WO2010001014A2 - Cellule photovoltaïque et substrat de cellule photovoltaïque - Google Patents
Cellule photovoltaïque et substrat de cellule photovoltaïque Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2010001014A2 WO2010001014A2 PCT/FR2009/051057 FR2009051057W WO2010001014A2 WO 2010001014 A2 WO2010001014 A2 WO 2010001014A2 FR 2009051057 W FR2009051057 W FR 2009051057W WO 2010001014 A2 WO2010001014 A2 WO 2010001014A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- substrate
- layer
- zinc oxide
- photovoltaic cell
- deposited
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F71/00—Manufacture or treatment of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F71/138—Manufacture of transparent electrodes, e.g. transparent conductive oxides [TCO] or indium tin oxide [ITO] electrodes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
- C03C17/22—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with other inorganic material
- C03C17/23—Oxides
- C03C17/245—Oxides by deposition from the vapour phase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
- C03C17/34—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions
- C03C17/36—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
- C03C17/34—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions
- C03C17/36—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal
- C03C17/3602—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal the metal being present as a layer
- C03C17/3668—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal the metal being present as a layer the multilayer coating having electrical properties
- C03C17/3678—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions at least one coating being a metal the metal being present as a layer the multilayer coating having electrical properties specially adapted for use in solar cells
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2217/00—Coatings on glass
- C03C2217/20—Materials for coating a single layer on glass
- C03C2217/21—Oxides
- C03C2217/216—ZnO
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2217/00—Coatings on glass
- C03C2217/90—Other aspects of coatings
- C03C2217/94—Transparent conductive oxide layers [TCO] being part of a multilayer coating
- C03C2217/944—Layers comprising zinc oxide
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
Definitions
- the invention relates to a photo voltaic cell front face substrate, in particular a transparent glass substrate, and to a photovoltaic cell incorporating such a substrate.
- a photovoltaic photovoltaic material system that generates electrical energy under the effect of incident radiation is positioned between a back-face substrate and a front-face substrate, this front-face substrate being the first substrate which is traversed by the incident radiation before it reaches the photovoltaic material.
- the front-face substrate conventionally comprises, beneath a main surface facing the photovoltaic material, a transparent electrode coating in electrical contact with the photovoltaic material disposed below when considering that the main direction arrival of incident radiation is from above.
- This front-facing electrode coating thus constitutes, in general, the negative (or collecting holes) terminal of the solar cell.
- the solar cell also has on the rear-face substrate an electrode coating which then constitutes the positive terminal (or collecting the electrons) from the solar cell, but in general, the electrode coating of the back-face substrate is not transparent.
- the material usually used for the transparent electrode coating of the front-face substrate is generally a transparent conductive oxide ("TCO") material, such as for example an indium oxide-based material.
- TCO transparent conductive oxide
- ITO tin
- ITO zinc oxide doped with aluminum (ZnO: Al) or doped with boron (ZnO: B), or doped with gallium, or doped with indium, or doped with titanium, or doped with vanadium
- These materials are deposited chemically, for example by chemical vapor deposition (“CVD”), optionally enhanced by plasma (“PECVD”) or physically, such as by vacuum deposition by cathodic sputtering, possibly assisted by magnetic field (“magnetron”).
- the TCO-based electrode coating in order to achieve the desired electrical conduction, or rather the desired low resistance, the TCO-based electrode coating must be deposited at a relatively large physical thickness, in the range of 500 to 1000 nm and sometimes even more. expensive in terms of the price of these materials when deposited in thin layers.
- TCO-based electrode coatings Another major drawback of TCO-based electrode coatings lies in the fact that for a chosen material, its physical thickness is always a compromise between the electrical conduction finally obtained and the transparency finally obtained because the greater the physical thickness, the greater the conductivity will be strong but the transparency will be weak and conversely, the lower the physical thickness, the stronger the transparency but the lower the conductivity.
- TCO electrode coating above the TCO electrode coating and beneath the photovoltaic material is interposed a zinc stannate buffer layer which is therefore not part of the coating.
