WO2012017718A1 - 触媒組成物の製造方法、触媒組成物、これを用いたディーゼル・パティキュレート・フィルタおよび排ガス浄化システム - Google Patents
触媒組成物の製造方法、触媒組成物、これを用いたディーゼル・パティキュレート・フィルタおよび排ガス浄化システム Download PDFInfo
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/033—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices
- F01N3/035—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices with catalytic reactors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a catalyst composition, a catalyst composition, a diesel particulate filter using the catalyst composition, and an exhaust gas purification system.
- Diesel engines have higher combustion efficiency than commonly used gasoline engines, so it is expected that they will continue to be used for applications that require efficient use of fuel.
- nitrogen oxides hereinafter also referred to as “NOx”
- HC hydrocarbons
- CO carbon monoxide
- It contains carbon-based soot (also referred to as particulate matter or PM), and it is environmentally undesirable to dispose of it as it is.
- PM in exhaust gas is removed from exhaust gas using a diesel particulate filter (DPF) mainly composed of ceramics.
- DPF diesel particulate filter
- the PM removed in this way is accumulated in the DPF, it is necessary to remove it periodically.
- the removal of PM applies heat higher than the combustion temperature of PM to DPF, and gasifies and removes PM. Therefore, extra fuel is required for the heating, which causes a deterioration in fuel consumption.
- exhaust gas purification catalysts have recently been expected not only to purify soot but also to remove NOx, HC and CO in the gas.
- platinum group elements that have been conventionally considered as a three-way catalyst for gasoline engine engine exhaust gas.
- the purification performance of platinum group elements deteriorates when grains grow. Therefore, methods for suppressing the growth of platinum group element grains have been studied (for example, see Patent Document 2 or 3).
- Patent Document 1 The technology described in Patent Document 1 is “Ce, Bi, R (where R is one or more of lanthanoids excluding La and Ce)” and R ′ (where R ′ is a group 3, group 4, group 13 excluding lanthanoids and actinides).
- Patent Document 2 or 3 discloses a technique in which an oxide layer is formed on the surface of oxygen storage / release material particles and a platinum group element is supported on the oxide layer. In these methods, it is considered that a porous oxide is previously deposited on the surface of the oxygen storage / release material particles, and then the platinum group element is supported, so that the grain growth of the platinum group element can be suppressed. .
- the method for producing the catalyst composition of the present invention includes at least one platinum group element selected from Pt, Rh and Pd and at least one selected from Zr, Al, Y, Si, Bi, Pr and Tb.
- Ce oxide oxide containing Ce
- the catalyst composition of the present invention is selected from Ce oxide, a platinum group carrier supported on the surface of the Ce oxide, and Pt, Rh and Pd dispersed and held in the platinum group carrier. At least one platinum group element.
- a preferred embodiment of the catalyst composition of the present invention is such that the platinum group carrier contains at least one element selected from Zr, Al, Y, Si, Bi, Pr and Tb, Is a porous oxide, and the platinum group carrier is alumina.
- the diesel particulate filter in which the catalyst composition having the above-described configuration is supported as a catalyst, the exhausted PM component is reduced and HC, CO, NO, NOx, etc. in the exhaust gas are reduced. It is also possible to reduce the harmful gas component (hereinafter also simply referred to as “toxic gas”).
- the diesel engine system in which such a DPF is incorporated can be used as an environment-friendly system.
- the catalyst composition provided by the present invention refers to a composition having catalytic activity. Although various specific uses are assumed, the present specification will describe a catalyst that exhibits both PM combustion activity and harmful gas purification activity, particularly that applied to exhaust gas discharged from a diesel engine.
- a platinum group carrier made of Al or the like is formed on the surface of an oxide containing Ce having PM combustion activity (Ce oxide). In the platinum group carrier, one kind selected from Pt, Rh, and Pd is used.
- platinum group elements hereinafter also referred to as “platinum group elements” are dispersed and held.
- the “dispersed and held” state refers to a state in which platinum group elements are dispersed and present in the platinum group holding body.
- platinum group elements are dispersed in the platinum group carrier, they are uniformly present in the thickness direction of the platinum group carrier. Further, the platinum group element is dispersed and held in a platinum group holding body formed on the Ce oxide surface. Therefore, it differs from the “supported” state in which it is simply supported on the surface of the material formed on or on the Ce oxide. In particular, in the state of being “dispersed and held”, since the platinum group element is dispersed and taken in the platinum group holder, the range in which the platinum group element moves due to heat is limited. That is, the platinum group element does not grow during firing.
- Ce oxide contains Ce as an essential constituent.
- the Ce oxide is preferably a complex oxide together with at least one element selected from Zr, Al, Y, Si, Bi, Pr, and Tb.
- the ratio of the elements constituting the Ce oxide of the present invention is as follows in consideration of the balance of required characteristics.
- the element in the parenthesis indicates a replaceable element.
- Al (Zr, Si, Ti) is an element (platinum group carrier element) constituting a platinum group carrier described later.
- Ce oxides having the molar ratio of elements as described above There are many unclear points regarding the increase in PM combustion activity in Ce oxides having the molar ratio of elements as described above. However, it is considered that the use of Ce as a main component has resulted in a high oxygen absorption / release capability. That is, Ce oxide supplies oxygen to PM during combustion. On the other hand, PM is oxidized by the supplied oxygen and removed as a gas. Thus, it is thought that Ce oxide contributes to the improvement of the removal efficiency by oxidation of PM.
- the Ce oxide used in the present invention is a composite oxide mainly containing Ce as an essential constituent component. Therefore, it is considered that the mechanism of oxygen absorption / release capability is the same as the mechanism of oxygen absorption / release considered in conventional Ce-based oxides.
- the cation in the oxide mainly composed of Ce atoms causes an apparent valence change, and oxygen in the lattice is easily released out of the lattice. By entering such a state, it is considered that active oxygen necessary for oxidation is easily supplied from a relatively low temperature range.
- the mechanism when a part of Ce is replaced with a specific element will be described in detail.
