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WO2006037954A1 - Dispositifs d’injection - Google Patents

Dispositifs d’injection Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006037954A1
WO2006037954A1 PCT/GB2005/003723 GB2005003723W WO2006037954A1 WO 2006037954 A1 WO2006037954 A1 WO 2006037954A1 GB 2005003723 W GB2005003723 W GB 2005003723W WO 2006037954 A1 WO2006037954 A1 WO 2006037954A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
container
injection device
internal piston
plunger rod
needle
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/GB2005/003723
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Dewan Fazlul Hoque Chowdhury
Rahmanara Chowdhury
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of WO2006037954A1 publication Critical patent/WO2006037954A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
    • A61M5/178—Syringes
    • A61M5/28—Syringe ampoules or carpules, i.e. ampoules or carpules provided with a needle
    • A61M5/281—Syringe ampoules or carpules, i.e. ampoules or carpules provided with a needle using emptying means to expel or eject media, e.g. pistons, deformation of the ampoule, or telescoping of the ampoule
    • A61M5/283—Syringe ampoules or carpules, i.e. ampoules or carpules provided with a needle using emptying means to expel or eject media, e.g. pistons, deformation of the ampoule, or telescoping of the ampoule by telescoping of ampoules or carpules with the syringe body
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
    • A61M5/178—Syringes
    • A61M5/31—Details
    • A61M5/315—Pistons; Piston-rods; Guiding, blocking or restricting the movement of the rod or piston; Appliances on the rod for facilitating dosing ; Dosing mechanisms
    • A61M5/31511—Piston or piston-rod constructions, e.g. connection of piston with piston-rod
    • A61M2005/31518—Piston or piston-rod constructions, e.g. connection of piston with piston-rod designed to reduce the overall size of an injection device, e.g. using flexible or pivotally connected chain-like rod members
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
    • A61M5/178—Syringes
    • A61M5/31—Details
    • A61M5/315—Pistons; Piston-rods; Guiding, blocking or restricting the movement of the rod or piston; Appliances on the rod for facilitating dosing ; Dosing mechanisms
    • A61M5/31511—Piston or piston-rod constructions, e.g. connection of piston with piston-rod
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
    • A61M5/46—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests having means for controlling depth of insertion