- This layer also has the disadvantage of being very difficult to deposit by magnetron sputtering techniques, the target incorporating this material being of electrically insulating nature.
- An important object of the invention is to allow the charge transport between the electrode coating and the photo voltaic material, in particular based on cadmium, to be easily controlled and that the efficiency of the cell can be consequently improved.
- the present invention therefore aims to overcome the drawbacks of the solutions of the prior art by proposing a method of producing a transparent conductive electrode without adding an adaptation layer of the output work.
- An important object of the invention is to allow the charge transport between the electrode coating and the photo voltaic material, in particular based on cadmium is easily controlled and the efficiency of the cell can be improved accordingly.
- Another important goal is also to achieve a thin film-based transparent electrode coating which is simple to make and the cheapest possible to manufacture industrially.
- the subject of the invention is thus a method of manufacturing a transparent electrode based on zinc oxide, optionally doped, which is characterized in that at least one of the faces of a substrate or on at least one layer in contact with one of the faces of said substrate, a layer based on zinc oxide, and in that the layer is subjected to controlled oxidation so as to overoxidize a portion surface of said layer over a fraction of its thickness.
- the transparent conductive layer is based on zinc oxide, on-stoichiometric, optionally doped.
- the transparent conductive layer is optionally deposited, according to an alternative embodiment of the invention, on a - A - anchoring layer, intended to promote the proper crystalline orientation of the conductive layer deposited on it), this anchoring layer is in particular based on mixed zinc oxide and tin or mixed oxide based indium and tin (ITO).
- ITO indium and tin
- the transparent conductive layer is deposited on a layer having a function of chemical barrier to diffusion, and in particular to the diffusion of sodium from the substrate, thus protecting the coating forming the electrode, and more particularly the conductive layer, especially during a possible heat treatment, in particular quenching, the physical thickness of this barrier layer is between 20 and 50 nm.
- the electrode coating must be transparent. It must thus have, deposited on the substrate, in the wavelength range between 300 and 1200 nm, a minimum average light transmission of 65%, or even 75% and more preferably 85% or more, in particular of at least 90%.
- the front-face substrate is subjected to a heat treatment, in particular quenching, after the deposition of the thin layers and before its integration into the photo voltaic cell, it is quite possible that before the heat treatment the substrate coated with the stack acting as electrode coating is not very transparent. It may for example have, before this heat treatment a light transmission in the visible less than 65%, or even less than 50%.
- the electrode coating is transparent before heat treatment as it has after the heat treatment, in the wavelength range between 300 and 1200 nm, a minimum average light transmission of 65% or 75% and more preferably 85% or more, especially at least 90%.
- the stack does not have in absolute the best light transmission possible, but has the best possible light transmission in the context of the photovoltaic cell according to the invention, that is to say that is to say in the quantum efficiency range QE of the photovoltaic material in question.
- the quantum efficiency QE is in a known manner the expression of the probability (between 0 and 1) that an incident photon with a wavelength according to the abscissa is transformed into an electron-hole pair .
- the maximum absorption wavelength ⁇ m that is to say the wavelength at which the quantum efficiency is maximum, is of the order of 640 nm for cadmium.
- the transparent conductive layer is preferably deposited in a crystallized form or in an amorphous form but which becomes crystallized after heat treatment, on a thin dielectric layer which (then called “anchoring layer” because promoting the proper crystalline orientation of the metal layer deposited thereon).
- the transparent conductive layer is thus preferably deposited over one or even directly onto an oxide-based anchor layer, in particular based on zinc oxide or on the basis of mixed zinc oxide. and tin, optionally doped, optionally with aluminum (the doping is understood in a usual way as exposing a presence of the element in an amount of 0.1 to 10 mol% of metal element in the layer and the term "base-based” refers in a usual manner to a layer containing predominantly the material, the expression "based on” thus covers the doping of this material by another), or base of zinc oxide and tin oxide, optionally doped one and / or the other.
- the physical thickness (or actual thickness) of the anchoring layer is preferably between 2 and 30 nm and more preferably between 3 and 20 nm.
