatment
- Polyolefin multilayer microporous material with excellent adhesion, excellent meltdown temperature and mechanical strength, air permeability and porosity that cannot be achieved with a single layer when used as a battery separator, and small maximum pore size Membranes can be manufactured. Also, in the step (1) and the step (2), after using the resin material, stretching is performed under an appropriate temperature condition in the step (4) and the step (7). Control of rate and micropore structure can be achieved.
- the draw ratio (B) in the first drawing step and the draw ratio (C) in the second drawing step Preferably satisfies the relationship of the following formula 4, and more preferably satisfies the relationship of the following formula 5.
- A is the content of polypropylene in the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane with respect to 100 mass% in total of the first and second polyolefin resins in the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane.
- the draw ratio (B) in the first stretching step and the second The draw ratio (C) in the stretching step preferably satisfies the relationship of the following formula 6, and more preferably satisfies the relationship of the following formula 7.
- first and second polyolefin solutions After adding an appropriate film-forming solvent to each of the first polyolefin resin and the second polyolefin resin, the first and second polyolefin solutions are melt-kneaded. Each of the polyolefin solutions is prepared.
- a melt-kneading method for example, a method using a twin-screw extruder described in the specifications of Japanese Patent No. 2132327 and Japanese Patent No. 3347835 can be used. Since the melt-kneading method is known, the description thereof is omitted.
- the blending ratio of the first polyolefin resin or the second polyolefin resin and the film-forming solvent in the first polyolefin solution is not particularly limited, but 20 to 30 parts by mass of the first polyolefin resin or the second polyolefin resin.
- the film forming solvent is preferably 70 to 80 parts by mass.
- Step of forming a gel-like sheet The first and second polyolefin solutions are each fed from an extruder to one die, where the two solutions are combined in layers and extruded into a sheet.
- the extrusion method may be either a flat die method or an inflation method. In either method, the solution is supplied to separate manifolds and stacked in layers at the lip inlet of a multilayer die (multiple manifold method), or the solution is supplied to the die in a layered flow in advance (block method) Can be used. Since the multi-manifold method and the block method itself are known, a detailed description thereof will be omitted.
- the gap of the multi-layer flat die is 0.1 to 5 mm.
- the extrusion temperature is preferably 140 to 250 ° C., and the extrusion speed is preferably 0.2 to 15 m / min.
- a gel-like multilayer sheet is formed by cooling the obtained laminated extruded product.
- a method for forming the gel-like sheet for example, methods disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 2132327 and Japanese Patent No. 3347835 can be used. Cooling is preferably performed at a rate of 50 ° C./min or more at least up to the gelation temperature. Cooling is preferably performed to 25 ° C. or lower.
- the microphases of the first and second polyolefins separated by the film-forming solvent can be fixed. When the cooling rate is within the above range, the degree of crystallinity is maintained in an appropriate range, and a gel-like multilayer sheet suitable for stretching is obtained.
- a method of contacting with a cooling medium such as cold air or cooling water, a method of contacting with a cooling roll, or the like can be used, but it is preferable that the cooling is performed by contacting with a roll cooled with a cooling medium.
- the obtained gel-like multilayer sheet is stretched in at least a uniaxial direction. Since the gel-like multilayer sheet contains a film-forming solvent, it can be uniformly stretched. It is preferable that the gel-like multilayer sheet is stretched at a predetermined ratio after heating by a tenter method, a roll method, an inflation method, or a combination thereof.
- the stretching may be uniaxial stretching or biaxial stretching, but biaxial stretching is preferred. In the case of biaxial stretching, any of simultaneous biaxial stretching, sequential stretching and multistage stretching (for example, a combination of simultaneous biaxial stretching and sequential stretching) may be used.
- the stretching ratio (area stretching ratio) in this step is preferably 2 times or more, more preferably 3 to 30 times in the case of uniaxial stretching. In the case of biaxial stretching, 9 times or more is preferable, 16 times or more is more preferable, and 25 times or more is particularly preferable. Further, it is preferably 3 times or more in both the longitudinal direction and the transverse direction (MD and TD directions), and the draw ratios in the MD direction and the TD direction may be the same or different. When the draw ratio is 9 times or more, improvement of puncture strength can be expected.
- the draw ratio in this process means the area draw ratio of the microporous film immediately before being used for the next process on the basis of the microporous film immediately before this process. Further, it is more preferable that one or more of the formulas 2 to 5 are satisfied within the range of the draw ratio.
- the stretching temperature in this step is preferably in the range of the crystal dispersion temperature (Tcd) to Tcd + 30 ° C. of the second polyolefin resin, and the range of crystal dispersion temperature (Tcd) + 5 ° C. to crystal dispersion temperature (Tcd) + 28 ° C. It is more preferable that the temperature be within the range of Tcd + 10 ° C. to Tcd + 26 ° C. When the stretching temperature is within the above range, film breakage due to the second polyolefin resin stretching is suppressed, and high-stretching can be performed.
- the crystal dispersion temperature (Tcd) is determined by measuring the dynamic viscoelastic temperature characteristics according to ASTM D4065. Since ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, polyethylene other than ultra high molecular weight polyethylene and polyethylene compositions have a crystal dispersion temperature of about 90-100 ° C., the lower limit of the stretching temperature is preferably 90 ° C. or higher, more preferably 110 ° C. or higher. More preferably, it is 112 ° C. or higher, more preferably 114 ° C. or higher. The upper limit of the stretching temperature is preferably 130 ° C or lower, more preferably 120 ° C or lower, and still more preferably 117 ° C or lower.
- the stretching as described above causes cleavage between polyethylene lamellae, the polyethylene phase becomes finer, and a large number of fibrils are formed. Fibrils form a three-dimensional irregularly connected network structure. Stretching improves the mechanical strength and enlarges the pores. However, when stretching is performed under appropriate conditions, the through-hole diameter can be controlled, and a high porosity can be achieved even with a thinner film thickness. For this reason, it is suitable for a safer and higher performance battery separator.
- the film may be stretched by providing a temperature distribution in the film thickness direction, whereby a multilayer microporous film having better mechanical strength can be obtained. Details of the method are described in Japanese Patent No. 3347854.
- the film-forming solvent is removed (washed) using a cleaning solvent. Since the first and second polyolefin phases are phase-separated from the film-forming solvent phase, when the film-forming solvent is removed, the first and second polyolefin phases are composed of fibrils that form a fine three-dimensional network structure. A porous film having communicating pores (voids) is obtained. Since the cleaning solvent and the method for removing the film-forming solvent using the same are known, the description thereof is omitted. For example, the methods disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 2132327 and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-256099 can be used.
- the multilayer microporous membrane from which the film-forming solvent has been removed is dried by a heat drying method or an air drying method.
- the drying temperature is preferably equal to or lower than the crystal dispersion temperature (Tcd) of the second polyolefin resin, and particularly preferably 5 ° C. or more lower than Tcd. Drying is preferably carried out until the residual cleaning solvent is 5% by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass or less, assuming that the multilayer microporous membrane is 100% by mass (dry weight).
- Tcd crystal dispersion temperature
- the multilayer microporous membrane can be stretched by the tenter method or the like in the same manner as described above while heating.
- the stretching may be uniaxial stretching or biaxial stretching.
- any of simultaneous biaxial stretching and sequential stretching may be used, but simultaneous biaxial stretching is preferable.
- the stretching temperature in this step is not particularly limited, but is usually 90 to 135 ° C, more preferably 95 to 130 ° C.
- the lower limit of the stretching ratio (area stretching ratio) in the uniaxial direction of stretching of the multilayer microporous membrane in this step is preferably 1.0 times or more, more preferably 1.1 times or more, and further preferably 1 .2 times or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 1.8 times or less.
- the lower limit of the area stretching ratio is preferably 1.0 times or more, more preferably 1.1 times or more, and still more preferably 1.2 times or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 3.5 times or less, and 1.0 to 2.0 times in each of the MD direction and the TD direction, and the draw ratios in the MD direction and the TD direction may be the same or different.
- the draw ratio in this process means the draw ratio of the microporous film
- the multilayer microporous film after drying can be heat-treated.
- the crystal is stabilized by heat treatment, and the lamella is made uniform.
- heat setting treatment and / or heat relaxation treatment can be used.
- the heat setting treatment is a heat treatment in which heating is performed while keeping the dimensions of the film unchanged.
- the thermal relaxation treatment is a heat treatment that heat-shrinks the film in the MD direction or the TD direction during heating.
- the heat setting treatment is preferably performed by a tenter method or a roll method.
- a thermal relaxation treatment method a method disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-256099 can be given.