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the administration of drugs to a patient, and in particular to the administration of drugs by injection directly from a pre-filled vial or container, without the need for the use of a syringe.
  • drug refers to any biologically active substance that needs to be delivered into the bloodstream of a patient, whether therapeutic or not, for example pharmaceuticals, vaccines and proteins.
  • the patient may be human or animal.
  • Drugs h.ave been administered to patients by intravenous injection and infusion dating back to 1670.
  • the first syringe and needle combination able to pierce skin was developed by Charles Gabriel Parvaz, a French surgeon, and Alexander Wood, a Scottish, physician, in 1853. Its first use was to inject Morphine as a painkiller. Between 1949 and 1950 Arthur E. Smith received 8 US patents for a disposable syringe., and in 1954 Becton, Dickinson and Company developed the first mass produced glass syringe with needle. This was used for the administration of SaIk polio vaccine to a million American children.
  • Drugs are generally administered using needles by removing the required dose from containers filled with the appropriate drug. These containers are usually glass vials or glass ampoules. In the case of ampoules the neck of the ampoule is snapped open, a needle is attached to a syringe and the required dose is drawn into the syringe. Any excess product and air is removed and the dose is injected into the patient. In tlxe case of vials, the needle is used to pierce the rubber septum that separates the product from the external environment and the product is drawn into the syringe and administered in the same way as described for ampoules.
  • pre-f ⁇ lled syringes which contain the requisite dose for administration and generally already have a needle assembled (aseptically) such that aseptic integrity of the product or container is not compromised during or prior to administration.
  • pre-filled syringes there are currently numerous manufacturers and suppliers of pre-filled syringes to the pharmaceutical industry for the packaging of drugs. The following are examples of some of the types of pre-filled syringes that are currently available.
  • Beckton Dickinson o BD Uniject ® - Pre-fill injection device, easy to use, single use, non- reusable system; o BD Hypak ® - Glass pre-fillable syringe; o BD Readyfill ® - Glass pre-fillable syringe with baked silicon and needle isolation; o BD Hypoint" - Pre-fillable syringe with attachable needle, and tamper evident; o BD Sterifill - standing pre-fillable syringe composed of high purity amorphous plastic material; and o BD Intera — Spring based retracting syringe with a detachable needle.
  • pre-filled syringes Despite the advantages imparted by the use of pre-filled syringes, one of the major limitations has been the huge investments in new technology required for processing drugs into pre-filled syringes rather than into conventional ampoules or vials. Furthermore, for existing marketed products the move to pre-filled syringes requires a plethora of re-validation work to ascertain that the move to new packaging components and materials does not adversely affect the drug. These materials generally include new types of elastomeric materials from which syringe plunger tips are composed, and silicone films applied to impart lubricity. Vials and stoppers for example do not have any silicone on them thus it is necessary to determine what effect this has on the drug where pre-filled syringes are used.
  • the invention provides an injection device as described in claim 1 to allow the administration of drugs into patients by injection directly from a pre-filled vial or container, and without the use of a syringe.
  • the injection device also allows for the processing of the pre-filled container using standard drug filling and processing technologies. However, it will be readily appreciated that the injection device may also be processed using specialist filling technologies that are designed specifically for the use with the present invention.
  • the injection device can be used to administer any type of drug, therapeutic, agent, vaccine, biotechnology derived protein or macromolecule, to humans or animals, intended for administration by injection. Furthermore, the injection device may be used for the purpose of dispensing any desired volume of the contents of the appropriate container for purposes of further processing, which could include product reconstitution.
  • Figure 1 is a diagram of a standard vial or container used as a primary package for drugs intended for administration by injection.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic of a first type of internal piston that forms part of the injection device of the present invention and shown in combination with a stopper.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic of a plunger rod for use with the internal piston of Figure 2.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic of the internal piston of Figure 2 inserted into a standard container.
  • Figure 5 is a schematic of the internal piston of Figure 2 inserted into a standard container and with the outer cap of the standard container and the inner stopper removed.
  • Figure 6 is a schematic of the internal piston of Figure 2 inserted into a standard container and with the plunger rod of Figure 3 and a needle attached.
  • Figure 7 is a schematic of the internal piston of Figure 2 inserted into a standard container with the plunger rod depressed.
  • Figure 8 is a schematic of a second type of internal piston that forms part of the injection device of the present invention and shown in combination with a stopper.
  • Figure 9 is a schematic of the internal piston of Figure 8 inserted into a standard container.
  • Figure 10 is a schematic of an alternative plunger rod for use with the internal piston of Figure 9.
  • Figure 11 is a schematic of the internal piston of Figure 8 with the inner stopper removed.
  • Figure 12 is a schematic of the internal piston of Figure 8 inserted into a standard container and with the alternative plunger rod of Figure 10 and needle attached. Detailed description of the drawings