- Bi is selected as the substitution element
- the oxide having a cerium oxide structure exhibits an effect of improving the catalytic activity in a low temperature region, that is, an effect of reducing the combustion start temperature of PM.
- the above-described mechanism that the active oxygen is easily supplied due to lattice distortion due to substitution can be considered. Further, such lattice distortion is considered to be effective in preventing the liberation of Bi in the crystal lattice, and is considered to work effectively for the structural stabilization of Ce oxide.
- the melting point of the composite oxide is lowered by the addition of Bi having a low melting point.
- Appropriateness of the Bi addition amount can be known from the combustion start temperature of PM in the sample after being exposed to a high temperature for a long time and the change in crystal structure.
- the Bi addition ratio a (molar ratio) in the composite oxide is in the range of 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.4, more preferably 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.3, and even more preferably 0 ⁇ . It is preferable that a ⁇ 0.1.
- the Bi addition ratio a (molar ratio) exceeds 0.4, the PM combustion start temperature of the sample after being exposed to a high temperature for a long time increases.
- Bi atoms are liberated from the fluorite structure, and a foreign phase such as Bi oxide or a composite oxide of Bi and an additive element is easily generated, and contains an impurity phase in an amount that inhibits the effect of the present invention. In some cases, it becomes a composite oxide.
- the addition of the above-mentioned fourth element such as Zr that can impart high heat resistance in a minute amount is preferable because it can simultaneously solve the problems of improvement in catalyst activity and reduction in catalyst activity due to sulfur poisoning.
- the Ce oxide is not preferable because it cannot maintain the fluorite structure and leads to a decrease in the catalytic activity. Therefore, when these elements are added, the addition ratio c (molar ratio) is 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.5, preferably 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.4, and more preferably 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.3. It is good to do.
- exhaust gas having a structure in which alumina is supported on the surface of oxygen storage / release material particles (PM combustion catalyst referred to in the present specification) and a platinum group element is further supported on the alumina.
- the platinum group element is present not only on the surface of the alumina or in the pores present on the alumina surface, but also on the surface of the oxygen storage / release material. It can be inferred that a supported state or a state in which a platinum group element is supported on the surface of alumina occurs.
- a complex oxide (oxygen storage and release material particles) having PM combustion activity and alumina carrying platinum group elements are simply mechanically mixed to produce an exhaust gas purification catalyst.
- the catalytic activity against harmful gases is reduced by simply mechanically mixing oxygen storage / release material particles and alumina carrying platinum group elements.
- CO and HC removal activity is present in an environment with an exhaust gas temperature of about 350 ° C., but CO and HC removal activity is reduced in a low temperature region with an exhaust gas temperature of 200 ° C.
- an exhaust gas purifying catalyst in which Pd is supported on alumina under the same conditions as in Example 4 and the same (conventional sulfur poisoning-resistant catalyst) particles as in Comparative Example 2 are mechanically mixed is 200 ° C.
- the CO conversion rate was 12% and the C 3 H 6 conversion rate was only about 7%, which was not sufficient.
- the catalyst composition of the present invention is characterized in that the platinum group element is supported on the PM combustion catalyst. Specifically, a component holding the platinum group element is interposed between the PM combustion catalyst and the platinum group element. This intervening substance is called “platinum group carrier”, but the platinum group element which is a metal having a harmful gas purification activity (hereinafter also referred to as “active metal”) is dispersed throughout the platinum group carrier. To be carried (dispersed holding).
- the catalyst composition has a higher HC and CO removal efficiency even at low temperatures. Further, since the platinum group element is dispersed and held in the Al oxide, it is fixed by the Al oxide. Accordingly, the platinum group element is moved by heat applied from the outside, so that the particles are hardly coarsened. That is, the catalyst composition is less likely to deactivate the harmful gas purification activity even when heated. This is a very excellent catalyst from the viewpoint of effective utilization of resources.
- the platinum group carrier as described above is preferably a porous oxide.
- the platinum group carrier holds the platinum group element in a dispersed manner as a whole.
- the platinum group element In order to exert the harmful gas purification activity, the platinum group element needs to come into contact with harmful gases such as CO and C 3 H 6 contained in the exhaust gas, and thus such a configuration is adopted.
- the platinum group carrier element constituting the platinum group carrier contains at least one element selected from Zr, Al, Y, Si, Bi, Pr and Tb.
- Al is preferably used.
- a platinum group carrier in the form of alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) is preferably used.
- Alumina hardly changes or deteriorates even when exposed to high temperatures, and does not react with Ce oxides or platinum group elements, and can be formed more porous.
- an element constituting the platinum group carrier is described as Al. However, when another element is selected, it is read as an element using Al.
- platinum group element / platinum group support / Ce oxide The existence form of such a platinum group element / platinum group support / Ce oxide is confirmed by, for example, using ESCA (Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis), sputtering from the surface with Ar gas, and examining the ratio of the elements in the depth direction. it can.
- the aggregate of the catalyst composition is cut by ion milling or the like, and the SEM-EDX (Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) or TEM-EDX (the TEM-EDX) It is possible to confirm whether or not such a structure is obtained by performing element presence mapping processing using Transmission Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) or the like.
- a platinum group element and at least one element selected from Zr, Al, Y, Si, Bi, Pr and Tb are mixed in a liquid to obtain a hydroxide gel; Adding a Ce oxide to the product gel and attaching the hydroxide gel to the surface of the Ce oxide; and heating the Ce oxide to which the hydroxide gel is adhered; Get.
- the Ce oxide used in the present invention can be obtained, for example, by a coprecipitation method, an organic complex method, a solid phase method, or a method via an amorphous precursor.
- a coprecipitation method an organic complex method
- a solid phase method or a method via an amorphous precursor.
- the method of converting to Ce oxide via an amorphous precursor can easily obtain a large amount of Ce oxide, it is industrially convenient and will be described in detail as a production example.
- alkali hydroxide examples include sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia
- examples of the alkali carbonate include carbonated water, carbon dioxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, and the like as a main component, and ammonia. It is preferable to use a mixture of water or each water-soluble salt of ammonium, or an ammonium carbonate compound having both functions, specifically, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, and the like.
