WO2011049103A1 - バナジウム電池 - Google Patents
バナジウム電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011049103A1 WO2011049103A1 PCT/JP2010/068423 JP2010068423W WO2011049103A1 WO 2011049103 A1 WO2011049103 A1 WO 2011049103A1 JP 2010068423 W JP2010068423 W JP 2010068423W WO 2011049103 A1 WO2011049103 A1 WO 2011049103A1
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- vanadium
- solid
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- compound
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/36—Accumulators not provided for in groups H01M10/05-H01M10/34
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/054—Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/36—Accumulators not provided for in groups H01M10/05-H01M10/34
- H01M10/38—Construction or manufacture
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
- H01M50/497—Ionic conductivity
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49108—Electric battery cell making
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrolyte in a solid state containing vanadium as an active material and a vanadium secondary battery using the electrolyte.
- the present invention relates to a vanadium redox secondary battery that uses oxidation and reduction reactions of vanadium ions, vanadium salts, or vanadium complex salts.
- a redox flow battery that uses vanadium as an active material and performs charge / discharge by changing the valence of ions using two redox pairs (redox pairs) that cause a redox reaction in the electrolyte solution (Red Ion / Ox Idat Ion).
- redox pairs two redox pairs that cause a redox reaction in the electrolyte solution
- +2 and +3 oxidation state vanadium ions, ie, V 2+ and V 3+ , and +4 and +5 valence oxidation state vanadium ions, ie, V 4+ and V 5+ are stored as redox pairs.
- Vanadium redox flow batteries that charge and discharge the supplied vanadium sulfuric acid solution to the flow-through cell are used in the field of large-scale power storage.
- the configuration of the redox flow battery includes a positive electrode liquid tank and a negative electrode liquid tank in which a positive electrode liquid that is an active material on the positive electrode side and a negative electrode liquid that is an active material on the negative electrode side, and a stack that performs charging and discharging.
- the positive electrode solution and the negative electrode solution are pumped from the positive electrode tank and the negative electrode tank to the stack and circulated.
- the stack has a structure in which an ion exchange membrane is sandwiched between a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and battery reaction formulas in the positive electrode solution and the negative electrode solution are as follows.
- the open circuit voltage of the battery is approximately 1.1 volts.
- V 4+ (aq) in the positive electrode solution becomes V 5+ It is oxidized to (aq), and at the same time, V 3+ (aq) in the negative electrode solution is reduced to V 2+ (aq).
- the open circuit voltage of the battery is approximately 1.58 volts.
- the storage capacity of a vanadium redox flow battery is defined by the amount of vanadium dissolved in the electrolyte.
- the storage capacity is directly proportional to the volume of these two electrolyte solutions. That is, if the concentration of the positive electrode solution and the negative electrode solution is increased or / and the volume of the positive electrode solution and the negative electrode solution is increased, the storage capacity increases.
- the increase in the volume of the positive electrode solution and the negative electrode solution can be achieved by the increase in the volume of the positive electrode tank and the negative electrode tank.
- Patent Document 2 a cerium / chromium redox gel battery has been proposed (Patent Document 2).
- This redox gel battery is in contact with an inert anode, an inert cathode, and an inert anode, for example, a positive redox gel electrolyte containing cerium chloride, a negative redox gel electrolyte containing, for example, chromium chloride, and an anode, respectively.
- a separator disposed between the surface of the positive and negative redox gel opposite the surface in contact with the cathode.
- the positive and negative gels consist of Ce 4+ and Cr 2+, respectively, when charged.
- the negative gel electrolyte Cr 2+ is oxidized to Cr 3+ and the positive gel electrolyte Ce 4+ is reduced to Ce 3+ .
- a liquid static redox battery having a specific configuration has been proposed in order to obtain a redox battery having a light weight, a small size, and a high output performance as compared with a redox flow battery (Patent Document 3).
- a positive electrode side electrolytic cell and a negative electrode side electrolytic cell are filled with an electrode mixed electrolytic solution which is a mixture of an electrolytic solution and a conductive material powder or small pieces.
- a liquid static redox battery that does not have an electrolyte storage tank, at least a diaphragm, a positive electrode side and a negative electrode side electrolytic cell, a positive electrode side and a negative electrode bipolar plate, and a metal plate having a positive electrode terminal and It has a metal plate having a negative electrode terminal, and the positive electrode side and the negative electrode side electrolytic cell are filled with a mixture of an electrolyte containing vanadium ions as an active material and a conductive material as an electrode, for example, carbon powder or small pieces.
- Redox batteries are known.
- the cerium / chromium redox gel battery invented to improve the low energy density of the conventional vanadium redox flow battery uses cerium, which has an atomic weight of 140, which is larger than the atomic weight of vanadium, 51. There is a problem that it is disadvantageous to obtain a high energy density.
- the redox flow battery and the redox gel battery using different active materials for the positive electrode solution and the negative electrode solution have a problem in that both may be mixed and the capacity may be reduced although they are separated by an ion exchange membrane. there were.
- a secondary battery using the same active material on the positive electrode side and the negative electrode side and having a high energy density while having a high storage capacity, an electrolyte in a solid state that can be used in such a secondary battery, and such There is a need for an active material in a solid state that can be contained in a simple electrolyte.
- a vanadium battery includes a vanadium whose oxidation number changes between divalent and trivalent by oxidation and reduction reactions, or a solid vanadium salt containing such vanadium or A first vanadium compound including a complex salt and including a surface serving as a negative electrode; and a vanadium whose oxidation number changes between pentavalent and tetravalent by reduction and oxidation reaction, or a solid vanadium salt or complex salt containing such vanadium.
- a vanadium battery includes a vanadium whose oxidation number changes between divalent and trivalent by oxidation and reduction reaction, or solid vanadium containing such vanadium.
- First vanadium compound containing salt or complex salt, and second vanadium compound containing vanadium whose oxidation number changes between pentavalent and tetravalent by reduction and oxidation reaction, or solid vanadium salt or complex salt containing such vanadium And a separator sandwiched between the first and second vanadium compounds and selectively passing ions, a negative electrode connected to the first vanadium compound, and a positive electrode connected to the second vanadium compound, To do.
- a method for producing an active material in a solid state used for a vanadium redox battery according to the present invention includes a tetravalent vanadium ion or a cation containing vanadium in a tetravalent state.
- Electrolytic reduction of a solution containing tetravalent vanadium ions or a cation containing vanadium in a tetravalent state includes at least one of a step of performing electrolytic oxidation, a step of placing the solution in an oxygen-containing environment, and a step of drying the supernatant and the precipitate.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a solid vanadium redox secondary battery according to the present invention.
- FIG. It is a photograph of the 1st solid vanadium compound connected to the negative electrode of the solid vanadium redox secondary battery shown in FIG.
- It is a photograph of the solid vanadium compound connected to the positive electrode of the solid vanadium redox secondary battery shown in FIG. 1 in which the active material is supported by the electrode material according to the support method 1.
- 2 is a photograph of a solid vanadium compound connected to the positive electrode of the solid vanadium redox secondary battery shown in FIG. 1 in which an active material is supported by an electrode material according to the support method 2.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing a method for producing a solid vanadium active material according to the present invention, the method including an electrolytic reduction step. It is a photograph of the solid vanadium sulfate (III) sulfate produced by the method shown in FIG. It is a figure which shows operation
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing a method for producing a solid vanadium active material according to the present invention, including a step of electrolytic oxidation. It is a photograph of the solid vanadium (V) sulfate produced by the method shown in FIG. It is a modification of the solid vanadium redox secondary battery according to the present invention. It is a figure which shows the charging / discharging characteristic in the first 5 cycles at the time of using with the current density of 5 mA of the solid vanadium redox secondary battery according to this invention. It is a figure which shows the cycle number dependence of the energy efficiency in the first 96 cycles at the time of using the solid vanadium redox secondary battery according to this invention by 5 mA of current densities.