- the heat treatment temperature is preferably within the range of Tcd to Tm of the second polyolefin resin, more preferably within the range of the stretching temperature of the multilayer microporous membrane ⁇ 5 ° C., and the second stretching temperature of the multilayer microporous membrane ⁇ 3 ° C.
- the range of is particularly preferable.
- crosslinking treatment and hydrophilization treatment can be further performed on the multilayer microporous membrane after bonding or stretching.
- the cross-linking treatment is performed by irradiating the multilayer microporous film with ionizing radiation such as ⁇ rays, ⁇ rays, ⁇ rays, and electron beams.
- ionizing radiation such as ⁇ rays, ⁇ rays, ⁇ rays, and electron beams.
- electron beam irradiation an electron dose of 0.1 to 100 Mrad is preferable, and an acceleration voltage of 100 to 300 kV is preferable.
- the meltdown temperature of the multilayer microporous membrane increases due to the crosslinking treatment.
- the hydrophilic treatment can be performed by monomer grafting, surfactant treatment, corona discharge, or the like. Monomer grafting is preferably performed after the crosslinking treatment.
- the second production method includes the following steps (1) to (7), and may further optionally include the following step (8).
- (1) A step of preparing first and second polyolefin solutions by melt-kneading the raw materials (second polyolefin resin and first polyolefin resin) constituting each layer and a film-forming solvent, respectively (2) first And extruding the second polyolefin solution separately from the die via an extruder and then cooling to form first and second gel-like sheets, (3) a first stretching step for stretching the first and second gel-like sheets, (4) A step of laminating the first and second gel sheets after stretching to form a gel multilayer sheet, (5) removing the film-forming solvent from the gel-like multilayer sheet, (6) a step of drying the multilayer sheet after removal of the film-forming solvent, and (7) a second stretching step of stretching the multilayer sheet after drying (8) for the multilayer sheet after the second stretching Step of cross-linking treatment and / or hydrophilization treatment Steps (1) to
- a layer other than the first or second microporous layer may be provided on at least one surface of the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane to form a laminated porous membrane.
- the other layer include a porous layer formed using a filler-containing resin solution or a heat-resistant resin solution containing a filler and a resin binder.
- the filler examples include organic fillers such as inorganic fillers and cross-linked polymer fillers, which have a melting point of 200 ° C. or higher, high electrical insulation, and are electrochemically stable in the usage range of lithium ion secondary batteries. Some are preferred.
- the inorganic filler include oxide ceramics such as alumina, silica, titania, zirconia, magnesia, ceria, yttria, zinc oxide, and iron oxide, and nitride ceramics such as silicon nitride, titanium nitride, and boron nitride.
- Silicon carbide calcium carbonate, aluminum sulfate, aluminum hydroxide, potassium titanate, talc, kaolin clay, kaolinite, halloysite, pyrophyllite, montmorillonite, sericite, mica, amicite, bentonite, asbestos, zeolite, silicic acid
- Ceramics such as calcium, magnesium silicate, diatomaceous earth, and silica sand, glass fibers, and fluorides thereof.
- organic filler include cross-linked polystyrene particles, cross-linked acrylic resin particles, cross-linked methyl methacrylate-based particles, PTFE and other fluororesin particles. These can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the average particle diameter of the filler is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 3.0 ⁇ m or less, for example.
- the proportion (mass fraction) of the filler in the porous layer is preferably 50% or more and 99.99% or less from the viewpoint of heat resistance.
- polyolefins and heat resistant resins described in the section of other resin components contained in the first polyolefin resin can be suitably used.
- the proportion of the resin binder in the total amount of the filler and the resin binder is preferably 0.5% or more and 8% or less in terms of volume fraction from the viewpoint of the binding property of both.
- the same heat resistant resin as described in the section of other resin components contained in the first polyolefin resin can be suitably used.
- the solvent for the filler-containing solution and the heat-resistant resin solution is preferably a solvent that can be removed from the solution applied to the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane, and is not particularly limited. Specific examples include N-methylpyrrolidone, N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, water, ethanol, toluene, hot xylene, methylene chloride and hexane.
- the method for removing the solvent is not particularly limited as long as it does not adversely affect the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane. Specifically, for example, a method of drying a polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane while fixing it at a temperature below its melting point, a method of drying under a reduced pressure, and a resin binder or a heat-resistant resin soaking in a poor solvent to solidify the resin The method of extracting a solvent simultaneously is mentioned.
- the thickness of the porous layer is preferably from 0.5 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of improving heat resistance.
- the ratio of the thickness of the porous layer to the thickness of the laminated porous membrane can be appropriately adjusted according to the purpose. Specifically, for example, it is preferably 15% or more and 80% or less, and more preferably 20% or more and 75% or less. Further, the porous layer may be formed on one surface of the laminated porous film or on both surfaces.
- the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane of the present embodiment can be suitably used for both a battery using an aqueous electrolyte and a battery using a non-aqueous electrolyte. Specifically, it can be preferably used as a separator for secondary batteries such as nickel-hydrogen batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-zinc batteries, silver-zinc batteries, lithium secondary batteries, and lithium polymer secondary batteries. Especially, it is preferable to use as a separator of a lithium ion secondary battery.
- a positive electrode and a negative electrode are laminated via a separator, and the separator contains an electrolytic solution (electrolyte).
- the structure of the electrode is not particularly limited, and a conventionally known structure can be used.
- an electrode structure (coin type) arranged so that a disc-shaped positive electrode and a negative electrode face each other, a plate-shaped positive electrode and a negative electrode
- An electrode structure in which layers are stacked alternately (stacked type), an electrode structure in which stacked strip-like positive and negative electrodes are wound (winding type), and the like can be used.
- the current collector, the positive electrode, the positive electrode active material, the negative electrode, the negative electrode active material, and the electrolyte used for the lithium ion secondary battery are not particularly limited, and conventionally known materials can be used in appropriate combination.
- this invention is not limited to said embodiment, It can implement in various deformation
- Porosity (%) (w 2 ⁇ w 1 ) / w 2 ⁇ 100
- d C ⁇ ⁇ / P (In the above formula, “d ( ⁇ m)” is the pore diameter of the microporous membrane, “ ⁇ (mN / m)” is the surface tension of the liquid, “P (Pa)” is the pressure, and “C” is a constant.
- Puncture strength (gf / 16 ⁇ m)
- the maximum load was measured when a microporous membrane having a film thickness T 1 ( ⁇ m) was pierced at a speed of 2 mm / sec with a needle having a spherical tip (curvature radius R: 0.5 mm) and a diameter of 1 mm.
- Impedance ( ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 ) The impedance was measured using an impedance measuring device (manufactured by Solartron, SI1250, SI1287). Between electrodes provided with a 30 mm ⁇ 20 mm Ni foil on a glass plate 50 mm wide ⁇ 80 mm long ⁇ 3 mm high, a microporous membrane 30 mm wide ⁇ 20 mm long, and 1 mol / L LiPF as an electrolyte Measurement was carried out with about 0.02 ml of 6 solutions (a mixed solution of ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 3: 7 was used as the solvent). The measurement conditions were 1.0 kHz, 10 mA (constant current), and the impedance ( ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 ) was determined.
- Solution resistance increase rate (%) The electrochemical cell prepared as described below was charged to 4.2 V, and the impedance between 65 kHz and 0.1 Hz was measured at 10 mA (constant current) using an impedance measuring device (manufactured by Solartron, SI1250, SI1287). . Then, for accelerated deterioration test, the impedance was measured again under the same conditions after being placed in an oven at 80 ° C. for 50 hours under 4.2 V trickle charge conditions. As shown in FIG. 1, the frequency characteristic of the measured internal impedance can be expressed in a complex plane view (Cole-Cole plot) in which a real value is a resistance component and an imaginary value is a reactance component.
- an increase in solution resistance represents an increase in resistance between electrode plates, it is considered that when the rate of increase in solution resistance is high, the battery capacity decreases after the charge / discharge cycle test of the battery, that is, the cycle life of the battery is shortened.
- Possible causes of such an increase in solution resistance include, for example, electrode surface accumulation of electrolyte decomposition by-products and clogging of the microporous membrane.
- a microporous membrane having a width of 75 mm ⁇ a length of 75 mm and a 1 mol / L LiPF 6 solution as an electrolyte (the solvent is composed of ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 3: 7
- a mixed body of about 3 ml was sandwiched.
- the obtained laminate was covered with an exterior material, vacuum sealed and sealed to prepare an electrochemical cell.
