WO2004113925A1 - Nachweis von protease-resistentem prion-protein nach asymmetrischer spontaner interaktion - Google Patents
Nachweis von protease-resistentem prion-protein nach asymmetrischer spontaner interaktion Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004113925A1 WO2004113925A1 PCT/EP2004/006860 EP2004006860W WO2004113925A1 WO 2004113925 A1 WO2004113925 A1 WO 2004113925A1 EP 2004006860 W EP2004006860 W EP 2004006860W WO 2004113925 A1 WO2004113925 A1 WO 2004113925A1
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- prion protein
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
- G01N33/6893—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids related to diseases not provided for elsewhere
- G01N33/6896—Neurological disorders, e.g. Alzheimer's disease
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
- G01N2800/28—Neurological disorders
- G01N2800/2814—Dementia; Cognitive disorders
- G01N2800/2828—Prion diseases
Definitions
- the present invention relates to methods for the detection of infectious prion protein with improved sensitivity.
- heterologous, non-pathogenic protease-sensitive prio-protein PrPc is added to a sample to be examined, which — in the presence of infectious prion protein PrPSc in the sample — is transformed into protease-resistant prion aggregates by asymmetric spontaneous interaction.
- Prions are those that are responsible for transferable spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), such as Kuru, variant Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (vCJD), spongiform encephalopathy in cattle (BSE), chronic wasting disease (CWD) and scrapie, infectious particles.
- TSE transferable spongiform encephalopathies
- the main component of prions is the glycoprotein PrPSc, which is a conformationally modified isoform of a normal cell surface protein PrPc (Prusiner, PNAS USA 95, 1 363-1 383, 1 998).
- PrPSc is able to replicate itself by converting normal prion molecules PrPc.
- the model is based on the fact that the infectious particle is a multimeric, highly ordered aggregate of PrPSc, while a monomeric PrPSc molecule is unstable and is only stabilized by aggregation with other PrPSc molecules.
- the rate-determining step of replication is thus the formation of a nucleus that functions to further stabilize PrPSc aggregates.
- the PrPSc oligomer extends at the ends of the aggregate as new PrPc molecules attach, convert, and incorporate.
- the kinetics of such a "nucleated prion replication" is thus limited by the number of PrPSc nuclei that are present in the sample and the potential for the interaction of PrPc and PrPSc with one another.
- PrPSc The prion protein PrPSc is the only marker available to date for diagnosing diseases of the TSE type. However, the concentration of PrPSc is so low that it can only be diagnosed in the brain in the relatively late phases of a TSE disease. Thus there is only a very limited diagnostic window for the detection of TSE diseases.
- Efforts are therefore being made to increase the sensitivity of the detection of PrPSc.
- a method for increasing the sensitivity of the detection of PrPSc in a sample has recently been developed (Saborio et al., Nature 41 1, 810-813; 2001 and Soto, Biochem. Soc. Trans. 30, 569-574, 2002, WO 02/04954).
- This method known as protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), involves contacting a sample to be examined with non-pathogenic PrPc, small amounts of PrPSc present in the sample interacting with added PrPc to form aggregates, deaggregating aggregates formed and determining pathogenic PrPc in the sample.
- PMCA protein misfolding cyclic amplification
- the non-pathogenic PrPc added to the sample is homologous PrPc, which comes from the same species as the sample to be examined.
- the process consists of several cycles of experimentally accelerated prion replication. Each cycle consists of two phases. In the first phase, minute amounts of PrPSc interact with some PrPc molecules, converting them and thereby inducing the growth of PrPSc polymers.
- these polymers are broken down into small parts by the application of ultrasound waves, which exponentially increases the number of potential nuclei in each cycle.
- the cyclical nature of the method allows at least theoretically as many cycles until the desired amplification status for the detection of PrPSc is reached.