- the carbon felt of the conductive material / active material mixture, the area, the supporting method, the amount of the active material, the molar ratio of the active material on the positive electrode side and the negative electrode side, and the current of the operating method It is a figure which shows the cycle number dependence of energy efficiency and energy density when fixing a density and a depth profile (cutoff voltage) and changing an ion exchange membrane.
- the ion exchange membrane, the carbon felt of the conductive material / active material mixture, the area, the amount of the active material, the molar ratio of the active material on the positive electrode side and the negative electrode side, and the operation method It is a figure which fixes the current density and depth profile (cut-off voltage), and shows the cycle efficiency dependence of the energy efficiency and energy density with respect to the support method 1 and the support method 2.
- FIG. 1 shows the current density and depth profile (cut-off voltage), and shows the cycle efficiency dependence of the energy efficiency and energy density with respect to the support method 1 and the support method 2.
- the ion exchange membrane, the carbon felt of the conductive material / active material mixture, the area, the supporting method, the amount of the active material, and the current density and depth profile of the operating method (cutoff voltage) ) Is fixed, and changes in energy efficiency and energy density when the molar ratio of the active material on the positive electrode side and the negative electrode side is changed are shown.
- the ion exchange membrane, the carbon felt of the conductive material / active material mixture, the area, the support method, the amount of the active material, the molar ratio of the active material, and the depth profile of the operation method It is a figure which shows the change of energy efficiency and energy density when fixing a cut-off voltage) and changing a current density.
- a vanadium battery includes a vanadium whose oxidation number changes between divalent and trivalent by oxidation and reduction reactions, or a solid vanadium salt containing such vanadium or A first vanadium compound including a complex salt and including a surface serving as a negative electrode; and a vanadium whose oxidation number changes between pentavalent and tetravalent by reduction and oxidation reaction, or a solid vanadium salt or complex salt containing such vanadium. And a second vanadium compound including a surface to be a positive electrode, and a separator that is sandwiched between the first and second vanadium compounds and selectively allows ions to pass therethrough.
- the vanadium battery according to the present embodiment includes a redox pair containing vanadium.
- Vanadium is a light element having not only a number of different oxidation states, including divalent, trivalent, tetravalent, and pentavalent, but also a potential difference useful for batteries.
- the active material vanadium is contained in the first and second vanadium compounds including the solid vanadium salt or complex salt, so there is no concern about liquid leakage and the safety is excellent.
- a redox secondary battery having a high energy density can be obtained.
- a large storage capacity can be obtained by increasing the density of vanadium in the first and second vanadium compounds.
- first vanadium compound of the present embodiment includes a surface serving as a negative electrode
- second vanadium compound includes a surface serving as a positive electrode
- the first and second vanadium compounds may contain not only the active material but also carbon.
- the first and second vanadium compounds function as an electrolyte.
- the material containing carbon a material having both high electrical conductivity and high flow rate is preferable.
- a carbon felt marketed under the trade name XF30ADP14 can be exemplified.
- the electrolyte containing the solid-state active material and the electrode can be integrally formed, and the movement distance when the active material moves in the diffusion process in the first and second vanadium compounds at the time of charging and discharging by this integration. Can be reduced.
- vanadium whose oxidation number changes between divalent and trivalent by oxidation and reduction reaction, or a solid vanadium salt or complex salt containing such vanadium vanadium sulfate (II) n-hydrate, sulfuric acid
- vanadium (III) .n hydrate examples thereof include vanadium (III) .n hydrate.
- vanadium whose oxidation number changes between divalent and trivalent by oxidation and reduction reaction, or a first vanadium compound containing a solid vanadium salt or complex salt containing such vanadium is used as the vanadium sulfate (II ) ⁇ N hydrate, vanadium sulfate (III) ⁇ n hydrate, or a mixture of these with an aqueous sulfuric acid solution.
- a vanadium compound has a function as an electrolyte containing an active material.
- the first vanadium compound preferably has such a hardness or viscosity that it can be said to be solid, but may be solid or non-solid, or a coexistence state of both depending on the state of the battery.
- vanadium whose oxidation number changes between pentavalent and tetravalent by reduction and oxidation reaction or a solid vanadium salt or complex salt containing such vanadium includes vanadium oxysulfate / n-hydrate, vanadium dioxysulfate, An n hydrate etc. can be illustrated.
- vanadium whose oxidation number changes between pentavalent and tetravalent by reduction and oxidation reaction or a second vanadium compound containing a solid vanadium salt or complex salt containing such vanadium examples thereof include vanadium dioxysulfate and a mixture of these with a sulfuric acid aqueous solution added.
- Such a vanadium compound has a function as an electrolyte containing an active material.
- the second vanadium compound preferably has such a hardness or viscosity that it can be said to be solid, but may be solid or non-solid, or a coexistence state of both depending on the state of the battery.
- the separator includes an ion exchange membrane.
- separator examples include ion exchange membranes such as SelemIon® APS (registered trademark) and Nafion® 117 (registered trademark).
- Ions that can be selectively passed through the ion membrane can include protons.
- a membrane that is cationic and has a high ion exchange capacity, a high permanent selectivity, and a high resistivity is preferable.
- An example is an ion exchange membrane that is commercially available under the trade name Neoceptor (registered trademark) CMX C-1000. can do.
- X represents a monovalent anion.
- [Chemical Formula 3] and [Chemical Formula 4] may be understood as taking into account the coupling coefficient (1 / m).
- “ ⁇ ” means equilibrium, but since the above [Chemical Formula 3] and [Chemical Formula 4] are chemical reaction formulas, equilibrium means that the amount of change in the product of the reversible reaction and the amount of change in the starting material. It means a matched state.
- n indicates that it can take various values.
- vanadium oxysulfate (IV) n-hydrate and vanadium dioxysulfate (V) n-hydrate do not necessarily have the same number of hydration waters.
- vanadium which is the lightest substance having a redox pair
- a solid vanadium salt or vanadium complex salt undergoes an oxidation-reduction reaction
- a high energy density can be realized.
- the vanadium salt or the vanadium complex salt in a solid state a high storage capacity can be obtained. Therefore, a vanadium solid secondary battery having a high energy density while having a high storage capacity can be obtained.
- one redox pair is formed with a solid vanadium salt or complex salt changing between divalent and trivalent, and a solid vanadium salt or complex salt changing between pentavalent and tetravalent is used. It forms another redox pair. Therefore, the safety of the vanadium battery can be ensured while ensuring a large electromotive force.
- the vanadium battery configured as described above can suppress the generation of dentlite, a secondary battery having excellent durability can be obtained.
- a vanadium battery includes a vanadium whose oxidation number changes between divalent and trivalent by oxidation and reduction reactions, or a solid vanadium salt containing such vanadium or A first vanadium compound containing a complex salt, a vanadium whose oxidation number changes between pentavalent and tetravalent by reduction and oxidation reactions, or a second vanadium compound containing a solid vanadium salt or complex salt containing such vanadium, and It is characterized by including a separator sandwiched between first and second vanadium compounds and selectively allowing ions to pass through, a negative electrode connected to the first vanadium compound, and a positive electrode connected to the second vanadium compound.
- the vanadium battery according to the present embodiment includes a positive electrode and a negative electrode separately from the first and second vanadium compounds.