- urea in the salt solution and decompose the urea by heating the salt solution to generate ammonia, thereby making the salt solution alkaline to obtain a precipitate.
- the pH of the liquid when producing the precipitate is preferably controlled in the range of 6-11. In the region where the pH is less than 6, Bi, Ce, Pr and R may not coprecipitate, which is not preferable.
- the obtained precipitate is filtered, washed with water as necessary, and dried by vacuum drying or ventilation drying to obtain an amorphous precursor.
- it can be dried as it is immediately after filtering, or can be dried after granulating into a predetermined shape.
- the target Ce oxide is synthesized by heat-treating (baking) the amorphous precursor in a powder form or in a granulated state, for example, at 400 to 1000 ° C., preferably 500 to 850 ° C. Can do.
- the atmosphere during firing is not particularly limited as long as Ce oxide can be generated. For example, an atmosphere in air, nitrogen, argon, or a combination of water vapor and the like can be used.
- an aqueous solution prepared to have a pH of 11 to 12 a solution of a platinum group element salt and a solution of an Al salt are mixed, and the pH of the mixed solution is 3 to 9, preferably 3 to 6.
- a precipitate hereinafter referred to as “hydroxide gel”.
- the platinum group element salt solution and the Al salt solution may be mixed.
- the Ce oxide obtained by the above-described method is added, stirred and allowed to stand, and a hydroxide gel composed of Al and a platinum group element is attached to the Ce oxide.
- This operation allows Al and platinum group elements to adhere to the Ce oxide. Although the details are unknown, it is considered that the Al component takes in the white metal component and adheres to the Ce oxide in that state, so that the configuration according to the present invention can be achieved. .
- the reaction is carried out in the range of 30 to 90 ° C., and the treatment is sufficient to be carried out for 30 to 180 minutes with stirring.
- ⁇ Heat treatment> The Ce oxide adhered with the hydroxide gel obtained as described above is filtered, washed and dried, and calcined in a powder state, for example, at 500 to 1000 ° C., preferably 600 to 850 ° C. for 1 to 4 hours. By doing so, the target catalyst composition can be obtained.
- This catalyst composition has a structure in which a platinum group carrier in which a platinum group element is dispersed and held is supported on the Ce oxide surface. Moreover, since this catalyst composition has PM combustion activity, it becomes a PM combustion catalyst, and also has a harmful gas purification activity, and therefore functions as a harmful gas purification catalyst.
- the catalyst composition thus obtained can be used, for example, by being supported on a DPF.
- a diesel particulate filter (DPF) is a filter disposed in an exhaust gas system of a diesel engine and is a filter for trapping PM (soot).
- the DPF has a cylindrical shape with a cross section viewed from the inlet side having a honeycomb structure, and is made of a porous ceramic.
- the inlet side also referred to as “engine side”
- the outlet side also referred to as “atmosphere release side”
- porous ceramic forms a filter.
- ceramics, cordierite, silicon carbide (SiC), aluminum titanate and the like are preferably used for the porous ceramic.
- the shape is not particularly limited as described above, and may be a shape such as a foam, a mesh, or a plate.
- the catalyst composition of the present invention When the catalyst composition of the present invention is supported on the DPF, the catalyst composition is preferably made into a paint and applied to the DPF by a so-called washcoat method.
- the paint in the case of carrying by the wash coat method is composed of the catalyst composition of the present invention, a solvent and an inorganic binder.
- a dispersant, a viscosity modifier, and a pH adjuster may be included.
- a polar solvent either a polar solvent or a nonpolar solvent may be used.
- a solvent having a low boiling point is preferable in order to dry quickly after coating on the filter, but an aqueous solvent may be used in consideration of ease of handling.
- water, isopropyl alcohol, terpineol, 2- Octanol, butyl carbitol acetate and the like can be suitably used.
- the inorganic binder powders such as Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , SiO 2 and ZrO 2 are preferably used. This is because the PM combustion catalyst is exposed to a high temperature, and therefore a material exhibiting stable characteristics even at a high temperature is preferable.
- the catalyst composition of the present invention is preferably supported on the engine side surface when the DPF is disposed. This is because the catalyst composition of the present invention is also a PM combustion catalyst, and therefore, the PM combustion temperature cannot be lowered unless it is on the engine side where PM accumulates.
- the DPF carrying the catalyst composition of the present invention can be used as it is in a known exhaust gas purification system. This is because the catalytic activity is not deactivated by heat and substances discharged into the exhaust system of the diesel engine. Furthermore, since DPF carrying the catalyst composition of the present invention has PM combustion activity from a relatively low temperature, there is a possibility that the heating means for burning PM can be reduced in weight. In addition, according to the catalyst composition of the present invention, the DPF itself also has a harmful gas purification capability, so that the device for reducing HC, CO, and NOx can be reduced in weight, which is indirect for improving fuel efficiency. There is a possibility that it can contribute.
- the catalytic activity for PM was evaluated by measuring the PM combustion temperature as follows.
- a commercially available carbon black (Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, average particle size 2.09 ⁇ m) was used as a simulated PM, and the catalyst composition sample powder and the carbon black were weighed so that the mass ratio was 30: 1.
- the mixture was mixed for 3 minutes with a test tube mixer TRIO (TM-1 type manufactured by ASONE) to obtain a mixed powder of carbon black and each sample powder. 10 mg of this mixed powder is set in a TG / DTA apparatus (TG / DTA6300 type, manufactured by Seiko Instruments Inc.), and the temperature is increased from normal temperature to 800 ° C. at a temperature increase rate of 10 ° C./min. The temperature was measured as the PM combustion temperature.
- ⁇ Toxic gas purification activity evaluation> The powder of the catalyst composition sample was formed into a pellet by applying a pressure of 100 kgf / cm 2 using a molding machine, and pulverized on a sieve set with a mesh set in the order of 500 ⁇ m and 250 ⁇ m. 0.26 cc of the aggregate obtained from the catalyst composition of 250 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m thus obtained was weighed and set in a tubular furnace in which propylene gas, oxygen and nitrogen can be flowed as simulated exhaust gas of CO and HC.