- the method aims to achieve an exponential increase in the number of template units at the expense of a PrPc-
- the PMCA method used in the hamster model has also recently been described for other species, such as mice, sheep, goats, cattle and humans, with the indication that depending on which species was used, apparently depending on the physical state of the respective PrPSc Polymers in particular the ultrasound strength to be applied, which is necessary for the amplification, must be adapted (Anderes et al., Poster presentation, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies. New perspectives for prion therapeutics, International Conference, December 1-3, 2002, Paris, France ).
- Lucassen et al. describe an in vitro amplification of protease-resistant prion protein PrPSc by mixing scrapie-infected brain homogenate from hamsters or mice with homologous normal brain homogenates.
- heterologous protease-sensitive prion protein PrPc can bind to protease-resistant prion protein PrPSc, but is only converted to the protease-resistant state to an extremely small extent. Furthermore, the presence of heterologous protease-sensitive prion protein PrPc can interfere with the conversion of homologous protease-sensitive prion protein PrPc to protease-resistant PrPSc.
- prion protein aggregates which are formed from protease-resistant prion protein PrPSc and heterologous protease-sensitive prion protein PrPc, have sufficient protease resistance for a diagnostic detection method.
- the object underlying the present invention was to provide a simple, fast and sensitive method for the detection of disease-associated and / or infectious prion protein PrPSc in a sample.
- the solution to this problem according to the invention comprises the steps: (a) providing a sample to be examined,
- the method according to the invention is based on the fact that externally added heterologous non-pathogenic protase-sensitive prion protein is bound to PrPSc aggregates in the presence of disease-specific PrPSc aggregates by a self-induced binding reaction between PrPSc and PrPc, which is referred to as asymmetric spontaneous interaction, under suitable conditions and surprisingly achieves the state of diagnostically detectable protease resistance through a binding interaction.
- the method allows detection of infectious prion protein PrPSc with improved sensitivity and detection of heterologous prion protein isoforms using species-specific prion antibodies.
- a protective binding event for the substrate can now be brought about by admixing the heterologous PrPc substrate and its attachment / binding to differently aggregated PrPSc aggregates, from which an increase in resistance to protease digestion results for the heterologous PrPc through its binding interaction with PrPSc ,
- an increased protease resistance of the aggregates and consequently also of their constituents can apparently be obtained by increasing the state of aggregation as a result of the binding of heterologous PrPc.
- PrPSc / PrPc mixing assemblies which contain heterologous PrPc that has become protease-resistant and, depending on the selection of appropriate species-specific / cross-reactive detection antibodies against prion protein, can be detected.
- the detection can be carried out using known methods, e.g. Western blot, ELISA etc., for the direct or indirect detection of disease-specific PrPSc (depending on the selection of the specificity of the prion detection antibodies used, in addition to the existing PrPSc or exclusively).
- the method leads to a significant increase in sensitivity in the detection of disease-specific PrPSc, in particular if a copolymerization (ie binding) of both homologous and, above all, and especially heterologous protease-sensitive prion protein induced by protease-resistant prion protein takes place continuously in a mixing system (Progressive binding events of heterologous PrPc via binding in the aggregate, possibly due to binding of conformationally changed but not convertible to PrPSc).
- the method comprises admixing a heterologous PrPc substrate (eg normal hamster brain homogenate) with a potentially PrPSc positive or negative template (eg BSE) positive or BSE negative bovine homogenate) under suitable conditions followed by an incubation step for spontaneous binding interaction of the two heterologous protease-sensitive prion-protein PrP forms to a PrPSc template aggregate and a subsequent protease digestion.
- a heterologous PrPc substrate eg normal hamster brain homogenate
- a potentially PrPSc positive or negative template eg BSE positive or BSE negative bovine homogenate
- the heterologous PrPc which is resistant to the protease digestion by binding to the PrPSc template in the aggregate, can then subsequently be diagnosed by means of an appropriately selected detection system and used as a sensitive indicator of primarily present disease-specific prion protein PrPSc.