- ⁇ N hydrate, vanadium sulfate (III) ⁇ n hydrate, etc. may be made into a gel by adding silica.
- the “first vanadium compound” can have a hardness or viscosity that can be said to be a solid.
- Such a vanadium compound has a function as an electrolyte in a solid state containing an active material. Therefore, in this case, it is possible to obtain a solid-state electrolyte containing an active material necessary for realizing a solid vanadium battery.
- vanadium whose oxidation number changes between pentavalent and tetravalent by reduction and oxidation reaction, or a second vanadium compound containing a solid vanadium salt or complex salt containing such vanadium” vanadium oxysulfate, A gel may be formed by adding silica to n-hydrate, vanadium dioxysulfate, n-hydrate, or the like.
- the “second vanadium compound” can have such a hardness or viscosity that it can be said to be a solid.
- Such a vanadium compound has a function as an electrolyte in a solid state containing an active material. Therefore, in this case, it is possible to obtain a solid-state electrolyte containing an active material necessary for realizing a solid vanadium battery.
- a vanadium battery includes a vanadium whose oxidation number changes between divalent and trivalent by oxidation and reduction reactions, or a solid vanadium salt containing such vanadium or A first vanadium mixture including a complex salt and including a negative electrode surface; and vanadium whose oxidation number changes between pentavalent and tetravalent by reduction and oxidation reactions, or a solid vanadium salt or complex salt containing such vanadium.
- a second vanadium mixture including a surface to be a positive electrode.
- first vanadium mixture and the “second vanadium mixture” are preferably solids or slurries.
- the “solid” in this case includes a gel having a high viscosity.
- mixture may generally refer to a mixture of two or more kinds of compounds or simple substances, ie, pure substances.
- the “first vanadium mixture” is one in which a solid powder of vanadium sulfate or vanadyl sulfate is contained in the sulfuric acid gel.
- the electric resistance can be reduced, so that heating of the battery can be suppressed.
- the first and second vanadium mixtures each include a surface to be a negative electrode and a positive electrode, but the negative electrode and the positive electrode are provided as separate components from the first and second vanadium mixtures. It may be.
- the first and second vanadium compounds are impregnated with sulfuric acid, and ions selectively passing through the separator include hydrogen ions, sulfate ions, hydrogen sulfate ions, and the like. can do.
- the first and second vanadium mixtures are preferably impregnated with sulfuric acid”.
- the first and second vanadium mixtures include the following chemical reaction. It is.
- the solid vanadium salt or complex salt contained in the first vanadium compound or mixture is a solid powder of vanadium (III) sulfate n-hydrate, and the second vanadium compound
- the solid vanadium salt or complex salt contained in the mixture is a solid powder of vanadyl sulfate (IV) n hydrate, and the first and second vanadium compounds or the mixture are impregnated with sulfuric acid.
- a solid vanadium sulfate (III) / n-hydrate powder as a solid vanadium salt or complex salt contained in the first vanadium compound or mixture connected to the negative electrode is connected to the positive electrode.
- a solid vanadium salt or complex salt contained in the second vanadium compound or mixture a solid powder of vanadyl sulfate (IV) .n hydrate is used.
- an aqueous sulfuric acid solution is added to the solid powder of vanadium sulfate (III) ⁇ n hydrate and the solid powder of vanadyl sulfate (IV) ⁇ n hydrate, and “the sulfuric acid soaks into the first and second vanadium compounds or the mixture”. It is added so much.
- the first and second vanadium compounds or mixtures to which the sulfuric acid has been added can have a hardness sufficient to be a solid or can be a slurry.
- Such a vanadium compound or mixture has a function as an electrolyte in a solid state containing an active material. Therefore, in this case, it is possible to obtain a solid-state electrolyte containing an active material necessary for realizing a solid vanadium battery.
- the vanadium battery configured in this way is in a 0% charged state immediately after being manufactured.
- a solid powder of vanadium sulfate (III) n-hydrate as a solid vanadium salt or complex salt contained in the second vanadium compound connected to the positive electrode a solid powder of vanadium sulfate (III) n-hydrate as a solid vanadium salt or complex salt contained in the second vanadium compound connected to the positive electrode.
- VO 2+ (aq) appearing in [Chemical Formula 1] is generated from VO 2 SO 4 (aq) generated in the chemical reaction [Chemical Formula 7].
- the amount of sulfuric acid added is such that “the sulfuric acid penetrates into the first and second vanadium compounds”. Therefore, the reactions of [Chemical Formula 7] and [Chemical Formula 12] It does not proceed until the solid powder of vanadium sulfate (III) .n hydrate as the vanadium compound and vanadyl sulfate (IV) .n hydrate as the second vanadium compound are completely liquefied. That is, the first and second vanadium compounds can be regarded as electrolytes containing a solid state active material.
- the vanadium battery according to the present embodiment is a solid vanadium redox battery having the same effects as the vanadium battery according to the above-described embodiment.
- a method for producing a solid active material used in a vanadium redox battery according to another embodiment of the present invention includes a step of preparing a solution containing tetravalent vanadium ions or a cation containing vanadium in a tetravalent state; Drying the solution to obtain a solid active material.
- examples of “a tetravalent vanadium ion or a cation containing vanadium in a tetravalent state” include V 4+ and VO 2+ .
- examples of the “solution containing tetravalent vanadium ions or cations containing vanadium in a tetravalent state” include vanadium oxosulfate aqueous solutions.
- the “solid active material used in the vanadium redox battery” includes vanadium sulfate (III) ⁇ n hydrate and vanadyl sulfate (IV) ⁇ n hydrate.
- a solid active material containing vanadium in a tetravalent oxidation state can be obtained.
- a solid vanadium redox battery can be obtained by using this solid active material as a redox pair.
- a method for producing a solid active material used in a vanadium redox battery includes a step of preparing a solution containing tetravalent vanadium ions or a cation containing vanadium in a tetravalent state; It includes a step of performing electrolytic reduction of a solution containing tetravalent vanadium ions or a cation containing vanadium in a tetravalent state, and a step of drying the solution to obtain a solid active material.
- the step may be performed under noble gas bubbling.
- electrolytic reduction may be performed while maintaining the liquid temperature at a constant temperature.
- the constant temperature may be a temperature between 10 ° C. and 30 ° C.
- argon can be illustrated as a gas used for bubbling.
- the electrolytic reduction can be a constant current electrolytic reduction.
- the change in the oxidation number of vanadium ions in the solution from tetravalent to divalent can be easily confirmed by changing the color of the solution from blue to purple.
- a solid active material containing vanadium in a divalent oxidation state can be obtained.
- a solid vanadium redox battery can be obtained by using this solid active material as a redox pair.
- a method for producing a solid active material used in a vanadium redox battery includes a step of preparing a solution containing tetravalent vanadium ions or a cation containing vanadium in a tetravalent state; Electrolytic reduction of a solution containing tetravalent vanadium ion or a cation containing vanadium in a tetravalent oxidation state, placing the solution in an environment containing oxygen, and drying the solution to obtain a solid active material And a step.
- “under an oxygen-containing environment” may be in the air.
- 1 ampere constant current electrolytic reduction is performed for 5 hours, and after confirming that the color of the solution has completely changed from blue to purple, it is allowed to stand in air for 12 hours, so that trivalent vanadium ions or vanadium are obtained.
- a solution containing a cation contained in a trivalent state can be obtained.
- This solution is green.
- a solid active material containing vanadium in a trivalent oxidation state can be obtained by drying the solution thus prepared under reduced pressure.