- Falling ball meltdown temperature A polyolefin microporous membrane having a square of 50 mm is sandwiched between metal block frames having a hole having a diameter of 12 mm, and a sphere having a diameter of 10 mm made of tungsten carbide is placed on the porous membrane.
- the porous membrane is installed to have a flat surface in the horizontal direction. Start from 30 ° C and raise the temperature at 5 ° C / min. The temperature at which the porous membrane was broken by the ball was measured and used as the meltdown temperature.
- Weight average molecular weight (Mw) Mw of UHMWPE and HDPE was determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) method under the following conditions.
- GPC gel permeation chromatography
- ⁇ Measurement device GPC-150C manufactured by Waters Corporation Column: Shodex UT806M manufactured by Showa Denko KK -Column temperature: 135 ° C
- Injection volume 500 ⁇ l
- Detector Differential refractometer (RI detector) manufactured by Waters Corporation -Calibration curve: Prepared from a calibration curve obtained using a monodisperse polystyrene standard sample, using a predetermined conversion constant.
- melting curve melting curve obtained in the temperature raising process is drawn as a base line, and the amount of heat (unit) is calculated from the area surrounded by the base line and the DSC curve. : J) was calculated, and this was divided by the weight of the sample (unit: g) to obtain the heat of fusion ⁇ H m (unit: J / g). Similarly, the melting heat ⁇ H m and the minimum temperature in the endothermic melting curve were measured as the melting point.
- Example 1 Preparation of first polyolefin solution 20% by mass of polypropylene having a Mw of 2.0 ⁇ 10 6 (PP: melting point 162 ° C.) and a high density of polyethylene having a Mw of 5.6 ⁇ 10 5 (HDPE: density 0.955 g) / Cm 3 , melting point 135 ° C.) 100 parts by mass of the first polyolefin resin consisting of 80% by mass is added with the antioxidant tetrakis [methylene-3- (3,5-ditertiarybutyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) -propionate] methane. 0.2 parts by mass was blended to prepare a mixture.
- the first polyolefin solution was prepared by feeding and melting and kneading at 210 ° C. and 250 rpm.
- Second Polyolefin Solution 40% by mass of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMwPE) having Mw of 2.0 ⁇ 10 6 and high density polyethylene (HDPE: density of 0.955 g / Mw of 5.6 ⁇ 10 5 ) cm 3 ) 100 parts by mass of a second polyolefin resin comprising 60% by mass and 0.2 parts by mass of the antioxidant tetrakis [methylene-3- (3,5-ditertiarybutyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) -propionate] methane Were blended to prepare a mixture.
- UHMwPE ultra high molecular weight polyethylene
- HDPE high density polyethylene
- Example 2 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 7 a polyolefin three-layer microporous membrane / single-layer microporous membrane was prepared under the same conditions as in Example 1 except for the conditions described in Table 1.
- Comparative Example 2 the three-layer polyolefin microporous structure was prepared under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that the conditions shown in Table 1 were used, and the take-up speed of the extruded molded product on the cooling roll was 1.5 m / min.
- a membrane was created.
- Table 1 shows the blending ratio, manufacturing conditions, evaluation results, and the like of each component of the prepared polyolefin three-layer microporous membrane.
- the film thickness was 12 ⁇ m
- the porosity / film thickness was 3.0 or more
- the impedance was a favorable value of 7.5 ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 or less. . Therefore, when used as a battery separator, the electrolytic solution retention property is good, and it is expected that the battery has a high capacity and high output.
- the polypropylene content in the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane is 2.5% by mass or more, exhibits a meltdown temperature that is higher than the melting point (162 ° C.) of the polypropylene used, and is heat resistant. Excellent.
- the solution resistance increase rate was as low as 48% or more and 65% or less. Since the solution resistance increase rate represents the resistance increase rate between the electrode plates, when the polyolefin multilayer microporous film of Examples 1 to 4 is used as a battery separator, an improvement in the cycle life of the battery can be expected. This is because the polyolefin multilayer microporous membranes of Examples 1 to 4 have a porosity / film thickness of 3.0 or more, a maximum pore diameter of 55 nm or less, and an average flow diameter of 20 nm or more. This is presumably because local clogging and dendrite growth were suppressed because the ion passage was uniformly dispersed in the in-plane direction of the separator.
- the polyolefin multilayer microporous membrane of Comparative Example 1 contained polypropylene and a relatively large amount of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene in the first microporous layer, the porosity and converted air permeability deteriorated. Moreover, the polyolefin multilayer microporous film of Comparative Example 1 had a porosity / film thickness as low as 2.96, and the impedance increased as compared with the Example.
- the polyolefin multilayer microporous film of Comparative Example 2 had a film thickness of 20 ⁇ m and a low porosity / film thickness. Further, the converted air permeability is remarkably increased and the impedance is high. This is because the pore diameter (maximum pore diameter, average flow diameter) is reduced due to the large amount of polypropylene contained in the multilayer microporous membrane (first microporous layer), and the through-holes are blocked. Conceivable.
- the polyolefin multilayer microporous film of Comparative Example 3 had a film thickness of 18 ⁇ m and a low porosity / film thickness. Moreover, although the polypropylene content is lower than that of Comparative Example 2, the value of the converted air permeability and the impedance are high. This is because the draw ratio in the second drawing step is 1.0, and A / (B ⁇ C) is more than 0.35, so the pore diameter (maximum pore diameter, average flow diameter) becomes small, and the penetration This is considered to be because the hole is blocked.
- the film thickness is 14 ⁇ m and the porosity / film thickness is 3 or more, but the polypropylene content in the first microporous film is high, and D / ( Since B ⁇ C) was 1.7 or more, the value of the converted air permeability showed a very large value.
- Comparative Examples 5 and 6 are single-layer microporous membranes having a film thickness of 12 to 14 ⁇ m, do not contain polypropylene, have a low meltdown temperature, have poor heat resistance when used as battery separators, and have battery safety. The temperature range is low.
- Comparative Example 6 since the ultra high molecular weight polyethylene content is small, the maximum pore size is large, and the converted air permeability and impedance are good, but when used as a battery separator, the battery cycle is as follows. It is presumed that the life will be inferior.
- Comparative Example 7 is a single-layer microporous membrane containing polypropylene having a film thickness of 12 ⁇ m and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. Like Comparative Example 1, deterioration of the dispersibility of polypropylene was observed, and the appearance of the microporous membrane was poor. Met. Moreover, although the content of polypropylene was 10% by mass in the microporous membrane, the meltdown temperature was lowered, the maximum pore diameter was coarsened, and the impedance was increased. This is considered to be because a uniform fibril network of polypropylene and polyethylene is not formed.
