WO2014185344A1 - 非水電解液系二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解液系二次電池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2014185344A1 WO2014185344A1 PCT/JP2014/062440 JP2014062440W WO2014185344A1 WO 2014185344 A1 WO2014185344 A1 WO 2014185344A1 JP 2014062440 W JP2014062440 W JP 2014062440W WO 2014185344 A1 WO2014185344 A1 WO 2014185344A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- active material
- battery
- positive electrode
- negative electrode
- secondary battery
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1391—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
- H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
- H01M4/623—Binders being polymers fluorinated polymers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a high-power (low resistance) and high-capacity non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery (large cell) for automobile applications and the like.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery has a positive electrode active material layer containing a positive electrode active material (for example, LiCoO 2 , LiMnO 2 , LiNiO 2, etc.) formed on the current collector surface.
- a positive electrode active material for example, LiCoO 2 , LiMnO 2 , LiNiO 2, etc.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a negative electrode active material formed on the surface of a current collector (for example, carbonaceous materials such as metallic lithium, coke and natural / artificial graphite, metals such as Sn and Si, and oxidation thereof)
- a negative electrode active material layer including a material material for example, carbonaceous materials such as metallic lithium, coke and natural / artificial graphite, metals such as Sn and Si, and oxidation thereof.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is provided between the positive electrode active material layer and the negative electrode active material layer, and separates the positive electrode active material layer and the negative
- a secondary battery including such an electrolyte as a non-aqueous electrolyte solution or a gel electrolyte (a gel obtained by impregnating a polymer electrolyte with a non-aqueous electrolyte component) is called a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- an electrolytic solution it is assumed that a nonaqueous electrolytic solution component in the gel electrolyte is included in addition to the nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
- the formation of a coating on the negative electrode surface is promoted to improve the cycle characteristics, and the decomposition reaction of the electrolyte is suppressed during charging and discharging.
- the present invention aims to improve battery cycle characteristics by controlling the balance of resistance between positive and negative electrodes in a high output (low resistance) and high capacity non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery (large cell). Objective.
- the inventors solved the problem of cycle characteristics by reducing the resistance of only the negative electrode as in Patent Document 1, but in a low-resistance and high-capacity battery (large cell), It has been found that the above problem cannot be solved unless the resistances of the positive and negative electrodes are balanced. As means for solving this problem, the present inventors have found that control of the zeta ( ⁇ ) potential is effective as a substitute parameter for the resistance balance between the positive and negative electrodes.
- the zeta ( ⁇ ) potential between the active material and the conductive additive is set to an absolute value of 0. It is characterized in that it is controlled in the range of 3 mV to 2 mV.
- the range of 0.3 mV to 2 mV in absolute value means the range of ⁇ 20 mV to ⁇ 0.3 mV and the range of +0.3 mV to +2 mV.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view schematically showing the overall structure of a high output (low resistance) and high capacity non-bipolar lithium ion secondary battery (large cell) according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view schematically showing the overall structure of a high-power (low resistance) and high-capacity bipolar lithium ion secondary battery (large cell) according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the upper diagram of FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view schematically showing a positive electrode in which a conventional positive electrode active material layer (only one surface is described) is formed on a current collector, and the lower diagram is a diagram of the present invention on a current collector. It is the schematic sectional drawing which represented typically the positive electrode in which the positive electrode active material layer (only one side is described) was formed.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present embodiment is a battery (large cell) including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte layer, having a battery capacity of 3 Ah or more and an absolute value of battery internal resistance of 30 m ⁇ or less. is there. Furthermore, the low resistance (high output) and high capacity non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery (large cell) according to the present embodiment has an absolute value of zeta ( ⁇ ) potential between the active material and the conductive additive. It is characterized by being in the range of 0.3 mV to 2 mV.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present embodiment has the above-described configuration, thereby controlling the zeta ( ⁇ ) potential between the active material and the conductive additive in the low-resistance and high-capacity battery (large cell).
- ⁇ zeta
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present embodiment has the above-described configuration, thereby controlling the zeta ( ⁇ ) potential between the active material and the conductive additive in the low-resistance and high-capacity battery (large cell).
- non-low-resistance batteries lithium ion secondary batteries (small cells) used for portable devices, etc., also called consumer batteries
- a low-resistance, high-capacity battery large cell
- EVs, HEVs, FCVs, and other automotive applications use non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries (large cells) with high output (low resistance) and high capacity. Accordingly, a large current can be passed and a large area electrode can be handled.
- An ordered mixture is formed by controlling the zeta potential between the active material and the conductive additive to solve the problems inherent to such high output (low resistance) and high capacity non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries (large cells). Therefore, a minute resistance variation in the electrode at the time of charging / discharging can be suppressed. That is, when the zeta potential is controlled so that the particle size difference is remarkably large and a strong interaction is exerted between the particles, a mixture in which fine particles (conductive aid) are regularly arranged on the surface of the coarse particles (active material) can be obtained. Such a mixture is called an ordered mixture, and such an ordered mixture can be said to be an ideal mixed state from the viewpoint of suppressing local minute resistance variation.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery A typical example of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present embodiment is a lithium ion secondary battery. That is, a positive electrode containing a negative electrode active material capable of inserting / extracting lithium ions, a negative electrode containing a negative electrode active material capable of inserting / extracting lithium ions, and an electrolyte layer interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode Is a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- a lithium ion secondary battery will be described as an example, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- FIG. 1 shows a lithium ion secondary battery (large cell) (hereinafter also simply referred to as “parallel stacked battery”) stacked in parallel with a high output (low resistance) and high capacity according to an embodiment of the present invention. It is the cross-sectional schematic which represented the whole structure typically.
- the parallel laminated battery 10a of the present embodiment has a structure in which a substantially rectangular power generation element 17 in which a charge / discharge reaction actually proceeds is sealed inside a laminate film 22 that is a battery exterior material.
- the power generation element 17 is housed and sealed by using a polymer-metal composite laminate film as a battery exterior material and joining all of its peripheral parts by thermal fusion.
- the power generation element 17 includes a negative electrode in which the negative electrode active material layer 12 is disposed on both sides of the negative electrode current collector 11 (only one side for the lowermost layer and the uppermost layer of the power generation element), an electrolyte layer 13, and a positive electrode current collector 14. And a positive electrode in which the positive electrode active material layer 15 is disposed on both sides.
- the negative electrode, the electrolyte layer 13 and the positive electrode are laminated in this order so that one negative electrode active material layer 12 and the positive electrode active material layer 15 adjacent to the negative electrode active material layer 15 face each other with the electrolyte layer 13 therebetween. Yes.
- a positive electrode active material having a specific composition and structure is used for the positive electrode active material layer.
- the adjacent negative electrode, electrolyte layer 13, and positive electrode constitute one single cell layer 16. Therefore, it can be said that the parallel stacked battery 10a of the present embodiment has a configuration in which a plurality of single battery layers 16 are stacked and electrically connected in parallel. Further, a seal portion (insulating layer) (not shown) for insulating between the adjacent negative electrode current collector 11 and the positive electrode current collector 14 may be provided on the outer periphery of the unit cell layer 16. .
- the negative electrode active material layer 12 is disposed only on one side of the outermost layer negative electrode current collector 11 a located in both outermost layers of the power generation element 17.
- the arrangement of the negative electrode and the positive electrode is reversed so that the outermost positive electrode current collector is positioned on both outermost layers of the power generation element 17, and the positive electrode is provided only on one side of the outermost positive electrode current collector.
- An active material layer may be arranged.
- the negative electrode current collector 11 and the positive electrode current collector 14 are attached with a negative electrode current collector plate 18 and a positive electrode current collector plate 19 that are electrically connected to the respective electrodes (negative electrode and positive electrode), and are sandwiched between ends of the laminate film 22. Thus, it has a structure led out of the laminate film 22.
- the negative electrode current collector 18 and the positive electrode current collector 19 are connected to the negative electrode current collector 11 and the positive electrode current collector 14 of each electrode by ultrasonic welding or resistance via a negative electrode terminal lead 20 and a positive electrode terminal lead 21 as necessary. It may be attached by welding or the like (this form is shown in FIG. 1).
- the negative electrode current collector 11 may be extended to form the negative electrode current collector plate 18 and may be led out from the laminate film 22.
- the positive electrode current collector 14 may be extended to form a positive electrode current collector plate 19, which may be similarly derived from the battery exterior material 22.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a bipolar lithium ion secondary battery (large cell) (hereinafter simply referred to as a “series stacked battery”) stacked in series with high output (low resistance) and high capacity according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view schematically showing the entire structure.
- the series stacked battery 10b shown in FIG. 2 has a structure in which a substantially rectangular power generation element 17 in which a charge / discharge reaction actually proceeds is sealed inside a laminate film 22 that is a battery exterior material.
- the power generation element 17 of the series stacked battery 10 b has a positive electrode active material layer 15 electrically coupled to one surface of the current collector 23, and the surface on the opposite side of the current collector 11.
- a plurality of bipolar electrodes 24 each having a negative electrode active material layer 12 electrically coupled thereto.
- a positive electrode active material having a specific composition and structure is used for the positive electrode active material layer.
- Each bipolar electrode 24 is laminated via the electrolyte layer 13 to form the power generation element 17.
- the electrolyte layer 13 has a configuration in which an electrolyte is held at the center in the surface direction of a separator as a base material.
- the positive electrode active material layer 15 of one bipolar electrode 24 and the negative electrode active material layer 12 of another bipolar electrode 24 adjacent to the one bipolar electrode 24 face each other through the electrolyte layer 13.
- Each bipolar electrode 24 and the electrolyte layer 13 are alternately laminated. That is, the electrolyte layer 13 is sandwiched between the positive electrode active material layer 15 of one bipolar electrode 24 and the negative electrode active material layer 12 of another bipolar electrode 24 adjacent to the one bipolar electrode 24. ing.
- the adjacent positive electrode active material layer 15, electrolyte layer 13, and negative electrode active material layer 12 constitute one unit cell layer 16. Therefore, it can be said that the serially stacked battery 10b of the present embodiment has a configuration in which a plurality of single battery layers 16 are stacked and electrically connected in series. Further, for the purpose of preventing liquid junction due to leakage of the electrolyte from the electrolyte layer 13, a seal portion (insulating portion) 25 is disposed on the outer peripheral portion of the unit cell layer 16.
- the positive electrode active material layer 15 is formed on only one side of the positive electrode outermost layer current collector 23 a located in the outermost layer of the power generation element 17.
- the negative electrode active material layer 12 is formed only on one side of the negative electrode side outermost current collector 23b located in the outermost layer of the power generation element 17.
- the positive electrode active material layer 15 may be formed on both surfaces of the outermost layer current collector 23a on the positive electrode side.
- the negative electrode active material layer 12 may be formed on both surfaces of the outermost current collector 23b on the negative electrode side.
- the positive electrode current collector plate 19 is disposed so as to be adjacent to the outermost layer current collector 23a on the positive electrode side, and this is extended and led out from the laminate film 22 which is a battery exterior material. is doing.
- the negative electrode current collector plate 18 is disposed so as to be adjacent to the outermost layer current collector 23b on the negative electrode side, and similarly, this is extended and led out from the laminate film 22 which is an exterior of the battery.
- the insulating portion 25 is usually provided around each unit cell layer 16.
- the insulating portion 25 is intended to prevent the adjacent current collectors 23 in the battery from contacting each other and the occurrence of a short circuit due to a slight irregularity of the end portions of the unit cell layer 16 in the power generation element 17. Provided. By installing such an insulating portion 25, long-term reliability and safety can be ensured, and a high-quality series stacked battery 10b can be provided.
- the number of times the single cell layer 16 is stacked is adjusted according to the desired voltage. Further, in the serially stacked battery 10b, the number of times the single battery layers 16 are stacked may be reduced if a sufficient output can be ensured even if the battery is made as thin as possible. Even in the case of the serially stacked battery 10b, it is necessary to prevent external impact and environmental degradation during use. Therefore, the power generation element 17 is preferably sealed in a laminate film 22 that is a battery exterior material, and the positive electrode current collector plate 19 and the negative electrode current collector plate 18 are taken out of the laminate film 22.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present embodiment represented by FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 is a high output (low resistance) and high capacity battery (large cell).
- the high-capacity nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery (large cell) of this embodiment has a high capacity of 3 Ah or more, preferably 5 Ah or more. Thereby, when using for motor vehicles uses, such as EV, HEV, and FCV, a large electric current can be sent and the cruising distance by one charge can be raised.
- the battery capacity of this embodiment can be measured by the following method.
- the battery is charged to 4.2 V by a constant current method at 25 ° C. by a constant current method (CC, current: 0.1 C).
- CC constant current method
- CC constant current method
- it is discharged to 2.5 V with a constant current (CC, current: 0.1 C), and rests again for 10 minutes after discharging.
- the discharge capacity at that time is defined as the battery capacity of this embodiment.
- the absolute value of the battery internal resistance is 30 m ⁇ or less, preferably 20 m ⁇ or less.
- the absolute value of the battery internal resistance is preferably as small as possible, and there is no particular lower limit.
- the absolute value of the battery internal resistance of this embodiment can be measured by the following method.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of this embodiment is charged to 3.9 V by a constant current method at 25 ° C. by a constant current method (CC, current: 1 C).
- CC constant current
- the battery is discharged at a constant current (CC, current: 1 C) for 20 seconds, and again after resting for 10 minutes.
- the resistance measured from the drop in voltage according to Ohm's law is defined as the battery internal resistance.
- the impedance analyzer manufactured by Solartron
- the frequency is 0.05 Hz to 3000 Hz.
- the area specified value of the battery internal resistance is in the range of 40 [Omega ⁇ cm 2 or less, and more preferably in the range of 30 [Omega ⁇ cm 2 or less.
- the area regulation value of the battery internal resistance of this embodiment can be measured by the following method.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of this embodiment is charged to 3.9 V by a constant current method at 25 ° C. by a constant current method (CC, current: 1 C). After resting for 10 minutes, the battery is discharged at a constant current (CC, current: 1 C) for 20 seconds, and then rested again for 10 minutes after discharging.
- the resistance measured from the drop in voltage according to Ohm's law is defined as the battery internal resistance.
- the value of the battery internal resistance is multiplied by the area of the cell to calculate a resistance value (area prescribed value) per unit area.