- a solid vanadium redox battery can be obtained by using this solid active material as a redox pair.
- a method for producing a solid active material used in a vanadium redox battery preparing a solution containing tetravalent vanadium ions or a cation containing vanadium in a tetravalent oxidation state; A step of performing electrolytic oxidation of a tetravalent vanadium ion or a solution containing a cation containing vanadium in a tetravalent state, a step of drying the supernatant and the precipitate, and drying the dried solution under reduced pressure, Obtaining a solid active material.
- the solid active material containing pentavalent vanadium ions or vanadium in a pentavalent state can be obtained by drying this solution.
- an electrolyte containing a solid active material containing vanadium in a tetravalent oxidation state and a substance containing vanadium in a trivalent oxidation state are used as a redox pair, it has a high energy density while having a high storage capacity, Immediately after fabrication, a solid vanadium secondary battery in a 0% charged state can be obtained.
- a solid active material containing vanadium in a pentavalent oxidation state and a material containing vanadium in a divalent oxidation state are used as a redox pair, it has a high energy density while having a high storage capacity.
- a solid vanadium secondary battery in a 100% charged state can be obtained.
- an electrolyte obtained by the above-described method in which n is an integer of 2 to 5, and an n-valent vanadium ion or vanadium in an n-valent state is used to contain an active material in a solid state.
- n is an integer of 2 to 5
- an n-valent vanadium ion or vanadium in an n-valent state is used to contain an active material in a solid state.
- a vanadium battery according to another embodiment of the present invention has vanadium whose oxidation number changes between divalent and trivalent by oxidation and reduction reactions or a vanadium salt or complex containing such vanadium supported on the surface of the conductive material.
- the solid first vanadium compound or mixture thus formed and vanadium whose oxidation number changes between pentavalent and tetravalent by reduction and oxidation reaction, or vanadium salt or complex containing such vanadium are conductive.
- the vanadium battery made by using the first and second vanadium compounds in which the solid vanadium salt or complex salt is supported on the surface of the conductive material is an all-solid vanadium redox battery.
- the “conductive substance” may be the same as the substance forming the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the solid vanadium redox secondary battery formed in this way can achieve both high energy density while having high storage capacity and battery size reduction. Further, since the electrolytic solution exists as a liquid, it is not necessary to take measures against liquid leakage, and assembly can be easily performed during the manufacturing process.
- a vanadium battery according to another embodiment of the present invention is characterized in that the conductive material is carbon.
- carbon may be carbon felt, carbon knitted fabric, carbon woven fabric, or the like.
- the solid first and / or second vanadium compound or mixture formed by supporting a vanadium salt or a complex salt containing vanadium on the surface of the conductive material is composed of vanadium sulfate, chloride, or fluoride. It may be contained as a counter ion for the salt or complex salt.
- chloride when chloride is included as a counter ion, in an electrolyte containing a solid active material on the positive electrode side,
- Cl in [Chemical 15] to [Chemical 22] may be replaced with F.
- the solid vanadium redox secondary battery configured as described above has a high energy density and a high safety while having a high storage capacity.
- an output voltage of 1.5 V and a weight energy density of 70 Wh / kg can be achieved by operating at a current density of 5 mA / square centimeter and a cutoff voltage of 0.7 V.
- a method for producing a solid state vanadium compound or mixture functioning as a solid electrolyte used in a secondary battery containing vanadium having a variable oxidation number or a vanadium salt or complex salt active material containing such vanadium according to the present invention is provided.
- a conductive substance By immersing a conductive substance in an aqueous solution containing sulfate ions, chloride ions, or fluoride ions as counter ions for the vanadium or the vanadium salt or complex salt containing the vanadium, and the vanadium salt or complex salt, and vacuum drying, The method includes a step of supporting the vanadium or the vanadium salt or complex salt containing such vanadium on the surface of a conductive material.
- vanadium whose oxidation number changes between divalent and trivalent by oxidation and reduction reaction, or vanadium salt or complex salt containing such vanadium is supported on the surface of the conductive material.
- the solid first vanadium compound or mixture thus formed and vanadium whose oxidation number changes between pentavalent and tetravalent by reduction and oxidation reaction, or vanadium salt or complex containing such vanadium are conductive.
- a solid vanadium redox secondary battery comprising a negative electrode connected and a positive electrode connected to a second vanadium compound It is possible to obtain.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a solid vanadium redox secondary battery 100 according to the present invention.
- the solid vanadium redox secondary battery 100 is connected to a first vanadium compound 120, a second vanadium compound 140, an ion exchange membrane 130 functioning as a separator, a positive electrode 150 connected to the first vanadium compound, and a second vanadium compound.
- a negative electrode 110 is included.
- the first vanadium compound 140 and the second vanadium compound 120 are in contact with each other through the ion exchange membrane 130.
- both the positive electrode 150 and the negative electrode 110 are disks having a diameter of 3 cm.
- the thicknesses of the first and second vanadium compounds 140 and 120 are about 6 mm.
- the components of the solid vanadium battery according to the present invention need not be such size and shape.
- the shapes of the positive electrode 150 and the negative electrode 110 may not be circular, but may be polygonal, or may be a shape suitable for a place where a battery is used.
- the first vanadium compound 120 is composed of vanadium sulfate (III) ⁇ n hydrate containing vanadium whose oxidation number changes between divalent and trivalent by absorbing and releasing H + by oxidation and reduction reactions, respectively. Solid powder and carbon fiber ground powder are mixed, and a slight amount of sulfuric acid aqueous solution is added. The amount of the sulfuric acid aqueous solution is an amount that is not excessive or deficient because the secondary battery can take from 0% to 100% SOC (State of Charge). However, depending on the case, it may be an amount that can cover a value of SOC 20% to 80%.
- FIG. 2 shows a photograph of the first vanadium compound 120. Of course, the carbon fiber need not be crushed. A method for producing vanadium (III) sulfate contained in vanadium (III) sulfate n-hydrate will be described in detail below.
- the first vanadium compound 120 may have a hardness that can be said to be a solid.
- the second vanadium compound 140 is a solid of vanadyl sulfate (IV) ⁇ m hydrate containing vanadium in which the oxidation number changes between pentavalent and tetravalent by releasing and absorbing ions by reduction and oxidation reactions, respectively.
- a powder and carbon fiber ground powder are mixed, and a slight amount of aqueous sulfuric acid solution is added.
- the amount of the sulfuric acid aqueous solution is an amount that is not excessive or deficient because the secondary battery can take 0% to 100% of SOC (State of Charge). However, depending on the case, it may be an amount that can cover a value of SOC 20% to 80%.
- FIG. 3 shows a photograph of the second vanadium compound 140.
- the carbon fiber may not be ground.
- a method for producing solid vanadium (IV) sulfate contained in vanadyl sulfate (IV) ⁇ m hydrate will be described in detail below.
- the second vanadium compound 140 is rather a vanadium mixture and is a slurry.
- the second vanadium compound 140 may have a hardness that can be said to be a solid.
- the aqueous solution of sulfuric acid added to the solid vanadium sulfate (III) ⁇ n hydrate and the solid vanadyl sulfate (IV) ⁇ n hydrate is such that the first and second vanadium compounds 120 and 140 are not completely liquefied.
- the chemical reactions represented by the above [Chemical Formula 7] and [Chemical Formula 8], and [Chemical Formula 12] and [Chemical Formula 13] are performed. Can progress.
- the positive electrode 150 and the negative electrode 110 are made of carbon cloth.
- the carbon cloth of the positive electrode 150 and the negative electrode 110 and the carbon fibers in the first and second vanadium compounds 120 and 140 may be integrally formed.