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Abstract
Description
(I)膜厚が25μm以下であり、膜厚(μm)と空孔率(%)が下記式1の関係を満たす。
空孔率(%)/膜厚(μm)≧3.0・・・(式1)
(II)16μm換算透気度が100sec/100cm3以上300sec/100cm3以下である。
また、前記第1のポリオレフィン樹脂がポリプロピレンを10質量%以上55質量%以下及び高密度ポリエチレンを45質量%以上90質量%以下含み、前記第2のポリオレフィン樹脂が超高分子量ポリエチレンを10質量%以上60質量%以下及び高密度ポリエチレンを40質量%以上90質量%以下含むことが好ましい。
(III)パームポロメーターで測定した最大孔径が5nm以上55nm以下である。
前記ポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜は、さらに、下記(IV)の要件を満たすことが好ましい。
(IV)パームポロメーターで測定した平均流量径が20nm以上である。
(V)膜厚16μmに換算した突刺強度が250gf/16μm以上である。
(VI) 落球法によるメルトダウン温度が150℃以上190℃以下である。
(VII)インピーダンス測定装置で測定したインピーダンスが7.5Ω・cm2未満である
(1)ポリプロピレンを含む前記第1のポリオレフィン樹脂と成膜用溶剤とを溶融混練し、第1のポリオレフィン溶液を調製する工程、
(2)超高分子量ポリエチレンを含む前記第2のポリオレフィン樹脂と成膜用溶剤とを溶融混練し、第2のポリオレフィン溶液を調製する工程、
(3)前記第1及び第2のポリオレフィン溶液を共押出し、多層シートを形成した後、冷却し、ゲル状多層シートを形成する工程、
(4)前記ゲル状多層シートを112℃以上117℃以下で延伸する第1の延伸工程、
(5)前記延伸後のゲル状多層シートから成膜用溶剤を除去する工程、
(6)前記成膜用溶剤除去後の多層シートを乾燥する工程及び
(7)前記乾燥後の多層シートを延伸する第2の延伸工程
を少なくとも含むことを特徴とする。
0.01≦A/(B×C)≦0.35・・・(式4)
(式中、Aは、前記ポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜中の前記第1及び第2のポリオレフィン樹脂の合計100質量%に対する、前記ポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜中のポリプロピレンの含有量とする。)
また、本発明の電池用セパレータは、前記積層多孔質膜を用いてなることが好ましい。
本実施形態のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜は、少なくとも、ポリプロピレンを含む第1の微多孔質層及び超高分子量ポリエチレンを含む第2の微多孔質層を含み、特定の(I)空孔率/膜厚及び(II)16μm換算透気度を有することにより、貫通孔径の均一性が高い緻密な細孔構造を有し、十分な強度及を有する薄膜とすることができ、電池用セパレータとして好適に用いることができる。
以下、本実施形態について、項目毎に説明する。
第1の微多孔質層は、ポリプロピレンを含む第1のポリオレフィン樹脂からなる。該第1の微多孔質層において、ポリプロピレンを必須成分として使用することにより、粗大な貫通孔が減少し、第1の微多孔質層の細孔構造が緻密で均一となる。
以下、第1のポリオレフィン樹脂を構成する各樹脂成分等について説明する。
第1のポリオレフィン樹脂に含まれるポリプロピレンの種類は特に限定されず、プロピレンの単独重合体、プロピレンと他のα-オレフィン及び/又はジオレフィンとの共重合体(プロピレン共重合体)、あるいはこれらの混合物のいずれでも良いが、機械的強度及び貫通孔径の微小化等の観点から、プロピレンの単独重合体を用いることが好ましい。
プロピレン共重合体中の他のα-オレフィン又はジオレフィンの含有量は、プロピレン共重合体を100モル%として10モル%未満であるのが好ましい。
ポリプロピレンの重量平均分子量(Mw)は6×105以上が好ましく、8×105以上がより好ましく、1×106~4×106が特に好ましい。ポリプロピレンのMwが上記範囲内であると本実施形態のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜の強度、透気度およびメルトダウン特性が良好となるからである。また、Mwが5×104以下のポリプロピレンの含有量は、第1の微多孔層に含まれるポリプロピレン100質量%に対して、5質量%以下であることが好ましい。
ポリプロピレンの融点は、メルトダウン特性を良好にするという観点から、155~170℃が好ましく、160℃~165℃がより好ましい。
また、ポリプロピレンの融解熱ΔHmは、メルトダウン特性及び透過性を良好にするという観点から、90J/g以上であるのが好ましく、より好ましくは100J/g以上であり、特に好ましくは110J/g以上である。
なお、融点及び融解熱はJIS K7121に準拠し、走査型示差熱量計(DSC)により測定される値である。
成膜性向上のために、粉末状のポリプロピレンを用いてもよい。粉末状ポリプロピレンは平均粒径が100~2,000μmで、かつ粒径分布が50~3,000であるのが好ましい。ここで平均粒径及び粒径分布はJIS K0069により測定することができる。
前記第1のポリオレフィン樹脂中のポリプロピレンの含有量は、前記第1のポリオレフィン樹脂全体100質量%に対して、その下限が、好ましくは10質量%以上であり、より好ましくは11質量%以上であり、さらに好ましくは15質量%以上である。また、その上限が55質量%以下であり、より好ましくは50質量%以下であり、さらに好ましくは35質量%以下である。また、ポリオレフィン微多孔質膜中のポリプロピレンの含有量は、ポリオレフィン微多孔質膜に含まれる前記第1及び第2のポリオレフィン樹脂の合計100質量%に対して、その下限が好ましくは2.0質量%以上であり、より好ましくは2.5質量%以上であり、さらに好ましくは3.0質量%以上である。また、その上限が好ましくは15%未満であり、より好ましくは12質量%未満であり、さらに好ましくは11質量%以下である。ポリプロピレンの含有量が上記範囲内であると、本実施形態のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜は、高い空孔率と強度を有し、均一で微細な細孔構造を有した薄膜となる。
また、耐熱性の観点からは、ポリオレフィン微多孔質膜中のポリプロピレンの含有量は、好ましくは2.5質量%以上12質量%未満であり、より好ましくは3.0質量%以上11質量%以下である。ポリプロピレンの含有量を上記範囲内とすることにより、ポリオレフィン微多孔質膜のメルトダウン温度がポリプロピレンを含む第1のポリオレフィン樹脂の融点以上に上昇し、耐熱性が顕著に向上する。
前記第1のポリオレフィン樹脂は、ポリエチレンを含むことができる。ポリエチレンとしては、Mwが1×106以上の超高分子量ポリエチレン以外のポリエチレンが好ましく、より好ましくは、高密度ポリエチレン、中密度ポリエチレン、分岐状低密度ポリエチレン及び線状低密度ポリエチレンからなる群から選ばれた少なくとも一種であり、さらに好ましくは高密度ポリエチレン(密度:0.920~0.970g/m3)を用いることができる。
また、ポリエチレンの分子量分布(Mw/Mn)は、押出成型性、安定した結晶化制御による物性コントロールの観点から、1.0~20が好ましく、3.0~10.0がより好ましい。
前記第1のポリオレフィン樹脂中のポリエチレンの含有量は、前記第1のポリオレフィン樹脂全体100質量%に対して、その下限が好ましくは45質量%以上であり、より好ましくは50質量%以上であり、さらに好ましくは65質量%以上である。また、その上限が好ましくは90質量%以下、より好ましくは89質量%以下、さらに好ましくは85質量%以下である。ポリエチレンの含有量が上記範囲であることにより、良好な溶融押出特性、均一な延伸加工特性に優れる。
前記第1のポリオレフィン樹脂は、必要に応じて、前記ポリプロピレン及びポリエチレン以外のその他の樹脂成分を含むことができる。その他の樹脂成分としては、耐熱性樹脂であることが好ましく、耐熱性樹脂としては、例えば、融点が150℃以上の結晶性樹脂(部分的に結晶性である樹脂を含む)、及び/又はガラス点移転(Tg)が150℃以上の非晶性樹脂が挙げられる。ここでTgはJIS K7121に準拠して測定した値である。
前記ポリエチレン以外のポリオレフィンの含有量は、本実施形態の効果を損なわない範囲で、適宜調節できるが、前記第2のポリオレフィン樹脂全体100質量%に対して、20質量%以下が好ましく、10質量%以下がより好ましく、5質量%未満がさらに好ましい。
本実施形態のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜は、超高分子量ポリエチレンを含有する第2のポリオレフィン樹脂からなる第2の微多孔質層を含むことにより、成型加工安定性、薄膜における機械的強度、空孔率、透気度に優れる。
以下、第2のポリオレフィン樹脂を構成する各樹脂成分について説明する。
前記第2のポリオレフィン樹脂に含まれる超高分子量ポリエチレンは、質量平均分子量(Mw)が1×106以上であり、好ましくは1×106~8×106、より好ましくは1.2×106~3×106である。Mwが上記範囲であると、本実施形態のポリオレフィン多層多孔質膜の成形性が良好となる。
なお、Mwは、後述するゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィー(GPC)により測定される値である。
エチレン以外のα-オレフィンとしては、プロピレン、ブテン-1、ペンテン-1、ヘキセン-1、4-メチルペンテン-1、オクテン-1、酢酸ビニル、メタクリル酸メチル及びスチレンが好ましい。エチレン以外のα-オレフィンの含有量は、5mol%以下が好ましい。