- the overall composition analysis was performed using a high-frequency plasma emission analyzer (IRIS / AP) manufactured by Nippon Jarrel Ash Co., Ltd. Since these quantitative results are given as mass%, they were converted to atomic% (represented as at%) at the time of calculation.
- IRIS / AP high-frequency plasma emission analyzer
- ⁇ X-ray diffraction measurement> A sample of the obtained catalyst composition was pulverized in an agate mortar and powdered, and X-ray diffraction measurement was performed.
- RINT-2100 manufactured by Rigaku Corporation was used.
- the X-ray tube was Co (characteristic X-ray was Co—K ⁇ ray (wavelength: 1.7889289)), the tube voltage was 40 kV, and the tube current was 30 mA.
- the scan speed was set to 1.0 ° / min, the sampling width was set to 0.02 °, the divergence and scattering slits were set to 1 °, the light receiving slit was set to 0.3 mm, and the measurement was performed while rotating the sample.
- platinum group element Since the peak due to the active metal (platinum group element) remains small, identification is not easy. However, when a platinum group element is used alone, it is in the vicinity where the strongest diffraction line peculiar to that element appears, and when used in multiple elements, the strongest diffraction line of the first element and the strongest of the second element. Since diffraction peaks due to the active metal appear in the portion between the diffraction lines, the determination was made using them.
- the reduction rate was measured using a TG apparatus. 15 mg of powder is set in a TG / DTA apparatus (TG / DTA6300 type, manufactured by Seiko Instruments Inc.), and the temperature rises in the atmosphere from room temperature to the measurement temperature (300 ° C. in the present invention) at a heating rate of 10 ° C./min. Warm and maintain for 10 minutes when heating is complete. Then, the atmosphere is replaced with nitrogen from the atmosphere over 5 minutes. Thereafter, a gas consisting of 2% hydrogen / 18% helium / balance nitrogen was bubbled for 10 minutes, and the amount of oxygen in the structure desorbed at the measurement temperature was determined by monitoring the decrease in mass of the powder.
- TG / DTA apparatus TG / DTA6300 type, manufactured by Seiko Instruments Inc.
- the desorption amount increases in a short time, it indicates that the reduction rate is fast, that is, oxygen is likely to be released, and oxygen accumulated in the structure of the catalyst composition is released at once. Indicates. These characteristics are considered to be inferior in the ability to continuously burn PM, although the ignition performance for PM deposited on the DPF is high. Further, when oxygen is released from the catalyst composition supported on the DPF at a time and the deposited PM burns at once, there is a high possibility that the filter is damaged (burned out). For this reason, it is preferable that such a reduction rate, in other words, oxygen supply performance is small and can be continuously supplied. That is, the reduction rate is preferably as slow as possible.
- Reduction rate (V Red: 2 ) ⁇ mass of catalyst composition (mg) ⁇ mass after 2 minutes of measurement (mg) ⁇ / mass of catalyst composition (mg) / time from start of measurement (2 minutes) ⁇ 100 x (-1) ... (1)
- “mass of catalyst composition (mg) ⁇ mass after 2 minutes from start of measurement (mg)” represents a mass reduction amount (negative value) in TG measurement.
- the mass 2 minutes after the start of measurement is used to eliminate the instability of the initial mass decrease.
- this reduction rate is displayed as “oxygen release amount”, but it is the same as “reduction rate” and the unit is the same.
- Example 1 Preparation of oxide> Cerium nitrate hexahydrate (Ce (NO 3 ) 3 .6H 2 O) as Ce source, bismuth nitrate pentahydrate (Bi (NO 3 ) 3 .5H 2 O as Bi source, zirconium nitrate (Zr) as zirconium source (NO 3 ) 2 ) was prepared, Pr was selected as the rare earth component, and a nitric acid aqueous solution of praseodymium oxide was prepared.
- the above-mentioned raw materials are mixed at an addition ratio such that each molar ratio of Ce, Bi, Pr, and Zr is 0.795: 0.005: 0.150: 0.050, and the total concentration of Ce, Bi, Pr, and Zr Pure water was added to obtain a raw material solution so that the amount of the solution was 0.20 mol / L.
- a hydroxide was formed by adding NH 3 aqueous solution as a precipitating agent to the raw material solution with stirring. Thereafter, an oxidizing gas having an oxygen concentration of 9.0% was blown for 150 minutes at a high temperature of 50 ° C., and the mixed hydroxide in the liquid was oxidized and stabilized.
- the obtained precipitate was filtered, washed with water, and dried at 125 ° C. for 15 hours to obtain a dry powder.
- the obtained powder is called Ce oxide precursor.
- this Ce oxide precursor was calcined at 800 ° C. for 2 hours in an air atmosphere to obtain a Ce oxide having a PM combustion activity, which is an oxide composed of Ce, Bi, Pr, and Zr.
- the liquid containing the hydroxide gel and Ce oxide thus obtained was filtered and washed with water at a suction pressure of 32 mmHg. At this time, the filter paper having a particle holding capacity of 2.7 ⁇ m was used. Washing with water used 30 ° C. pure water. Thereafter, the obtained substance was recovered and dried at 125 ° C. in the atmosphere for 6 hours to obtain a dried product of Ce oxide to which a mixture of aluminum, palladium and platinum was adhered.
- the obtained catalyst composition contains 0.34% by mass of aluminum, 0.75% by mass of palladium, and 0.69% by mass of platinum (platinum group element / (aluminum + The platinum group element) ratio was confirmed to be 0.81) particles.
- This composition ratio was calculated by analyzing the catalyst composition dissolved and diluted with a mixed acid of aqua regia and sulfuric acid by ICP (SPS 3520V, manufactured by SII Nanotechnology). The same applies to the following examples and comparative examples.
- the obtained catalyst composition was subjected to X-ray diffraction measurement.
- the result is shown in FIG.
- the vertical axis represents the sensed intensity (arbitrary unit), and the horizontal axis represents the angle (2 ⁇ ).