- the solid vanadium redox secondary battery thus obtained is in a zero charge state.
- the first vanadium compound 120 and the negative electrode 110 and the second vanadium compound 140 and the positive electrode 150 are provided as separate components, but the first and second vanadium compounds 120 and 140 are made of carbon fiber. Since it is ground and powdered, the surface where solid vanadium sulfate (III) n hydrate and solid vanadyl sulfate (IV) n hydrate are not exposed is identified with the carbon electrode. It is also possible to do. In this case, the first and second vanadium compounds include surfaces that become a negative electrode and a positive electrode, respectively.
- the sulfuric acid aqueous solution is transferred to a beaker-type cell, and is electrolyzed using a platinum plate as a working electrode, a platinum plate as a counter electrode, and an ion exchange membrane (SelemIon APS (registered trademark) manufactured by Asahi Glass Engineering) as a diaphragm. Reduction is carried out for 5 hours. More specifically, the working electrode and the counter electrode are connected to a stabilized power source, and under a Ar gas bubbling, a constant current electrolytic reduction of 1 A is performed for 5 hours while the liquid temperature is maintained at 15 ° C., and the process proceeds to S220.
- a platinum plate as a working electrode
- a platinum plate as a counter electrode
- an ion exchange membrane SemIon APS (registered trademark) manufactured by Asahi Glass Engineering) as a diaphragm. Reduction is carried out for 5 hours. More specifically, the working electrode and the counter electrode are connected to a stabilized power source, and under
- the color of the solution was visually confirmed that the color of the solution completely changed from purple to green, and then dried for one week under reduced pressure.
- FIG. 5 shows a photograph of solid vanadium (III) sulfate prepared using such a method. It turns out that it is a solid powder form. Thereby, solid vanadium sulfate (III) .n hydrate can be obtained.
- FIG. 2 shows a photograph of the first vanadium compound 120 thus obtained.
- the first solid state vanadium compound 120 has a function as a solid state electrolyte containing an active material.
- This solid vanadyl sulfate (IV) ⁇ n hydrate is mixed with the powdered powder of carbon fiber as described above, and a solid electrolyte containing an active material is added by adding a little sulfuric acid aqueous solution. Can be obtained.
- This solid state electrolyte is used as the second vanadium compound 140 of the present embodiment.
- FIG. 3A is a photograph of the second vanadium compound 140 thus prepared.
- the solid vanadyl sulfate (IV) .n hydrate was mixed with the powdered powder of carbon fiber as described above, and the active material was added by adding a little sulfuric acid aqueous solution.
- the method of supporting the conductive material of the secondary battery 100 is referred to as support method 1.
- the conductive substance may form part of the electrode.
- An example of the conductive material is carbon. Carbon may be in the form of carbon fiber or carbon felt made of carbon fiber.
- the solid state second vanadium compound 140 has a function as a solid state electrolyte containing an active material.
- FIG. 3B is a photograph of the second solid vanadium compound connected to the positive electrode of the solid vanadium redox secondary battery shown in FIG. 1 in which the active material is supported on the electrode material according to Method 2 different from Method 1 above. .
- the carbon fiber is dipped in an aqueous vanadyl sulfate (IV) solution and vacuum dried to evaporate the liquid.
- the solid vanadium compound shown in FIG. 3B was obtained by immersing in an aqueous vanadyl sulfate (IV) solution and drying in vacuo for about 3 hours to evaporate excess liquid.
- “evaporate excess liquid” means that the secondary battery can take from 0% to 100% of SOC (State of Charge), leaving the sulfuric acid aqueous solution in an excess and deficient amount.
- This liquid may mean to evaporate. However, in some cases, it may mean that the sulfuric acid aqueous solution is left in an amount that can cover a value of SOC 20% to 80%, and other liquids are evaporated.
- the carbon fiber is vanadium (III) sulfuric acid.
- the excess liquid is evaporated by vacuum drying.
- the active material is supported on the electrode material, and a solid redox secondary battery having a configuration essentially different from that of a so-called liquid static redox battery can be obtained. it can.
- the solid vanadium battery 100 including the first vanadium compound 120 including the solid powder of vanadium (III) sulfate and the second vanadium compound 140 including the solid powder of vanadyl sulfate (IV) is in a 0% charged state in the initial state. is there.
- V 4+ (aq) in the second vanadium compound 140 is
- the vanadium battery 100 is in the “charged state” of FIG.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an example of a charge / discharge cycle.
- the open circuit voltage of the battery is approximately 1.1 volts.
- a sufficiently large voltage is applied between the positive electrode and the negative electrode using an external power source, a 6 mA current is forced to flow through the vanadium redox flow battery, charging is completed, and the charged state is 100 When% is reached, the open circuit voltage of the battery is found to be approximately 1.6 volts.
- the energy required to complete charging is 65.4 J, while the released energy is 47.8 J. From here, the energy efficiency is calculated to be 73%.
- the energy density of the solid vanadium battery according to the present embodiment was 42.73 Wh / kg. This is a value far exceeding the typical value of 18 Wh / kg of the vanadium redox flow battery.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the current dependence of the overvoltage of the solid vanadium battery according to the present embodiment.
- solid vanadium sulfate (III) ⁇ n hydrate was used as the first vanadium compound 120
- solid vanadyl sulfate (IV) ⁇ n hydrate was used as the second vanadium compound 140.
- solid vanadium sulfate (II) ⁇ n hydrate as the first vanadium compound 120 and solid vanadyl sulfate (V) ⁇ n hydrate as the second vanadium compound 140.
- the sulfuric acid aqueous solution is transferred to a beaker-type cell, and is electrolyzed using a platinum plate as a working electrode, a platinum plate as a counter electrode, and an ion exchange membrane (SelemIon APS (registered trademark) manufactured by Asahi Glass Engineering) as a diaphragm. Reduction is carried out for 5 hours. More specifically, the working electrode and the counter electrode are connected to a stabilized power source, and under the condition of Ar gas bubbling, 1 A constant current electrolytic reduction is performed for 5 hours while the liquid temperature is maintained at 15 ° C., and the process proceeds to S160.
- a platinum plate as a working electrode
- a platinum plate as a counter electrode
- an ion exchange membrane SemIon APS (registered trademark) manufactured by Asahi Glass Engineering) as a diaphragm. Reduction is carried out for 5 hours. More specifically, the working electrode and the counter electrode are connected to a stabilized power source, and under the condition of Ar
- This vanadium (II) sulfate solid powder was mixed with powdered carbon fiber and mixed with a slight amount of sulfuric acid aqueous solution, that is, the active material was supported on the conductive material according to Method 1.
- a solid vanadium compound containing vanadium whose oxidation number is divalent can be obtained.
- This solid vanadium compound can be used as the first vanadium compound 120.
- Such a solid vanadium compound 120 is solid vanadium sulfate (II) .n hydrate.
- the first vanadium compound 120 is a solid vanadium compound containing divalent vanadium
- the first vanadium compound 120 can be prepared by using the above-described support method 2. That is, the carbon fiber is immersed in a vanadium (II) sulfuric acid aqueous solution, and the carbon fiber immersed in the aqueous solution is vacuum dried to evaporate excess liquid components. The time for vacuum drying may be, for example, 3 hours.
- the second vanadium compound contains vanadium having a pentavalent oxidation number.