前記第2のポリオレフィン樹脂中の超高分子ポリエチレンの含有量は、前記第2のポリオレフィン樹脂全体100質量%に対して、その下限が好ましくは10質量%以上であり、より好ましくは20重量%以上であり、さらに好ましくは25質量%以上である。また、その下限が好ましくは60質量%以下であり、より好ましくは50質量%以下であり、さらに好ましくは45質量%以下である。超高分子ポリエチレンの含有量が上記範囲であると、ポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜を薄膜化した際にも高い機械強度、高い空孔率を得ることができる。
前記第2のポリオレフィン樹脂は、超高分子量ポリエチレン以外のポリエチレンを含むことができる。超高分子量ポリエチレン以外のポリエチレンとしては、前述した第1のポリオレフィン樹脂に含有されるポリエチレンと同様のものを用いることができるが、好ましくは高密度ポリエチレン(密度:0.920~0.970g/m3)を用いることができる。ただし、前記第2のポリオレフィン樹脂に用いられるポリエチレンの組成は、前記第1のポリオレフィン樹脂に含有されるポリエチレンの組成と同じであっても、異なっていてもよく、所望の物性に応じて適宜選択することができる。
前記第2のポリオレフィン樹脂は、前記第1のポリオレフィン樹脂と同様に、必要に応じて、その他の樹脂成分を含むことができ、具体的には、前述の(1)(iii)その他の樹脂成分と同様の成分を用いることができる。
(i)第1の微多孔質層及び第2の微多孔質層
本実施形態のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜は、少なくとも第1の微多孔質層及び第2の微多孔質層を含み、好ましくは、第1の微多孔質層/第2の微多孔質層/第1の微多孔質層または第2の微多孔質層/第1の微多孔質層/第2の微多孔質層の順に積層した三層である。
さらに、ポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜は、必要に応じて、第1及び第2の微多孔質層以外の他の層を設けて、三層以上にすることもできる。
(膜厚)
また、本実施形態のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜は、膜厚が、25μm以下である。また、前記膜厚は、その下限が好ましくは1μm以上であり、より好ましくは2μm以上、さらに好ましくは3μm以上である。また、その上限が好ましくは18μm以下であり、より好ましくは16μm以下、さらに好ましくは15μm以下である。膜厚が上記範囲であると、本実施形態のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜を電池用セパレータとして使用した場合、電池容量が向上する。膜厚は、例えば、Tダイからの吐出量、冷却ロールの回転速度、ライン速度及び延伸倍率等を適宜調節することにより上記範囲とすることができる。
特に、本実施形態のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜では、後述するように、ポリプロピレン含有量に応じて、延伸倍率を調節し、膜の細孔構造を制御することが好ましいため、延伸倍率の調節のみでは所望の膜厚が得られない場合、Tダイからの吐出量、冷却ロールの回転速度及びライン速度等を適宜調節し、所望の膜厚とすることができる。
通常、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜は、多孔質膜を延伸することで、膜厚や強度などの物性が調整される。しかし、例えば、20μm未満の薄い膜厚で延伸倍率を大きくすると、微多孔質膜の密度が上昇する場合があり、薄膜化と高空孔率の両立が困難となることが判明した。これは、薄膜化が進むと延伸により空孔が潰れやすくなる傾向があることが原因の一つと考えられる。
そこで、本実施形態のポリオレフィン微多孔膜は、各層の樹脂成分の含有量を特定の範囲とし、さらに、後述する第1の延伸及び第2の延伸工程における延伸倍率などを適宜調節することにより、薄膜化と高空孔率を高度に両立させている。
空孔率(%)/膜厚(μm)≧3.0・・・(1)
空孔率(%)/膜厚(μm)≧3.5・・・(2)
空孔率(%)/膜厚(μm)≧3.8・・・(3)
上記式を満たすことにより、薄膜化した際にも、十分な空孔率を有するポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜となり、該多層微多孔質膜を電池セパレータとして用いた場合、電解質液の保持性に優れ、インピーダンスも低下する。また、電池として極板と積層した際に積層枚数の増加が可能となり、電池の容量を増加させることが出来る。なお、空孔率(%)/膜厚(μm)の上限値は、特に限定されないが、9程度である。
また、空孔率(%)/膜厚(μm)の値は、各層の樹脂成分の含有量、および、後述する第1の延伸及び第2の延伸工程における延伸倍率などを調節することにより、上記範囲とすることが出来る。
空孔率は、各層の樹脂成分の含有量および、後述する第1の延伸及び第2の延伸工程における延伸倍率などを調節することにより、薄い膜厚においても、上記範囲とすることが出来る。
なお、膜厚及び空効率は、後述の実施例に記載の方法により測定される値である。
本実施形態のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜の透気度は、膜厚16μmで換算した透気度が100sec/100cm3以上、300sec/100cm3以下である。また、前記透気度は、その上限が好ましくは280sec/100cm3以下であり、より好ましくは250sec/100cm3以下である。透気度が上記範囲であることにより、電池セパレータとして用いた場合、イオン透過性に優れ、インピーダンスが低下し電池出力が向上する。透気度は、使用するポリプロピレンが前記範囲を逸脱しない範囲で、ゲル状シート、乾燥後多層微多孔質膜の延伸条件などを調節することにより、上記範囲とすることができる。
なお、透気度は、後述の実施例に記載の方法により測定される値である。
本実施形態のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜は、パームポロメーターを用いて、Dry-up、Wet-upの順で測定した最大孔径が5nm以上55nm以下であることが好ましい。前記最大孔径の下限は、好ましくは5nm以上であり、より好ましくは15nm以上であり、さらに好ましくは20nm以上である。前記最大孔径の上限は、55nm以下であり、好ましくは53nm以下、より好ましくは50nm以下である。
なお、パームポロメーターにより測定される孔径は、膜内の貫通孔の孔径を示し、最大孔径は、バブルポイント細孔径とも呼ばれる。最大孔径が上記範囲であると、緻密で貫通孔径の均一性が高い細孔構造となる。このような細孔構造を有する電池用セパレータは、イオンの通過経路をセパレータ面内方向で均一に分散させることができる。また、電池セパレータとして用いた場合、局部的な目詰まりやデンドライトの成長が抑制されるなど、電池のサイクル寿命を向上させることができる。また、電池の安全性の向上や出力特性の向上も期待できる。
最大孔径は、第一及び第2のポリオレフィン樹脂中のポリプロピレン含有量を上述した範囲とし、後述する第1の延伸及び第2の延伸工程における延伸などを適宜調節することにより、上記範囲とすることができる。
なお、最大孔径は、後述の実施例に記載の方法により測定される値である。
本実施形態のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜は、パームポロメーターを用いて、Dry-up、Wet-upの順で測定した平均流量径の下限が、20nm以上であることが好ましく、前記平均流量径の上限が40nm以下であることが好ましい。平均流量径が上記範囲である電池用セパレータは、インピーダンスの上昇や透気度及び空孔率の低下が抑制され、電池の容量および出力の向上が期待できる。平均孔径は、第一及び第2のポリオレフィン樹脂中のポリプロピレン含有量を上述した範囲とし、後述する第1の延伸及び第2の延伸工程における延伸倍率などを調節することにより、上記範囲とすることができる。
また、上記平均流量径に対する最大孔径の比(最大孔径/平均流量径)は、その下限が好ましくは1.0以上である。また、その上限は特に限定されないが、好ましくは1.7以下であり、より好ましくは1.6以下である。上記範囲であることにより、より均一性の高い細孔(貫通孔)を有する構造とすることができる。
なお、平均孔径は、後述の実施例に記載の方法により測定される値である。
本実施形態のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜の膜厚16μmに換算した突刺強度は250gf/μm以上であることが好ましく、より好ましくは280gf/16μm以上、より好ましくは300gf/16μm以上、さらに好ましくは320gf/16μm以上である。突刺強度の上限は特に限定されないが、800gf/16μm程度である。突刺強度が上記範囲であることにより、薄膜化した場合においても機械的強度に優れ、電池用セパレータとして用いた場合、衝撃による破膜、短絡が防止され安全性に優れる。
突刺強度は、第1層のポリプロピレン含有量、第2層の超高分子量ポリエチレンの含有量、第1の延伸及び第2の延伸工程における延伸倍率などを調節することにより、上記範囲に制御することができる。
なお、突刺強度は、後述の実施例に記載の方法により測定される値である。
本実施形態のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜のメルトダウン温度の下限は、好ましくは150℃以上であり、より好ましくは160℃以上であり、より好ましくは165℃以上であり、さらに好ましくは170℃以上である。また、前記メルトダウン温度の上限は、190℃以下であることが好ましい。メルトダウン温度が上記範囲であることにより、より耐熱性に優れる。