- the zeta potential of the active material is an index showing the uniformity of resistance in the in-plane and perpendicular directions of the electrode. If the zeta potential in the electrode is three-dimensionally aligned, the absolute value of the internal resistance of the electrode is also uniform. It can be said that.
- the specified area value of the battery internal resistance is obtained by multiplying the absolute value by the cell area to obtain the resistance value per unit area. In this embodiment, in order to eliminate variations in the resistance value resulting from dimensional errors in the electrode size at the manufacturing stage for each battery, this embodiment also prescribes the area specified value of the battery internal resistance.
- the positive electrode has a function of generating electrical energy by transferring lithium ions together with the negative electrode.
- the positive electrode essentially includes a current collector and a positive electrode active material layer, and the positive electrode active material layer is formed on the surface of the current collector.
- the current collector is made of a conductive material, and a positive electrode active material layer is disposed on one side or both sides thereof.
- a conductive resin in which a conductive filler is added to a metal or a conductive polymer material or a non-conductive polymer material may be employed.
- metals examples include aluminum, nickel, iron, stainless steel (SUS), titanium, and copper.
- a clad material of nickel and aluminum, a clad material of copper and aluminum, or a plating material of a combination of these metals can be preferably used.
- covered on the metal surface may be sufficient.
- aluminum, stainless steel, or copper is preferably used from the viewpoint of conductivity and battery operating potential.
- examples of the conductive polymer material include polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyacetylene, polyparaphenylene, polyphenylene vinylene, polyacrylonitrile, and polyoxadiazole. Since such a conductive polymer material has sufficient conductivity without adding a conductive filler, it is advantageous in terms of facilitating the manufacturing process or reducing the weight of the current collector.
- non-conductive polymer materials include polyethylene (PE; high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE)), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyether nitrile (PEN), polyimide ( PI), polyamideimide (PAI), polyamide (PA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polymethyl acrylate (PMA), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), Examples include polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), and polystyrene (PS). Such a non-conductive polymer material may have excellent potential resistance or solvent resistance.
- PE polyethylene
- HDPE high density polyethylene
- LDPE low density polyethylene
- PP polypropylene
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PEN polyether nitrile
- PI polyimide
- PAI polyamideimide
- a conductive filler may be added to the conductive polymer material or the non-conductive polymer material as necessary.
- a conductive filler is inevitably necessary to impart conductivity to the resin.
- the conductive filler can be used without particular limitation as long as it is a substance having conductivity.
- metals, conductive carbon, etc. are mentioned as a material excellent in electroconductivity, electric potential resistance, or lithium ion barrier
- the metal is not particularly limited, but at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Ni, Ti, Al, Cu, Pt, Fe, Cr, Sn, Zn, In, Sb, and K, or these metals.
- the conductive carbon is not particularly limited, but is at least one selected from the group consisting of acetylene black, vulcan, black pearl, carbon nanofiber, ketjen black, carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, carbon nanoballoon, and fullerene. Preferably it contains seeds.
- the amount of the conductive filler added is not particularly limited as long as it is an amount capable of imparting sufficient conductivity to the current collector, and is generally about 5 to 35% by mass.
- the size of the current collector is determined according to the intended use of the battery. For example, if it is used for a large battery that requires a high energy density, a current collector having a large area is used.
- the thickness of the current collector is not particularly limited, but is usually about 1 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode active material layer essentially includes an active material and a conductive auxiliary agent, and a zeta ( ⁇ ) potential between the active material and the conductive auxiliary agent is in a predetermined range.
- the positive electrode active material layer includes other additives such as a binder, an electrolyte (polymer matrix, ion conductive polymer, electrolyte, etc.), and a lithium salt for increasing ion conductivity. Further, it may be included.
- the positive electrode active material has a composition capable of releasing lithium ions during charging and occluding lithium ions during discharging.
- the positive electrode active material include LiMn 2 O 4 , LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , Li (Ni—Mn—Co) O 2, and lithium-- such as those in which some of these transition metals are substituted with other elements.
- Examples include transition metal composite oxides, lithium-transition metal phosphate compounds, and lithium-transition metal sulfate compounds.
- two or more positive electrode active materials may be used in combination.
- a lithium-transition metal composite oxide is used as the positive electrode active material.
- NMC composite oxide Li (Ni—Mn—Co) O 2 and those in which some of these transition metals are substituted with other elements (hereinafter also simply referred to as “NMC composite oxide”) are used.
- the NMC composite oxide has a layered crystal structure in which a lithium atomic layer and a transition metal (Mn, Ni, and Co are arranged in order) are stacked alternately via an oxygen atomic layer.
- One Li atom is contained, and the amount of Li that can be taken out is twice that of the spinel lithium manganese oxide, that is, the supply capacity is doubled, so that a high capacity can be obtained.
- the NMC composite oxide includes a composite oxide in which a part of the transition metal element is substituted with another metal element.
- Other elements in that case include Ti, Zr, Nb, W, P, Al, Mg, V, Ca, Sr, Cr, Fe, B, Ga, In, Si, Mo, Y, Sn, V, Cu , Ag, Zn, etc., preferably Ti, Zr, Nb, W, P, Al, Mg, V, Ca, Sr, Cr, more preferably Ti, Zr, P, Al, Mg, From the viewpoint of improving cycle characteristics, Ti, Zr, Al, Mg, and Cr are more preferable.
- a represents the atomic ratio of Li
- b represents the atomic ratio of Ni
- c represents the atomic ratio of Co
- d represents the atomic ratio of Mn
- x represents the atomic ratio of M. Represents. From the viewpoint of cycle characteristics, it is preferable that 0.4 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.6 in the general formula (1).
- the composition of each element can be measured by, for example, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectrometry.
- ICP inductively coupled plasma
- Ni nickel
- Co cobalt
- Mn manganese
- Ti or the like partially replaces the transition metal in the crystal lattice. From the viewpoint of cycle characteristics, it is preferable that a part of the transition element is substituted with another metal element, and it is particularly preferable that 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.3 in the general formula (1). Since at least one selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Nb, W, P, Al, Mg, V, Ca, Sr, and Cr is dissolved, the crystal structure is stabilized. It is considered that the battery capacity can be prevented from decreasing even if the above is repeated, and that excellent cycle characteristics can be realized.
- b, c and d are 0.44 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.51, 0.27 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.31, 0.19 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.26. It is preferable that it is excellent in balance between capacity and durability.
- positive electrode active materials other than those described above may be used.
- the average particle diameter of each active material contained in the positive electrode active material layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably 1 to 30 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of increasing the output. More preferably, the thickness is 10 to 30 ⁇ m, which is desirable for a high output (low resistance) and high capacity battery (large battery) that handles a large area electrode.
- the active material is required to have a zeta ( ⁇ ) potential between the conductive additive and a predetermined range.
- the method for controlling the ⁇ potential is not particularly limited, but it is useful to change the production conditions of the active material, particularly the firing temperature.
- the active material for controlling the ⁇ potential can be prepared by the following method.
- the preparation of the active material is not particularly limited, and a conventionally known method can be appropriately used.
- a method of obtaining a desired active material by obtaining a fired raw material (transition metal source) using a coprecipitation method and firing with a Li source will be described, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
- the preparation of the active material first, a step of obtaining a firing raw material (transition metal source) by a coprecipitation method (first step), and a step of obtaining a firing raw material by mixing a Li source with the firing raw material (transition metal source) (Second step) and a step of firing the firing raw material (third step).
- each step will be described.
- (A) 1st process The process of obtaining a calcination raw material (transition metal source) by a coprecipitation method
- a precipitation agent for example, sodium hydroxide
- a pH adjuster for example, sodium hydroxide
- each inorganic acid for example, sulfuric acid
- a metal composite hydroxide can be produced by a coprecipitation method.
- the preparation method is not limited at all.
- (B) 2nd process The process of obtaining a baking raw material At a 2nd process, Li source is mixed with the baking raw material (transition metal source) obtained at the 1st process by a predetermined ratio, and a baking raw material (raw material mixture) is obtained.
- a conventionally known method can be used.
- the metal composite oxide obtained in the first step and a lithium source (for example, lithium oxide monohydrate) are mixed with the total number of moles of transition metals other than Li (Mn, Co, Ni, Al, etc.) and Li Are weighed so that the ratio of the number of moles is, for example, 1: 1.
- a fired raw material raw material mixture
- the preparation method is not limited at all.
- step of firing the firing raw material In the third step, it is only necessary to obtain a desired active material by firing the firing raw material (raw material mixture) obtained in the second step, and there is a particular limitation.
- a conventionally known method can be used.
- the firing raw material (raw material mixture) obtained in the second step is heated at a predetermined temperature increase rate (for example, in the range of 5 ⁇ 3 ° C./min), and is 400 to 480 ° C. for 3 to 6 hours in an oxygen atmosphere.
- Temporary firing Thereafter, the temperature is increased at a predetermined temperature increase rate (in the range of 3 ⁇ 2 ° C./min), the main baking is performed at 730 to 800 ° C.
- a positive electrode active material (average particle diameter of 1 to 100 ⁇ m) made of a lithium transition metal composite oxide having a desired composition formula can be obtained.
- the preparation method is not limited at all.
- the firing temperature is 730 ° C. or higher, it is possible to prevent the theoretical capacity from being lowered without lowering the crystallinity of the particles.
- the insulating film amorphous (non-crystalline) oxide film that does not inhibit lithium desorption / absorption (charge / discharge reaction)
- the potential can be controlled within a desired range.
- the firing temperature is 800 ° C.
- the distribution of the insulating film (amorphous (amorphous) oxide film that does not inhibit lithium desorption / absorption (charge / discharge reaction)) that can occur simultaneously with the generation of the active material Uniformity can be achieved, and the zeta ( ⁇ ) potential can be controlled within a desired range.
- a feature of the present embodiment is that in a low-resistance and large-capacity battery (large cell), the handled electrode is also a large-area electrode, and this suppresses resistance variation due to non-uniformity in the positive electrode.
- the conductive auxiliary agent is an additive blended to improve the conductivity of the active material layer.
- a conductive support agent Carbon powder, such as acetylene black, Ketjen black, furnace black, carbon powder, such as channel black, thermal black, a graphite, vapor growth carbon fiber (VGCF; registered trademark), etc.
- Various carbon fibers, carbon materials such as expanded graphite.
- the content of the conductive auxiliary agent contained in the positive electrode active material layer is not particularly limited as long as it is an amount that can improve the conductivity of the active material. It is in the range of ⁇ 15% by mass.
- the content is preferably 1 to 10% by mass, more preferably 2 to 8% by mass, and still more preferably 3 to 7% by mass.
- the zeta ( ⁇ ) potential between the active material and the conductive additive is in the range of 0.3 mV to 2 mV in absolute value.
- variation in the resistance in an electrode can be suppressed.
- decomposition of the positive electrode electrolyte during charging, structural change of the active material, and Li deposition on the negative electrode are suppressed, improving the cycle characteristics of high-power (low-resistance), high-capacity batteries (large cells) for automobiles. can do.
- high-power (low-resistance) and high-capacity batteries (large cells) for automobiles need to handle large electrodes with a large current flow.
- the upper diagram of FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view schematically showing a positive electrode in which a conventional positive electrode active material layer (only one surface is described) is formed on a current collector, and the lower diagram is a diagram of the present invention on a current collector. It is the schematic sectional drawing which represented typically the positive electrode in which the positive electrode active material layer (only one side is described) was formed.
- a mixture ordered mixture in which fine particles (conductive auxiliary agent 2) are regularly arranged on the surface of coarse particles (active material 1) is formed, and apparently the conductive auxiliary agent 2 is formed on the surface of active material 1 particles.
- a state in which a film (three-dimensional conductive network) 4 is formed is shown.
- the case where the absolute value deviates from 0.3 mV refers to a range from more than ⁇ 0.3 mV to less than +0.3 mV.
- the zeta ( ⁇ ) potential between the active material 1 and the conductive additive 2 deviates from 2 mV (upper limit) in absolute value.
- the particles of the conductive auxiliary agent 2 and the active material 1 are aggregated and cannot be dispersed well, the ordered mixture cannot be formed, and the above-mentioned effects cannot be fully expressed ( Comparative Example 1).
- the case where the absolute value deviates from 2 mV (upper limit) means a range of less than ⁇ 2 mV and a range of more than +2 mV.
- the zeta ( ⁇ ) potential between the active material and the conductive additive in the present embodiment can be measured by the following method.
- the active material and the conductive additive are mixed in a solvent (NMP), and the sample after standing is further put into the solvent (NMP), stirred, and measured with a zeta electrometer.
- NMP solvent
- a zeta electrometer manufactured by Microtech Nichion, ZEECOM
- the mixing ratio of the active material and the conductive auxiliary agent may be a mixing ratio when actually used for producing an electrode.
- a first conductive assistant having a specific surface area of 40 to 100 m 2 / g and a second conductive assistant having a specific surface area of 15 to 35 m 2 / g are 1: 1 to 5: What mixed by the ratio (mass ratio) of 1 is preferable.
- the specific surface area of the first conductive assistant is preferably in the range of 40 to 100 m 2 / g, more preferably in the range of 50 to 100 m 2 / g. If the specific surface area of the first conductive auxiliary agent is 100 m 2 / g or less, the reaction resistance increases too much, and the balance of resistance with the negative electrode is not lost. It is excellent in that it can be formed. On the other hand, if the specific surface area of the first conductive aid is 40 m 2 / g or more, the reaction resistance is too low, and the balance of resistance with the negative electrode is not lost, so that the entire reaction area of the active material is covered. A path can be formed. Moreover, it is excellent in that the manufacturing cost does not increase significantly.
- the specific surface area of the second conductive additive is preferably in the range of 15 to 35 m 2 / g, more preferably in the range of 15 to 30 m 2 / g. If the specific surface area of the second conductive auxiliary agent is 35 m 2 / g or less, the reaction resistance will not increase too much, and the resistance balance with the negative electrode will not be lost. It is excellent in that it can be formed. On the other hand, if the specific surface area of the second conductive auxiliary agent is 15 m 2 / g or more, the reaction resistance is too low and the balance of resistance with the negative electrode is not lost, and the entire conductive reaction area is covered. A path can be formed. Moreover, it is excellent in that the manufacturing cost does not increase significantly.
- the first conductive assistant having a specific surface area of 40 to 100 m 2 / g and the second conductive assistant having a specific surface area of 15 to 35 m 2 / g can be appropriately selected and used from the conductive assistants exemplified above.