- This anchoring layer is a material which preferably has a resistivity p (defined by the product of the resistance by square of the layer by its thickness) such that 0.2 m ⁇ .cm ⁇ p ⁇ 200 ⁇ .cm.
- the stack is generally obtained by a succession of deposits made by a technique using the vacuum such as sputtering possibly assisted by magnetic field.
- the substrate may comprise a coating based on photo voltaic material, especially based on cadmium, above the electrode coating opposite the front face substrate.
- a preferred structure of front-face substrate according to the invention is thus of the type: substrate / electrode coating / photo voltaic material.
- All the layers of the electrode coating are preferably deposited by a vacuum deposition technique, but it is not excluded, however, that the first or the first layers of the stack may be deposited by a another technique, for example by a thermal decomposition technique of the pyrolysis or CVD type, optionally under vacuum.
- the electrode coating according to the invention can quite well be used as a backside electrode coating, in particular when it is desired that at least a small part of the incident radiation passes completely through the photovoltaic cell.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a solar cell front face substrate according to a first embodiment of the invention, coated with a transparent conductive oxide electrode coating;
- FIG. 2 illustrates a solar cell front face substrate according to a second embodiment of the invention, coated with a conductive transparent oxide electrode coating and incorporating an anchoring layer;
- FIG. 3 illustrates a solar cell front face substrate according to a third embodiment of the invention, coated with a conductive transparent oxide electrode coating and incorporating an alkaline barrier layer
- FIG. 4 illustrates a front face substrate solar cell according to the invention according to a fourth embodiment of the invention, coated with a conductive transparent oxide electrode coating and incorporating both an anchoring layer and an alkali barrier layer
- FIG. sectional diagram of a photovoltaic cell illustrates a solar cell front face substrate according to a third embodiment of the invention, coated with a conductive transparent oxide electrode coating and incorporating an alkaline barrier layer
- FIG. 1 illustrates a photo voltaic cell front face substrate 10 according to the invention with an absorbent photo voltaic material 200, said substrate 10 comprising on a main surface a transparent electrode coating 100 consisting of a TCO, otherwise called a transparent conductive layer.
- a transparent electrode coating 100 consisting of a TCO, otherwise called a transparent conductive layer.
- the front-face substrate 10 is disposed in the photovoltaic cell such that the front-face substrate 10 is the first substrate traversed by the incident radiation R, before reaching the photovoltaic material 200.
- FIG. 2 differs from FIG. 1 in that a conductive layer 23 is interposed between the conductive layer 100 and the substrate 10.
- FIG. 3 differs from FIG. 1 in that an alkaline barrier layer 24 is interposed between the conductive layer 100 and the substrate 10.
- FIG. 4 incorporates the provisions of the solutions presented in FIGS. 2 and 3, namely that the transparent conductive layer is deposited on an anchoring layer 23, itself deposited on an alkaline barrier layer 24.
- the conducting layer 100 having a thickness of between 400 and 1400 nm, is based on aluminum-doped zinc oxide (ZnO: Al), this layer is deposited on an anchoring layer based on mixed zinc oxide. and tin, in a thickness between 2 and 30 nm and more preferably between 3 and 20 nm, for example 7 nm, itself deposited on an alkali barrier layer 24, for example based on a dielectric material , in particular nitrides, oxides or oxynitrides of silicon, or nitrides, oxides or oxynitrides of aluminum, used alone or as a mixture, its thickness is between 30 and 50 nm.
- ZnO aluminum-doped zinc oxide
- the terminal layer based on zinc oxide undergoes over-oxidation.
- the amount of oxygen introduced during the deposition phase of the zinc oxide is varied. An oxygen concentration gradient is thus created in the thickness of the deposited layer.
- This oxygen concentration gradient in the ZnO layer is delimited in the figures by reference numeral 22. It is then possible, by modifying the oxygen addition parameters, to control the oxidation level and the ZnO thickness on the ZnO layer. -stcechiometric to control the output work of the electrode.