メルトダウン温度は、ポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜にポリエチレンと比較して融点の高いポリプロピレンを含有させることにより、向上させることができるが、さらに、第1層のポリプロピレンの含有量を調節したり、第1層/第2層の厚さ比率などを適宜調節したりすることより、ポリプロピレンを含む樹脂の融点以上の範囲とすることができる。
なお、メルトダウン温度は、後述の実施例に記載の方法により測定される値である。
本実施形態のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜は、インピーダンス測定装置で測定したインピーダンスの上限は、7.5Ω・cm2未満であることが好ましく、より好ましくは7.4Ω・cm2未満であり、さらに好ましくは7.3Ω・cm2以下である。前記インピーダンスの下限は、好ましくは1.0Ω・cm2以上である。インピーダンスが上記範囲であることにより、電池用セパレータとして用いた場合、出力特性に優れる。
インピーダンスは、各層の樹脂成分の含有量を前述した範囲とした上で、後述する第1の延伸及び第2の延伸工程における延伸倍率などを調節することにより上記範囲とすることができる。
なお、インピーダンスは、後述の実施例に記載の方法により測定される値である。
加速劣化試験後の溶液抵抗の上昇率は、後述の実施例に記載の方法により測定される値である。
(第1の方法)
本実施形態のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜の製造方法としては、上述した特性を有するポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜が製造できれば、特に限定されず、従来公知の方法を用いることができ、例えば、日本国特許第2132327号および日本国特許第3347835号の明細書、国際公開2006/137540号等に記載された方法を用いることができる。具体的には、第1の製造方法として、下記の工程(1)~(7)を含むことが好ましく、さらに下記の工程(8)及び/又は(9)を含むこともできる。
(1)ポリプロピレンを含む前記第1のポリオレフィン樹脂と成膜用溶剤とを溶融混練し、第1のポリオレフィン溶液を調製する工程
(2)超高分子量ポリエチレンを含む前記第2のポリオレフィン樹脂と成膜用溶剤とを溶融混練し、第2のポリオレフィン溶液を調製する工程
(3)前記第一及び第2のポリオレフィン溶液を共押出し、多層シートを形成した後、冷却しゲル状多層シートを形成する工程
(4)前記ゲル状多層シートを延伸する第1の延伸工程
(5)前記延伸後のゲル状多層シートから成膜用溶剤を除去する工程
(6)前記成膜用溶剤除去後の多層シートを乾燥する工程
(7)前記乾燥後の多層シートを延伸する第2の延伸工程
(8)前記乾燥後の多層シートを熱処理する工程
(9)前記延伸工程後の多層シートに対して架橋処理及び/又は親水化処理する工程
特に、工程(3)において、特定の条件下、第一及び第2のポリオレフィン溶液を、多層ダイにより同時に押出し、多層シートを形成することにより、各層間の密着性に優れ、かつ、電池用セパレータとして用いた場合、単層では達成し得ないメルトダウン温度と機械的強度、透気度及び空孔率に優れ、かつ最大孔径が小さいポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜を製造することができる。また、工程(1)、工程(2)において、前記樹脂材料を使用した上で、工程(4)、工程(7)において適切な温度条件で延伸する事によって、薄い膜厚でも良好な空孔率、及び微細孔構造の制御が達成できる。
0.01≦A/(B×C)≦0.35・・・(式4)
0.04≦A/(B×C)≦0.30・・・(式5)
(式中、Aは、ポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜中の前記第1及び第2のポリオレフィン樹脂の合計100質量%に対する、ポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜中のポリプロピレンの含有量とする。)
本願の実施例にも示されるように、微多孔質膜中のプロピレン含有量が多いと、細孔径(最大孔径、平均流量径)が小さくなる傾向がある。よって、プロピレン含有量を増加させた場合、細孔径が小さくなりすぎ、透気度の値やインピーダンスが上昇し、電池用セパレータとして用いた際、電池の出力特性やサイクル寿命が不十分となる場合がある。そこで、ポリプロピレンの含有量に応じて、前記延伸倍率(B)及び(C)を、上記式の範囲とすることにより、良好な耐熱性を有する、緻密で均一性の高い微細孔構造とすることができる。
0.06≦D/(B×C)≦1.70・・・(式6)
0.10≦D/(B×C)≦1.50・・・(式7)
(式中、Dは、前記第1のポリオレフィン樹脂全体100質量%に対する、ポリプロピレンの含有量とする。)
上記式を満たすことにより、薄膜化の際、より良好な空孔率及び微細孔構造の制御を行うことができる。
以下、各工程についてそれぞれ説明する。
前記第1のポリオレフィン樹脂及び前記第2のポリオレフィン樹脂に、それぞれ適当な成膜用溶剤を添加した後、溶融混練し、第1及び第2のポリオレフィン溶液をそれぞれ調製する。溶融混練方法として、例えば日本国特許第2132327号および日本国特許第3347835号の明細書に記載の二軸押出機を用いる方法を利用することができる。溶融混練方法は公知であるので説明を省略する。
第1及び第2のポリオレフィン溶液をそれぞれ押出機から1つのダイに送給し、そこで両溶液を層状に組合せ、シート状に押し出す。
次に、得られたゲル状多層シートを少なくとも一軸方向に延伸する。ゲル状多層シートは成膜用溶剤を含むので、均一に延伸できる。ゲル状多層シートは、加熱後、テンター法、ロール法、インフレーション法、又はこれらの組合せにより所定の倍率で延伸するのが好ましい。延伸は一軸延伸でも二軸延伸でもよいが、二軸延伸が好ましい。二軸延伸の場合、同時二軸延伸、逐次延伸及び多段延伸(例えば同時二軸延伸及び逐次延伸の組合せ)のいずれでもよい。
洗浄溶媒を用いて、成膜用溶剤の除去(洗浄)を行う。第1及び第2のポリオレフィン相は成膜用溶剤相と相分離しているので、成膜用溶剤を除去すると、微細な三次元網目構造を形成するフィブリルからなり、三次元的に不規則に連通する孔(空隙)を有する多孔質の膜が得られる。洗浄溶媒およびこれを用いた成膜用溶剤の除去方法は公知であるので説明を省略する。例えば日本国特許第2132327号明細書や特開2002-256099号公報に開示の方法を利用することができる。
成膜用溶剤を除去した多層微多孔質膜を、加熱乾燥法又は風乾法により乾燥する。乾燥温度は第2のポリオレフィン樹脂の結晶分散温度(Tcd)以下であるのが好ましく、特にTcdより5℃以上低いのが好ましい。乾燥は、多層微多孔質膜を100質量%(乾燥重量)として、残存洗浄溶媒が5質量%以下になるまで行うのが好ましく、3質量%以下になるまで行うのがより好ましい。残存洗浄溶媒が上記範囲内であると、後段の多層微多孔質膜の延伸工程及び熱処理工程を行ったときに多層微多孔質膜の空孔率が維持され、透過性の悪化が抑制される。
乾燥後の多層微多孔質膜を、少なくとも一軸方向に延伸することが好ましい。多層微多孔質膜の延伸は、加熱しながら上記と同様にテンター法等により行うことができる。延伸は一軸延伸でも二軸延伸でもよい。二軸延伸の場合、同時二軸延伸及び逐次延伸のいずれでもよいが、同時二軸延伸が好ましい。
本工程における延伸温度は、特に限定されないが、通常90~135℃であり、より好ましくは95~130℃である。
また、上記延伸倍率の範囲内で、前記式2~5のいずれか一つ以上の関係を満たすことがより好ましい。
また、乾燥後の多層微多孔質膜は、熱処理を行うことができる。熱処理によって結晶が安定化し、ラメラが均一化される。熱処理方法としては、熱固定処理及び/又は熱緩和処理を用いることができる。熱固定処理とは、膜の寸法が変わらないように保持しながら加熱する熱処理である。熱緩和処理とは、膜を加熱中にMD方向やTD方向に熱収縮させる熱処理である。熱固定処理は、テンター方式又はロール方式により行うのが好ましい。例えば、熱緩和処理方法としては特開2002-256099号公報に開示の方法があげられる。熱処理温度は第2のポリオレフィン樹脂のTcd~Tmの範囲内が好ましく、多層微多孔質膜の延伸温度±5℃の範囲内がより好ましく、多層微多孔質膜の第2の延伸温度±3℃の範囲内が特に好ましい。
また、接合後又は延伸後の多層微多孔質膜に対して、さらに、架橋処理および親水化処理を行うこともできる。
例えば、多層微多孔質膜に対して、α線、β線、γ線、電子線等の電離放射線の照射することに、架橋処理を行う。電子線の照射の場合、0.1~100Mradの電子線量が好ましく、100~300kVの加速電圧が好ましい。架橋処理により多層微多孔質膜のメルトダウン温度が上昇する。
また、親水化処理は、モノマーグラフト、界面活性剤処理、コロナ放電等により行うことができる。モノマーグラフトは架橋処理後に行うのが好ましい。
また、第2の製造方法として、下記の工程(1)~(7)を含み、さらに、任意に下記の工程(8)を含むこともできる。
(1)各層を構成する原料(第2のポリオレフィン樹脂及び第1のポリオレフィン樹脂)と成膜用溶剤とをそれぞれ溶融混練し、第一及び第2のポリオレフィン溶液を調製する工程
(2)第一及び第2のポリオレフィン溶液を、別々に押出機を介してダイから押出した後、冷却して、第一及び第2のゲル状シートを形成する工程、
(3)第一及び第2のゲル状シートを延伸する第1の延伸工程、
(4)延伸後の第一及び第2のゲル状シートを積層しゲル状多層シートを形成する工程、
(5)前記ゲル状多層シートから成膜用溶剤を除去する工程、