- the conductive aids exemplified above by using the following specific surface area measurement method, each of which falls within the range of the specific surface area, or a commercially available conductive material whose specific surface area is known.
- an auxiliary agent may be used.
- acetylene black (VGCF-S manufactured by Showa Denko, HS-100 manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo), ketjen black, furnace, and the like are used as the first conductive assistant having a specific surface area of 40 to 100 m 2 / g.
- examples thereof include black (SuperP manufactured by TIMCAL).
- the shape of the first conductive additive is not particularly limited, but a spherical shape is preferable.
- the average particle size of the first conductive auxiliary agent is not particularly limited, but the particle size difference is remarkably large, and a strong interaction between the particles causes the fine particles (conductive auxiliary agent) to become coarse particles ( The range of 20 to 100 nm is preferable in order to form a mixture (ordered mixture) regularly arranged on the surface of the active material).
- the second conductive additive having a specific surface area of 15 to 35 m 2 / g include carbon black (NC75 manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo), graphite (KS6 manufactured by TIMCAL), and the like.
- the shape of these second conductive assistants is not particularly limited, but a spherical one is preferable.
- the average particle size of the first conductive auxiliary agent is not particularly limited, but the particle size difference is remarkably large, and a strong interaction between the particles causes the fine particles (conductive auxiliary agent) to become coarse particles (
- the range of 20 nm to 10 ⁇ m is preferable so as to be advantageous in forming a regularly arranged mixture (ordered mixture) on the surface of the active material).
- the average particle diameter of the active material is as described above, but the first and second conductive assistants having different specific surface areas are mixed to form a conductive path that covers the entire reaction area of the active material. It can be said that the average particle diameter of the active material advantageous to the above is more preferably in the range of 10 to 30 ⁇ m.
- the shape of the active material is more preferably spherical. Further, from the same viewpoint, it can be said that the specific surface area of the active material is more preferably in the range of 0.01 to 1.5 m 2 / g.
- the specific surface areas of the first conductive aid and the second conductive aid in this embodiment can be measured by the following method.
- both of the first conductive assistant and the second conductive assistant adsorb an inert gas such as nitrogen and use the BET method (a method for calculating a specific surface area from a low-temperature low-humidity physical adsorption phenomenon of an inert gas). Can be measured.
- the mixing ratio of the first conductive assistant having the specific surface area and the second conductive assistant is preferably 1: 1 to 5: 1 (mass ratio), more preferably 2: 1 to 4 : 1 ratio (mass ratio). If the mixing ratio is above the lower limit of 1: 1 to 5: 1 (the mixing amount (ratio) of the first conductive assistant is equal to or higher than the mixing ratio of 1: 1), the reaction resistance is too low. Thus, a conductive path that covers the entire reaction area of the active material can be formed without losing the balance of resistance with the negative electrode.
- the reaction resistance is A conductive path that covers the entire reaction area of the active material can be formed without increasing the resistance balance with the negative electrode.
- the positive electrode active material layer may include a binder, an electrolyte (polymer matrix, ion conductive polymer, electrolytic solution, etc.), a lithium salt for increasing ion conductivity, etc., if necessary. It further contains other additives.
- the binder is added for the purpose of maintaining the electrode structure by binding the constituent members in the active material layer or the active material layer and the current collector. Although it does not specifically limit as a binder used for a positive electrode active material layer, For example, the following materials are mentioned.
- Polyethylene polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyether nitrile, polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyamide, cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and its salts, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl chloride, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) ), Isoprene rubber, butadiene rubber, ethylene / propylene rubber, ethylene / propylene / diene copolymer, styrene / butadiene / styrene block copolymer and hydrogenated product thereof, styrene / isoprene / styrene block copolymer and hydrogenated product thereof
- Thermoplastic polymers such as products, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene
- the content of the binder contained in the positive electrode active material layer is not particularly limited as long as it is an amount capable of binding the active material, but preferably 0 to 30 mass with respect to the positive electrode active material layer. %.
- the range is preferably 0.5 to 15% by mass, more preferably 1 to 10% by mass, further preferably 2 to 8% by mass, and particularly preferably 3 to 7% by mass.
- a hydrophilic binder such as PVdF (organic solvent binder) increases the liquid absorption rate by increasing its content, but it is disadvantageous in terms of energy density. Also, an excessive amount of binder increases battery resistance. Therefore, by making the amount of the binder contained in the positive electrode active material layer within the above range, the active material can be bound efficiently, and the effect of this embodiment can be further enhanced.
- lithium salt examples include Li (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 N, LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 and the like.
- Non conductive polymer examples include polyethylene oxide (PEO) -based and polypropylene oxide (PPO) -based polymers.
- the porosity of the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 20 to 30%, preferably 22 to 28%, more preferably 23 to 25%. If it is in the said range, the liquid absorption speed
- the compounding ratio of the components contained in the positive electrode active material layer and the negative electrode active material layer is not particularly limited as long as it is not specified, and these compounding amounts (mixing ratios) are not limited to lithium ion secondary batteries. It can be adjusted by appropriately referring to known knowledge about.
- the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer and the negative electrode active material layer described below is not particularly limited, and conventionally known knowledge about the battery can be referred to as appropriate.
- the thickness of each active material layer is about 2 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the negative electrode has a function of generating electrical energy by transferring lithium ions together with the positive electrode.
- the negative electrode essentially includes a current collector and a negative electrode active material layer, and the negative electrode active material layer is formed on the surface of the current collector.
- the negative electrode active material layer includes a negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode active material layer may further contain additives such as a conductive additive and a binder.
- the negative electrode active material has a composition capable of releasing lithium ions during discharging and occluding lithium ions during charging.
- the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it can reversibly occlude and release lithium.
- Examples of the negative electrode active material include metals such as Si and Sn, TiO, Ti 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , or Metal oxide such as SiO 2 , SiO, SnO 2 , composite oxide of lithium and transition metal such as Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 or Li 7 MnN, Li—Pb alloy, Li—Al alloy, Li, or Preferable examples include carbon materials such as carbon powder, graphite (natural graphite, artificial graphite), carbon black, activated carbon, carbon fiber, coke, soft carbon, or hard carbon. Among these, by using an element that forms an alloy with lithium, it becomes possible to obtain a battery having a high capacity and an excellent output characteristic having a higher energy density than that of a conventional carbon-based material.
- the negative electrode active material may be used alone or in the form of a mixture of two or more.
- the element alloying with lithium is not limited to the following, but specifically, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Al, In, Zn, H, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ru, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Ag, Au, Cd, Hg, Ga, Tl, C, N, Sb, Bi, O, S, Se, Te, Cl, and the like.
- the negative electrode active materials it is preferable to include a carbon material and / or at least one element selected from the group consisting of Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Al, In, and Zn. Or Sn is more preferable, and it is particularly preferable to use a carbon material.
- carbonaceous particles having a low lithium relative discharge potential are preferable, for example, natural graphite, artificial graphite, blends of natural graphite and artificial graphite, materials obtained by coating natural graphite with amorphous carbon, soft carbon, Hard carbon or the like can be used.
- the shape of the carbonaceous particles is not particularly limited and may be any shape such as a lump shape, a sphere shape, and a fiber shape, but is preferably not a scale shape, and preferably a sphere shape and a lump shape. Those that are not scaly are preferred from the viewpoints of performance and durability.
- the carbonaceous particles are preferably those whose surfaces are coated with amorphous carbon. At that time, it is more preferable that the amorphous carbon covers the entire surface of the carbonaceous particles, but it may be a coating of only a part of the surface. By covering the surfaces of the carbonaceous particles with amorphous carbon, it is possible to prevent the graphite and the electrolytic solution from reacting during charging and discharging of the battery.
- the method for coating the surface of the graphite particles with amorphous carbon is not particularly limited.
- a wet method in which carbonaceous particles (powder) serving as nuclei are dispersed and mixed in a mixed solution in which amorphous carbon is dissolved or dispersed in a solvent, and then the solvent is removed.
- Other examples include a dry method in which carbonaceous particles and amorphous carbon are mixed with each other, and mechanical energy is added to the mixture to coat the amorphous carbon, and a vapor phase method such as a CVD method. Whether the carbonaceous particles are coated with amorphous carbon can be confirmed by a method such as laser spectroscopy.
- the BET specific surface area of the negative electrode active material is preferably 0.8 to 1.5 m 2 / g. If the specific surface area is in the above range, the cycle characteristics of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery can be improved.
- the tap density of the negative electrode active material is preferably 0.9 to 1.2 g / cm 3 . It is preferable from the viewpoint of energy density that the tap density is in the above range.
- the average particle diameter of the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 100 ⁇ m and more preferably 1 to 30 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of high capacity, reactivity, and cycle durability of the negative electrode active material. preferable.
- the negative electrode active material layer further includes, as necessary, other additives such as a binder, a conductive auxiliary agent, an electrolyte (polymer matrix, ion conductive polymer, electrolytic solution, etc.), and a lithium salt for improving ion conductivity. .
- additives such as a binder, a conductive auxiliary agent, an electrolyte (polymer matrix, ion conductive polymer, electrolytic solution, etc.), and a lithium salt for improving ion conductivity.
- the conductive auxiliary agent that can be used for the negative electrode active material layer is the same as the conductive auxiliary agent that can be used for the positive electrode active material layer. That is, the conductive auxiliary agent refers to an additive blended to improve the conductivity of the negative electrode active material layer.
- the conductive auxiliary agent include carbon materials such as carbon black such as acetylene black, graphite, and carbon fiber.
- Binder As the binder that can be used for the negative electrode active material layer, the same binder as that used for the positive electrode active material layer can be used. That is, it is added for the purpose of maintaining the electrode structure by binding the constituent members in the active material layer or the active material layer and the current collector. Although it does not specifically limit as a binder used for a negative electrode active material layer, For example, the following materials are mentioned.
- Polyethylene polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyether nitrile, polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyamide, cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and its salts, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl chloride, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) ), Isoprene rubber, butadiene rubber, ethylene / propylene rubber, ethylene / propylene / diene copolymer, styrene / butadiene / styrene block copolymer and hydrogenated product thereof, styrene / isoprene / styrene block copolymer and hydrogenated product thereof
- Thermoplastic polymers such as products, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene
- the content of the binder contained in the negative electrode active material layer is not particularly limited as long as it is an amount capable of binding the active material, but preferably 0 to 30 mass with respect to the negative electrode active material layer. %.
- the range is preferably 0.5 to 15% by mass, more preferably 1 to 10% by mass, further preferably 2 to 8% by mass, and particularly preferably 3 to 7% by mass.
- a hydrophilic binder such as PVdF (organic solvent binder) increases the liquid absorption rate by increasing its content, but it is disadvantageous in terms of energy density. Also, an excessive amount of binder increases battery resistance. Therefore, by making the amount of the binder contained in the negative electrode active material layer within the above range, the active material can be bound efficiently, and the effect of this embodiment can be further enhanced.
- the negative electrode active material layer may contain an aqueous binder.
- water-based binders can be greatly reduced in capital investment on the production line and can reduce the environmental burden because water is generated during drying. There is an advantage. Further, the binding force for binding the active material is high, and the mass ratio of the binder in the negative electrode active material layer can be reduced, and the mass ratio of the active material can be increased accordingly.
- the water-based binder refers to a binder using water as a solvent or a dispersion medium, and specifically includes a thermoplastic resin, a polymer having rubber elasticity, a water-soluble polymer, or a mixture thereof.
- the binder containing water as a dispersion medium refers to a polymer that includes all expressed as latex or emulsion and is emulsified or suspended in water.
- a polymer latex that is emulsion-polymerized in a system that self-emulsifies.
- kind a polymer latex that is emulsion-polymerized in a system that self-emulsifies.
- water-based binders include styrene polymers (styrene-butadiene rubber, styrene-vinyl acetate copolymer, styrene-acrylic copolymer, etc.), acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, methyl methacrylate-butadiene rubber, (meta )
- Acrylic polymers polyethyl acrylate, polyethyl methacrylate, polypropyl acrylate, polymethyl methacrylate (methyl methacrylate rubber), polypropyl methacrylate, polyisopropyl acrylate, polyisopropyl methacrylate, polybutyl acrylate, polybutyl methacrylate, polyhexyl acrylate , Polyhexyl methacrylate, polyethylhexyl acrylate, polyethylhexyl methacrylate, polylauryl meta Relate, etc.),
- the water-based binder may contain at least one rubber-based binder selected from the group consisting of styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, methyl methacrylate-butadiene rubber, and methyl methacrylate rubber from the viewpoint of binding properties. preferable. Furthermore, it is preferable that the water-based binder contains styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) because of good binding properties. Further, in this embodiment, the binding ratio of the positive electrode and the negative electrode active material layer described above is set even when a negative electrode using a binder containing SBR that is difficult to progress in impregnation with the electrolyte while being excellent in binding properties.
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- Water-soluble polymers suitable for use in combination with styrene-butadiene rubber include polyvinyl alcohol and modified products thereof, starch and modified products thereof, cellulose derivatives (carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, and salts thereof) ), Polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid (salt), or polyethylene glycol. Among them, it is preferable to combine styrene-butadiene rubber and carboxymethyl cellulose as a binder.
- the water-soluble polymer may be classified as a thickener separately from the aqueous binder.
- the mixing ratio of the styrene-butadiene rubber: water-soluble polymer can be read as the mixing ratio of the aqueous binder and the thickener.
- the water-soluble polymer When the water-soluble polymer is classified as a thickener, the water-soluble polymer (such as CMC) has a weight average molecular weight in the range of 5000 to 1200000, preferably 6000 to 1100000, more preferably 7000 to 1000000. If the weight average molecular weight of the water-soluble polymer is 5000 or more, the viscosity of the aqueous slurry can be kept moderate when the thickener is dissolved in water, for example, the viscosity of the aqueous slurry can be kept moderate. . As a result, it is advantageous in that it can be effectively used as a thickener in the production stage of the negative electrode.
- the weight average molecular weight of the water-soluble polymer is 1200000 or less, the viscosity of the aqueous slurry can be kept moderate without becoming a gel state when the thickener is dissolved in an aqueous solvent such as water. As a result, it is advantageous in that it can be effectively used as a thickener in the production stage of the negative electrode.