  • Figure 1 shows a standard vial or container 2 for holding a drug or other product for administration by injection.
  • the container 2 can be made of glass or a plastics material.
  • the container 2 will generally be manufactured by moulding a tube of glass or plastics material to the desired shape using high temperature burners.
  • the shape of the container 2 may be altered by changing the tooling used in the manufacturing process.
  • the container 2 has an open neck 4 that is shaped to allow the secure seating of an elastometic closure or stopper 6.
  • a cap 8 (usually made of aluminium) is placed over the neck 4 of the container 2 and crimped into position to secure the stopper 6.
  • the stopper 6 provides a barrier between the drug or other product inside the container 2 and the ingress of gasses or microbes from the external environment. The stopper 6 also prevents the seepage of the drug or other product from the container 2.
  • Figure 2 shows an internal piston 10 that is used in conjunction with an elastomeric stopper to seal the neck of a standard container.
  • the internal piston 10 can be used with existing processing technologies with only minor adjustments being needed to the closure feed bowl, feed track and insertion arm (the latter being responsible for inserting the stopper in to the neck of the container).
  • the internal piston 10 is used in combination with a standard elastomeric stopper 12 of the type shown in Figure 1.
  • the stopper 12 cushions the outer aluminium cap 8 ( Figure 4) and provides an additional seal.
  • the stopper 12 is releasably secured to the main body 14 of the internal piston using an adhesive.
  • the stopper 12 can therefore be removed from the main body 14 by applying a moderate force to break the adhesive.
  • the stopper may also be secured using a mechanical means such as an interlocking connection, for example. In this case, the stopper can be removed from the main body by manually unlocking the two components parts.
  • the internal piston 10 and the stopper 12 can be secured together (optionally using the methods mentioned above) before they are inserted into the open neck of the container 4 and sealed by the aluminium cap 8. However, the internal piston 10 can also be inserted into the container 4 first, followed by the stopper 12.
  • the main body 14 of the internal piston 10 includes a rigid core 16 and a flexible peripheral or edge region 18. Accordingly, the internal piston 10 is constructed such that it can be inserted into the neck of a standard container with only moderate force. The edge region 18 will flex to allow the internal piston 10 to pass through the neck of the container and then deform back to its original shape to form a seal with the inner wall of the container 2.
  • the internal piston 10 can be formed as a single construction or from several parts adhered together to allow the formation of the rigid core 16 and flexible peripheral edge region 18.
  • the internal piston 10 will be sized and shaped so as to allow minimal excess fill in the container, and the maximum volume of contents to be expelled from the container, on activation of the internal piston.
  • the main body 14 of the internal piston 10 includes needle attachment points 20 to which a needle 22 ( Figure 6) can be releasably attached.
  • the needle attachment points 20 can allow the secure attachment of a standard commercially available needle 22. Alternatively they may allow the attachment of a needle specially designed for use with the injection device.
  • the main body 14 also includes plunger rod attachment points 24 to which a plunger rod 26 ( Figures 3 and 6) can be releasably attached.
  • the orifice 28 may be open, or may contain a plug (not shown) that is removed from the external side of the internal piston 10 prior to use.
  • the plug is preferably made of a suitable material, which may be of natural or synthetic origin, and is compatible with the contents of the container. It will be readily appreciated that the needle 22 is mounted such that its proximal end is in fluid communication with the orifice 28.
  • the plug (not shown) can be pre-assembled into the internal piston 10 or inserted into the orifice 28 after the internal piston has been received in the neck of the container 4.
  • means are preferably provided for gripping or supporting the internal piston 10 while the plug (not shown) is inserted into the orifice 28 to prevent the force of inserting the plug from pushing the internal piston 10 down inside the container 4, and to ensure that the plug is firmly located inside the orifice.
  • the internal piston 10 can be supported by providing a lip or protrusion on its upper surface or at an upper part so that it can be held by a mechanical tool or the like while the plug is inserted.
  • the lip or protrusion can be provided as part of the plunger rod attachment points 24, for example.
  • the orifice 28 may be tapered such that the diameter of the open end of the orifice that is nearest to the stopper 12 is slightly larger than the diameter of the other open end of the orifice.
  • the plug (not shown) may also be tapered to provide a close fit with the tapered sidewall of the orifice and to allow for an easier insertion.
  • the plunger rod 26 includes a pair of elongate arms 30 that terminate in flanges 32.
  • the base part 34 of the plunger rod 26 includes an opening
  • a pair of connectors 38 are used to releasably connect the plunger rod 26 to the main body 14 by means of the plunger rod attachment points 24.
  • the plunger rod 26 can be attached to the main body 14 of the internal piston 10 by a suitable mechanism, which could include a leur slip, leur lock or other type of system. The objective is to ensure the plunger rod 26 is securely attached to the internal piston 10, such that it may function as a plunger rod support, with flanges 32 that allow it to be held firmly and for pressure to be applied.