(6)前記成膜用溶剤除去後の多層シートを乾燥する工程及び
(7)前記乾燥後の多層シートを延伸する第2の延伸工程
(8)前記第2の延伸後の多層シートに対して架橋処理及び/又は親水化処理する工程
第2の方法における、工程(1)~(3)、(5)~(8)は、前記第1の方法における、各工程と同様の条件で行なうことができる。工程(4)については、特に限定されず、従来公知の方法を用いることができる。
また、前記ポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜の少なくとも一方の表面に、前記第1又は第2の微多孔質層以外のその他の層を設け、積層多孔質膜としてもよい。その他の層としては、例えば、フィラーと樹脂バインダとを含むフィラー含有樹脂溶液や耐熱性樹脂溶液を用いて形成される多孔層を挙げることができる。
また、前記多孔層は、積層多孔質膜の一方の表面に形成されてもよく、両面に形成されてもよい。
本実施形態のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜は、水系電解液を使用する電池、非水系電解質を使用する電池のいずれにも好適に使用できる。具体的には、ニッケル-水素電池、ニッケル-カドミウム電池、ニッケル-亜鉛電池、銀-亜鉛電池、リチウム二次電池、リチウムポリマー二次電池等の二次電池のセパレータとして好ましく用いることができる。中でも、リチウムイオン二次電池のセパレータとして用いるのが好ましい。
なお、実施例で用いた評価法、分析の各法および材料は、以下の通りである。
(1)膜厚(μm)
微多孔質膜の95mm×95mmの範囲内における5点の膜厚を接触厚み計(株式会社ミツトヨ製ライトマチック)により測定し、平均値を求めた。
微多孔質膜の重量w1とそれと等価な空孔のないポリマーの重量w2(幅、長さ、組成の同じポリマー)とを比較した、以下の式によって、測定した。
空孔率(%)=(w2-w1)/w2×100
膜厚T1(μm)の多層微多孔質膜に対して、JIS P-8117に準拠して、透気度計(旭精工株式会社製、EGO-1T)で測定した透気度P1(sec/100cm3)を、式:P2=(P1×16)/T1により、膜厚を16μmとしたときの透気度P2に換算した。
パームポロメーター(PMI社製、CFP-1500A)を用いて、Dry-up、Wet-upの順で測定した。Wet-upには表面張力が既知のPMI社製Galwick(商品名)で十分に浸した微多孔質膜に圧力をかけ、空気が貫通し始める圧力から換算される孔径を最大孔径とした。
平均流量径については、Dry-up測定で圧力、流量曲線の1/2の傾きを示す曲線と、Wet-up測定の曲線が交わる点の圧力から孔径を換算した。圧力と孔径の換算は下記の数式を用いた。
d=C・γ/P
(上記式中、「d(μm)」は微多孔質膜の孔径、「γ(mN/m)」は液体の表面張力、「P(Pa)」は圧力、「C」は定数とした。
先端が球面(曲率半径R:0.5mm)の直径1mmの針で、膜厚T1(μm)の微多孔質膜を2mm/秒の速度で突刺したときの最大荷重を測定した。最大荷重の測定値L1(gf)を、式:L2=(L1×16)/T1により、膜厚を16μmとしたときの最大荷重L2に換算し、突刺強度とした。
インピーダンス測定装置(ソーラトロン製、SI1250、SI1287)を用いて測定した。30mm×20mmのNi箔を幅50mm×長さ80mm×高さ3mmのガラス板の上に設けた電極間に、幅30mm×長さ20mmの微多孔質膜、および、電解質として1mol/LのLiPF6溶液(溶媒は、エチレンカーボネートとエチルメチルカーボネートとからなる体積比3:7の混合溶液を用いた。)約0.02mlを挟んで測定を行った。測定条件は、1.0kHz、10mA(定電流)として、インピーダンス(Ω・cm2)をもとめた。
下記のようにして調製した電気化学セルを4.2Vまで充電し、インピーダンス測定装置(ソーラトロン製、SI1250、SI1287)を用いて10mA(定電流)で65kHzから0.1Hzの間のインピーダンスを測定した。その後、加速劣化試験のため、4.2Vトリクル充電条件で80℃オーブンに50時間入れた後、再度同じ条件でインピーダンスの測定をおこなった。
図1に示すように、測定された内部インピーダンスの周波数特性は、実数値を抵抗成分、虚数値をリアクタンス成分とする複素平面図(コールコールプロット)に表すことができる。測定周波数を高周波から低周波に変化させていくと、時計回りに半円を描くインピーダンスの軌跡が得られる。この軌跡において、1つ目の半円状軌跡が負極抵抗を示し、2つ目の半円状軌跡が正極抵抗を示すとされる。また、虚数値が0の時の実数値は、極板間の直列抵抗成分であり溶液抵抗(Ω)を示す。オーブン投入前の溶液抵抗(R0)に対するオーブン投入試験後の溶液抵抗(R1)の変化率を下記式により求めて、溶液抵抗上昇率Rc(%)とした。
Rc(%)=(R1―R0)/R0×100
コバルト酸リチウム100質量部、アセチレンブラック5質量部、ポリフッ化ビニリデン2質量部を均一に混合し、単位面積質量20mg/cm2で幅60mm×長さ60mmのアルミニウム基板に塗布して正極とした。
人造黒鉛100質量部、スチレン-ブタジエンゴム1.25質量部、カルボキシメチルセルロース3質量部を均一に混合し、単位面積質量9.45mg/cm2で幅65mm×長さ65mmの銅基板に塗布して負極とした。
得られた正極と負極の間に、幅75mm×長さ75mmの微多孔質膜、および、電解質として1mol/LのLiPF6溶液(溶媒は、エチレンカーボネートとエチルメチルカーボネートからなる体積比3:7の混合溶液を用いた。)約3mlを挟んで積層体とした。得られた積層体を外装材で覆い真空シール、密封して電気化学セルを作製した。
50mm角のポリオレフィン微多孔質膜を直径12mmの穴を有する金属製のブロック枠を用いて挟み、タングステンカーバイド製の直径10mmの球を前記多孔質膜上に設置する。前記多孔質膜は水平方向に平面を有するように設置される。30℃からスタートし、5℃/分で昇温する。前記多孔質膜がボールによって破膜されたときの温度を測定し、メルトダウン温度とした。
UHMWPE及びHDPEのMwは以下の条件でゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィー(GPC)法により求めた。
・測定装置:Waters Corporation製GPC-150C
・カラム:昭和電工株式会社製Shodex UT806M
・カラム温度:135℃
・溶媒(移動相):o-ジクロルベンゼン
・溶媒流速:1.0 ml/分
・試料濃度:0.1 wt%(溶解条件:135℃/1h)
・インジェクション量:500μl
・検出器:Waters Corporation製ディファレンシャルリフラクトメーター(RI検出器)
・検量線:単分散ポリスチレン標準試料を用いて得られた検量線から、所定の換算定数を用いて作成した。
(9)溶解熱、融点
融解熱ΔHmは、JIS K7122に準じて以下の手順で測定した。
すなわち、サンプルを走査型示差熱量計(Perkin Elmer,Inc.製、DSC-System7型)のサンプルホルダー内に静置し、窒素雰囲気中において190℃で10分間熱処理し、10℃/分で40℃まで冷却し、40℃に2分間保持し、10℃/分の速度で190℃まで加熱した。昇温過程で得られたDSC曲線(溶融曲線)上の85℃における点と175℃における点とを通る直線をベースラインとして引き、ベースラインとDSC曲線とで囲まれる部分の面積から熱量(単位:J)を算出し、これをサンプルの重量(単位:g)で割ることにより、融解熱ΔHm(単位:J/g)を求めた。
また、同様にして融解熱ΔHmと吸熱融解曲線における極小値の温度を融点として測定した。
(実施例1)
(1)第1のポリオレフィン溶液の調製
Mwが2.0×106のポリプロピレン(PP:融点162℃)20質量%及びMwが5.6×105の高密度ポリチレン(HDPE:密度0.955g/cm3、融点135℃)80質量%からなる第1のポリオレフィン樹脂100質量部に、酸化防止剤テトラキス[メチレン-3-(3,5-ジターシャリーブチル-4-ヒドロキシフェニル)-プロピオネート]メタン0.2質量部を配合し、混合物を調製した。
得られた混合物25質量部を、強混練タイプの二軸押出機(内径58mm、L/D=42)に投入し、二軸押出機のサイドフィーダーから流動パラフィン[35cst(40℃)]75質量部を供給し、210℃及び250rpmの条件で溶融混練して、第1のポリオレフィン溶液を調製した。
Mwが2.0×106の超高分子量ポリエチレン(UHMwPE)40質量%及びMwが5.6×105の高密度ポリチレン(HDPE:密度0.955g/cm3)60質量%からなる第2のポリオレフィン樹脂100質量部に、酸化防止剤テトラキス[メチレン-3-(3,5-ジターシャリーブチル-4-ヒドロキシフェニル)-プロピオネート]メタン0.2質量部を配合し、混合物を調製した。
得られた混合物25質量部を、上記と同タイプの別の二軸押出機に投入し、二軸押出機のサイドフィーダーから流動パラフィン[35cSt(40℃)]75質量部を供給し、上記と同条件で溶融混練して、第2のポリオレフィン溶液を調製した。
第一及び第2のポリオレフィン溶液を、各二軸押出機から三層用Tダイに供給し、第1のポリオレフィン溶液/第2のポリオレフィン溶液/第1のポリオレフィン溶液の層厚比が10/80/10となるように押し出した。押出し成形体を、30℃に温調した冷却ロールで引き取り速度2m/minで、引き取りながら冷却し、ゲル状三層シートを形成した。
(4)第1の延伸、成膜溶剤の除去、乾燥
ゲル状三層シートを、テンター延伸機により116℃でMD方向及びTD方向ともに5倍に同時二軸延伸(第1の延伸)した。延伸ゲル状三層シートを20cm×20cmのアルミニウム枠板に固定し、25℃に温調した塩化メチレン浴中に浸漬し、100rpmで3分間揺動しながら流動パラフィンを除去し、室温で風乾した。
(5)第2の延伸、熱固定