- the upper stage (a) is Example 1
- the lower stage (b) is Comparative Example 1 in which no platinum group support was used.
- the hydroxide gel was not used as in Comparative Example 1 (there was no platinum group carrier), the diffraction line did not appear because the platinum group element was dissolved in the CeO 2 structure.
- the displacement of the reduction rate (V Red: 2 ) has a time difference depending on the catalyst composition.
- oxygen depletion is considered to occur when the oxygen that is easily desorbed in the crystal structure is released first, and then the oxygen that is not easily desorbed is desorbed.
- the difficulty may be compared to compare the ease of oxygen desorption.
- the reduction rate (V Red: 2 ) is desired to be as slow as possible from the beginning. Therefore, the average reduction rate (V Red: 2 ) until 2 minutes after the start is 0.03% / min or less, preferably 0.01% or less.
- Example 2 In the preparation of the adhesion treatment liquid used in Example 1, aluminum nitrate nonahydrate salt Al (NO 3) 3 ⁇ 9H 2 O and the procedure was repeated with the catalyst composition of this example of the first embodiment except that the 8.51g Got. That is, the influence of increasing the amount of Al in Example 1 was confirmed.
- the catalyst composition was highly active so that the start of combustion occurred even at a low temperature of 380.4 ° C. Moreover, the activity with respect to the simulated exhaust gas showed a relatively high value, that is, the CO conversion rate at 200 ° C. was 48.3% and the C 3 H 6 conversion rate was 20.5%.
- Example 4 In the preparation of the adhesion treatment liquid used in Example 1, aluminum nitrate nonahydrate salt Al (NO 3) 3 ⁇ 9H 2 O and 0.29 g, palladium solution (concentration: 5.19 wt%) 1.54 g Pure water By dissolving in 200 mL, an adhesion treatment liquid in which aluminum and palladium were mixed was prepared. Thereafter, and in the same manner as in Example 1 by using this adhesion treatment liquid, at least a part of the grain surface is deposited with alumina (Al 2 O 3), palladium in the alumina (Al 2 O 3) The catalyst composition of this example, which was dispersed and held, was obtained.
- the catalyst composition had a high activity such that combustion start occurred even at a low temperature of 377.0 ° C. Moreover, the activity with respect to the simulated exhaust gas showed a relatively high value of 71.0% for CO conversion at 200 ° C. and 22.0% for C 3 H 6 conversion.
- Example 1 Except for not adding the Al component, the procedure of Example 1 was repeated to obtain the catalyst powder of this example. As shown in Table 1, the combustion start temperature was as low as 349.7 ° C. However, the activity of the simulated exhaust gas in the low temperature region was low, the CO conversion at 200 ° C. was 9.8%, and the C 3 H 6 conversion was only 1.4%. From this, it can be seen that the effect as in the catalyst compositions obtained in the examples cannot be exhibited by simply carrying the gas active component on the surface.
- Example 3 Evaluation was performed by directly supporting a platinum group element (palladium) on Ce oxide without using aluminum. Specifically, in the preparation of the adhesion treatment liquid in Example 4, the adhesion treatment liquid mixed with palladium was prepared by dissolving 1.65 g of a palladium solution (concentration: 4.84% by mass) in 200 mL of pure water. did. Thereafter, the same adhesion operation as in Example 4 (Example 1) was repeated to obtain a catalyst powder of this example.
- the combustion start temperature was as low as 356.6 ° C.
- the activity of the simulated exhaust gas in the low temperature region was low, the CO conversion at 200 ° C. was 22.1%, and the C 3 H 6 conversion was only 5.5%. From this, it can be seen that when supported directly on Ce oxide, only a low activity is obtained with respect to purification of toxic gas as compared with the catalyst compositions obtained in the examples.
- the Ce oxide obtained by adhering aluminum to the surface was filtered and washed with a suction pressure of 32 mmHg. At this time, the filter paper having a particle holding capacity of 2.7 ⁇ m was used. Washing with water used 30 ° C. pure water. Thereafter, the obtained substance was collected and dried at 125 ° C. in the atmosphere for 6 hours to obtain a dried product of Ce oxide to which aluminum was adhered. This dried product was treated in the atmosphere at 800 ° C. for 2 hours to obtain an oxide having alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) supported on the particle surface.
- the comparative example 4 is very similar in element configuration to each of the examples of the present invention in that a platinum group element and alumina are supported on the Ce oxide surface. However, in each example of the present invention, a platinum group support in which a platinum group element is dispersed and held is supported on the Ce oxide surface, whereas in Comparative Example 4, alumina is first formed on the Ce oxide surface. Further, a platinum group element is supported thereon.
- the difference in harmful gas purification activity between each Example of the present application and Comparative Example 4 is considered to be caused by this configuration. In Table 1, the harmful gas purification activity is simply described as “gas activity”.
- FIG. 2 shows the reduction rate results indicating the oxygen release capacity.
- the vertical axis represents the mass ( ⁇ g) after combustion, and the horizontal axis represents time (minutes).
- Example 1 no Al (Comparative Example 1), only PM combustion catalyst (Comparative Example 2), when the PM combustion catalyst carries alumina and platinum group elements separately (Comparison) Example 4) is shown.
- Comparative Example 1 in which Al was not interposed, and in Comparative Example 4 in which the platinum group element was not dispersed and retained in Al although intervening, the mass reduction proceeded remarkably with time.
- FIG. 3 shows the relationship between the reduction rate (oxygen release amount) and the elapsed time.
- the vertical axis represents the reduction rate (% / min), and the horizontal axis represents the elapsed time (min).
- V Rad: 2 when compared with the elapsed time illustrated as V Rad: 2 , it was confirmed that Comparative Examples 1 and 4 had oxygen released rapidly with time.
- Table 1 when Table 1 is seen, it is confirmed that the PM combustion start temperature in these comparative examples shows a low value. However, since the amount of occluded oxygen is constant, it can be inferred that an excessive supply of oxygen may deactivate the co-oxidation ability at an early stage. Further, if PM is burned at once, the DPF may be burned out.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the correlation between the ratio of the supported platinum group elements and the CO conversion rate in the low temperature range.