- the water-soluble polymer is used by gel permeation chromatography using a solvent containing a metal-amine complex and / or a metal-alkali complex as a mobile phase solvent. The molecular weight distribution can be measured.
- the molecular weight of the weight average molecular weight of the water-soluble polymer can be calculated.
- a measuring method of the weight average molecular weight of water-soluble polymer it does not restrict
- the content of the water-soluble polymer is 0.1 to 10% by mass, preferably 0.5 to 2% by mass, based on the total amount of the negative electrode active material layer. Range.
- the content of the water-soluble polymer is 0.1% by mass or more, the thickening effect in the negative electrode production process is sufficiently exhibited, and the negative electrode active material layer having a flat and smooth surface can be obtained.
- the gas generation by the first charge of the obtained negative electrode but the negative electrode excellent in capacity
- the viscosity of a water-system slurry can be appropriately adjusted with the outstanding thickening effect, and it can be set as a desired negative electrode active material layer. Moreover, not only the gas generation by the first charge of the obtained negative electrode but the negative electrode excellent in capacity
- the content of the aqueous binder is preferably 80 to 100% by mass, preferably 90 to 100% by mass, and preferably 100% by mass.
- the binder other than the water-based binder include binders (organic solvent-based binders) used in the following positive electrode active material layer.
- the amount of the binder contained in the negative electrode active material layer is not particularly limited as long as it can bind the active material, but preferably 0.5 to 15 mass with respect to the negative electrode active material layer. %, More preferably 1 to 10% by mass, still more preferably 2 to 5% by mass.
- the negative electrode active material layer can be formed with a small amount of addition as compared with the organic solvent-based binder.
- the content of the aqueous binder contained in the negative electrode active material layer is preferably 0.5 to 15% by mass, more preferably 1 to 10% by mass with respect to the negative electrode active material layer. More preferably, it is 2 to 5% by mass. If the content of the aqueous binder contained in the negative electrode active material layer is within the above range, an appropriate amount of the aqueous binder can be present at the interface with the current collector.
- a hydrophilic binder such as PVdF (organic solvent binder) increases the liquid absorption rate by increasing its content, but it is disadvantageous in terms of energy density. Also, an excessive amount of binder increases battery resistance. Therefore, by setting the amount of the aqueous binder contained in the negative electrode active material layer within the above range, the active material can be efficiently bound, and the above-described effects of the present invention can be further improved. That is, uniform film formation, high energy density, and good cycle characteristics can be further improved.
- the lithium salt that can be used for the negative electrode active material layer is the same as the lithium salt that can be used for the positive electrode active material layer. That is, examples of the electrolyte salt (lithium salt) include Li (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 N, LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 and the like.
- the ion conductive polymer that can be used for the negative electrode active material layer is the same as the ion conductive polymer that can be used for the positive electrode active material layer. That is, examples of the ion conductive polymer include polyethylene oxide (PEO) -based and polypropylene oxide (PPO) -based polymers.
- PEO polyethylene oxide
- PPO polypropylene oxide
- the porosity of the negative electrode active material layer is preferably 25 to 40%, preferably 30 to 35%, more preferably 32 to 33%. If it is in the said range, the liquid absorption speed
- the reaction resistance ratio (negative electrode / positive electrode) of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is in the range of 0.7 to 1.3.
- the reaction resistance ratio (negative electrode / positive electrode) between the positive electrode and the negative electrode is preferably in the range of 0.7 to 1.3, more preferably in the range of 0.85 to 1.15. If the reaction resistance ratio between the positive electrode and the negative electrode (negative electrode / positive electrode) is within the above range, the resistance is limited to the reaction resistance having the higher resistance, and the overall battery internal resistance does not increase, and a high output can be produced.
- the reaction resistance ratio between the positive electrode and the negative electrode (negative electrode / positive electrode) can be measured and calculated by the following method.
- the high-power (low resistance) and high-capacity non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery (large cell) of this embodiment after injecting the electrolytic solution is constant-current method (CC, current: 0) at 25 ° C. .1C) to 4.2V.
- CC constant-current method
- reaction resistance is measured and calculated by the following method.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery (large cell) of the present embodiment in the “initial” state is charged to 3.9 V by a constant current method at 25 ° C. by a constant current method (CC, current: 1 C). Next, after resting for 10 minutes, it is discharged for 20 seconds at a constant current (CC, current: 1 C), and rests again for 10 minutes after discharging.
- the current collector plate (tab) of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery (large cell) of the present embodiment after the injection is connected to an impedance analyzer (manufactured by Solartron), and AC impedance measurement is performed.
- the frequency is 0.05 Hz to 3000 Hz.
- the reaction resistance ratio (negative electrode / positive electrode) of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is calculated from the sizes of the arcs of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the difference between the first and second conductive aids is that the specific surface area is different.
- the larger the specific surface area the smaller the reaction resistance of the positive electrode. Since the reaction resistance of the negative electrode is fixed, the reaction resistance ratio inevitably increases as the positive electrode becomes smaller.
- the electrolyte layer functions as a spatial partition (spacer) between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. In addition, it also has a function of holding an electrolyte that is a lithium ion transfer medium between the positive and negative electrodes during charging and discharging.
- an electrolyte layer which comprises an electrolyte layer
- a liquid electrolyte and a polymer gel electrolyte can be used suitably.
- an electrolyte layer in which a separator is impregnated with a liquid electrolyte or a gel electrolyte is preferable, and an electrolyte layer in which a separator is impregnated with a liquid electrolyte is more preferable.
- the liquid electrolyte functions as a lithium ion carrier.
- the liquid electrolyte has a form in which a lithium salt is dissolved in an organic solvent.
- the organic solvent used include carbonates such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), and ethyl methyl carbonate.
- the lithium salt concentration is preferably from 0.1 to 5 mol / L, more preferably from 0.1 to 2 mol / L.
- the liquid electrolyte may further contain additives other than the components described above.
- additives include, for example, vinylene carbonate, methyl vinylene carbonate, dimethyl vinylene carbonate, phenyl vinylene carbonate, diphenyl vinylene carbonate, ethyl vinylene carbonate, diethyl vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, 1,2-divinyl ethylene carbonate.
- vinylene carbonate, methyl vinylene carbonate, and vinyl ethylene carbonate are preferable, and vinylene carbonate and vinyl ethylene carbonate are more preferable.
- These cyclic carbonates may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- additives for film (SEI) formation
- organic sulfone compounds organic disulfone compounds, vinylene carbonate derivatives, ethylene carbonate derivatives, ester derivatives, divalent phenol derivatives, terphenyl derivatives, phosphate derivatives, and lithium fluorophosphate derivatives
- a film (SEI) can be formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material, which is excellent in that the cycle life can be improved.
- lithium fluorophosphate derivatives such as lithium monofluorophosphate and lithium difluorophosphate are more preferable.
- organic sulfone compounds sultone derivatives, cyclic sulfonate esters
- 1,3-propane sultone saturated sultone
- 1,3-propene sultone Unsaturated sultone
- other organic disulfone compounds disultone derivatives, cyclic disulfonic acid esters
- methylene methanedisulfonate vinylene carbonate derivatives such as vinylene carbonate (VC)
- ethylene carbonate derivatives such as fluoroethylene carbonate
- ester derivatives such as (FEC) include 4-biphenylyl acetate, 4-biphenylyl benzoate, 4-biphenylyl benzyl carboxylate and 2-biphenylyl propionate.
- Examples of ethylene glycol derivatives such as 1,4-diphenoxybenzene and 1,3-diphenoxybenzene include 1,2-diphenoxyethane, 1- (4-biphenylyloxy) -2-phenoxyethane, and 1- (2 Terbiphenyl derivatives such as -biphenylyloxy) -2-phenoxyethane include o-terphenyl, m-terphenyl, p-terphenyl, 2-methyl-o-terphenyl or 2,2-dimethyl-o-
- Examples of phosphate derivatives such as terphenyl include triphenyl phosphate, and examples of lithium fluorophosphate derivatives include lithium monofluorophosphate and lithium difluorophosphate.
- the additive is preferably contained in the electrolytic solution at 0.1 to 5% by mass, more preferably 0.5 to 3.5% by mass.
- the gel electrolyte has a configuration in which the liquid electrolyte is injected into a matrix polymer (host polymer) made of an ion conductive polymer.
- a gel polymer electrolyte as the electrolyte is superior in that the fluidity of the electrolyte is lost and the ion conductivity between the layers is easily cut off.
- the ion conductive polymer used as the matrix polymer (host polymer) include polyethylene oxide (PEO), polypropylene oxide (PPO), and copolymers thereof. In such polyalkylene oxide polymers, electrolyte salts such as lithium salts can be well dissolved.
- the matrix polymer of gel electrolyte can express excellent mechanical strength by forming a crosslinked structure.
- thermal polymerization, ultraviolet polymerization, radiation polymerization, electron beam polymerization, etc. are performed on a polymerizable polymer (for example, PEO or PPO) for forming a polymer electrolyte using an appropriate polymerization initiator.
- a polymerization treatment may be performed.
- the said electrolyte may be contained in the active material layer of an electrode.
- the separator has a function of holding an electrolyte and ensuring lithium ion conductivity between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and a function as a partition wall between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the release of the gas that has passed through the negative electrode active material layer and reached the separator it is more preferable to set the air permeability or porosity of the separator within an appropriate range.
- the air permeability (Gurley value) of the separator is preferably 200 (seconds / 100 cc) or less.
- the air permeability of the separator is preferably 200 (seconds / 100 cc) or less.
- the lower limit of the air permeability is not particularly limited, but is usually 50 (second / 100 cc) or more.
- the air permeability of the separator is a value according to the measurement method of JIS P8117 (2009).
- the separator has a porosity of 40 to 65%, preferably 45 to 60%, more preferably 50 to 58%.
- porosity a value obtained as a volume ratio from the density of the resin as the raw material of the separator and the density of the separator of the final product is adopted.
- the porosity is expressed by 100 ⁇ (1 ⁇ ′ / ⁇ ).
- separator examples include a separator made of a porous sheet made of a polymer or fiber that absorbs and holds the electrolyte and a nonwoven fabric separator.
- a microporous (microporous film) can be used as the separator of the porous sheet made of polymer or fiber.
- the porous sheet made of the polymer or fiber include polyolefins such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP); a laminate in which a plurality of these are laminated (for example, three layers of PP / PE / PP) And a microporous (microporous membrane) separator made of a hydrocarbon resin such as polyimide, aramid, polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVdF-HFP), glass fiber, and the like.
- PE polyethylene
- PP polypropylene
- a microporous (microporous membrane) separator made of a hydrocarbon resin such as polyimide, aramid, polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVdF-HFP), glass fiber, and the like.
- the thickness of the microporous (microporous membrane) separator cannot be uniquely defined because it varies depending on the intended use. For example, in applications such as secondary batteries for driving motors such as electric vehicles (EV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), and fuel cell vehicles (FCV), it is 4 to 60 ⁇ m in a single layer or multiple layers. Is desirable.
- the fine pore diameter of the microporous (microporous membrane) separator is desirably 1 ⁇ m or less (usually a pore diameter of about several tens of nm).
- nonwoven fabric separator cotton, rayon, acetate, nylon, polyester; polyolefins such as PP and PE; conventionally known ones such as polyimide and aramid are used alone or in combination.
- the bulk density of the nonwoven fabric is not particularly limited as long as sufficient battery characteristics can be obtained by the impregnated polymer gel electrolyte.
- the porosity of the nonwoven fabric separator is 50 to 90%, preferably 60 to 80%. Furthermore, the thickness of the nonwoven fabric separator may be the same as that of the electrolyte layer, and is preferably 5 to 200 ⁇ m, particularly preferably 10 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the separator may be a separator in which a heat-resistant insulating layer is laminated on at least one surface of a resin porous substrate (the above-mentioned microporous membrane or nonwoven fabric separator).
- the heat resistant insulating layer is a ceramic layer containing inorganic particles and a binder.
- the separator is less likely to curl in the electrical device manufacturing process due to the effect of suppressing thermal shrinkage and high mechanical strength.
- the ceramic layer is preferable because it can also function as a gas releasing means for improving the gas releasing property from the power generation element.
- the center line average roughness (Ra) on the negative electrode active material layer side surface of the separator having a heat-resistant insulating layer is 0.1 to 1.2 ⁇ m, preferably 0.2 to 1.1 ⁇ m, more preferably. It is preferably 0.25 to 0.9 ⁇ m.
- the material constituting the current collector plates (25, 27) is not particularly limited, and a known highly conductive material conventionally used as a current collector plate for a lithium ion secondary battery can be used.
- a constituent material of the current collector plate for example, metal materials such as aluminum, copper, titanium, nickel, stainless steel (SUS), and alloys thereof are preferable. From the viewpoint of light weight, corrosion resistance, and high conductivity, aluminum and copper are more preferable, and aluminum is particularly preferable.
- the positive electrode current collector plate 25 and the negative electrode current collector plate 27 may be made of the same material or different materials.
- the seal portion is a member unique to the serially stacked battery and has a function of preventing leakage of the electrolyte layer. In addition to this, it is possible to prevent current collectors adjacent in the battery from coming into contact with each other and a short circuit due to a slight unevenness at the end of the laminated electrode.
- the constituent material of the seal part is not particularly limited, but polyolefin resin such as polyethylene and polypropylene, epoxy resin, rubber, polyimide and the like can be used. Among these, it is preferable to use a polyolefin resin from the viewpoints of corrosion resistance, chemical resistance, film-forming property, economy, and the like.
- the battery outer body 29 is a member that encloses the power generation element therein, and a bag-like case using a laminate film containing aluminum that can cover the power generation element can be used.
- a laminate film for example, a laminate film having a three-layer structure in which PP, aluminum, and nylon are laminated in this order can be used, but is not limited thereto.
- a laminate film is desirable from the viewpoint that it is excellent in high output and cooling performance, and can be suitably used for a battery for large equipment for EV and HEV.
- the power generation element has a laminated structure, and the exterior body is more preferably a laminate film containing aluminum.
- the internal volume of the battery exterior body 29 is configured to be larger than the volume of the power generation element 21 so that the power generation element 21 can be enclosed.
- the internal volume of the exterior body refers to the volume in the exterior body before evacuation after sealing with the exterior body.
- the volume of the power generation element is the volume of the space occupied by the power generation element, and includes a hole in the power generation element. Since the inner volume of the exterior body is larger than the volume of the power generation element, there is a space in which gas can be stored when gas is generated. Thereby, the gas release property from the power generation element is improved, the generated gas is less likely to affect the battery behavior, and the battery characteristics are improved.