- this sulfuric acid aqueous solution is transferred to a beaker type cell, and electrolysis is performed using a platinum plate as a working electrode, a platinum plate as a counter electrode, and an ion exchange membrane (SelemIon APS (registered trademark) manufactured by Asahi Glass Engineering) as a diaphragm. Oxidation is carried out for 2.5 hours. More specifically, the working electrode and the counter electrode are connected to a stabilized power source, and under a Ar gas bubbling, a constant current electrolytic reduction of 1 A is performed for 2.5 hours while maintaining the liquid temperature at 15 ° C. move on.
- SelemIon APS registered trademark
- Neoceptor registered trademark
- FIG. 10 shows a photograph of solid vanadium (V) sulfate prepared using such a method. It turns out that it is a solid powder form. From this vanadium (V) sulfate, vanadyl sulfate (V) n hydrate can be obtained.
- Solid vanadium sulfate containing vanadium having an oxidation number of pentavalent can be used as the second vanadium compound 140 of the present embodiment.
- a vanadium battery composed of solid vanadium sulfate (II) .n hydrate as the first vanadium compound 120 and solid vanadyl sulfate (V) .n hydrate as the second vanadium compound 140 is fully implemented. It has the advantage that it is possible to discharge immediately after fabrication while exhibiting the operational effects of the embodiment.
- the vanadium battery according to the present embodiment includes solid vanadium sulfate and carbon whose oxidation number changes between divalent and trivalent by oxidation and reduction reactions, and the first vanadium mixture in the form of slurry impregnated with sulfuric acid. And solid vanadyl sulfate and carbon whose oxidation number changes between pentavalent and tetravalent by oxidation reaction, and impregnated with sulfuric acid and sandwiched between the slurry-like second vanadium mixture and the first and second vanadium mixtures A separator selectively passing ions, a negative electrode connected to the first vanadium mixture, and a positive electrode connected to the second vanadium mixture, in the first vanadium mixture,
- the separator is characterized in that at least one of hydrogen ion, sulfate ion, and sulfite ion selectively passes through.
- the vanadium battery configured in this way can achieve a high energy density. Further, by using the vanadium salt or the vanadium complex salt in a slurry state, it is possible to obtain a high storage capacity. Therefore, a vanadium solid secondary battery having a high energy density while having a high storage capacity can be obtained.
- the safety of the vanadium battery can be ensured while ensuring a large electromotive force.
- the vanadium battery configured as described above can suppress the generation of dentlite, a secondary battery having excellent durability can be obtained.
- the first and second vanadium mixtures are in the form of a slurry, the ionic conductivity is large, and as a result, overheating of the battery can be suppressed.
- FIG. 11 shows a modification of the solid vanadium redox battery shown in FIG.
- the solid vanadium battery 100 shown in FIG. 1 is a single stack
- the solid vanadium battery 500 shown in FIG. 11 is composed of three stacks. That is, the solid vanadium battery shown in FIG. 11 has a structure in which the battery of FIG. 1 is stacked in three stages in series.
- the solid vanadium battery 500 includes the first vanadium compounds 120a, 120b, and 120c, the second vanadium compounds 140a, 140b, and 140c, the separators 130a and 130b, and the electrodes 160a and 160b in addition to the positive electrode 150 and the negative electrode 110. Yes.
- the first vanadium electrolytes 120a, 120b, and 120c are the same as the first vanadium compound 120 of the solid vanadium battery 100, and the second vanadium compounds 140a, 140b, and 140c are the same as the first vanadium compound 140 of the solid vanadium battery 100. And they need not all be the same.
- the ion exchange membranes 130 a and 130 b are the same as the separator 130 of the solid vanadium battery 100.
- the positive electrode 150 and the negative electrode 110 are disposed so as to face each other, and the second vanadium electrolyte 140a, the ion exchange membrane 130a, and the first vanadium are disposed between the positive electrode 150 and the negative electrode 110 from the positive electrode 150 toward the negative electrode 110.
- the electrolyte 120a, the electrode 160a, the second vanadium electrolyte 140b, the separator 130b, the first vanadium electrolyte 120b, the electrode 160b, the second vanadium electrolyte 140c, the separator 130c, and the first vanadium electrolyte 120c are stacked in this order.
- a preferred embodiment of the solid vanadium redox secondary battery according to the present invention is an ion exchange membrane marketed under the trade name Neocepta® CMX C-1000, A carbon felt with a thickness of 3.8 mm marketed under the trade name XF30ADP14, a conductive material / active material mixture is filled in a cylindrical cell with a bottom area of 2.35 square centimeters and a thickness of 3 mm, and solid vanadium salt
- the complex salt is supported on the surface of the conductive material by the supporting method 2, the amount of the active material is 4.6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 mol, and the molar ratio of the active material on the positive electrode side and the negative electrode side is 1: 1. .
- the conductive material / active material mixture includes vanadium whose oxidation number is changed by an oxidation and reduction reaction as an active material, or a solid vanadium salt or complex salt containing such vanadium, and a carbon fiber connected to an electrode as a conductive material.
- vanadium or sulfate ions or sulfate ions are included as counter ions for solid vanadium salts or complex salts containing vanadium.
- the output voltage of the solid vanadium redox secondary battery according to the present invention is 1.5 V.
- the weight energy density reaches 70 Wh / kg.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing charge / discharge characteristics in the first five cycles when the solid vanadium redox secondary battery according to the present invention is used at a current density of 5 mA.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the cycle efficiency dependence of energy efficiency and energy density in the first 96 cycles when the solid vanadium redox secondary battery according to the present invention is used at a current density of 5 mA. From this figure, it can be seen that from the second cycle to the 96th cycle, the weight energy density hardly changes even when charging and discharging are repeated, and shows stable characteristics. Moreover, it turns out that energy efficiency exceeds 90% and shows a favorable value. The average energy efficiency from the second cycle to the 96th cycle was 93%.
- FIG. 14 is a graph showing the carbon felt of the conductive material / active material mixture, the area, the supporting method, the amount of the active material, the molar ratio of the active material on the positive electrode side and the negative electrode side in the solid vanadium redox secondary battery according to the present invention; It is a figure which shows the cycle number dependence of energy efficiency and energy density when fixing the current density and depth profile (cutoff voltage) of an operation method, and changing an ion exchange membrane.
- a carbon felt having a thickness of 3.8 mm and a conductive material / active material mixture (compound) marketed under the trade name XF30ADP14 is a cylindrical shape having a bottom area of 2.35 square centimeters and a thickness of 3 millimeters.
- the cell is filled, and the solid vanadium salt or complex salt is supported on the surface of the conductive material by the supporting method 2.
- the amount of the active material is 4.6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 mol, and the amount of the active material on the positive electrode side and the negative electrode side is Energy efficiency when operating a solid vanadium redox secondary battery 100 having a molar ratio of 1: 1 and employing three different types of ion exchange membranes at a current density of 5 mA / square centimeter and a cutoff voltage of 0.7 V. And the energy density.
- the black circle plots are graphs showing charge / discharge characteristics in the first 96 cycles when a cation membrane marketed under the trade name Neoceptor (registered trademark) CMX C-1000 is used.
- the white square plot is a graph showing the charge / discharge characteristics in the first 96 cycles when an anion membrane marketed under the trade name Neocepta (registered trademark) AMX A-9485 is used. is there.
- the white diamond marks are plots showing charge / discharge characteristics in the first 96 cycles when a cation membrane marketed under the trade name of Selemion (registered trademark) APS is used. The characteristics of these three types of ion exchange membranes are shown in Table 2 below.
- the membrane is not limited to an ion exchange membrane marketed under the trade name Neoceptor (registered trademark) CMX C-1000 as long as it is a cationic membrane having high ion exchange capacity, high permanent selectivity, and high resistivity.