乾燥膜を、バッチ式延伸機を用いて、126℃でTD方向に1.4倍に延伸(第2の延伸)した。次に、この膜をテンター法により、126℃で熱固定処理を行った。
作成したポリオレフィン三層微多孔質膜の各成分の配合割合、製造条件、評価結果等を表1に記載した。
実施例2~3、比較例1、3~7では、表1に記載した条件以外は実施例1と同様の条件により、ポリオレフィン三層微多孔質膜/単層微多孔質膜を作成した。なお、比較例2では、表1に記載した条件とし、押出し成形体の冷却ロールにおける引き取り速度を1.5m/minとした以外は、上記実施例1と同様の条件により、ポリオレフィン三層微多孔質膜を作成した。
作成したポリオレフィン三層微多孔質膜の各成分の配合割合、製造条件、評価結果等を表1に記載した。
実施例1~4のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜では、膜厚が12μm、空孔率/膜厚が3.0以上であり、インピーダンスが7.5Ω・cm2以下と良好な値を示した。よって、電池セパレータとして用いた際に、電解液保持特性が良好であり、電池の高容量化、高出力化が期待できる。
特に、実施例1~3では、ポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜中のポリプロピレン含有量が2.5質量%以上であり、用いたポリプロピレンの融点(162℃)以上のメルトダウン温度を示し、耐熱性に優れる。
これは、実施例1~4のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜の空孔率/膜厚が3.0以上であり、最大孔径が55nm以下、平均流量径が20nm以上であるため、インピーダンスや透気性に優れ、イオンの通過経路をセパレータ面内方向で均一に分散させることができたため、局部的な目詰まりやデンドライトの成長が抑制されたためと考えられる。
なお、比較例3で得られたポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜を、さらに延伸を行って膜厚を12~14μmに調整しても、空孔率がさらに低下するため、インピーダンスは改善しなかった。このような微多孔質膜を電池セパレータとして使用しても、電池の出力、容量の向上は期待できない。
Claims (13)
- 少なくとも第1の微多孔質層及び第2の微多孔質層を含む、ポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜であって、
前記第1の微多孔質層は、ポリプロピレンを含有する第1のポリオレフィン樹脂からなり、
前記第2の微多孔質層は、超高分子量ポリエチレンを含有する第2のポリオレフィン樹脂からなり、
下記(I)~(II)の要件を満たすことを特徴とするポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜。
(I)膜厚が25μm以下であり、膜厚(μm)と空孔率(%)が下記式1の関係を満たす。
空孔率(%)/膜厚(μm)≧3.0・・・(式1)
(II)16μm換算透気度が100sec/100cm3以上300sec/100cm3以下である。 - 前記ポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜中のポリプロピレンの含有量が、2.0質量%以上(ただし、前記ポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜中の前記第1及び第2のポリオレフィン樹脂の合計を100質量%とする)であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜。
- 前記第1のポリオレフィン樹脂がポリプロピレンを10質量%以上55質量%以下及び高密度ポリエチレン45質量%以上90質量%以下含み、前記第2のポリオレフィン樹脂が超高分子量ポリエチレンを10質量%以上60質量%以下及び高密度ポリエチレン40質量%以上90質量%以下含むことを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜。
- さらに、下記(III)の要件を満たすことを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜。
(III)パームポロメーターで測定した最大孔径が5nm以上55nm以下である。 - さらに、下記(IV)の要件を満たすことを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜。
(IV)パームポロメーターで測定した平均流量径が20nm以上である。 - さらに、下記(V)の要件を満たすことを特徴とする請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜。
(V)膜厚16μmに換算した突刺強度が250gf/16μm以上である。 - さらに、下記(VI)の要件を満たすことを特徴とする請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜。
(VI) 落球法によるメルトダウン温度が150℃以上190℃以下である。 - さらに、下記(VII)の要件を満たすことを特徴とする請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜。
(VII)インピーダンス測定装置で測定したインピーダンスが7.5Ω・cm2未満である - 請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜の少なくとも一方の表面に無機充填剤および/または耐熱性樹脂からなる多孔層を有することを特徴とする積層多孔質膜。
- 請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜の製造方法であって、
(1)ポリプロピレンを含む前記第1のポリオレフィン樹脂と成膜用溶剤とを溶融混練し、第1のポリオレフィン溶液を調製する工程、
(2)超高分子量ポリエチレンを含む前記第2のポリオレフィン樹脂と成膜用溶剤とを溶融混練し、第2のポリオレフィン溶液を調製する工程、
(3)前記第1及び第2のポリオレフィン溶液を共押出し、多層シートを形成した後、冷却し、ゲル状多層シートを形成する工程、
(4)前記ゲル状多層シートを112℃以上117℃以下で延伸する第1の延伸工程、
(5)前記延伸後のゲル状多層シートから成膜用溶剤を除去する工程、
(6)前記成膜用溶剤除去後の多層シートを乾燥する工程及び
(7)前記乾燥後の多層シートを延伸する第2の延伸工程
を少なくとも含むことを特徴とするポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜の製造方法。 - 前記第1の延伸工程における延伸倍率(B)及び前記第2の延伸工程における延伸倍率(C)が下記式4の関係を満たすことを特徴とする請求項10に記載のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜の製造方法。
0.01≦A/(B×C)≦0.35・・・(式4)
(式中、Aは、前記ポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜中の前記第1及び第2のポリオレフィン樹脂の合計100質量%に対する、前記ポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜中のポリプロピレンの含有量とする。) - 請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載のポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜を用いてなることを特徴とする電池用セパレータ。
- 請求項9に記載の積層多孔質膜を用いてなることを特徴とする電池用セパレータ。
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| JP2016529550A JP6662290B2 (ja) | 2014-06-20 | 2015-06-19 | ポリオレフィン多層微多孔質膜、その製造方法及び電池用セパレータ |
| US15/318,323 US10680224B2 (en) | 2014-06-20 | 2015-06-19 | Polyolefin multilayer microporous film, method for producing same, and cell separator |
| CN201580033112.XA CN107405902B (zh) | 2014-06-20 | 2015-06-19 | 聚烯烃多层微多孔质膜、其制造方法和电池用隔膜 |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP3159163B1 (en) | 2023-05-10 |
| EP3159163A4 (en) | 2018-02-14 |
| JP6662290B2 (ja) | 2020-03-11 |
| US20170125766A1 (en) | 2017-05-04 |
| HUE062394T2 (hu) | 2023-10-28 |
| CN107405902B (zh) | 2019-06-28 |
| CN107405902A (zh) | 2017-11-28 |
| EP3159163A1 (en) | 2017-04-26 |
| JPWO2015194667A1 (ja) | 2017-06-01 |
| US10680224B2 (en) | 2020-06-09 |
| KR102443544B1 (ko) | 2022-09-14 |
| KR20170019348A (ko) | 2017-02-21 |
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