- the vertical axis represents CO conversion (%), and the horizontal axis represents the ratio (atomic weight) of platinum group elements in the platinum group support.
- a conversion rate of about 50% or more can be achieved from a low temperature range of 200 ° C. even with a small amount of platinum group element used of about 0.05 to 0.5.
- the conversion rate is only slightly over 30%.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the correlation between the PM combustion start temperature and the Al amount.
- the vertical axis represents the PM combustion start temperature (° C.), and the horizontal axis represents the proportion (mass%) of Al in the platinum group support. From this, it can be seen that the smaller the amount of Al, that is, the smaller the absolute amount of the platinum group carrier supported on the surface of the Ce oxide, the extremely high PM combustion activity. Further, when these catalyst compositions having high PM combustion activity were subjected to harmful gas purification activity evaluation, they showed high harmful gas purification performance particularly in a low temperature range. Therefore, it was found from this result that the amount of Al is preferably as low as possible in order to improve both the PM combustion activity and the harmful gas purification activity.
- the mass ratio of platinum group element (Pt, Pd) / Ce oxide-supported component (Pt, Pd, Al) tends to have a slightly high combustion start temperature at about 0.1. When it exceeds 0.2, the tendency for the combustion start temperature to decrease is observed. Moreover, when Al exceeds 5.0 mass%, as shown in FIG. 5, the tendency for PM combustion start temperature to rise a little is seen. Therefore, the supported amount of Al with respect to the Ce oxide is desirably 5.0% by mass or less.
- FIGS. 6 shows the results of Example 1
- FIG. 7 shows the results of Comparative Example 4. 6 and 7, the vertical axis represents the element concentration (%), and the horizontal axis represents the sputtering time. If the sputtering rate is estimated to be 1 nm / min as described above, the numbers on the horizontal axis are converted to nm.
- PGM represents a platinum group element
- Al 2 O 3 represents alumina.
- Example 1 which is this invention, since the platinum group element is disperse
- platinum group elements are supported on the pore portions of the surface layer, but catalyst powder is formed without reaching deeper than this, and this is effective for the harmful gas purification activity. It can be inferred that it has an influence.
- the surface CO adsorption amount of the catalyst composition obtained in Example 1 and the catalyst powder obtained in Comparative Example 4 was measured. Specifically, using a CO adsorption measuring apparatus (CHEMBET: manufactured by Yuasa Ionics Co., Ltd.), each sample was dried (He, 200 ° C., 60 minutes), organic contaminant removal (O 2 , 250 ° C., 15 Min), reduction of platinum group elements (H 2 , 250 ° C., 60 min), oxidation (O 2 , RT, 5 min), CO 2 treatment to Ce oxide (CO 2 , RT, 5 minutes), reduction of the platinum group element surface (H 2 , RT, 5 minutes), and then CO pulse treatment was performed. In addition, it filled with the inert gas (He) between each said process. “RT” means room temperature.