- the surplus space existing inside the exterior body is disposed at least vertically above the power generation element.
- the generated gas can be accumulated in the vertical upper part of the power generation element in which the surplus space exists.
- the material or shape of the exterior body itself is placed on the side part or the lower part of the power generation element.
- it may be configured not to swell toward the outside, or a member that prevents the exterior body from bulging toward a side portion or a lower portion thereof may be disposed outside the exterior body.
- the battery structure in which the power generation element is covered with the exterior body is large in the sense that the effect of the present embodiment is further exhibited.
- the negative electrode active material layer has a quadrangular shape (square or rectangular shape), and the length of one side of the quadrangular shape is 110 mm or more, preferably 120 mm or more, more preferably 130 mm or more.
- the length of one side of the negative electrode active material layer refers to the side having the shortest length among the electrodes.
- the upper limit of the length of one side of the negative electrode active material layer is not particularly limited, but is usually 250 mm or less.
- the battery capacity is preferably 3 Ah or more
- the ratio of the battery area (maximum value of the projected area of the battery including the battery outer package) to the battery capacity is preferably 5 cm 2 / Ah or more.
- the above-described large-area electrode does not cause the above problems, and high output (low resistance) and high capacity non-aqueous electrolyte for automobiles such as EV, HEV, FCV, etc. It is preferable at the point which can be used for a system secondary battery (large cell). Further, the aspect ratio of the rectangular large area electrode is preferably 1 to 3, more preferably 1 to 2.
- the electrode aspect ratio is defined as the aspect ratio of the rectangular positive electrode active material layer.
- Controlling the zeta ( ⁇ ) potential between the active material and the conductive additive in a low-resistance, high-capacity battery (large cell) can suppress variation in resistance within a large-area electrode.
- the assembled battery is configured by connecting a plurality of batteries. Specifically, at least two or more are used, and are configured by serialization, parallelization, or both. Capacitance and voltage can be freely adjusted by paralleling in series.
- a small assembled battery that can be attached and detached by connecting a plurality of batteries in series or in parallel. Then, a plurality of small assembled batteries that can be attached and detached are connected in series or in parallel to provide a large capacity and large capacity suitable for vehicle drive power supplies and auxiliary power supplies that require high volume energy density and high volume output density.
- An assembled battery having an output can also be formed. How many batteries are connected to make an assembled battery, and how many small assembled batteries are stacked to make a large-capacity assembled battery depends on the battery capacity of the mounted vehicle (electric vehicle) It may be determined according to the output.
- the high output (low resistance) and high capacity non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery (large cell) for automobiles of this embodiment is excellent in output characteristics, and maintains discharge capacity even after long-term use. Is good. Vehicle applications such as electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, and hybrid fuel cell vehicles require higher capacity, larger size, and longer life than electric and portable electronic devices. . Therefore, the high output (low resistance) and high capacity non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery (large cell) for automobiles of this embodiment is suitable as a power source for vehicles, for example, as a power source for driving vehicles or an auxiliary power source. Can be used.
- the battery of this embodiment or an assembled battery formed by combining a plurality of these can be mounted on a vehicle.
- a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle having a long EV mileage or an electric vehicle having a long charging mileage can be formed by installing such a battery. it can.
- the battery according to the present embodiment or the assembled battery obtained by combining a plurality of these may be, for example, a hybrid car, a fuel cell car, and an electric car (all are four-wheeled vehicles (passenger cars, commercial vehicles such as trucks and buses, light vehicles).
- Etc. can be used to provide a long-life and highly reliable automobile.
- the application is not limited to automobiles.
- it can be applied to various power sources for moving vehicles such as other vehicles, for example, trains, and power sources for mounting such as uninterruptible power supplies. It is also possible to use as.
- Example 1 Preparation of positive electrode active material Sodium hydroxide and ammonia are supplied to an aqueous solution in which nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and aluminum sulfate are dissolved, and the molar ratio of nickel, cobalt, and aluminum is 80: 15: 5 by coprecipitation. A metal composite hydroxide was prepared. The ratio of the total number of moles of metals other than Li (Ni, Co, Al) to the number of moles of Li is 1: 1 with this metal composite oxide and commercially available lithium hydroxide monohydrate (manufactured by FMC). And weighed well to obtain a raw material mixture.
- the raw material mixture was heated at a heating rate of 5 ° C./min, calcined in an oxygen atmosphere at 450 ° C. for 4 hours, then heated at a heating rate of 3 ° C./min, and finally fired at 730 ° C. for 10 hours. Cooled to room temperature. Accordingly formula; to give the Li (Ni 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 ) O 2 of the positive electrode active material (mean particle diameter 20 [mu] m).
- the firing temperature is changed, but the composition of the active material particles does not change at any firing temperature. What changes is the uniformity of the distribution of the insulating film (amorphous (non-crystalline) oxide film that does not hinder lithium desorption / absorption (charge / discharge reaction)) at the same time that the active material is generated. .
- the feature of the present invention is to suppress variation in resistance due to non-uniformity in the positive electrode, which is caused by the large-area electrode.
- the positive electrode was prepared by adding N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as a slurry viscosity adjusting solvent to a solid content of 90% by mass of a positive electrode active material, 5% by mass of a conductive additive, and 5% by mass of a binder. ) was mixed to prepare a positive electrode active material slurry.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the positive electrode active material the one obtained in “Preparation of positive electrode active material” was used.
- the conductive auxiliary agent includes SuperP (average particle diameter of 40 nm) manufactured by TIMCAL having a specific surface area of 62 m 2 / g as the first conductive auxiliary agent, and a specific surface area of 20 m 2 / g as the second conductive auxiliary agent.
- SuperP average particle diameter of 40 nm
- a TIMCAL KS6 average particle size of 3 ⁇ m mixed at 1: 1 (mass ratio) was used.
- PVDF Polyvinylidene fluoride
- the obtained positive electrode active material slurry was applied to one side of an aluminum foil (thickness 20 ⁇ m) as a current collector and dried. Thereafter, press treatment was performed to produce a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material layer (thickness: 100 ⁇ m) on one side.
- the negative electrode was prepared by mixing an appropriate amount of NMP, which is a slurry viscosity adjusting solvent, with a solid content of 90% by mass of a negative electrode active material, 5% by mass of a conductive additive, and 5% by mass of a binder.
- NMP a slurry viscosity adjusting solvent
- a material slurry was prepared.
- graphite shape: scaly, average particle size: 20 ⁇ m
- Acetylene black was used as the conductive assistant.
- PVdF was used for the binder.
- the obtained negative electrode active material slurry was applied to one side of a copper foil (thickness: 15 ⁇ m) as a current collector and dried. Thereafter, press treatment was performed to prepare a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material layer (thickness: 80 ⁇ m) on one side.
- a tab (positive electrode: Al tab, negative electrode: Ni tab) is attached to the uncoated part (edge or edge where the current collector is exposed) of the electrode (positive electrode and negative electrode) by ultrasonic welding, and the positive electrode-separator-negative electrode
- a power generation element single cell configuration
- a power generation element is housed in a package made of a rectangular aluminum laminate film, and three sides of the outer periphery of the film package are thermocompression bonded so that the positive and negative electrode tabs of the power generation element are taken out to the outside.
- a sealing body was formed. Thereafter, the electrolyte solution was injected by vacuum laminating (vacuum injection), and the remaining one side was thermocompression bonded and sealed to produce a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was 5 Ah.
- the battery was charged to 4.2 V by a constant current method at 25 ° C. by a constant current method (CC, current: 0.1 C).
- CC constant current
- CC constant current
- the discharge capacity at that time was defined as the battery capacity.
- the battery capacities of the batteries obtained in Examples 2 to 31 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 below were measured in the same manner.
- Example 2 a lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the main baking was performed at 750 ° C. for 10 hours in “Production of positive electrode active material” in Example 1.
- the battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 3 a lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the main baking was performed at 770 ° C. for 10 hours in “Production of positive electrode active material” in Example 1.
- the battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 4 a lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the main baking was performed at 790 ° C. for 10 hours in “Production of positive electrode active material” in Example 1.
- the battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 5 a lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the main baking was performed at 800 ° C. for 10 hours in “Production of positive electrode active material” in Example 1.
- the battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 6 In Example 6, in the “preparation of positive electrode” in Example 1, as a breakdown of 5% by mass of the conductive auxiliary agent, the ratio of the first conductive auxiliary agent to the second conductive auxiliary agent was 2: 1 (mass ratio).
- a lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that. The battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 7 is a lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 6 except that the main baking was performed at 750 ° C. for 10 hours in “Preparation of positive electrode active material” in Example 1 applied mutatis mutandis in Example 6. Was made.
- the battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 8 is a lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 6 except that the main baking was performed at 770 ° C. for 10 hours in “Preparation of positive electrode active material” in Example 1 applied mutatis mutandis in Example 6. Was made.
- the battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 9 is a lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 6 except that the main baking was performed at 790 ° C. for 10 hours in “Preparation of positive electrode active material” in Example 1 applied mutatis mutandis in Example 6. Was made.
- the battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 10 is a lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 6 except that the main baking was performed at 800 ° C. for 10 hours in “Preparation of positive electrode active material” in Example 1 applied mutatis mutandis in Example 6. Was made.
- the battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 11 In Example 11, in the “preparation of positive electrode” in Example 1, as a breakdown of 5% by mass of the conductive auxiliary agent, the ratio of the first conductive auxiliary agent to the second conductive auxiliary agent was 3: 1 (mass ratio). A lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that. The battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 12 is a lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 11 except that the main baking was performed at 750 ° C. for 10 hours in “Preparation of positive electrode active material” in Example 1 applied mutatis mutandis in Example 11. Was made.
- the battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 13 is a lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 11 except that the main baking was performed at 770 ° C. for 10 hours in “Preparation of positive electrode active material” in Example 1 applied mutatis mutandis in Example 11. Was made.
- the battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 14 is a lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 11 except that the main baking was performed at 790 ° C. for 10 hours in “Preparation of positive electrode active material” in Example 1 applied mutatis mutandis in Example 11. Was made.
- the battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 15 is a lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 11 except that the main baking was performed at 800 ° C. for 10 hours in “Preparation of positive electrode active material” in Example 1 applied mutatis mutandis in Example 11. Was made.
- the battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 16 In Example 16, in the “preparation of positive electrode” of Example 1, the ratio of the first conductive auxiliary agent to the second conductive auxiliary agent was 4: 1 (mass ratio) as a breakdown of the conductive auxiliary agent 5 mass%. A lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that. The battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 17 is a lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 16 except that the main baking was performed at 750 ° C. for 10 hours in “Preparation of positive electrode active material” in Example 1 applied mutatis mutandis in Example 16. Was made.
- the battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 18 is a lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 16 except that the main baking was performed at 770 ° C. for 10 hours in “Preparation of positive electrode active material” in Example 1 applied mutatis mutandis in Example 16. Was made.
- the battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 19 is a lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 16 except that main firing was performed at 790 ° C. for 10 hours in “Preparation of positive electrode active material” in Example 1 applied mutatis mutandis in Example 16. Was made.
- the battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 20 is a lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 16 except that the main baking was performed at 800 ° C. for 10 hours in “Preparation of positive electrode active material” in Example 1 applied mutatis mutandis in Example 16. Was made.
- the battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 21 In Example 21, in the “preparation of positive electrode” in Example 1, the ratio of the first conductive auxiliary agent to the second conductive auxiliary agent is 5: 1 (mass ratio) as a breakdown of the conductive auxiliary agent 5 mass%.
- a lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that. The battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 22 is a lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 21 except that the main baking was performed at 750 ° C. for 10 hours in “Preparation of positive electrode active material” of Example 1 applied mutatis mutandis in Example 21. Was made.
- the composition formula and average particle diameter of the obtained positive electrode active material, and the battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery were all the same as those in Example 1.
- Example 23 is a lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 21 except that the main baking was performed at 770 ° C. for 10 hours in “Preparation of positive electrode active material” in Example 1 applied mutatis mutandis in Example 21. Was made.
- the battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 24 is a lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 21 except that the main baking was performed at 790 ° C. for 10 hours in “Preparation of positive electrode active material” in Example 1 applied mutatis mutandis in Example 21. Was made.
- the battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 25 is a lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 21 except that the main baking was performed at 800 ° C. for 10 hours in “Preparation of positive electrode active material” of Example 1 applied mutatis mutandis in Example 21. Was made.
- the battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Comparative Example 1 is a lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the preliminary baking was not performed and the main baking was performed at 900 ° C. for 10 hours in “Preparation of positive electrode active material” in Example 1. Was made.
- the battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Comparative Example 2 a lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the main baking was performed at 700 ° C. for 10 hours in “Production of positive electrode active material” in Example 1. The battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Comparative Example 3 is the same as in Example 1 except that the obtained electrodes (positive electrode and negative electrode) were cut into a 10 cm ⁇ 10 cm square and the separator was cut into a 12 ⁇ 12 cm square in “Production of Battery” in Example 1. A lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as described above.
- the battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was 2.2 Ah.
- Example 26 uses the solid content of 90% by mass of the negative electrode active material, 7% by mass of the conductive additive, and 3% by mass of the binder in “Preparation of negative electrode” in Example 1 applied mutatis mutandis in Example 21.
- a lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 21 except for the above.
- the battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 27 In Example 27, in the “preparation of positive electrode” of Example 1 applied mutatis mutandis in Example 5, the ratio of the first conductive auxiliary to the second conductive auxiliary is 1: A lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 5 except that the mass ratio was 0 (mass ratio). That is, a lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 5 except that only the SuperP manufactured by TIMCAL having a specific surface area of 62 m 2 / g as the first conductive assistant was used. Was made. The battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 28 In Example 28, in the “preparation of positive electrode” of Example 1 applied mutatis mutandis in Example 5, the ratio of the first conductive auxiliary agent to the second conductive auxiliary agent was set to 0. A lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 5 except that the ratio was 5: 1 (mass ratio). The battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 29 In Example 29, in the “preparation of positive electrode” of Example 1 applied mutatis mutandis in Example 5, the ratio of the first conductive auxiliary agent to the second conductive auxiliary agent is 6: A lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 5 except that 1 (mass ratio) was used. The battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 30 In Example 30, in the “preparation of positive electrode” of Example 1 applied mutatis mutandis in Example 5, the ratio of the first conductive auxiliary agent to the second conductive auxiliary agent is 0: A lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 5 except that 1 (mass ratio) was used. That is, a lithium ion secondary battery was obtained in the same manner as in Example 5 except that only KS6 made by TIMCAL having a specific surface area of 20 m 2 / g as the second conductive auxiliary was used as the conductive auxiliary. Was made. The battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- Example 31 uses carbon black having a specific surface area of 150 m 2 / g instead of SuperP manufactured by TIMCAL as the first conductive additive in “Preparation of positive electrode” in Example 1 applied mutatis mutandis in Example 5.