- [Table 3] below shows, in the solid vanadium redox secondary battery according to the present invention, the area of the ion exchange membrane, the conductive material / active material mixture, the supporting method, the amount of the active material, and the positive electrode side and the negative electrode side. It is energy efficiency when the carbon paper used as the electrode material and the conductive material is changed while the molar ratio of the active material and the current density and depth profile (cutoff voltage) of the operation method are fixed.
- the ion exchange membrane, conductive material / active material mixture (compound) marketed under the trade name Neocepta (registered trademark) CMX C-1000 has a bottom area of 2.35 square centimeters and a thickness of 3 millimeters.
- the solid vanadium salt or complex salt is supported on the surface of the conductive material by the supporting method 2, the amount of the active material is 4.6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 mol, the positive electrode side and the negative electrode side
- the molar ratio of the active material is 1: 1
- the solid vanadium redox secondary battery 100 employing two different types of carbon felt is operated at a current density of 5 mA / square centimeter and a cutoff voltage of 0.7 V. It shows energy efficiency and energy density.
- FIG. 15 shows a solid vanadium redox secondary battery according to the present invention, an ion exchange membrane, carbon felt of a conductive material / active material mixture, area, amount of active material, molar ratio of active material on the positive electrode side and negative electrode side
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the cycle efficiency dependence of energy efficiency and energy density for the supporting method 1 and the supporting method 2 while fixing the current density and the depth profile (cut-off voltage) of the operation method.
- Neocepta registered trademark
- CMX C-1000 a carbon felt with a thickness of 3.8 mm
- XF30ADP14 a conductive material / active material
- the mixture (compound) is filled in a cylindrical cell having a bottom area of 2.35 square centimeters, the amount of the active material is 4.6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 mol, and the molar ratio of the active material on the positive electrode side and the negative electrode side is 1: 1.
- the solid vanadium redox secondary battery 100 adopting one of the supporting method 1 and the supporting method 2 has a current density of 5 mA.
- the graph shows energy efficiency and energy density when operated at a cut-off voltage of 0.7 V / square centimeter.
- the black circle plots are graphs showing charge / discharge characteristics in the first 96 cycles when the support method 1 is used as a method of supporting the active material on the conductive material of the secondary battery 100.
- white diamond plots are graphs showing charge / discharge characteristics in the first 96 cycles when the support method 2 is used as a method of supporting the active material on the conductive material of the secondary battery 100. . It can be seen that the energy density value is higher when the support method 2 is used.
- Table 4 shows the amount of ion exchange membrane, carbon felt, supporting method, and amount of active material, and the molar ratio of the active material on the positive electrode side and the negative electrode side, and operation method in the solid vanadium redox secondary battery according to the present invention.
- an ion exchange membrane marketed under the trade name Neocepta (registered trademark) CMX C-1000, a carbon felt having a thickness of 3.8 mm marketed under the trade name XF30ADP14, a solid vanadium salt or a complex salt are: Supported on the surface of the conductive material by the supporting method 2, the amount of the active material is 4.6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 mol, and the molar ratio of the active material on the positive electrode side and the negative electrode side is 1: 1.
- Energy when a solid vanadium redox secondary battery 100 employing three different structures as a cell filled with an active material mixture (compound) is operated at a current density of 5 mA / square centimeter and a cutoff voltage of 0.7 V. It shows efficiency and energy density.
- Cell structure type A has a bottom area of 2.35 square centimeters and a thickness of 3 millimeters
- cell structure type B has the same bottom area of 2.35 square centimeters as cell structure A type but has a thickness of 1. 5 mm and half of cell structure type A
- Cell structure type C has the same thickness of 3 millimeters as cell structure A type, but has a bottom area of 1.17 square centimeters, which is half of cell structure type A.
- cell structure type A gives the best energy efficiency among cell structure types A to C.
- the electrode area is 2.35 square centimeters and the thickness is 3 millimeters.
- FIG. 16 shows the current density and depth profile of the ion exchange membrane, the carbon felt of the conductive material / active material mixture, the area, the support method, the amount of the active material, and the operation method in the solid vanadium redox secondary battery according to the present invention. It is a figure which shows the change of energy efficiency and energy density when fixing (cutoff voltage) and changing the molar ratio of the active material of a positive electrode side and a negative electrode side.
- the mixture (compound) is filled in a cylindrical cell having a bottom area of 2.35 square centimeters and a thickness of 3 millimeters, and the solid vanadium salt or complex salt is supported on the surface of the conductive material by the supporting method 2, and the amount of active material Operates at a current density of 5 mA / square centimeter and a cut-off voltage of 0.7 V.
- the solid vanadium redox secondary battery 100 includes 4.6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 mol and employs a molar ratio of the active material on the positive electrode side and the negative electrode side. The change in energy efficiency and energy density when it is made to show is shown.
- FIG. 16 shows that the energy efficiency per unit weight takes the best value when the molar ratio of the active material on the positive electrode side and the negative electrode side is 1: 1. However, it can also be seen that the energy efficiency does not depend strongly on the molar ratio of the positive and negative active materials.
- the solid vanadium redox secondary battery according to the present invention is a battery that can exhibit stable performance without finely adjusting the molar ratio of the active material on at least the positive electrode side and the negative electrode side. .
- FIG. 17 shows an ion exchange membrane, a carbon felt of a conductive material / active material mixture, an area, a support method, an amount of active material, an active material molar ratio, and an operation method in a solid vanadium redox secondary battery according to the present invention. It is a figure which shows the change of energy efficiency and energy density when fixing the depth profile (cut-off voltage) of and changing current density.
- the mixture (compound) is filled in a cylindrical cell having a bottom area of 2.35 square centimeters and a thickness of 3 millimeters, and the solid vanadium salt or complex salt is supported on the surface of the conductive material by the supporting method 2, and the amount of active material Of the solid vanadium redox secondary battery 100 containing 4.6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 mol and having a positive electrode-side negative electrode-side active material molar ratio of 1: 1. It shows changes in energy efficiency and energy density when operated at 7V.
- FIG. 17 shows the average energy density in the first to fifth cycles of the charge / discharge cycle for each of current densities of 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mA / square centimeter. .
- FIG. 17 shows that when the current density is larger than 5 mA / square centimeter mail, high energy efficiency is exhibited.
- FIG. 18 shows an ion exchange membrane, a carbon felt of a conductive material / active material mixture, an area, a support method, an amount of an active material, a positive electrode side and a negative electrode side active material in a solid vanadium redox secondary battery according to the present invention. It is a figure which shows the change of energy efficiency and energy density when fixing the molar ratio and the current density of an operation method, and changing a depth profile (cut-off voltage).
- the mixture (compound) is filled in a cylindrical cell having a bottom area of 2.35 square centimeters and a thickness of 3 millimeters, and the solid vanadium salt or complex salt is supported on the surface of the conductive material by the supporting method 2, and the amount of active material
- the solid vanadium redox secondary battery 100 containing 4.6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 mol and having a positive electrode-side negative electrode-side active material molar ratio of 1: 1 has a current density of 5 mA / cm 2 and three different cutoffs. Energy efficiency and energy density were calculated when operating at voltages 1.3V, 1.0V, and 0.7V.
- the energy efficiency value is less dependent on the cut-off voltage value.
- the value of energy density decreases as the cut-off voltage is decreased to 1.3V, 1.0V, and 0.7V.
- the value of the cut-off voltage is preferably 0.7V for the solid vanadium redox secondary battery according to the present invention.
- the counter ions were sulfate ions.
- ions such as chloride ions / chloride ions, fluoride ions / fluoride ions can be used instead of sulfates.