- the catalyst composition of the present invention can be used as an exhaust gas purification catalyst capable of simultaneously treating different unnecessary components in exhaust gas such as PM combustion and harmful gas purification. Therefore, by using the DPF using this, harmful components in the diesel exhaust gas can be effectively removed, so that it is possible to provide an environmentally friendly diesel engine system. In addition, it contributes to the effective use of resources because less platinum group elements are used, and it has a high purification capacity even when the temperature is not relatively high immediately after the engine is started. Can be used.
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Abstract
Description
本発明に用いるCe酸化物は、例えば共沈法、有機錯体法、固相法、非晶質前駆体を経由した方法により得ることができる。Ce酸化物を得るための方法としては特に制限はない。しかし、非晶質前駆体を経由してCe酸化物とする方法は、容易に大量のCe酸化物を得ることができることから、工業的には都合がよいので、製造例として詳述する。
Pt、Rh又はPd、及びこれらを任意に組合せた白金族元素と、白金族保持体元素である、Zr、Al、Y、Si、Bi,PrおよびTbから選ばれた少なくとも1種の元素とを液中で混合し、水酸化物ゲルを得る。その後、溶液中にCe酸化物を添加し、このCe酸化物表面上に白金族元素と白金族保持体元素を含む水酸化物ゲルを付着させる。
上記のようにして得られた、水酸化物ゲルが付着したCe酸化物を濾過、洗浄、乾燥し、粉末状態で例えば500~1000℃、好ましくは600℃~850℃で、1~4時間焼成することによって、目的とする触媒組成物を得ることができる。この触媒組成物は、Ce酸化物表面に白金族元素を分散保持させた白金族保持体が担持された構造をしている。また、この触媒組成物はPM燃焼活性を有するためPM燃焼触媒となり、また有害ガス浄化活性も有するため、有害ガス浄化触媒としても機能する。
オクタノール、ブチルカルビトールアセテート等が好適に利用できる。
PMに対する触媒活性は以下のようなPM燃焼温度を測定することで評価した。模擬PMとして市販のカーボンブラック(三菱化学株式会社製、平均粒径2.09μm)を用い、触媒組成物試料の粉体とカーボンブラックの質量比が30:1になるように秤量し、容積1.5mlのミクロチューブに入れ、試験管ミキサーTRIO(アズワン製TM-1型)で3分間混合し、カーボンブラックと各試料粉体の混合粉体を得た。この混合粉体10mgをTG/DTA装置(セイコーインスツルメンツ社製、TG/DTA6300型)にセットし、昇温速度10℃/minにて常温から800℃まで大気中で昇温し、質量が減少する温度をPM燃焼温度として測定した。
触媒組成物試料の粉体を成型器を用いて、100kgf/cm2の圧力を加えペレット状に成形し、網目が500μm、250μmの順にセットしたふるい上で粉砕した。これにより得られた250μm~500μmの触媒組成物による凝集体を0.26cc計り取り、COとHCの模擬排気ガスとしてプロピレンガス、酸素、窒素の流せる管状炉にセットした。流速10L/minでCO300ppm、プロピレンガス140ppm、酸素11%と窒素の混合ガスを流した管状炉を昇温速度10℃/minにて常温から測定温度まで昇温させ、CO、HCの減少率の測定を行った。
表面分析は、X線光電子分光法(ESCA)を用いて測定した結果について示す。測定条件としては、アルバック・ファイ株式会社製の5800を使用し、取り出し角は45°に設定し、試料はホルダに設置する形でセッティングした。Scanning Speedは5eV/分であり、エッチング割合は2nm/cycle(SiO2換算)の割合で行った。
得られた触媒組成物の試料を、メノウ乳鉢で解砕し粉末状にした上で、X線回折測定を行った。具体的な装置としては株式会社リガク製のRINT-2100を用いた。設定条件としては、X線管球をCo(特性X線はCo-Kα線(波長:1.78892Å))とし、管電圧は40kV、管電流は30mAとした。また、スキャンスピードは1.0°/分とし、サンプリング幅は0.02°、発散及び散乱スリットは1°、受光スリットは0.3mmの設定とし、測定は試料を回転させながら行った。
還元速度の測定は、TG装置を使用して測定した。粉体15mgをTG/DTA装置(セイコーインスツルメンツ社製、TG/DTA6300型)にセットし、室温から昇温速度10℃/minにて常温から測定温度(本願発明では300℃)まで大気中で昇温し、昇温が完了した段階で10分間維持する。そして、5分間かけて雰囲気を大気から窒素に置換する。その後、2%水素/18%ヘリウム/残部窒素からなるガスを10分間通気して、粉体の質量減少をモニタすることにより、構造中における酸素が該測定温度において脱離する量を決定した。
還元速度は、酸素減少量として与えられるTGの減少曲線から確認できる。例えば、酸素減少脱離率を「還元速度(VRed:2)」として、以下の(1)式より定量化できる。
還元速度(VRed:2)={触媒組成物の質量(mg)-測定開始2分後の質量(mg)}/触媒組成物の質量(mg)/測定開始からの時間(2分)×100×(-1)・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・(1)
<酸化物の調製>
Ce源として硝酸セリウム六水和物(Ce(NO3)3・6H2O)、Bi源として硝酸ビスマス五水和物(Bi(NO3)3・5H2O、ジルコニウム源として硝酸ジルコニウム(Zr(NO3)2)を用意した。希土類成分としてPrを選択し、酸化プラセオジウムの硝酸酸性の水溶液を準備した。
まず、硝酸アルミニウム九水塩Al(NO3)3・9H2Oを1.13g、パラジウム硝酸溶液(Pd濃度:0.83質量%)18.07g、Pt(NH3)2(NO2)2溶液(Pt濃度:8.477質量%、田中貴金属株式会社製)1.77gを純水200mLに混合することで、アルミニウムとパラジウム、白金が混合された付着処理液を調製した。
水酸化ナトリウムによりpH11のアルカリ性に調整した水酸化ナトリウム水溶液800mLを、1Lビーカーに注ぎ、液温を40℃に保った。
上記の乾燥物を大気中で800℃2時間処理し、Ce酸化物の粒子表面の所々にアルミナ(Al2O3)が担持され、アルミナ(Al2O3)内にパラジウムと白金が分散保持されている、本例の触媒組成物を得た。
得られた触媒組成物は、表1に示すように、アルミニウムが0.34質量%、パラジウムが0.75質量%、白金が0.69質量%存在している(白金族元素/(アルミニウム+白金族元素)比は0.81)粒子であることを確認した。なお、この組成比は、触媒組成物を王水と硫酸の混酸で溶解し希釈したものをICP(エスアイアイ・ナノテクノロジー社製、SPS 3520V)で分析して算出したものである。以下の実施例、比較例でも同様である。
得られた触媒組成物についてX線回折測定を行った。図1にその結果を示す。図1は縦軸が感知強度(任意単位)、横軸は角度(2θ)である。上段(a)は実施例1、下段(b)は白金族保持体を用いなかった比較例1である。図1上段(a)に示すように、2θ=47°近傍に弱い回折線が観測された。なお、比較例1のように水酸化物ゲルを用いない(白金族保持体がない)と、CeO2構造中に白金族元素が固溶してしまうため回折線が表れなかった。
上記触媒組成物の燃焼開始温度を確認したところ、360.1℃と低温でも燃焼開始が発生する活性の高いものであった。また、模擬排気ガスに対するガス浄化活性は、200℃におけるCO転化率が61.9%、C3H6転化率が31.2%とそれぞれ高い値を示した。