- test sample is as follows:
- FIG. 5 illustrates a photovoltaic cell 1 in section provided with a front-face substrate 10 according to the invention, through which incident radiation R and a back-face substrate 20 penetrate.
- the photovoltaic material 200 for example in cadmium, is located between these two substrates. It consists of a layer of n-doped semiconductor material 220 and a p-doped semiconductor material layer 240, which will produce the electric current.
- the electrode coatings 100, 300 interposed respectively between firstly the front-face substrate 10 and the n-doped semiconductor material layer 220 and secondly between the p-doped semiconductor material layer 240 and the back-face substrate 20 complete the electrical structure.
- the electrode coating 300 may be based on silver or aluminum, or may also consist of a thin film stack comprising at least one metallic functional layer and according to the present invention.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2009801218504A CN102057493A (zh) | 2008-06-11 | 2009-06-04 | 光伏电池和光伏电池基板 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0853870 | 2008-06-11 | ||
| FR0853870A FR2932611B1 (fr) | 2008-06-11 | 2008-06-11 | Cellule photovoltaique et substrat de cellule photovoltaique |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2010001014A2 true WO2010001014A2 (fr) | 2010-01-07 |
| WO2010001014A3 WO2010001014A3 (fr) | 2010-05-20 |
Family
ID=40342494
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR2009/051057 Ceased WO2010001014A2 (fr) | 2008-06-11 | 2009-06-04 | Cellule photovoltaïque et substrat de cellule photovoltaïque |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20090308445A1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN102057493A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2932611B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2010001014A2 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2408023A1 (fr) * | 2010-07-16 | 2012-01-18 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Procédé de fabrication solaire à film mince, procédé de dépôt d'une couche TCO et pile de couches de précurseurs de cellules solaires |
| WO2012033907A2 (fr) * | 2010-09-08 | 2012-03-15 | Ascent Solar Technologies, Inc. | Couches tampons à base d'oxyde sans cd pour photopiles à couche mince cigs par des procédés de dépôt chimique en solution |
| FR3026403B1 (fr) * | 2014-09-30 | 2016-11-25 | Saint Gobain | Substrat muni d'un empilement a proprietes thermiques et a couche intermediaire sur stoechiometrique |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2483905A1 (fr) * | 1980-06-04 | 1981-12-11 | Saint Gobain Vitrage | Vitrages metallises semi-reflechissants a couche d'ancrage amelioree |
| US6196246B1 (en) * | 1998-03-27 | 2001-03-06 | William D. Folsom | Freeze-resistant plumbing system in combination with a backflow preventer |
| JP2004289034A (ja) * | 2003-03-25 | 2004-10-14 | Canon Inc | 酸化亜鉛膜の処理方法、それを用いた光起電力素子の製造方法 |
| US20070029186A1 (en) * | 2005-08-02 | 2007-02-08 | Alexey Krasnov | Method of thermally tempering coated article with transparent conductive oxide (TCO) coating using inorganic protective layer during tempering and product made using same |
| US20070184573A1 (en) * | 2006-02-08 | 2007-08-09 | Guardian Industries Corp., | Method of making a thermally treated coated article with transparent conductive oxide (TCO) coating for use in a semiconductor device |
| US20070193624A1 (en) * | 2006-02-23 | 2007-08-23 | Guardian Industries Corp. | Indium zinc oxide based front contact for photovoltaic device and method of making same |
-
2008
- 2008-06-11 FR FR0853870A patent/FR2932611B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-07-11 US US12/171,653 patent/US20090308445A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2009
- 2009-06-04 CN CN2009801218504A patent/CN102057493A/zh active Pending
- 2009-06-04 WO PCT/FR2009/051057 patent/WO2010001014A2/fr not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2932611A1 (fr) | 2009-12-18 |
| CN102057493A (zh) | 2011-05-11 |
| US20090308445A1 (en) | 2009-12-17 |
| WO2010001014A3 (fr) | 2010-05-20 |
| FR2932611B1 (fr) | 2010-11-12 |
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