- [Table 5] shows theoretical values of energy density when sulfate, chloride, and fluoride are used as counter ions.
- the counter ions were chloride ions / chloride ions or fluoride ions / fluoride ions
- the amount of the active material was assumed to be 5 mol on both the positive electrode side and the negative electrode side.
- the output voltage of the secondary battery was assumed to be 1.5V. Even in these cases, the solid vanadium redox secondary battery according to the present invention can obtain a high energy density.
- the solid vanadium redox secondary battery configured as described above is very small, has an output voltage of 1.5 V, and a weight energy density of 70 Wh / kg. Therefore, a personal computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA) It can be widely used in digital cameras, digital media players, digital recorders, games, electrical appliances, vehicles, wireless devices, mobile phones and the like.
- PDA personal digital assistant
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Abstract
Description
上記目的を達成するために、本発明の一つの実施形態に従うバナジウム電池は、酸化及び還元反応によって2価及び3価の間で酸化数が変化するバナジウム又はそのようなバナジウムを含む固体バナジウム塩若しくは錯塩を含み、負極となる表面を含む第一のバナジウム化合物と、還元及び酸化反応によって5価及び4価の間で酸化数が変化するバナジウム又はそのようなバナジウムを含む固体バナジウム塩若しくは錯塩を含み、正極となる表面を含む第二のバナジウム化合物と、第一及び第二のバナジウム化合物に挟まれ、イオンを選択的に通過させるセパレータと、を含むことを特徴とする。
図1乃至図11を参照しながら、本発明の一つの実施形態に従うバナジウム電池の概要及び製造方法について説明する。
図12乃至18を参照しながら、本発明のある実施形態に従う固体バナジウム・レドックス二次電池の動作特性を別の実施形態に従う固体バナジウム・レドックス二次電池と比較をしながら説明する。
Claims (10)
- バナジウム電池であって、
酸化及び還元反応によって2価及び3価の間で酸化数が変化するバナジウム又はそのようなバナジウムを含む固体バナジウム塩若しくは錯塩を含み、負極となる表面を含む第一のバナジウム化合物と、
還元及び酸化反応によって5価及び4価の間で酸化数が変化するバナジウム又はそのようなバナジウムを含む固体バナジウム塩若しくは錯塩を含み、正極となる表面を含む第二のバナジウム化合物と、
第一及び第二のバナジウム化合物に挟まれ、イオンを選択的に通過させるセパレータと、
を含む電池。 - バナジウム電池であって、
酸化及び還元反応によって2価及び3価の間で酸化数が変化するバナジウム又はそのようなバナジウムを含む固体バナジウム塩若しくは錯塩を含む第一のバナジウム化合物と、
還元及び酸化反応によって5価及び4価の間で酸化数が変化するバナジウム又はそのようなバナジウムを含む固体バナジウム塩若しくは錯塩を含む第二のバナジウム化合物と、
第一及び第二のバナジウム化合物に挟まれ、イオンを選択的に通過させるセパレータと、
第一のバナジウム化合物につながる負極と、
第二のバナジウム化合物につながる正極と、
を含む電池。 - 第一及び第二のバナジウム化合物には硫酸が染み込んでおり、
セパレータが選択的に通過させるイオンは、水素イオン、硫酸イオン、亜硫酸イオンの少なくとも一つを含む、請求項1又は2に記載のバナジウム電池。 - 第一のバナジウム化合物に含まれる固体バナジウム塩若しくは錯塩は、硫酸バナジウム(III)・n水和物の固体粉末であり、第二のバナジウム化合物に含まれる固体バナジウム塩若しくは錯塩は、硫酸バナジル(IV)・n水和物の固体粉末である、請求項3に記載のバナジウム電池。
- 4価のバナジウムイオン又はバナジウムを4価の状態で含む陽イオンを含む溶液を調製するステップと、
4価のバナジウムイオン又はバナジウムを4価の状態で含む陽イオンを含む溶液の電解還元又は電解酸化を行うステップと、
溶液を乾燥させて、固体活物質を得るステップと、
を含む、バナジウム・レドックス電池に用いられる固体状態にある活物質の製造方法。 - 4価のバナジウムイオン又はバナジウムを4価の状態で含む陽イオンを含む溶液の電解還元又は電解酸化を行うステップでは電解還元を行い、
さらに、溶液の電解還元を行った後、乾燥させる前に、酸素を含む環境下に溶液を置くステップを含む請求項5に記載の固体活物質の製造方法。 - 4価のバナジウムイオン又はバナジウムを4価の状態で含む陽イオンを含む溶液の電解還元又は電解酸化を行うステップでは電解酸化を行い、
さらに、上澄み及び沈殿物を乾燥するステップを含む請求項6に記載の固体活物質の製造方法。 - 前記第一のバナジウム化合物は、固体であり、且つ酸化及び還元反応によって2価及び3価の間で酸化数が変化するバナジウム又はそのようなバナジウムを含むバナジウム塩若しくは錯塩が導電性物質の表面に担持されて形成されており、
前記第二のバナジウム化合物は、固体であり、且つ還元及び酸化反応によって5価及び4価の間で酸化数が変化するバナジウム又はそのようなバナジウムを含むバナジウム塩若しくは錯塩が導電性物質の表面に担持されて形成されている、請求項1又は2に記載のバナジウム電池。 - 前記導電性物質は炭素である、請求項8のバナジウム電池。
- 酸化数が変化するバナジウム又はそのようなバナジウムを含むバナジウム塩若しくは錯塩活物質を含む二次電池に用いられる固体電解質として機能する固体状態のバナジウム化合物又は混合物を製造する方法であって、
前記バナジウム又はそのようなバナジウムを含むバナジウム塩若しくは錯塩、及び前記バナジウム塩又は錯塩に対するカウンターイオンとして硫酸塩、塩化物、又はフッ化物を含む水溶液に、導電性物質を浸し、真空乾燥することによって、前記バナジウム又はそのようなバナジウムを含むバナジウム塩若しくは錯塩を前記導電性物質の表面に担持させるステップを含む方法。
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| CN201080058340.XA CN102668224B (zh) | 2009-10-20 | 2010-10-20 | 钒电池 |
| US13/503,184 US9419279B2 (en) | 2009-10-20 | 2010-10-20 | Vanadium battery |
| JP2011537271A JP5580327B2 (ja) | 2009-10-20 | 2010-10-20 | バナジウム電池 |
| EP10824952.5A EP2493002B1 (en) | 2009-10-20 | 2010-10-20 | Vanadium cell |
| KR1020127011416A KR101499632B1 (ko) | 2009-10-20 | 2010-10-20 | 바나듐 전지 |
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| US (1) | US9419279B2 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP2493002B1 (ja) |
| JP (2) | JP5580327B2 (ja) |
| KR (1) | KR101499632B1 (ja) |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN102668224B (zh) | 2016-01-20 |
| JP2014017267A (ja) | 2014-01-30 |
| CN102668224A (zh) | 2012-09-12 |
| KR20120091177A (ko) | 2012-08-17 |
| EP2493002B1 (en) | 2019-10-02 |
| JPWO2011049103A1 (ja) | 2013-03-14 |
| EP2493002A4 (en) | 2013-06-05 |
| US20120301787A1 (en) | 2012-11-29 |
| JP5904447B2 (ja) | 2016-04-13 |
| KR101499632B1 (ko) | 2015-03-06 |
| US9419279B2 (en) | 2016-08-16 |
| JP5580327B2 (ja) | 2014-08-27 |
| EP2493002A1 (en) | 2012-08-29 |
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