上述の(1)式より算出される還元速度(VRed:2)は、触媒組成物15mg、測定開始から2分後の減少量2.2μg(=2.2×10-3mg)より、0.007%/minであった。
実施例1で用いた付着処理液の調製において、硝酸アルミニウム九水塩Al(NO3)3・9H2Oを8.51gとした以外は実施例1の手順を繰り返して本例の触媒組成物を得た。即ち、実施例1のAl量を増やしたことの影響を確認した。
表1に示すように、アルミニウムが1.66質量%、パラジウムが0.70質量%、白金が0.61質量%存在している(白金族元素/アルミニウム+白金族元素比は0.44)粒子であることを確認した。
上記触媒組成物の燃焼開始温度を確認したところ、375.2℃と低温でも燃焼開始が発生するような活性の高いものであった。また、模擬排気ガスに対する活性は、200℃におけるCO転化率が52.1%、C3H6転化率が26.8%とそれぞれ比較的高い値を示した。
実施例1で用いた付着処理液の調製において、硝酸アルミニウム九水塩Al(NO3)3・9H2Oを21.27gとした以外は実施例1の手順を繰り返して本例の触媒組成物を得た。即ち、実施例2のAl量を増やしたことの影響を確認した。
表1に示すように、アルミニウムが4.1質量%、パラジウムが0.68質量%、白金が0.62質量%存在している粒子(白金族元素/アルミニウム+白金族元素比は0.24)であることを確認した。
上記触媒組成物の燃焼開始温度を確認したところ、380.4℃と低温でも燃焼開始が発生するような活性の高いものであった。また、模擬排気ガスに対する活性は、200℃におけるCO転化率が48.3%、C3H6転化率が20.5%とそれぞれ比較的高い値を示した。
実施例1で用いた付着処理液の調製において、硝酸アルミニウム九水塩Al(NO3)3・9H2Oを0.29g、パラジウム溶液(濃度:5.19質量%)1.54gを純水200mLに溶解することで、アルミニウムとパラジウムが混合された付着処理液を調製した。その後、この付着処理液を用いて実施例1と同様の操作を行うことで、粒子表面が少なくとも一部はアルミナ(Al2O3)で付着され、アルミナ(Al2O3)内にパラジウムが分散保持されている、本例の触媒組成物を得た。
表1に示すように、アルミニウムが0.11質量%、パラジウムが0.39質量%存在している粒子(白金族元素/アルミニウム+白金族元素比は0.80)であることを確認した。
上記触媒組成物の燃焼開始温度を確認したところ、377.0℃と低温でも燃焼開始が発生するような活性の高いものであった。また、模擬排気ガスに対する活性は、200℃におけるCO転化率が71.0%、C3H6転化率が22.0%とそれぞれ比較的高い値を示した。
Al成分の添加を行わない以外は、実施例1の手順を繰り返して本例の触媒粉体を得た。表1に示すように、燃焼開始温度は349.7℃と低いものだった。しかし、模擬排気ガスに対する低温領域での活性が低く、200℃におけるCO転化率が9.8%、C3H6転化率が1.4%にとどまるものだった。これより、単純にガス活性成分を表面に担持させるだけでは、実施例で得られた触媒組成物のような効果が発揮されないことがわかる。
得られた粉末についてX線回折測定を行った。図1下段(b)に示すように、2θ=47°近傍には実施例1と同様の組成を有しているにもかかわらず、回折ピークが観測されなかった。
白金族元素およびアルミニウムの付着を行わず、PM燃焼触媒(Ce酸化物)だけで評価に付した。表1に示すように、燃焼開始温度は357.0℃と低いものだった。しかし、模擬排気ガスに対する低温領域での活性が低く、200℃におけるCO転化率が5.4%、C3H6転化率が1.4%とほとんど有害ガス浄化活性が確認されなかった。
実施例4において、アルミニウムを用いず、Ce酸化物に白金族元素(パラジウム)を直接担持させて評価に付した。具体的には、実施例4における付着処理液の調製において、パラジウム溶液(濃度:4.84質量%)1.65gを純水200mLに溶解することで、パラジウムが混合された付着処理液を調製した。その後、実施例4(実施例1)と同じ付着操作を繰返して本例の触媒粉体を得た。
実施例1において、Alと白金族元素の付着を別々に行った場合、即ち第一の付着処理液として硝酸アルミニウム水溶液を準備し、水酸化ナトリウムによりアルカリ性に調整した純水中に添加して水酸化アルミニウムのゲルを得た。その後、実施例1と同様のCe酸化物を20g添加して、30分間混合することで、Ce酸化物表面にアルミニウム水酸化物ゲルを付着させた。
実施例1の触媒組成物と比較例4の触媒粉体を、X線光電子分光装置(XPS:X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy)を用いて表面から深さ方向の組成を確認した(分析エリア:30μmφ、光電子取出角:15°、Arスパッタ速度:1nm/min(SiO2換算))。実施例1の触媒組成物では、白金族元素がCe酸化物上に担持された白金族保持体に分散保持されており、比較例4では、アルミナと白金族元素が順にCe酸化物上に担持されるように作製された。
更に、上記推察を確認するために、実施例1で得られた触媒組成物と比較例4で得られた触媒粉体について、表面のCO吸着量を測定した。具体的には、CO吸着測定装置(CHEMBET:ユアサアイオニクス株式会社製)を用い、各サンプルについて、乾燥(He,200℃、60分)、有機汚染物の除去(O2,250℃、15分)、白金族元素の還元(H2,250℃、60分)、酸化(O2,R.T.,5分)、Ce酸化物へのCO2処理(CO2,R.T.,5分)、白金族元素表面の還元(H2,R.T.,5分)、を行ってからCOパルス処理を行った。なお上記各処理間は不活性ガス(He)を充填した。なお、「R.T.」は、室温を意味する。
Claims (10)
- Pt、RhおよびPdから選ばれた少なくとも1種の白金族元素と、Zr、Al、Y、Si、Bi、PrおよびTbから選ばれた少なくとも1種の元素とを液中で混合し、水酸化物ゲルを得る工程と、
前記水酸化物ゲルと、Ceを含むCe酸化物とを更に混合し、前記Ce酸化物の表面に前記水酸化物ゲルを付着させる付着工程と、
前記水酸化物ゲルの付着した前記Ce酸化物を加熱処理する工程、を有する触媒組成物の製造方法。 - 前記付着工程を、pH3~9の水溶液中で行う、請求項1に記載の触媒組成物の製造方法。
- Ceを含むCe酸化物と、
前記Ce酸化物の表面上に付着された白金族保持体と、
前記白金族保持体中に分散保持されたPt、RhおよびPdから選ばれた少なくとも1種の白金族元素を含む触媒組成物。 - 前記白金族保持体は、Zr、Al、Y、Si、Bi、PrおよびTbから選ばれた少なくとも1種の元素を含む請求項3に記載の触媒組成物。
- 前記白金族保持体は、酸化物である請求項3または4に記載の触媒組成物。
- 前記白金族保持体は、多孔質である請求項3~5のいずれか1つの項に記載の触媒組成物。
- 前記白金族保持体は、アルミナである請求項6に記載の触媒組成物。
- 請求項4~7のいずれか1つの項に記載の触媒組成物を用いた排ガス浄化用触媒。
- 請求項8に記載の排ガス浄化用触媒を有するディーゼル・パティキュレート・フィルタ。
- 請求項8に記載の排ガス浄化用触媒を用いた排ガス浄化システム。
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| JPWO2012017718A1 (ja) | 2013-10-03 |
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| CN103079694A (zh) | 2013-05-01 |
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| EP2602022A1 (en) | 2013-06-12 |
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