- a lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 5 except that.
- the battery capacity of the obtained lithium ion secondary battery was the same as that of Example 1.
- the zeta potential was measured by the following method.
- the positive electrode active material and the conductive additive used in “Preparation of positive electrode” in each example and each comparative example are mixed in a solvent (NMP), and the sample after standing is further put in the solvent (NMP). , Stirred and measured with a zeta electrometer.
- a zeta electrometer manufactured by Microtech Nichion, ZEECOM
- 5 mg of a sample was put into 200 mL of NMP, and measurement was performed while stirring until the liquid color in the flask became uniform.
- the battery after injecting the electrolytic solution was charged to 4.2 V by a constant current method (CC, current: 0.1 C) at 25 ° C.
- CC constant current method
- it was discharged to 2.5 V with a constant current (CC, current: 0.1 C), and rested again for 10 minutes after the discharge.
- the battery in the “initial” state was charged to 3.9 V by a constant current method at 25 ° C. by a constant current method (CC, current: 1 C).
- CC constant current
- CC constant current
- it was discharged for 20 seconds at a constant current (CC, current: 1 C), and rested again for 10 minutes after discharging.
- an impedance analyzer manufactured by Solartron
- AC impedance measurement was performed.
- the frequency was 0.05 Hz to 3000 Hz.
- the ratio of reaction resistance between the positive electrode and the negative electrode was calculated from the size of the arc of each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the battery was charged to 3.9 V by a constant current method at 25 ° C. by a constant current method (CC, current: 1 C).
- CC constant current method
- CC constant current method
- it was discharged for 20 seconds at a constant current (CC, current: 1 C), and rested again for 10 minutes after discharging.
- the resistance measured in accordance with Ohm's law from the voltage drop was taken as the battery internal resistance / absolute value.
- the impedance analyzer made by Solartron Co., Ltd.
- the frequency was 0.05 Hz to 3000 Hz.
- the battery was charged to 3.9 V by a constant current method at 25 ° C. by a constant current method (CC, current: 1 C).
- CC constant current method
- CC constant current method
- the battery internal resistance was determined by measuring the resistance according to Ohm's law from the drop in voltage.
- the battery internal resistance value was multiplied by the cell area to give a resistance value per unit area. This was defined as the battery internal resistance / area specified value.
- Table 1 shows the results obtained for the zeta potential measurement and cycle characteristics of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries prepared in Examples 1-31 and Comparative Examples 1-3.
- the discharge capacity at each cycle relative to the discharge capacity at one cycle is expressed as a percentage.
- the first: second conductive auxiliary agent ratio in which the reaction resistance ratio, the battery internal resistance, and the specific surface area differ from each other is within a predetermined range. It can be seen that the capacity retention ratio can be improved in Examples 25 to 25 as compared with Examples 26 to 31 in which any of the ranges falls outside.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
Abstract
Description
本実施形態に係る非水電解質二次電池は、典型的にはリチウムイオン二次電池が挙げられる。すなわち、リチウムイオンを挿入・脱離可能な負極活物質を含有する正極と、リチウムイオンを挿入・脱離可能な負極活物質を含有する負極と、前記正極および前記負極の間に介在する電解質層とを備える非水電解液系二次電池である。以下の説明では、リチウムイオン二次電池を例に挙げて説明するが、本発明はこれに限定されない。
本実施形態の高容量の非水電解液系二次電池(大型セル)は、電池容量が3Ah以上、好ましくは5Ah以上の高容量である。これにより、EV、HEV、FCV等の自動車用途に使用する際に、大電流を流せて、一回の充電での航続距離を高めることができる。
本実施形態の低抵抗の非水電解液系二次電池(大型セル)では、電池内部抵抗の絶対値が30mΩ以下、好ましくは20mΩ以下である。これにより、EV、HEV、FCV等の自動車用途に使用する際に、大電流を流せて且つ、大面積の電極を扱うことができ、高出力を出すことができる。一方、電池内部抵抗の絶対値が上限を外れる(30mΩを超える)場合には、高出力が出せない(過電圧がかかり、持っている容量を引き出すことができない)。尚、電池内部抵抗の絶対値は小さいほどよく、特に下限はない。
正極は、負極とともにリチウムイオンの授受により電気エネルギーを生み出す機能を有する。正極は、集電体および正極活物質層を必須に含み、集電体の表面に正極活物質層が形成されてなる。
集電体は導電性材料から構成され、その一方の面または両面に正極活物質層が配置される。集電体を構成する材料に特に制限はなく、例えば、金属や、導電性高分子材料または非導電性高分子材料に導電性フィラーが添加された導電性を有する樹脂が採用されうる。
正極活物質層は、活物質と導電助剤を必須に含み、この活物質と導電助剤の間のゼータ(ζ)電位が所定の範囲にあることを特徴とするものである。前記正極活物質層は、活物質と導電助剤の他に、バインダ、電解質(ポリマーマトリックス、イオン伝導性ポリマー、電解液など)、イオン伝導性を高めるためのリチウム塩などのその他の添加剤をさらに含んでもよい。
正極活物質は、充電時にリチウムイオンを放出し、放電時にリチウムイオンを吸蔵できる組成を有する。正極活物質としては、例えば、LiMn2O4、LiCoO2、LiNiO2、Li(Ni-Mn-Co)O2およびこれらの遷移金属の一部が他の元素により置換されたもの等のリチウム-遷移金属複合酸化物、リチウム-遷移金属リン酸化合物、リチウム-遷移金属硫酸化合物などが挙げられる。場合によっては、2種以上の正極活物質が併用されてもよい。好ましくは、容量、出力特性の観点から、リチウム-遷移金属複合酸化物が、正極活物質として用いられる。より好ましくは、Li(Ni-Mn-Co)O2およびこれらの遷移金属の一部が他の元素により置換されたもの(以下、単に「NMC複合酸化物」とも称する)が用いられる。NMC複合酸化物は、リチウム原子層と遷移金属(Mn、NiおよびCoが秩序正しく配置)原子層とが酸素原子層を介して交互に積み重なった層状結晶構造を持ち、遷移金属Mの1原子あたり1個のLi原子が含まれ、取り出せるLi量が、スピネル系リチウムマンガン酸化物の2倍、つまり供給能力が2倍になり、高い容量を持つことができる。
上記活物質としては、導電助剤との間のゼータ(ζ)電位が所定の範囲であることを要件とするものである。かかるζ電位の制御(ζ電位を変化させる)方法としては、特に制限されるものではないが、当該活物質の製造条件、特に焼成温度を変化させるのが有用である。ζ電位の制御(ζ電位を変化させる)ための当該活物質の調製は、以下のような方法により行うことができる。
第1工程では、共沈法により焼成原料(遷移金属源)を得ることができればよく、特に制限されるものではなく、従来公知の方法を利用することができる。例えば、遷移金属(Mn、Co、Ni、Alなど)の各無機酸(例えば、硫酸など)塩を所定の比率で溶解した水溶液に、沈殿剤(例えば、水酸化ナトリウム)とpH調整剤(例えば、アンモニア)を供給し、共沈法により金属複合水酸化物を作製することができる。但し、本実施形態ではかかる調製方法に何ら制限されるものではない。
第2工程では、第1工程で得られた焼成原料(遷移金属源)に所定比率でLi源を混合して焼成原料(原料混合物)を得ることができればよく、特に制限されるものではなく、従来公知の方法を利用することができる。例えば、第1工程で得られた金属複合酸化物とリチウム源(例えば、酸化リチウム一水和物)を、Li以外の遷移金属(Mn、Co、Ni、Alなど)の合計のモル数とLiのモル数の比が、例えば、1:1となるように秤量する。その後、これら金属複合酸化物とリチウム源を十分に混合して焼成原料(原料混合物)を調製することができる。但し、本実施形態ではかかる調製方法に何ら制限されるものではない。
第3工程では、第2工程で得られた焼成原料(原料混合物)を焼成することで、所望の活物質を得ることができればよく、特に制限されるものではなく、従来公知の方法を利用することができる。例えば、第2工程で得られた焼成原料(原料混合物)を所定の昇温速度(例えば、5±3℃/minの範囲)で昇温し、酸素雰囲気で400~480℃、3~6時間仮焼成する。その後、所定の昇温速度(3±2℃/minの範囲)で昇温し、730~800℃で8~10時間本焼成し、室温まで冷却する。これにより所望の組成式を有するリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物からなる正極活物質(平均粒子径1~100μm)を得ることができる。但し、本実施形態ではかかる調製方法に何ら制限されるものではない。
導電助剤は、活物質層の導電性を向上させるために配合される添加物をいう。導電助剤としては、特に制限されないが、アセチレンブラック、ケッチェンブラック、ファーネスブラック等のカーボンブラック、チャンネルブラック、サーマルブラック、グラファイト等のカーボン粉末や、気相成長炭素繊維(VGCF;登録商標)等の種々の炭素繊維、膨張黒鉛などの炭素材料が挙げられる。活物質層が導電助剤を含むと、活物質層の内部における電子ネットワークが効果的に形成され、電池の出力特性の向上に寄与しうる。
バインダは、活物質層中の構成部材同士または活物質層と集電体とを結着させて電極構造を維持する目的で添加される。正極活物質層に用いられるバインダとしては、特に限定されないが、例えば、以下の材料が挙げられる。ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)、ポリエーテルニトリル、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリイミド、ポリアミド、セルロース、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)およびその塩、エチレン-酢酸ビニル共重合体、ポリ塩化ビニル、スチレン・ブタジエンゴム(SBR)、イソプレンゴム、ブタジエンゴム、エチレン・プロピレンゴム、エチレン・プロピレン・ジエン共重合体、スチレン・ブタジエン・スチレンブロック共重合体およびその水素添加物、スチレン・イソプレン・スチレンブロック共重合体およびその水素添加物などの熱可塑性高分子、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、テトラフルオロエチレン・ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体(FEP)、テトラフルオロエチレン・パーフルオロアルキルビニルエーテル共重合体(PFA)、エチレン・テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体(ETFE)、ポリクロロトリフルオロエチレン(PCTFE)、エチレン・クロロトリフルオロエチレン共重合体(ECTFE)、ポリフッ化ビニル(PVF)等のフッ素樹脂、ビニリデンフルオライド-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-HFP系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン-テトラフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-HFP-TFE系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-ペンタフルオロプロピレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-PFP系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-ペンタフルオロプロピレン-テトラフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-PFP-TFE系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-パーフルオロメチルビニルエーテル-テトラフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-PFMVE-TFE系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-クロロトリフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-CTFE系フッ素ゴム)等のビニリデンフルオライド系フッ素ゴム、エポキシ樹脂等が挙げられる。これらのバインダは、単独で用いてもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
電解質塩(リチウム塩)としては、Li(C2F5SO2)2N、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiClO4、LiAsF6、LiCF3SO3等が挙げられる。
イオン伝導性ポリマーとしては、例えば、ポリエチレンオキシド(PEO)系およびポリプロピレンオキシド(PPO)系のポリマーが挙げられる。
負極は、正極とともにリチウムイオンの授受により電気エネルギーを生み出す機能を有する。負極は、集電体および負極活物質層を必須に含み、集電体の表面に負極活物質層が形成されてなる。
負極に用いられうる集電体は、正極に用いられうる集電体と同様であるため、ここでは説明を省略する。
負極活物質層は、負極活物質を含む。負極活物質層は、導電助剤、バインダ等の添加剤をさらに含んでもよい。
負極活物質は、放電時にリチウムイオンを放出し、充電時にリチウムイオンを吸蔵できる組成を有する。負極活物質は、リチウムを可逆的に吸蔵および放出できるものであれば特に制限されないが、負極活物質の例としては、SiやSnなどの金属、あるいはTiO、Ti2O3、TiO2、もしくはSiO2、SiO、SnO2などの金属酸化物、Li4Ti5O12もしくはLi7MnNなどのリチウムと遷移金属との複合酸化物、Li-Pb系合金、Li-Al系合金、Li、または炭素粉末、グラファイト(天然黒鉛、人造黒鉛)、カーボンブラック、活性炭、カーボンファイバー、コークス、ソフトカーボン、もしくはハードカーボンなどの炭素材料などが好ましく挙げられる。このうち、リチウムと合金化する元素を用いることにより、従来の炭素系材料に比べて高いエネルギー密度を有する高容量および優れた出力特性の電池を得ることが可能となる。上記負極活物質は、単独で使用されてもあるいは2種以上の混合物の形態で使用されてもよい。上記のリチウムと合金化する元素としては、以下に制限されることはないが、具体的には、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb、Al、In、Zn、H、Ca、Sr、Ba、Ru、Rh、Ir、Pd、Pt、Ag、Au、Cd、Hg、Ga、Tl、C、N、Sb、Bi、O、S、Se、Te、Cl等が挙げられる。
負極活物質層に用いられうる導電助剤は、正極極活物質層に用いられうる導電助剤と同様である。即ち、導電助剤とは、負極活物質層の導電性を向上させるために配合される添加物をいう。導電助剤としては、アセチレンブラック等のカーボンブラック、グラファイト、炭素繊維などの炭素材料が挙げられる。活物質層が導電助剤を含むと、活物質層の内部における電子ネットワークが効果的に形成され、電池の出力特性の向上に寄与しうる。
負極活物質層に用いられうるバインダは、正極極活物質層に用いられうるバインダと同様のものを用いることがでる。即ち、活物質層中の構成部材同士または活物質層と集電体とを結着させて電極構造を維持する目的で添加される。負極活物質層に用いられるバインダとしては、特に限定されないが、例えば、以下の材料が挙げられる。ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)、ポリエーテルニトリル、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリイミド、ポリアミド、セルロース、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)およびその塩、エチレン-酢酸ビニル共重合体、ポリ塩化ビニル、スチレン・ブタジエンゴム(SBR)、イソプレンゴム、ブタジエンゴム、エチレン・プロピレンゴム、エチレン・プロピレン・ジエン共重合体、スチレン・ブタジエン・スチレンブロック共重合体およびその水素添加物、スチレン・イソプレン・スチレンブロック共重合体およびその水素添加物などの熱可塑性高分子、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、テトラフルオロエチレン・ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体(FEP)、テトラフルオロエチレン・パーフルオロアルキルビニルエーテル共重合体(PFA)、エチレン・テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体(ETFE)、ポリクロロトリフルオロエチレン(PCTFE)、エチレン・クロロトリフルオロエチレン共重合体(ECTFE)、ポリフッ化ビニル(PVF)等のフッ素樹脂、ビニリデンフルオライド-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-HFP系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン-テトラフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-HFP-TFE系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-ペンタフルオロプロピレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-PFP系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-ペンタフルオロプロピレン-テトラフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-PFP-TFE系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-パーフルオロメチルビニルエーテル-テトラフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-PFMVE-TFE系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-クロロトリフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-CTFE系フッ素ゴム)等のビニリデンフルオライド系フッ素ゴム、エポキシ樹脂等が挙げられる。これらのバインダは、単独で用いてもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