  • the plunger rod 26 may be suitably graduated to allow variable doses to be accurately dispense/administered or may be actuated to allow the entire contents of the container to be expelled (less any nominal hold volumes). The actuation may be effected manually or via a suitable automated system or device.
  • Figure 4 shows the internal piston 10 inserted into a standard container 2.
  • the main body 14 is seated under the neck 4 of the container 2 and the stopper 12 is seated on the neck of the container.
  • An aluminium cap 8 covers the top of the container 2 and may be a conventional tear-off cap that can be removed manually.
  • the method of using the internal piston 10 will now be explained with reference to Figures 5 to 7. First of all, the aluminium cap 8 is removed and the stopper 12 is pulled away from the main body 14 of the internal piston 10 to expose the upper surface 14a.
  • the plunger rod 26 and needle 22 are then attached to the main body 14 at their respective attachment points.
  • Figure 6 shows how the needle 22 extends through the opening 36 in the base part 34 of the plunger rod 26.
  • the needle is pierced through the skin of the patient by applying pressure to flanges provided at the base of the barrel or to the barrel itself while holding and guiding the needle.
  • the needle 22 will be pierced through the slcin by applying firm pressure to the underside of the flanges 32 on the arms 30 of the plunger rod 26 (that is, by applying pressure to the side of the flanges 32 that face towards the main body 14) whilst perhaps holding and supporting the needle and guiding it into the skin.
  • the plunger rod 26 and the needle 22 must therefore be secured to the main body 14 is such a way that the application of pressure to the underside of the flanges 32 will not cause the needle or plunger rod to disconnect. This can be achieved using the leur slip and leur lock type of connection mentioned above.
  • the pressure applied to the plunger rod 26 should also be allowed to dissipate through the arms 30 of the plunger rod and through the needle 22 in a manner that allows the needle to pierce the skin under the careful control of the person operating the integrated container-syringe injection device.
  • Figures 8 to 12 represent an alternative embodiment of the internal piston with a modified plunger rod which, allows for the even distribution of pressure over the flexible peripheral edge region of the internal piston such that the internal piston experiences very little warp or deformation during operation of the injection device.
  • the internal piston 50 includes a main body 52 having a rigid core 54 and a flexible peripheral or edge region 56.
  • the main body 52 of the internal piston 50 also includes needle attachment points 58 to which a needle 22 ( Figure 12) can be releasably attached, and plunger rod seating areas 60.
  • An axially extending orifice 62 is formed in the main body 52.
  • the orifice 62 may be open, or may contain a plug (not shown) that is removed from the external side of the internal piston 50 prior to use.
  • the plug is preferably made of a suitable material, which may be of natural or synthetic origin, and is compatible with the contents of the container.
  • the internal piston 50 is covered by a stopper 64 as described above.
  • Figure 9 shows the internal piston 50 inserted into a container 2.
  • the stopper 64 is pulled away from the main body 52 as shown in Figure 11 to expose the needle attachment points 58 and the plunger rod seating areas 60.
  • the modified plunger rod 66 contains flanges 68 at the base part 70. Moreover, the two arms 72 of the plunger rod 66 are attached by a flexible spring type mechanism 74 allowing the arms to be squeezed together so that the flanges 68 can be inserted through the neck of the container 2. When inserted through the neck of the container 2, the base flanges 68 of the plunger rod 66 rest evenly on the plunger rod seating areas 60 of the main body 52 of the internal piston 50 as shown in Figure 12. Using the same principle, alternative geometries and shapes may be used to achieve the same end goal of expelling the contents of the container 2. Furthermore, the internal piston 50 may be used with specially designed vials or containers with geometries that allow for optimal performance.
  • the needle 22 and the plunger rod 66 are attached to the main body 52 of the internal piston 50, the contents of the container 2 can be expelled or administered into a patient in the same way as described above. Once again, it is important that the needle 22 and the plunger rod 66 are attached to the main body 52 in such a way that they will not disconnect then the needle is pierced though the skin of the patient.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Anesthesiology (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Infusion, Injection, And Reservoir Apparatuses (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un dispositif d’injection qui peut être utilisé avec des flacons pharmaceutiques standard, ou un autre type similaire de contenant, pour la distribution ou l’administration du contenu du contenant sans l’utilisation d’une seringue. Une fois assemblé, le dispositif d’injection comprend un contenant (2) comportant une base et un goulot ouvert. Un piston interne (10) se trouve à l’intérieur du contenant (2) et comporte un orifice (28). Une aiguille (22) est fixée de manière libérable au corps principal (14) du piston interne (10) en communication fluidique avec l’orifice (28). Une tige de piston (26) est également fixée de manière libérable au corps principal (14). A la fois l’aiguille (22) et la tige du piston (26) s’étendent dans la même direction à travers le goulot ouvert du contenant (2). Le mouvement du piston interne vers la base du contenant (2) appuie en conséquence sur la partie du contenu du contenant qui se trouve en dessous du piston interne (10) à travers l’orifice et hors de l’aiguille (22).
PCT/GB2005/003723 2004-10-04 2005-09-28 Dispositifs d’injection Ceased WO2006037954A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0421977A GB2418616A (en) 2004-10-04 2004-10-04 Injection device with a piston having needle and plunger attachments.
GB0421977.0 2004-10-04