- the sample is preferably incubated under membrane solubilization conditions in which sphingomyelin / cholesterol-rich detergent-resistant membranes (DRM) required for binding PrPc to PrPSc, so-called “lipid rafts” or Caveolae-like domains (CLDs) ) (Vey et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei., USA, Vol. 93, 14945-14949, 1996; Baron et al., EMBO J., 21, 1031-1040, 2002), with which apparently PrPc and PrPSc are associated via glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors.
- DRM cholesterol-rich detergent-resistant membranes
- CLDs Caveolae-like domains
- an asymmetric spontaneous binding reaction of PrPc to a PrPSc template then takes place in a cell-free binding / conversion system by means of a PrPc / PrPSc “lipid raft” membrane interaction of the heterologous prion protein forms located in the “lipid rafts”, resulting in a diagnostic to the PrPSc Evidence of usable, relative protease resistance of the heterologous PrPc through the binding event with the PrPSc aggregates.
- ASI asymmetric spontaneous binding interaction
- the procedure is simple under almost physiological conditions in e.g. Brain homogenates or other cell-free systems, feasible;
- Step (a) of the method comprises providing a sample to be examined.
- the sample can be derived from tissue or body fluids that may contain prion protein, such as brain, nerve tissue, or the lymphoreticular system, such as blood or blood components.
- the samples are usually provided in the form of homogenates which contain a detergent containing "lipid raft", for example a nonionic detergent such as Triton X100.
- Bovine or human samples in particular are preferably free of ionic detergents, such as SDS.
- Samples from body fluids such as blood, cellular blood components, buffy coats etc. can be provided by enrichment of cells containing prion protein, for example by obtaining lymphocytes and other mononuclear cells from anticoagulated whole blood (for example Accuspin-System Histopaque 1077, Sigma Diagnostics).
- the sample is preferably provided under essentially physiological conditions, for example pH 6-8 and salt concentrations corresponding to 50 to 500 mmol / l NaCl.
- a protease inhibitor or a combination of protease inhibitors is advantageously added to the sample in order to activate endogenous proteases present in the sample.
- the sample is preferably used directly or freshly after homogenization, ie without freezing beforehand.
- Step (b) of the method according to the invention comprises adding heterologous non-pathogenic protease-sensitive prion protein PrPc to the sample to be examined.
- the ratio of the heterologous prion protein added to the prion protein present in the sample is 1:99 to 99: 1, particularly preferably 10:90 to 90:10, with in general homogenates each having essentially the same concentrations, for example 10%, be used.
- heterologous in the sense of the present invention means that normal prion protein PrPc from a foreign species, preferably a foreign genus, is added to the sample.
- rodent PrPc for example hamster PrPc or mouse PrPc
- rodent PrPc for example hamster PrPc or mouse PrPc
- human PrPc to a bovine sample or bovine or sheep PrPc to a human sample.
- the heterologous material added to the sample preferably a PrPc homogenate, is particularly preferably a fresh homogenate that was not frozen after the homogenization.
- Step (c) of the method according to the invention preferably comprises incubating the sample under conditions in which an asymmetric spontaneous interaction of heterologous protease-sensitive prion protein PrPc with infectious prion protein PrPSc present in the sample to form protease-resistant prion protein Aggregates are carried out.
- This asymmetric spontaneous interaction involves an attachment of heterologous non-pathogenic prion protein PrPc to infectious prion protein PrPSc present in the sample.
- the sample is preferably incubated at a temperature of 20-55 ° C, in particular 35-50 ° C.
- the incubation is carried out for a time sufficient to achieve an effective increase in sensitivity.
- the incubation period is at least 10 minutes, e.g. from 10-240 min and particularly preferably from 1 5-1 20 min.
- a disaggregation step can be carried out before step (c), in which high-molecular PrPSc aggregates are disaggregated to low-molecular aggregates.
- a step can include a single ultrasound treatment.
- the method according to the invention can carry out one or more additional amplification cycles, ie one or more successive ultrasound / incubation cycles, for example according to the PMCA method.
- the protease according to step (d) of the method according to the invention is selected such that it is able to cleave non-pathogenic, homologous and added heterologous prion protein PrPc present in the sample in a monomeric form, while added heterologous PrPc in the form of Aggregates with PrPSc are largely resistant to cleavage.
- An example of a suitable protease is proteinase K. Proteinase K is particularly preferably used in a concentration of 50-100 ⁇ g / ml.
- Step (e) of the method according to the invention comprises the determination of protease-resistant prion protein PrPSc in the sample. This determination can be made qualitatively or / and quantitatively by all methods known in the prior art. Examples of suitable methods are immunological methods in which pathogenic prion protein is determined by reaction with a specific antibody.
- prion protein is determined by a Western blot.
- the sample is electrophoretically separated under denaturing conditions, for example by SDS-PAGE, and the proteins contained therein are blotted onto a suitable membrane, for example a nitrocellulose or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- the prion protein is then visualized by reaction with polyclonal or monoclonal anti-prion antibodies, which can be labeled directly, or by a labeled one Secondary antibodies can be detected.
- Enzymatic labeling using a detectable substrate for example a chemiluminescent substrate, is preferred.
- Anti-prion antibodies are mentioned in the examples.
- the determination can also be carried out by an immunoassay, the sample being brought into contact with suitable detection reagents without prior electrophoretic separation.
- the immunoassay is a sandwich assay using a solid phase, e.g. a biotinylated and a labeled e.g. of an enzyme-labeled antibody against the prion protein.
- the detection is particularly preferably carried out by a sandwich ELISA, one or more anti-prion antibodies and an enzyme-antibody conjugate being used as the labeled secondary antibody together with a detectable enzyme substrate.
- antibody combinations comprising antibodies specific for rodents, e.g. Hamster or / and bovine prion protein, or antibodies specific for bovine or / and human prion protein.
- Example 1 Asymmetric spontaneous interaction between heterologous PrP forms in the cattle / hamster system
- BSE-positive bovine brain homogenate (20% homogenate in 10% sucrose), obtained from the Obex region of the Medulla oblongata (VLA case 99/00946), was diluted 100-fold with ice-cold:
- Bovine normal brain homogenate (homologous system), obtained from the obex region of the medulla oblongata of a healthy bovine as a 10% homogenate in PBS buffer with 0.5% Triton-X100 and
- the homogenates were made entirely using a Ribolyzer tissue homogenizer (Hybaid, UK) and green tubes with ceramic beads from Hybaid (UK). After homogenization of normal brain samples in PBS buffer with protease inhibitor cocktail complete, Triton-X100 was added to a final concentration of 0.5% and the homogenates were solubilized for 1 5 min at 25 ° C. with shaking. The normal brain homogenates were then placed in an ice bath and treated with BSE Brain homogenate mixed as indicated above. 200 ⁇ ⁇ aliquots were subjected to the treatment procedures described below, the 0 min samples being kept in an ice bath.
- SDS-PAGE was performed by mixing the sample with 2x SDS sample buffer under reducing conditions (5 min at 95 ° C), followed by electroblotting on a PVDF membrane.
- Monoclonal antibodies for the Western blot Monoclonal antibodies for the Western blot.
- Antibody L42 (R Biopharm, Germany): 250 ng / ml; L42 reacts with human and bovine PrP, but has only a weak cross-reactivity with hamster PrP in the Western blot (FIG. 6).
- ICSM 1 8 (Imperial College London, UK): 500ng / ml; ICSM 1 8 reacts with hamsters, human and bovine PrP ( Figure 1).
- ICSM 35 (Imperial College London, UK): 500ng / ml; ICSM 35 reacts with human and bovine PrP and, compared to ICSM 18, more strongly with hamster PrP than with bovine PrP (FIG. 3).
- 3F4 (Signet, USA): 500ng / ml; 3F4 reacts with hamster and human PrP, but not with bovine PrP in a Western blot (FIG. 4).
- 1 2F10 (SPIO-BIO, France): 500 ng / ml; 1 2F10 reacts with human and bovine PrP ( Figure 2).
- 6H4 (Prionics, Switzerland): 500 mg / ml; 6H4 reacts with human and bovine PrP and to a lesser extent with hamster PrP (Figure 5).
- proteinase K-resistant hamster prion bands (approximately 35 kDa), presumably consisting of hamster PrPc, can be recognized in the heterologous bovine PrPSc / Hamster PrPc systems, ie in systems in which a heterologous PrPc bond can take place (cf. antibody reactivity pattern ICSM 1 8, 35, 3F4 and 6H4, samples 3-8).
- the samples were mixed with 2 ⁇ guanidinium-HCl denaturation buffer (7.6 M guanidinium-HCl, final concentration 3.8 M guanidinium-HCl) for 15 min at room temperature with shaking at 450 rpm to expose antibody-reactive epitopes.
- 40 ⁇ l of the samples were then added to 200 ⁇ l incubation buffer which contained an antibody conjugate mixture of ICSM 35 IgG-Biotin (1 ⁇ g / ml) / ICSM18 Fab'-POD polyconjugate (100 mU / ml) and for 2 h at 25 ° C with shaking (400 rpm) in a microtiter plate coated with Thermo-RSA streptavidin (Biocoat, Germany).
- the plates were washed with PBS / 0.05% Tween 20 and the immobilized immune complexes were detected using the substrate TMB (200 ⁇ ⁇ , 5 min).
- the enzyme reaction was stopped by adding 50 / I stop solution (2M H 2 SO 4 ).
- Proteinase K-resistant bovine PrP aggregates in the homologous bovine PrPSc / bovine PrPc system arise regardless of the incubation time (0-60 min) under the experimental conditions used (cf. samples 10-1 3 and 14-17).
- Sample 9 is a bovine normal brain homogenate (PrPc digestion control) used as a PrPc source in the homologous dilution experiment. Proteinase K-resistant aggregates can be seen in the heterologous bovine PrPSc / hamster PrPc system, which arise regardless of the incubation time / temperature under the experimental conditions used (see samples 3/4, 5/6, 7/8) , Surprisingly, the values in the heterologous bovine PrPSc / hamster PrPc system are far higher than in the homologous bovine PrPSc / bovine PrPc system.
- Sample 2 represents a hamster normal brain homogenate (PrPc digestion control), which was used as the PrPc source in the heterologous dilution experiment.
- a decrease in the OD value in the ELISA system after ultrasound treatment can occur in the heterologous bovine PrPSc / hamster PrPc system (ELISA samples 7, 8; decrease of approximately 25%) compared to the samples without ultrasound treatment (ELISA samples 5, 6).
- this decrease does not occur in the homologous bovine PrPSc / bovine PrPc system (cf. ELISA samples 10-1 3 with samples 14-1 7).
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Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2006516051A JP2009513927A (ja) | 2003-06-26 | 2004-06-24 | 非対称的な自発的相互作用によるプロテアーゼ耐性プリオンタンパク質の検出 |
| CA002524030A CA2524030A1 (en) | 2003-06-26 | 2004-06-24 | Detection of protease-resistant prion protein after asymmetric spontaneous interaction |
| EP04740273A EP1636591A1 (de) | 2003-06-26 | 2004-06-24 | Nachweis von protease-resistentem prion-protein nach asymmetrischer spontaner interaktion |
| US11/303,902 US20060154239A1 (en) | 2003-06-26 | 2005-12-16 | Detection of protease-resistant prion protein after asymmetric spontaneous interaction |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10328830A DE10328830A1 (de) | 2003-06-26 | 2003-06-26 | Nachweis von Protease-resistentem Prion-Protein nach asymmetrischer Interaktion |
| DE10328830.9 | 2003-06-26 |
Related Child Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US11/303,902 Continuation US20060154239A1 (en) | 2003-06-26 | 2005-12-16 | Detection of protease-resistant prion protein after asymmetric spontaneous interaction |
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| WO2004113925A1 true WO2004113925A1 (de) | 2004-12-29 |
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| US (1) | US20060154239A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP1636591A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2009513927A (de) |
| CA (1) | CA2524030A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE10328830A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2004113925A1 (de) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2009145195A1 (ja) * | 2008-05-28 | 2009-12-03 | 独立行政法人農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 | Bse由来異常プリオン蛋白質の効率的増幅方法 |
| WO2009145194A1 (ja) * | 2008-05-28 | 2009-12-03 | 独立行政法人農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 | 羊スクレイピー由来異常プリオン蛋白質の効率的増幅方法 |
| US8216788B2 (en) * | 2007-07-20 | 2012-07-10 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | Detection of infectious prion protein by seeded conversion of recombinant prion protein |
| CN104062441A (zh) * | 2014-04-01 | 2014-09-24 | 临沂大学 | 测定绵羊粪便排泄物中类固醇代谢物含量的方法 |
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| US20080254486A1 (en) * | 2004-12-15 | 2008-10-16 | University Of Guelph | Prion Sensors for Diagnosis of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy or for Detection of Prions, and Use Thereof |
| FR2929290B1 (fr) * | 2008-03-27 | 2010-05-07 | Lfb Biotechnologies | Methode de detection et/ou de titrage in vitro d'un agent transmissible non conventionnel |
| JP5367583B2 (ja) * | 2008-05-29 | 2013-12-11 | アークレイ株式会社 | 免疫分析装置および免疫分析方法 |
| CN113646891A (zh) * | 2019-04-08 | 2021-11-12 | ams有限公司 | 包括集成漫射器的光学传感器 |
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2003
- 2003-06-26 DE DE10328830A patent/DE10328830A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2004
- 2004-06-24 EP EP04740273A patent/EP1636591A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-06-24 WO PCT/EP2004/006860 patent/WO2004113925A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2004-06-24 JP JP2006516051A patent/JP2009513927A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-06-24 CA CA002524030A patent/CA2524030A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2005
- 2005-12-16 US US11/303,902 patent/US20060154239A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8216788B2 (en) * | 2007-07-20 | 2012-07-10 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | Detection of infectious prion protein by seeded conversion of recombinant prion protein |
| WO2009145195A1 (ja) * | 2008-05-28 | 2009-12-03 | 独立行政法人農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 | Bse由来異常プリオン蛋白質の効率的増幅方法 |
| WO2009145194A1 (ja) * | 2008-05-28 | 2009-12-03 | 独立行政法人農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 | 羊スクレイピー由来異常プリオン蛋白質の効率的増幅方法 |
| AU2009252392B2 (en) * | 2008-05-28 | 2012-02-02 | Incorporated Administrative Agency National Agriculture And Food Research Organization | Method for efficiently amplifying abnormal prion protein derived from BSE |
| JP5209711B2 (ja) * | 2008-05-28 | 2013-06-12 | 独立行政法人農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 | 羊スクレイピー由来異常プリオン蛋白質の効率的増幅方法 |
| JP5209712B2 (ja) * | 2008-05-28 | 2013-06-12 | 独立行政法人農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 | Bse由来異常プリオン蛋白質の効率的増幅方法 |
| EP2280029A4 (de) * | 2008-05-28 | 2014-10-01 | Inc Admin Agency Naro | Verfahren zur effizienten verstärkung von aus bse abgeleiteten abnormalen prionproteinen |
| CN104062441A (zh) * | 2014-04-01 | 2014-09-24 | 临沂大学 | 测定绵羊粪便排泄物中类固醇代谢物含量的方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2009513927A (ja) | 2009-04-02 |
| DE10328830A1 (de) | 2005-01-20 |
| EP1636591A1 (de) | 2006-03-22 |
| US20060154239A1 (en) | 2006-07-13 |
| CA2524030A1 (en) | 2004-12-29 |
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