負極活物質層に用いられうるリチウム塩は、正極極活物質層に用いられうるリチウム塩と同様である。即ち、電解質塩(リチウム塩)としては、Li(C2F5SO2)2N、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiClO4、LiAsF6、LiCF3SO3等が挙げられる。
負極活物質層に用いられうるイオン伝導性ポリマーは、正極極活物質層に用いられうるイオン伝導性ポリマーと同様である。即ち、イオン伝導性ポリマーとしては、例えば、ポリエチレンオキシド(PEO)系およびポリプロピレンオキシド(PPO)系のポリマーが挙げられる。
電解質層は、正極と負極との間の空間的な隔壁(スペーサ)として機能する。また、これと併せて、充放電時における正負極間でのリチウムイオンの移動媒体である電解質を保持する機能をも有する。電解質層を構成する電解質に特に制限はなく、液体電解質および高分子ゲル電解質が適宜用いられうる。本実施形態では、セパレータに液体電解質またはゲル電解質を含浸させた電解質層が好ましく、セパレータに液体電解質を含浸させた電解質層がより好ましい。
液体電解質は、リチウムイオンのキャリヤーとしての機能を有する。液体電解質は、有機溶媒にリチウム塩が溶解した形態を有する。用いられる有機溶媒としては、例えば、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、エチルメチルカーボネート等のカーボネート類が例示される。
さらに、液体電解質の場合は、添加剤として、有機スルホン系化合物、有機ジスルホン系化合物、ビニレンカーボネート誘導体、エチレンカーボネート誘導体、エステル誘導体、2価フェノール誘導体、テルフェニル誘導体、ホスフェート誘導体およびフルオロリン酸リチウム誘導体の少なくとも一種を含むことが好ましい。これらの添加剤を含むことで、負極活物質の表面に被膜(SEI)を形成し、サイクル寿命を向上することができる点で、優れている。このうち、モノフルオロリン酸リチウム、ジフルオロリン酸リチウムなどのフルオロリン酸リチウム誘導体がより好ましい。液体電解質(電解液)に添加する化合物(添加剤)は、有機スルホン系化合物(スルトン誘導体、環状スルホン酸エステル)としては、1,3-プロパンスルトン(飽和スルトン)、1,3-プロペンスルトン(不飽和スルトン)など、有機ジスルホン系化合物(ジスルトン誘導体、環状ジスルホン酸エステル)としては、メタンジスルホン酸メチレンなど、ビニレンカーボネート誘導体としては、ビニレンカーボネート(VC)など、エチレンカーボネート誘導体としては、フルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)など、エステル誘導体としては、4-ビフェニリルアセテート、4-ビフェニリルベンゾエート、4-ビフェニリルベンジルカルボキシレートあるいは2-ビフェニリルプロピオネートなど、2価フェノール誘導体としては、1,4-ジフェノキシベンゼンあるいは1,3-ジフェノキシベンゼンなど、エチレングリコール誘導体としては、1,2-ジフェノキシエタン、1-(4-ビフェニリルオキシ)-2-フェノキシエタンあるいは1-(2-ビフェニリルオキシ)-2-フェノキシエタンなど、テルフェニル誘導体としては、o-テルフェニル、m-テルフェニル、p-テルフェニル、2-メチル-o-テルフェニルあるいは2,2-ジメチル-o-テルフェニルなど、ホスフェート誘導体としては、トリフェニルホスフェートなど、フルオロリン酸リチウム誘導体としては、モノフロオロリン酸リチウム、ジフルオロリン酸リチウムなどが挙げられる。但し、本実施形態では、これらに何ら制限されるものではない。これらの添加剤の使用は、性能および寿命特性の観点から好ましい。添加剤は、電解液中に0.1~5質量%で含まれることが好ましく、より好ましくは、0.5~3.5質量%である。
ゲル電解質は、イオン伝導性ポリマーからなるマトリックスポリマー(ホストポリマー)に、上記の液体電解質が注入されてなる構成を有する。電解質としてゲルポリマー電解質を用いることで電解質の流動性がなくなり、各層間のイオン伝導性を遮断することで容易になる点で優れている。マトリックスポリマー(ホストポリマー)として用いられるイオン伝導性ポリマーとしては、例えば、ポリエチレンオキシド(PEO)、ポリプロピレンオキシド(PPO)、およびこれらの共重合体等が挙げられる。かようなポリアルキレンオキシド系ポリマーには、リチウム塩などの電解質塩がよく溶解しうる。
セパレータは、電解質を保持して正極と負極との間のリチウムイオン伝導性を確保する機能、および正極と負極との間の隔壁としての機能を有する。
リチウムイオン二次電池においては、電池外部に電流を取り出す目的で、集電体に電気的に接続された集電板(タブ)が外装材であるラミネートフィルムの外部に取り出されている。
シール部は、直列積層型電池に特有の部材であり、電解質層の漏れを防止する機能を有する。このほかにも、電池内で隣り合う集電体同士が接触したり、積層電極の端部の僅かな不ぞろいなどによる短絡が起こったりするのを防止することもできる。
また、図示は省略するが、集電体11と集電板(25、27)との間を正極リードや負極リードを介して電気的に接続してもよい。正極および負極リードの構成材料としては、公知のリチウムイオン二次電池において用いられる材料が同様に採用されうる。なお、外装から取り出された部分は、周辺機器や配線などに接触して漏電したりして製品(例えば、自動車部品、特に電子機器等)に影響を与えないように、耐熱絶縁性の熱収縮チューブなどにより被覆することが好ましい。
電池外装体29は、その内部に発電要素を封入する部材であり、発電要素を覆うことができる、アルミニウムを含むラミネートフィルムを用いた袋状のケースなどが用いられうる。該ラミネートフィルムとしては、例えば、PP、アルミニウム、ナイロンをこの順に積層してなる3層構造のラミネートフィルム等を用いることができるが、これらに何ら制限されるものではない。高出力化や冷却性能に優れ、EV、HEV用の大型機器用電池に好適に利用することができるという観点から、ラミネートフィルムが望ましい。また、外部から掛かる発電要素への群圧を容易に調整することができ、電池が大型化できることから、発電要素が積層構造であり、かつ外装体はアルミニウムを含むラミネートフィルムがより好ましい。
組電池は、電池を複数個接続して構成した物である。詳しくは少なくとも2つ以上用いて、直列化あるいは並列化あるいはその両方で構成されるものである。直列、並列化することで容量および電圧を自由に調節することが可能になる。
本実施形態の自動車用の高出力(低抵抗)で高容量の非水電解液系二次電池(大型セル)は、出力特性に優れ、また長期使用しても放電容量が維持され、サイクル特性が良好である。電気自動車やハイブリッド電気自動車や燃料電池車やハイブリッド燃料電池自動車などの車両用途においては、電気・携帯電子機器用途と比較して、高容量、大型化が求められるとともに、長寿命化が必要となる。したがって、本実施形態の自動車用の高出力(低抵抗)で高容量の非水電解液系二次電池(大型セル)は、車両用の電源として、例えば、車両駆動用電源や補助電源に好適に利用することができる。
1.正極活物質の作製
硫酸ニッケルと硫酸コバルトと硫酸アルミニウムを溶解した水溶液に水酸化ナトリウムとアンモニアを供給し、共沈法によりニッケルとコバルトとアルミニウムのモル比が80:15:5で固溶してなる金属複合水酸化物を作製した。この金属複合酸化物と市販の水酸化リチウム一水和物(FMC社製)を、Li以外の金属(Ni、Co、Al)の合計のモル数とLiのモル数の比が1:1となるように秤量した後、十分混合して原料混合物を得た。この原料混合物を昇温速度5℃/minで昇温し、酸素雰囲気で450℃、4時間仮焼成した後、昇温速度3℃/minで昇温し、730℃で10時間本焼成し、室温まで冷却した。これにより組成式;Li(Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05)O2の正極活物質(平均粒子径20μm)を得た。
正極の作製は、正極活物質90質量%と、導電助剤5質量%と、バインダ5質量%とからなる固形分に、スラリー粘度調整溶媒であるN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)を適量混合して、正極活物質スラリーを作製した。
負極の作製は、負極活物質90質量%と、導電助剤5質量%と、バインダ5質量%とからなる固形分に、スラリー粘度調整溶媒であるNMPを適量混合して、負極活物質スラリーを作製した。ここで、負極活物質には、グラファイト(形状:鱗片状、平均粒子径:20μm)を用いた。導電助剤には、アセチレンブラックを用いた。バインダには、PVdFを用いた。
得られた電極(正極および負極)を35cm×35cmの正方形にカットした。また、正極と負極の間に入れるセパレータ(材質:ポリプロピレン、厚さ:25μm)を38×38cmの正方形にカットした。
実施例2は、実施例1の「正極活物質の作製」において、本焼成を750℃、10時間とした以外は実施例1と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例3は、実施例1の「正極活物質の作製」において、本焼成を770℃、10時間とした以外は実施例1と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例4は、実施例1の「正極活物質の作製」において、本焼成を790℃、10時間とした以外は実施例1と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例5は、実施例1の「正極活物質の作製」において、本焼成を800℃、10時間とした以外は実施例1と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例6は、実施例1の「正極の作製」において、導電助剤5質量%の内訳として、第一の導電助剤と第二の導電助剤の比を2:1(質量比)とした以外は実施例1と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例7は、実施例6で準用する実施例1の「正極活物質の作製」において、本焼成を750℃、10時間とした以外は実施例6と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例8は、実施例6で準用する実施例1の「正極活物質の作製」において、本焼成を770℃、10時間とした以外は実施例6と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例9は、実施例6で準用する実施例1の「正極活物質の作製」において、本焼成を790℃、10時間とした以外は実施例6と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例10は、実施例6で準用する実施例1の「正極活物質の作製」において、本焼成を800℃、10時間とした以外は実施例6と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例11は、実施例1の「正極の作製」において、導電助剤5質量%の内訳として、第一の導電助剤と第二の導電助剤の比を3:1(質量比)とした以外は実施例1と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例12は、実施例11で準用する実施例1の「正極活物質の作製」において、本焼成を750℃、10時間とした以外は実施例11と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例13は、実施例11で準用する実施例1の「正極活物質の作製」において、本焼成を770℃、10時間とした以外は実施例11と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例14は、実施例11で準用する実施例1の「正極活物質の作製」において、本焼成を790℃、10時間とした以外は実施例11と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例15は、実施例11で準用する実施例1の「正極活物質の作製」において、本焼成を800℃、10時間とした以外は実施例11と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例16は、実施例1の「正極の作製」において、導電助剤5質量%の内訳として、第一の導電助剤と第二の導電助剤の比を4:1(質量比)とした以外は実施例1と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例17は、実施例16で準用する実施例1の「正極活物質の作製」において、本焼成を750℃、10時間とした以外は実施例16と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例18は、実施例16で準用する実施例1の「正極活物質の作製」において、本焼成を770℃、10時間とした以外は実施例16と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例19は、実施例16で準用する実施例1の「正極活物質の作製」において、本焼成を790℃、10時間とした以外は実施例16と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例20は、実施例16で準用する実施例1の「正極活物質の作製」において、本焼成を800℃、10時間とした以外は実施例16と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例21は、実施例1の「正極の作製」において、導電助剤5質量%の内訳として、第一の導電助剤と第二の導電助剤の比を5:1(質量比)とした以外は実施例1と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例22は、実施例21で準用する実施例1の「正極活物質の作製」において、本焼成を750℃、10時間とした以外は実施例21と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られた正極活物質の組成式及び平均粒子径、並びに得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量はいずれも実施例1と同じであった。
実施例23は、実施例21で準用する実施例1の「正極活物質の作製」において、本焼成を770℃、10時間とした以外は実施例21と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例24は、実施例21で準用する実施例1の「正極活物質の作製」において、本焼成を790℃、10時間とした以外は実施例21と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例25は、実施例21で準用する実施例1の「正極活物質の作製」において、本焼成を800℃、10時間とした以外は実施例21と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
比較例1は、実施例1の「正極活物質の作製」において、仮焼成を行わず、本焼成を900℃、10時間とした以外は実施例1と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
比較例2は、実施例1の「正極活物質の作製」において、本焼成を700℃、10時間とした以外は実施例1と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
比較例3は、実施例1の「電池の作製」において、得られた電極(正極および負極)を10cm×10cmの正方形にカットし、セパレータを12×12cmの正方形にカットした以外は実施例1と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
実施例26は、実施例21で準用する実施例1の「負極の作製」において、負極活物質90質量%と、導電助剤7質量%と、バインダ3質量%とからなる固形分を用いた以外は実施例21と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例27は、実施例5で準用する実施例1の「正極の作製」において、導電助剤5質量%の内訳として、第一の導電助剤と第二の導電助剤の比を1:0(質量比)とした以外は、実施例5と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。即ち、導電助剤として、第一の導電助剤である比表面積が62m2/gのTIMCAL社製SuperPのみを用いることとした以外は、実施例5と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例28は、実施例5で準用する実施例1の「正極の作製」において、導電助剤5質量%の内訳として、第一の導電助剤と第二の導電助剤の比を0.5:1(質量比)とした以外は、実施例5と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例29は、実施例5で準用する実施例1の「正極の作製」において、導電助剤5質量%の内訳として、第一の導電助剤と第二の導電助剤の比を6:1(質量比)とした以外は、実施例5と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例30は、実施例5で準用する実施例1の「正極の作製」において、導電助剤5質量%の内訳として、第一の導電助剤と第二の導電助剤の比を0:1(質量比)とした以外は、実施例5と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。即ち、導電助剤として、第二の導電助剤である比表面積が20m2/gのTIMCAL社製KS6のみを用いることとした以外は、実施例5と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例31は、実施例5で準用する実施例1の「正極の作製」において、第一の導電助剤として、TIMCAL社製SuperPに代えて、比表面積が150m2/gのカーボンブラックを用いた以外は実施例5と同様の方法で、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、得られたリチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量は、実施例1と同じであった。
実施例1~31および比較例1~3で作製した非水電解液系二次電池を25℃で定電流方式(CC、電流:2C)により4.2Vまで充電した。10分間休止させた後、定電流(CC、電流:1C)で2.5Vまで放電し、放電後再度10分間休止させた。この充放電過程を1サイクルとし、300サイクル繰り返した。一定のサイクル後の放電容量維持率を測定し、サイクル特性を評価した。
ゼータ電位につき、以下の方法により測定した。
実施例1~31および比較例1~3で作製した非水電解液系二次電池につき、以下の方法により「初期」状態とした。
実施例1~31および比較例1~3で作製した非水電解液系二次電池につき、以下の方法により電池内部抵抗・絶対値(mΩ)を測定した。
実施例1~31および比較例1~3で作製した非水電解液系二次電池につき、以下の方法により電池内部抵抗・面積規定値(Ω・cm2)を測定した。
2 導電助剤、
3 集電体、
4 導電助剤の被覆層、
10 リチウムイオン二次電池、
11 正極集電体、
12 負極集電体、
13 正極活物質層、
15 負極活物質層、
17 セパレータ、
19 単電池層、
21 発電要素、
25 正極集電板、
27 負極集電板、
29 電池外装体。
Claims (3)
- 活物質と導電助剤を含む正極と、負極と、電解質層とを含み、電池容量が3Ah以上で、電池内部抵抗の絶対値が30mΩ以下である非水電解液系二次電池において、
前記活物質と導電助剤の間のゼータ(ζ)電位が、絶対値で0.3mV~2mVの範囲にあることを特徴とする非水電解液系二次電池。 - 電池内部抵抗の面積規定値が40Ω・cm2以下であり、
前記正極と前記負極の反応抵抗比(負極/正極)が、0.7~1.3の範囲であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の非水電解液系二次電池。 - 前記正極の導電助剤が、比表面積40~100m2/gの第一の導電助剤と、比表面積15~35m2/gの第二の導電助剤を1:1~5:1の比率(質量比)で混合してなるものであることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の非水電解液系二次電池。