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2006037954A1 true WO2006037954A1 (fr) 2006-04-13

Family

ID=33428015

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB2005/003723 Ceased WO2006037954A1 (fr) 2004-10-04 2005-09-28 Dispositifs d’injection

Country Status (2)

Country Link
GB (1) GB2418616A (fr)
WO (1) WO2006037954A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114401758A (zh) * 2019-06-23 2022-04-26 复活创新有限公司 注射器

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7881547B2 (en) 2006-07-28 2011-02-01 Genesis Microchip Inc. Video window detector
US9352096B2 (en) * 2009-08-21 2016-05-31 Becton Dickinson France Syringe assembly with inverse delivery

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE388200C (de) * 1921-10-20 1924-01-10 Theodor Teichgraeber Akt Ges Medizinische Spritze
GB1159663A (en) * 1965-07-23 1969-07-30 Ogle Robert Walter Improvements in or relating to a Medicament Injector
FR2454802A1 (fr) * 1979-04-23 1980-11-21 Baume Bernard Dispositif permettant d'injecter un produit contenu dans une ampoule
EP0111796A1 (fr) * 1982-12-20 1984-06-27 Medicorp Holding S.A. Ampoule-seringue
AU566250B2 (en) * 1983-10-19 1987-10-15 Locali Pty. Ltd. Syringe in which needle connects to plunger
WO2000013723A2 (fr) * 1998-09-04 2000-03-16 Owen Mumford Limited Ameliorations relatives a des ensembles de transfert de fluide

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2524362A (en) * 1947-07-19 1950-10-03 Arthur E Smith Disposable ampoule syringe
GB1275565A (en) * 1968-09-24 1972-05-24 Sterling Drug Inc Syringe assembly
CH673775A5 (fr) * 1987-07-10 1990-04-12 Jacques Verlier
IT233201Y1 (it) * 1994-03-24 2000-01-26 Bracco Spa Dispositivo a due componenti per la somministrazione di farmaci
FR2729573A1 (fr) * 1995-01-23 1996-07-26 Brunel Marc Seringue pre-remplie du type renfermant une dose de liquide a injecter, et corps de seringue pour une telle seringue pre-remplie
EP1386628A3 (fr) * 1998-03-17 2005-12-07 MDC Investment Holding, Inc. Dispositif d'injection prealablement rempli a aiguille retractable
JP2002172166A (ja) * 2000-12-07 2002-06-18 Shionogi & Co Ltd プレフィルドシリンジ

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE388200C (de) * 1921-10-20 1924-01-10 Theodor Teichgraeber Akt Ges Medizinische Spritze
GB1159663A (en) * 1965-07-23 1969-07-30 Ogle Robert Walter Improvements in or relating to a Medicament Injector
FR2454802A1 (fr) * 1979-04-23 1980-11-21 Baume Bernard Dispositif permettant d'injecter un produit contenu dans une ampoule
EP0111796A1 (fr) * 1982-12-20 1984-06-27 Medicorp Holding S.A. Ampoule-seringue
AU566250B2 (en) * 1983-10-19 1987-10-15 Locali Pty. Ltd. Syringe in which needle connects to plunger
WO2000013723A2 (fr) * 1998-09-04 2000-03-16 Owen Mumford Limited Ameliorations relatives a des ensembles de transfert de fluide

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114401758A (zh) * 2019-06-23 2022-04-26 复活创新有限公司 注射器
CN114401758B (zh) * 2019-06-23 2024-03-19 复活创新有限公司 注射器

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB0421977D0 (en) 2004-11-03
GB2418616A (en) 2006-04-05

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