Priority Applications (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP14797375.4A EP2999043A4 (en) | 2013-05-17 | 2014-05-09 | Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
| KR1020157032459A KR101689496B1 (ko) | 2013-05-17 | 2014-05-09 | 비수 전해액계 이차 전지 |
| EP17001703.2A EP3297068B1 (en) | 2013-05-17 | 2014-05-09 | Method for producing a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
| CN201480028699.0A CN105229839B (zh) | 2013-05-17 | 2014-05-09 | 非水电解质类二次电池 |
| JP2015517053A JP6056969B2 (ja) | 2013-05-17 | 2014-05-09 | 非水電解液系二次電池 |
| US14/891,088 US9819050B2 (en) | 2013-05-17 | 2014-05-09 | Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2013-105352 | 2013-05-17 | ||
| JP2013105352 | 2013-05-17 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2014185344A1 true WO2014185344A1 (ja) | 2014-11-20 |
Family
ID=51898322
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2014/062440 Ceased WO2014185344A1 (ja) | 2013-05-17 | 2014-05-09 | 非水電解液系二次電池 |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US9819050B2 (ja) |
| EP (2) | EP2999043A4 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP6056969B2 (ja) |
| KR (1) | KR101689496B1 (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN105229839B (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2014185344A1 (ja) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2016152202A (ja) * | 2015-02-19 | 2016-08-22 | オートモーティブエナジーサプライ株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池 |
| JP2018078059A (ja) * | 2016-11-11 | 2018-05-17 | 株式会社リコー | 蓄電システム |
| WO2018110133A1 (ja) * | 2016-12-16 | 2018-06-21 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 二次電池用電極、二次電池、それらの製造方法 |
| US10680283B2 (en) * | 2016-12-14 | 2020-06-09 | Blue Solutions Canada Inc. | Lithium metal battery |
| JP2020149763A (ja) * | 2019-03-11 | 2020-09-17 | マクセルホールディングス株式会社 | 非水電解液電池 |
Families Citing this family (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105580165B (zh) * | 2013-07-24 | 2018-08-14 | 日产自动车株式会社 | 非水电解质二次电池用正极以及使用了该正极的非水电解质二次电池 |
| US10141119B2 (en) * | 2014-07-22 | 2018-11-27 | Florida State University Research Foundation, Inc. | Dye-sensitized solar cells including carbon nanotube yarns |
| WO2016053063A1 (ko) | 2014-10-02 | 2016-04-07 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 고무계 바인더를 포함하는 양극 활물질 슬러리 및 이로부터 제조된 양극 |
| JPWO2017056984A1 (ja) * | 2015-09-28 | 2018-07-12 | Necエナジーデバイス株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極の製造方法 |
| WO2017099272A1 (ko) * | 2015-12-09 | 2017-06-15 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 적어도 2종의 도전성 물질을 포함하는 리튬 이차전지용 양극재 슬러리 및 이를 이용한 리튬이차전지 |
| US10923760B2 (en) * | 2016-09-22 | 2021-02-16 | Grst International Limited | Electrode assemblies |
| CN108110319A (zh) * | 2016-11-25 | 2018-06-01 | 惠州市宙邦化工有限公司 | 锂离子电池非水电解液及锂离子电池 |
| KR102553591B1 (ko) * | 2017-06-12 | 2023-07-11 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 포스페이트계 첨가제를 포함하는 리튬이차전지 |
| KR102447619B1 (ko) * | 2017-09-18 | 2022-09-27 | 주식회사 엘지에너지솔루션 | 지그를 이용한 고정 과정을 포함하는 파우치형 전지셀 제조방법 |
| CN110010902A (zh) | 2019-03-29 | 2019-07-12 | 宁德新能源科技有限公司 | 电极极片和包含所述电极极片的电化学装置 |
| CN109980177B (zh) * | 2019-03-29 | 2021-10-22 | 东莞新能安科技有限公司 | 电极极片和包含所述电极极片的电化学装置 |
| CN112687944A (zh) * | 2019-10-18 | 2021-04-20 | 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 | 钠离子电池、钠离子电池用正极极片、正极活性材料、电池模块、电池包和装置 |
| CN117039194B (zh) * | 2023-08-29 | 2025-01-28 | 中创新航科技集团股份有限公司 | 一种圆柱电池 |
| JP2025090114A (ja) * | 2023-12-05 | 2025-06-17 | プライムプラネットエナジー&ソリューションズ株式会社 | 蓄電デバイス |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH1012231A (ja) * | 1996-06-18 | 1998-01-16 | Toshiba Battery Co Ltd | ペースト式電極の製造方法、アルカリ二次電池の製造方法及びアルカリ二次電池 |
| JP2003142097A (ja) * | 2001-09-05 | 2003-05-16 | Samsung Sdi Co Ltd | 電池用活物質およびその製造方法 |
| JP2005108457A (ja) * | 2003-09-26 | 2005-04-21 | Yuasa Corp | アルカリ蓄電池用非焼結式電極およびアルカリ蓄電池 |
| JP2010080188A (ja) | 2008-09-25 | 2010-04-08 | Sony Corp | 二次電池 |
| JP2014041698A (ja) * | 2010-12-21 | 2014-03-06 | Panasonic Corp | 非水系二次電池用正極板およびこれを用いた非水系二次電池 |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6878487B2 (en) * | 2001-09-05 | 2005-04-12 | Samsung Sdi, Co., Ltd. | Active material for battery and method of preparing same |
| JP4145138B2 (ja) * | 2002-12-25 | 2008-09-03 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
| KR100738773B1 (ko) * | 2004-03-03 | 2007-07-12 | 산요덴키가부시키가이샤 | 비수 전해질 전지 |
| KR100599602B1 (ko) | 2004-10-28 | 2006-07-13 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지 |
| CN100547829C (zh) * | 2005-07-01 | 2009-10-07 | 深圳市比克电池有限公司 | 锂复合金属氧化物的制备方法 |
| CN1967915B (zh) * | 2005-11-17 | 2011-03-30 | 比亚迪股份有限公司 | 电池正极及使用该正极的锂离子电池以及它们的制备方法 |
| JP4352349B2 (ja) * | 2008-01-23 | 2009-10-28 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 電極および電極製造方法 |
| JP4778034B2 (ja) * | 2008-01-30 | 2011-09-21 | パナソニック株式会社 | 非水系二次電池の製造方法 |
| JP2013065468A (ja) * | 2011-09-16 | 2013-04-11 | Panasonic Corp | リチウムイオン二次電池 |
-
2014
- 2014-05-09 EP EP14797375.4A patent/EP2999043A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2014-05-09 EP EP17001703.2A patent/EP3297068B1/en active Active
- 2014-05-09 WO PCT/JP2014/062440 patent/WO2014185344A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2014-05-09 KR KR1020157032459A patent/KR101689496B1/ko active Active
- 2014-05-09 US US14/891,088 patent/US9819050B2/en active Active
- 2014-05-09 CN CN201480028699.0A patent/CN105229839B/zh active Active
- 2014-05-09 JP JP2015517053A patent/JP6056969B2/ja active Active
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH1012231A (ja) * | 1996-06-18 | 1998-01-16 | Toshiba Battery Co Ltd | ペースト式電極の製造方法、アルカリ二次電池の製造方法及びアルカリ二次電池 |
| JP2003142097A (ja) * | 2001-09-05 | 2003-05-16 | Samsung Sdi Co Ltd | 電池用活物質およびその製造方法 |
| JP2005108457A (ja) * | 2003-09-26 | 2005-04-21 | Yuasa Corp | アルカリ蓄電池用非焼結式電極およびアルカリ蓄電池 |
| JP2010080188A (ja) | 2008-09-25 | 2010-04-08 | Sony Corp | 二次電池 |
| JP2014041698A (ja) * | 2010-12-21 | 2014-03-06 | Panasonic Corp | 非水系二次電池用正極板およびこれを用いた非水系二次電池 |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| D.MAZOUZI ET AL.: "Silicon Composite Electrode with High Capacity and Long Cycle Life", ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SOLID-STATE LETTERS, vol. 12, no. 11, 2009, pages A215 - A218, XP002577337 * |
| See also references of EP2999043A4 |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2016152202A (ja) * | 2015-02-19 | 2016-08-22 | オートモーティブエナジーサプライ株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池 |
| US10714787B2 (en) | 2015-02-19 | 2020-07-14 | Envision Aesc Japan Ltd. | Lithium ion secondary battery |
| JP2018078059A (ja) * | 2016-11-11 | 2018-05-17 | 株式会社リコー | 蓄電システム |
| US10680283B2 (en) * | 2016-12-14 | 2020-06-09 | Blue Solutions Canada Inc. | Lithium metal battery |
| US11158882B2 (en) | 2016-12-14 | 2021-10-26 | Blue Solutions Canada Inc. | Lithum metal battery |
| WO2018110133A1 (ja) * | 2016-12-16 | 2018-06-21 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 二次電池用電極、二次電池、それらの製造方法 |
| JPWO2018110133A1 (ja) * | 2016-12-16 | 2019-10-24 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 二次電池用電極、二次電池、それらの製造方法 |
| JP2020149763A (ja) * | 2019-03-11 | 2020-09-17 | マクセルホールディングス株式会社 | 非水電解液電池 |
| JP7337515B2 (ja) | 2019-03-11 | 2023-09-04 | マクセル株式会社 | 非水電解液電池 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN105229839A (zh) | 2016-01-06 |
| EP3297068A1 (en) | 2018-03-21 |
| US20160093913A1 (en) | 2016-03-31 |
| EP2999043A1 (en) | 2016-03-23 |
| JPWO2014185344A1 (ja) | 2017-02-23 |
| US9819050B2 (en) | 2017-11-14 |
| JP6056969B2 (ja) | 2017-01-11 |
| EP2999043A4 (en) | 2017-04-19 |
| KR20150143693A (ko) | 2015-12-23 |
| EP3297068B1 (en) | 2019-08-07 |
| CN105229839B (zh) | 2018-11-13 |
| KR101689496B1 (ko) | 2016-12-23 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JP6056969B2 (ja) | 非水電解液系二次電池 | |
| JP5967287B2 (ja) | 正極活物質、正極材料、正極および非水電解質二次電池 | |
| JP6346290B2 (ja) | 積層型電池およびその製造方法 | |
| JP6112204B2 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池用正極およびこれを用いた非水電解質二次電池 | |
| JP6036999B2 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池 | |
| JP6187676B2 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池 | |
| WO2014157415A1 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池 | |
| WO2014157414A1 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池 | |
| JP6815902B2 (ja) | リチウムイオン二次電池用正極およびそれを用いた電池 | |
| WO2014157419A1 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池 | |
| JP2020035634A (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池 | |
| WO2014157423A1 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池 | |
| WO2020075597A1 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池用負極およびこれを用いた非水電解質二次電池 | |
| JP6585843B2 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池 | |
| JP6755311B2 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池 | |
| JP2017220380A (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池 | |
| WO2014157422A1 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池 | |
| WO2014157413A1 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池 | |
| JP6585842B2 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池 | |
| JP6519264B2 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池用正極およびこれを用いた非水電解質二次電池 |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 201480028699.0 Country of ref document: CN |
|
| 121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 14797375 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
| ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2015517053 Country of ref document: JP Kind code of ref document: A |
|
| ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 20157032459 Country of ref document: KR Kind code of ref document: A |
|
| WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2014797375 Country of ref document: EP |
|
| WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 14891088 Country of ref document: US |
|
| NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |