WO2001075149A2 - Biosensor, biosensor-array und verfahren zum ermitteln makromolekularer biopolymere mit einem biosensor - Google Patents
Biosensor, biosensor-array und verfahren zum ermitteln makromolekularer biopolymere mit einem biosensor Download PDFInfo
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- WO2001075149A2 WO2001075149A2 PCT/DE2001/001240 DE0101240W WO0175149A2 WO 2001075149 A2 WO2001075149 A2 WO 2001075149A2 DE 0101240 W DE0101240 W DE 0101240W WO 0175149 A2 WO0175149 A2 WO 0175149A2
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
- G01N33/54366—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing
- G01N33/54373—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing involving physiochemical end-point determination, e.g. wave-guides, FETS, gratings
- G01N33/5438—Electrodes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
- G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
- G01N27/327—Biochemical electrodes, e.g. electrical or mechanical details for in vitro measurements
- G01N27/3275—Sensing specific biomolecules, e.g. nucleic acid strands, based on an electrode surface reaction
- G01N27/3277—Sensing specific biomolecules, e.g. nucleic acid strands, based on an electrode surface reaction being a redox reaction, e.g. detection by cyclic voltammetry
Definitions
- the invention relates to a biosensor, a biosensor array and a method for determining macromolecular biopolymers using a biosensor
- Such a biosensor such a biosensor array and such a method are known from [1] and [4].
- the sensor 200 has two electrodes 201, 202 made of gold, which are embedded in an insulator layer 203 made of insulator material. Electrode connections 204, 205 are connected to the electrodes 201, 202, to which the electrical potential applied to the electrode 201, 202 can be supplied. The electrodes 201, 202 are arranged as planar electrodes. DNA probe molecules 206 are immobilized on each electrode 201, 202 (cf. FIG. 2a). The immobilization takes place according to the so-called gold-sulfur coupling.
- the analyte to be examined for example an electrolyte 207, is applied to the electrodes 201, 202.
- the electrolyte 207 contains DNA strands 208 with a sequence that is complementary to the sequence of the DNA probe molecules 206, these DNA strands 208 hybridize with the DNA probe molecules 206 (cf. FIG. 2b).
- Hybridization of a DNA probe molecule 206 and a DNA strand 208 only takes place if the sequences of the respective DNA probe molecule 206 and the corresponding DNA strand 208 are complementary to one another. If this is not the case, no hybridization takes place.
- a DNA probe molecule of a given sequence is only able to have a specific one, namely the DNA strand complementary sequence to bind, ie reindeer with him hybridization ⁇ .
- the value of the impedance between the electrodes 201 and 202 changes, as can be seen from FIG. 2b.
- This changed impedance is obtained by applying an alternating voltage with an amplitude of approximately 50 mV to the electrode connections 204, 205 and the resulting current is determined by means of a connected measuring device (not shown).
- the capacitive component of the impedance between the electrodes 201, 202 decreases. This is due to the fact that both the DNA probe molecules 206 and the DNA strands 208, which may hybridize with the DNA probe molecules 206, do not are conductive and thus clearly shield the respective electrodes 201, 202 to a certain extent electrically.
- Electrodes 201, 202 To improve the measurement accuracy, it is known from [4] to use a large number of electrode pairs 201, 202 and to connect them in parallel, these being clearly arranged with one another so that a so-called interdigital electrode 300 results.
- the dimension of the electrodes and the distances between the electrodes are of the order of the length of the molecules to be detected, i.e. of DNA strands 208 or below, for example in the range of 200 nm and below.
- a further procedure for examining the electrolyte with regard to the existence of a DNA strand with a predetermined sequence is known from [2].
- the DNA strands are labeled with the desired sequence and their existence is determined on the basis of the reflective properties of the labeled molecules.
- light in the visible wavelength range is radiated onto the electrolyte and that is marked by the electrolyte, in particular by the label to be detected.
- DNA strand, reflected light is recorded. Due to the reflection behavior, ie in particular due to the errez- th, reflected light beams is determined whether or not the assigning after ⁇ DNA strand with the corresponding predetermined sequence indicative m the electrolyte is contained or not.
- affinity chromatography cf. [3]
- immobilized low-molecular molecules in particular ligands of high specificity and affinity
- ligands of high specificity and affinity to isolate peptides and proteins, e.g. Enzymes to bind specifically in the analyte.
- the reduct / oxidate recycling process hereinafter also referred to as the redox recycling process, is explained in more detail below with reference to FIGS. 4 a to 4 c.
- FIG. A shows a biosensor 400 with a first electrode 401 and a second electrode 4C2, which are applied to a substrate 403 as an insulator layer.
- a holding area designed as a holding layer 404, is applied to the first electrode 401 made of gold.
- the Haltebe ⁇ rich used to immobilize DNA Sondenmolekulen 405 on the first electrode four hundred and first
- the sensor 400 is treated with a solution 406 to be examined, e.g. an electrolyte, brought into contact in such a way that any DNA strands contained in the solution 406 to be examined can hybridize with the complementary sequence to the sequence of the DNA probe molecules 405.
- a solution 406 to be examined e.g. an electrolyte
- FIG. B shows the case where the DNA strand 407 to be detected is contained in the solution 406 to be examined and is hybridized to the DNA probe molecules 405.
- the DNA strands 407 in the solution to be examined are marked with an enzyme 408, with which it is possible to cleave m partial molecules described below.
- a significantly larger number of DNA probe molecules 405 is usually provided than the DNA strand 407 to be determined is contained in the solution 406 to be examined.
- the biosensor 400 is rinsed, whereby the non-hybridized DNA strand is removed and the biosensor 400 from it investigating solution 406 is cleaned.
- An electrically uncharged substance is added to this rinsing solution used for the rinsing or another solution specifically supplied in a further phase, which contains molecules which can be cleaved by the enzyme on the hybridized DNA strands 407, m a first partial muscle of a negative first electrical charge and m is a second sub-molecule of a positive second electrical charge.
- the negatively charged partial molecules are drawn to the positively charged anode, as indicated by the arrow 411 in FIG. C.
- the negatively charged first sub-molecules 410 are oxidized on the first electrode 401, which has a positive electrical potential as an anode, and are oxidized as sub-molecules 413 on the negatively charged cathode, i.e. pulled the second electrode 402 where they are reduced again.
- the reduced sub-molecules 414 in turn migrate to the first electrode 401, i.e. to the anode.
- the electrical parameter that is evaluated with this method is the change in the electrical current as a function of the time t, as shown in the diagram 500 m in FIG. 5.
- the resulting curve profile 503 has an offset current I 0 ff Set 504 which is independent of the time profile.
- the offset current I offset 504 is generated by parasitic An ⁇ parts due to the biosensor Gallidealitaten 400th
- An essential cause for the offset current I 0 ff S e-504 is that the first electrode 401 is not completely covered with DNA probe molecules 405.
- the first electrode 401 is completely covered with DNA probe molecules 405, there would only be a purely capacitive electrical one between the first electrode 401 and the electrically conductive solution 406 to be examined, due to the so-called double-layer capacity that is created by the immobilized DNA probe molecules 405 Coupling.
- the incomplete coverage leads to parasitic current paths between the first electrode 401 and the solution 406 to be examined, which also have ohmic components, among other things.
- the first electrode 401 in order to enable the oxide / reduct process, the first electrode 401 must not be completely covered with the DNA probe molecules 405 so that the electrically charged partial molecules, i.e. the negatively charged first partial molecules are attracted to the first electrode 401 at all.
- the covering of the first electrode 401 with DNA probe molecules 405 should be as dense as possible.
- both electrodes 401, 402 must always provide a sufficiently large amount of space for the oxidation / reduction process as part of the redox recycling process.
- the invention is therefore based on the problem of determining macromolecular biopolymers with increased accuracy in the context of a redox recycling process.
- the problem is solved by the biosensor, the biosensor array, and by the method for determining macromolecular biopolymers with a biosensor with the features according to the independent patent claims.
- a biosensor has a first electrode which has a holding area for holding probe molecules which can bind macromolecular biopolymers. Furthermore, the biosensor has a second and a third electrode. The second electrode and the third electrode are designed in such a way that the reduction / oxidation process takes place in the context of a reduction / oxidation recycling process on the second electrode and on the third electrode.
- the first electrode is covered with a considerably greater density of probe molecules, as a result of which the parasitic effects described above when the changing current is determined by the biosensor are avoided.
- a biosensor array can have a large number of first electrodes, each of which has a holding area for holding probe molecules which can bind macromolecular biopolymers.
- a large number of second electrodes and a large number of number of third electrodes provided.
- Each of the second elec trodes ⁇ and the third electrodes are configured such that the Redukt ⁇ ons- / Ox ⁇ dat ⁇ ons process takes place as part of the redox R ecyclmg operation on the second electrodes and the third electrodes.
- a biosensor In a method for determining macromolecular biopolymers with a biosensor, a biosensor is used with a first electrode that has a holding area for holding probe molecules that can bind macromolecular biopolymers, as well as a second electrode and a third electrode.
- a solution to be examined is brought into contact with the biosensor.
- the solution can contain the macromolecular biopolymers to be detected. If the macromolecular biopolymers are contained in the solution to be examined, they bind to the probe molecules immobilized on the holding area of the first electrode, which can each bind the macromolecular biopolymers.
- the bound macromolecular biopolymers are or are labeled with an enzyme, for example after binding, for example after hybridization of the DNA strand.
- the biosensor is rewound with a rinsing solution so that the solution to be examined and thus not hybridized, i.e. unbound macromolecular biopolymers are removed from the biosensor.
- a further solution which can also be formed by adding a substance to the flush solution, is brought into contact with the biosensor.
- the further solution contains molecules that can be cleaved by the enzyme on the macromolecular biopolymers.
- one fissile molecule is split up into a first sub-molecule of a first charge and m second sub-molecule of a second electrical charge.
- the first Molmolekul is oxidized at the third electrode or reduced and the Oxidized or reduced first Molekul is reduced at the second electrode or oxidized, so that a redox Recyc ⁇ lmg operation between the third electrode and the second electrode is carried out ,
- the macromolecular biopolymers are determined, i.e. the course of the circulating current of the redox recycling process is determined, for example as in the prior art, and the number of bound macromolecular biopolymers on the first electrode is determined therefrom.
- this means that such a biosensor provides both qualitative and quantitative information about the DNA content of a solution to be examined.
- an enzyme of the class of the NADH-independent dehydrogenases or also an enzyme of the class of the phenol oxidases can be used as the enzyme.
- the concentration of the reduction / oxidation process on the second electrode and the third electrode can be ensured, for example, by the first electrode having a first electrical potential, the second electrode having a second electrical potential and the third electrode having a third electrical potential ,
- the third electrical potential can be selected such that during the redox recycling process, the reduction or oxidation takes place only at the second and third electrodes.
- this is achieved in that the third electrical potential is greater than the first electrical potential and that the first electrical potential is greater than the second electrical potential.
- the holding area of the first electrode can be coated with a material that can immobilize probe molecules.
- the holding area can thus have, for example, one of the following materials:
- the holding portion may be staltet both for holding ligand been ⁇ with which peptides or proteins can be bound and for maintaining DNA Sondenmolekulen with which DNA molecules can be bound.
- the electrodes can be arranged in an interdigital electrode arrangement, as described for example in [4], the third electrode being arranged in each case between the first and the second electrode.
- the electrodes are arranged in a circle concentrically around one another, the third electrode being arranged in each case between the first electrode and the second electrode.
- first electrode and the second electrode and / or the third electrode can be arranged relative to one another in such a way that between the first electrode and the second electrode and / or third electrode there are essentially non-curved field lines between the first electrode and the second electrode and / or the electrical field generated by the third electrode.
- Macromolecular biopolymers are, for example, proteins or peptides or DNA strands of a given sequence.
- the macromolecular biopolymer can be labeled with the enzyme in advance.
- the immobilized molecules are ligands, for example active substances with a possible binding activity, which the proteins or peptides to be detected are the j e election electrode tie on which the corresponding ligands are arranged.
- Enzyme agonists or enzyme antagonists pharmaceuticals, sugars or antibodies or any molecule which has the ability to specifically bind proteins or peptides can be considered as ligands.
- DNA strands of a given sequence are to be used as macromolecular biopolymers, which are to be detected by means of the biosensor, then DNA strands of a given sequence with DNA probe molecules with the sequence complementary to the sequence of the immobilized DNA strand can be used as Molecules are hybridized on the first electrode.
- a probe molecule is understood to mean both a ligand and a DNA probe molecule.
- the holding area can be designed to hold probe molecules with which peptides or proteins can be bound.
- the holding area can be designed to hold DNA probe molecules with which DNA molecules can be bound.
- FIG. 1 shows a sketch of a biosensor according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention
- Figures 2a and 2b show a sketch of two planar, with the existence ⁇ to be detected or their DNA strands can Skinexi ⁇ tenz means of which an electrolyte (Figure 2a) (2b) can be detected;
- FIG. 3 interdigital electrodes according to the prior art.
- FIGS. 4a to 4c sketches of a biosensor according to the prior art, on the basis of which individual conditions are explained in the context of the redox recycling process;
- Figure 5 shows a functional curve of a circulating current according to the
- FIG. 6 shows an interdigital electrode arrangement according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 7 shows a biosensor according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 8 shows a cross section of a biosensor with two electrodes which are arranged as an interdigital electrode arrangement
- FIGS. 9a to 9d cross-sectional views of an interdigital electrode in four process states in a manufacturing process of a biosensor according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention
- FIGS. 10a to 10c cross-sectional views of a biosensor during individual method steps of the manufacturing method of an electrode of the biosensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention
- FIGS. 11a to 11c cross-sectional views of a biosensor during individual process steps in the manufacture lungsvon an electrode of the biosensor according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention
- FIGS. 12a to 12c each show a cross section of a biosensor at different times during the manufacturing process according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 13 shows a plan view of a biosensor array according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention with cylindrical electrodes
- FIG. 14 shows a plan view of a biosensor array according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention with cuboid electrodes
- FIG. 15 shows a cross-sectional view of a biosensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 16 shows a cross-sectional view of a biosensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention.
- FIGS. 17a to 17g cross-sectional views of a biosensor during individual method steps of a manufacturing process according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 18 shows a further electrode arrangement according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 19 shows a plan view of a biosensor array according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention with cuboid electrodes, to which the electrodes are shown with the electrical potential assigned to them.
- Fig. L shows a biosensor 100 according to an Ausbowungsbei ⁇ play of the invention.
- the biosensor 100 includes three electrodes, a first electrode 101, a second electrode 102, and a third Elec trode ⁇ 103rd
- the electrodes 101, 102, 103 are electrically insulated from one another by means of an insulator material as the insulator layer 104.
- a holding region 105 is provided on the first electrode 101 for holding probe molecules which can bind macromolecular biopolymers.
- the probe molecules 106 according to this exemplary embodiment are DNA probe molecules with which DNA strands can hybridize with a sequence complementary to the sequence of the DNA probe molecules.
- the DNA probe molecules 106 are immobilized on the first electrode 101 made of gold by means of the known gold-sulfur coupling. If another material is used to bind the probe molecules, the material is provided with the corresponding coating material on which the probe molecules can be immobilized.
- a first S tep a solution to be examined for example an electrolyte
- the macromolecular biopolymers that may be detected ie the DNA strands that can be hybridized by the DNA probe molecules
- the biosensor 100 ie in particular with the first electrode 101 with the DNA Probe molecules 106 contacted.
- This is done in such a way that any DNA strands contained in the solution to be examined can hybridize with the DNA probe molecules.
- the biosensor 100 is rinsed using a rinsing solution, not shown, i.e. the non-hybridized DNA strands and the solution to be examined are removed.
- a further solution 109 is brought into contact with the biosensor 100, in particular with the first electrode 101.
- Fig.l shows the biosensor 100 in the state in which already
- DNA strands 107 are hybridized with the DNA probe molecules 106.
- the hybridized DNA strands 107 are each labeled with an enzyme 108 with which the molecules explained in the further solution 109 can be cleaved.
- enzyme 108 can be, for example
- Tyrosinase • or related enzymes can be used.
- low molecular weight enzymes can ensure the highest conversion efficiency and therefore the highest sensitivity.
- the further solution 109 thus contains molecules 110 which can be cleaved by the enzyme 108, a first sub-molecule 111 with a negative electrical charge and m a second sub-molecule with a positive electrical charge.
- An electrical potential is applied to each of the electrodes 101, 102, 103.
- a first electrical potential V (E1) is thus applied to the first electrode 101, a second electrical potential V (E2) to the second electrode 102 and a third electrical potential V (E3) to the third electrode 103.
- ⁇ is a dependent on the Vorzei ⁇ surfaces of the charge, each of the following potential gradient of the elec- trical potentials to the electrodes 101, 102 , 103 laid out in such a way that:
- the third electrode 103 has a positive electrical potential V (E3), then the third electrode 103 has the greatest electrical potential of the electrodes 101, 102, 103 of the biosensor 100.
- the first electrode 101 is now no longer used both as a holding electrode for holding the probe molecules and as a measuring electrode for oxidizing or reducing the respective partial molecules.
- the third electrode 103 now clearly performs the function of the electrode on which the oxidation or reduction of the partial molecules generated takes place.
- a n of the third electrode 103 is carried out an oxidation of the nega ⁇ tively charged partial molecules 111 and the oxidized first partial molecules 112 are drawn to the second electrode 102, since this is the smallest electrical potential V (E2) of all electron trodes 101, 102, 103 in the biosensor 100.
- the oxidized sub-molecules are reduced at the second electrode 102 and the reduced sub-molecules 113 are in turn pulled towards the third electrode 103, where again oxidation takes place.
- the electrodes can be arranged on an biosensor 600 as interdigital electrodes, the third electrode 603 being arranged between the first electrode 601 and the second electrode 602.
- the first electrodes 601, the second electrodes 602 and the third electrodes 603 are each connected in parallel and coupled to a first electrical connection 604, a second electrical connection 605 and a third electrical connection 606, respectively.
- the invention is not limited to the determination of DNA strands, but that macromolecular biopolymers can be determined in general, and in the event that proteins or peptides are to be determined, the probe molecules are designed as ligands which are associated with can bind to proteins or peptides.
- the biosensor 100, 600 can also be used in a biosensor array with a large number of such biosensors.
- Each point that forms an element of the biosensor array as an electrode has the property described above. It is only necessary to ensure that the first electrode, to which probe molecules are immobilized or can be immobilized, are electrically shielded from the split submolecules.
- a different number of electrodes which according to the exemplary embodiment from FIG. 1 correspond to the first electrode 101, the second electrode 102 and the third electrode 103, can be distributed in different densities via a biosensor, provided that the shielding The first electrode is guaranteed by the split submolecules as part of the redox recycling process.
- the measurement can also be carried out as a function of locally varying electrode potentials. Different density distributions of the functionally different electrodes are also possible in the context of a biosensor array.
- the biosensor chip 700 has a first electrode 701 and a second electrode 702, which are arranged on an insulator layer 703 in such a way that the first electrode 701 and the second electrode 702 are electrically insulated from one another.
- the first electrode 701 is coupled to a first electrical connection 704, and the second electrode 702 is coupled to a second electrical connection 705.
- the electrodes 701, 702 have a cuboid structure, with a first electrode surface 706 of the first electrode 701 and a first electrode surface 707 of the second electrode 702 being oriented essentially parallel to one another.
- the electrodes 701, 702 have side walls 706, 707 which are essentially perpendicular with respect to the surface 708 of the insulator layer 703 and which form the first electrode surface 706 of the first electrode 701 or the first electrode surface 707 of the second electrode 702 ,
- a field line course m t field lines 709 is generated by the electrode surfaces 706, 707 which are oriented essentially parallel to one another and which are essentially uncurved between the surfaces 706, 707.
- Curved field lines 710 result only between a second electrode surface 711 of the first electrode 701 and a second electrode surface 712 of the second electrode 702, which each form the upper surfaces for the electrodes 701, 702, and an edge region 713 between the electrodes 701, 702.
- the first electrode surfaces 706, 707 of the electrodes 701, 702 are holding regions for holding probe molecules, which can bind macromolecular biopolymers, which are to be detected by means of the biosensor 700.
- the electrodes 701, 702 are made of gold.
- Covalent connections are made between the electrodes and the probe molecules, the sulfur being present to form a gold-sulfur coupling in the form of a sulfide or a thiol.
- DNA probe molecules are used as probe molecules, such sulfur functionalities are part of a modified nucleotide, which by means of phosphoramidite chemistry during an automated DNA synthesis process at the 3 'end or at the 5' end of the DNA to be immobilized - Strangs is installed.
- the DNA probe molecule is thus immobilized at its 3 'end or at its 5' end.
- the sulfur functionalities are formed by one end of an alkyl linker or an alkylene linker, the other end of which has a chemical functionality suitable for the covalent connection of the ligand, for example a hydroxyl radical, an acetoxy radical or one Succinimidyl ester residue.
- the electrodes i.e. In particular, the holding areas are covered with an electrolyte 714, generally with a solution to be examined, during the measuring insert.
- the solution 714 to be examined contains the macromolecular biopolymers to be recorded, for example DNA strands to be recorded with a predetermined sequence, which olecules on the electrodes with the immobilized DNA probes can hybridize, the DNA strands hybridize with the DNA probe molecules.
- the solution 714 to be examined does not contain any DNA strands with the sequence complementary to the sequence of the DNA probe molecules, then no DNA strands from the solution 714 to be examined can hybridize with the DNA probe molecules on the electrodes 701, 702.
- a redox recycling process will be started between the electrodes 701, 702 and the number of labeled hybridized DNA strands, generally the labeled bound macromolecular biopolymers, will be determined.
- FIG. 8 shows a biosensor 800 with a further electrode configuration according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention.
- the biosensor 800 has two electrodes 701, 702 which are applied to the insulator layer 703.
- the two electrodes according to the biosensor 800 shown in FIG. 8 are arranged as a plurality of alternately arranged, parallel-connected electrodes in the form of the known interdigital electrode arrangement.
- FIG. 8 also shows a schematic electrical equivalent circuit diagram which shows the representation of the biosensor 800.
- Fig.9a shows a silicon substrate 900 as it is produced for known CMO ⁇ processes.
- an insulator layer 901 which also serves as a passivation layer, is of sufficient thickness, according to the exemplary embodiment, in a thickness of 500 n, by means of a CVD -Procedure applied.
- the insulator layer 901 can be made from silicon oxide SiO or silicon nitride Si 3 N ⁇ .
- the interdigital arrangement of the biosensor 800 according to the exemplary embodiment shown above is defined by means of photolithography on the insulator layer 901.
- the insulator layer 901 produces steps 902, i.e. etched, according to the exemplary embodiment, a minimum height 903 of approximately 100 nm.
- steps 902 i.e. etched, according to the exemplary embodiment, a minimum height 903 of approximately 100 nm.
- the height 903 of the steps 902 uss must be sufficiently large for a subsequent self-locking process for forming the metal electrode.
- a vapor deposition method or a sputtering method can also be used to apply the insulator layer 901.
- Em angle 906 of the S tufenflanken measured to the surface of the insulator layer 901 should be in accordance with the exemplary embodiment of degree at least 50th
- the thickness of approximately 10 nm made of titanium is deposited onto the step-shaped insulator layer 901.
- the auxiliary layer 904 can have tungsten and / or nickel-chromium and / or molybdenum.
- a metal layer 907 made of gold grows up porously at the edges 905 of the steps 902 in such a way that it is possible, in a further method step, to pass one column at each step 908 m to etch the gold layer 907 applied over the entire surface.
- the gold layer 907 for the biosensor 800 is applied.
- the gold layer has a thickness of approximately 500 nm to approximately 2000 nm.
- the thickness of the gold layer 907 it can only be ensured that the thickness of the gold layer 907 is sufficient so that the gold layer 907 grows porous and columnar.
- openings 908 m are etched through the gold layer 907, so that gaps form.
- the gaps 908 are formed depending on the duration of the etching process.
- the duration of the etching process is the base width, i.e. determines the distance 909 between the gold electrodes 910, 911 that are formed.
- the wet etching is ended.
- the etching takes place much faster in the direction parallel to the surface of the insulator layer 901 than in the direction perpendicular to the surface of the insulator layer 901.
- noble metals such as platinum, titanium or silver can also be used, since these materials can also have holding areas or can be coated with a suitable material for holding immobilized DNA probe molecules or in general for holding probe molecules, and have columnar growth on vapor deposition.
- the structure according to this exemplary embodiment has the particular advantage that the self-adjusting opening of the gold layer 907 over the edges 905 means that the distance between the electrodes 910, 911 is not tied to a minimal resolution of the manufacturing process, ie the distance 909 Zvi ⁇ rule the electrodes 910, 911 can be kept very narrow.
- the result of this method is the biosensor 800 according to the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 8 with the corresponding metal electrodes.
- a substrate 1001 is assumed, for example a silicon substrate wafer (cf. FIG. 10 a), on which a metallization 1002 is already provided as an electrical connection, wherein an etch stop layer 1003 made of silicon nitride Si 3 N 4 is already applied to the substrate 1001.
- a metal layer 1004, in accordance with the exemplary embodiment a gold layer 1004, is applied to the substrate by means of a vapor deposition process.
- a sputtering process or a CVD process can be used to apply the gold layer 1004 to the etch stop layer 1003.
- the metal layer 1004 comprises the metal from which the electrode to be formed is to be formed.
- an electrically insulating auxiliary layer 1005 made of silicon oxide SiO : is applied by means of a CVD method (alternatively by means of a vapor deposition method or a sputtering method).
- a lacquer structure is formed from a lacquer layer 1006, for example a cuboid structure, which corresponds to the shape of the electrode to be formed.
- a lacquer structure is produced by means of photolithography, the structure of which corresponds to the electrodes to be formed, which form the biosensor array.
- the lacquer layer 1006 After application of the lacquer layer 1006 and the corresponding exposure, which specifies the corresponding lacquer structures, the lacquer layer in the not "developed", i.e. unexposed areas, for example by means of ashing or wet chemical removal.
- the auxiliary layer 1005 is also removed in the areas not protected by the photoresist layer 1006 by means of a wet etching process or a dry etching process.
- a further metal layer 1007 is used as an electrode layer in such a way that the side surfaces 1008, 1009 of the remaining auxiliary layer 1005 are covered with the electrode material, according to the exemplary embodiment with gold (see Fig.10b).
- the application can take place by means of a CVD method or a sputtering method, or S with an ion metal plasma process.
- a spacer etching is carried out, in which the desired structure of the electrode 1010 is formed by targeted overetching of the metal layers 1004, 1007.
- the electrode 1010 thus has the spacers 1011, 1012 not etched away in the etching step of the etching of the metal layers 1004, 1007 and the part of the first metal layer 1004 which is arranged directly below the remaining auxiliary layer 1005 and which has not been etched away by means of the etching process.
- the electrode 1010 is connected to the electrical connection, i.e. the metallization 1002 electrically coupled.
- the auxiliary layer 1005 made of silicon oxide can, if required, be removed by further etching, for example in plasma or wet-chemical, by means of a method in which selectivity for the etching stop layer 1003 is given.
- auxiliary layer 1005 consists of silicon oxide and the etching stop layer 1003 has silicon nitride.
- Spacers 1011, 1012 and the surface 1014 of the etch stop layer 1003 are thus determined by the steepness of the flanks of the remaining auxiliary layer 1005, ie in particular the steepness of the lacquered flanks 1015, 1016 of the structured lacquer layer 1006.
- 11a to 11c show a further possibility for producing an electrode with essentially vertical walls.
- a substrate 1101 is assumed, on which a metallization 1102 is already provided for the electrical connection of the electrode of the biosensor to be formed.
- a metal layer 1103 as an electrode layer is evaporated on the substrate 1101 made of silicon, the metal layer 1103 having the material to be used for the electrode, gold according to this exemplary embodiment.
- the metal layer 1103 can also be applied to the substrate 1101 by means of a sputtering process or by means of a CVD process.
- a photoresist layer 1104 is applied to the metal layer 1103 and structured by means of photclithography technology in such a way that a lacquer structure is formed which, after developing and removing the developed areas, corresponds to the lateral dimensions of the electrode to be formed or, in general, of the biosensor array to be formed.
- the thickness of the photoresist layer 1104 essentially corresponds to the height of the electrodes to be produced.
- the material is removed according to this embodiment by means of physical. Sputter removal.
- the electrode material from the metal layer 1103 is sputtered in a redeposition process onto the substantially vertical side walls 1105, 1106 of the structured lacquer elements, which have not been removed after the developed lacquer structure has been incinerated, where it is no longer exposed to any further sputter attack.
- Redeposition of electrode material on the lacquer structure protects the lacquer structure from further removal.
- side layers 1107, 1108 are formed on the side walls 1105, 1106 of the lacquer structure from the electrode material, according to the exemplary embodiment from gold.
- the side layers 1107, 1108 are electrically coupled to a non-removed part 1109 of the metal layer 1103, which is located immediately below the rest of the lacquer structure 1106, and also to the metallization 1103 (cf. FIG. 11b).
- the lacquer structure 1106, i.e. the photoresist, which is located in the volume formed by the side layers 1107, 1108 and the remaining metal layer 1109, is removed by ashing or by wet chemical means.
- FIGS. 12a to 12c show a further exemplary embodiment of the invention with cylindrical electrodes protruding perpendicularly on the substrate.
- Electrodes which are arranged essentially vertically on a substrate 1201 made of silicon oxide, a metal layer 1202 is applied as an electrode layer made of the desired electrode material, according to the exemplary embodiment made of gold, by means of a vapor deposition method.
- a photoresist layer is applied to the metal layer 1202 and the photoresist layer is exposed by means of a mask such that the cylindrical structure 1203 shown in FIG. 12a results on the metal layer 1202 after removal of the unexposed areas.
- the cylindrical structure 1203 has a photoresist torus 1204 and a cylindrical photoresist ring 1205 which is arranged concentrically around the photoresist torus 1204.
- the photoresist between the photoresist torus 1204 and the photoresist ring 1205 is removed, for example by means of welding or wet-chemical means.
- a metal layer 1206 is applied around the photoresist torus 1204 by means of a redeposition process.
- an inner metal layer 1207 forms around the photoresist ring 1205 (cf. FIG. 12b).
- the structured photoresist material is removed by ashing or wet-chemical so that two cylindrical electrodes 1208, 1209 are formed.
- the substrate 1201 is removed so far, for example by means of a plasma etching process that is selective with respect to the electrode material, that the metallizations in the substrate are exposed and electrically couple with the cylindrical electrodes.
- the inner cylindrical electrode 1208 is thus electrically coupled to a first electrical connection 1210 and the outer cylindrical electrode 1209 is electrically coupled to a second electrical connection 1211.
- the remaining metal layer 1202 which has not yet been removed by the sputtering between the cylindrical electrodes 1208, 1209, is removed in a last step by means of a sputter etching process.
- the metal layer 1202 is also removed in this way.
- the metallizations for the electrical connections 1210, 1211 are already provided in the substrate 1201 at the beginning of the method according to this exemplary embodiment.
- FIG. 13 shows a top view of a biosensor array 1300, in which cylindrical electrodes 1301, 1302 are contained.
- Each first electrode 1301 has a positive electrical potential. Every second electrode 1302 of the biosensor array 1300 has a negative electrical potential with respect to the respective adjacent first electrode 1301.
- the electrodes 1301, 1302 are arranged in rows 1303 and columns 1304.
- first electrodes 1301 and the second electrodes 1302 are arranged alternately, i.e. a second electrode 1302 is arranged directly next to a first electrode 1301, a row 1303 or a column 1304, and a first electrode 1301 is arranged next to a second electrode 1302, respectively in a row 1303 or a column 1304.
- FIG. 14 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a biosensor array 1400 with a multiplicity of cuboid electrodes 1401, 1402.
- the arrangement of the cuboid electrodes 1401, 1402 corresponds to the arrangement of the cylindrical electrodes 1301, 1302, as has been shown in FIG. 13 and was explained above.
- the first electrode 701 is applied to the insulator layer 703 and is electrically coupled to the first electrical connection 704.
- the second electrode 702 is likewise applied to the insulator layer 703 and is electrically coupled to the second electrical connection 705.
- the second electrode in accordance with this exemplary embodiment has a different shape than the previously described second electrode.
- the first electrode is a planar electrode and the second electrode is T-shaped.
- Each T-shaped second electrode has a first leg
- the second electrode 702 has second legs 1502 arranged perpendicular to the first leg 1501, which are at least partially arranged above the surface 1503 of the respective first electrode 701.
- a plurality of first electrodes 701 and a plurality of second electrodes 702 are connected in parallel, so that due to the T-shaped structure of the second electrode tro d e 7 0 2 em forms cavity 1504, which is formed by two juxtaposed second electrodes 702, a first electrode 701 and the insulator layer 703.
- an opening 1505 is provided for each cavity 1504, which opening is sufficiently large so that when an electrolyte 1506 is applied to the biosensor 1500, the electrolyte and possibly the solution 1506 to be examined, for example an electrolyte , contained DNA strand can pass through the opening 1505 into the cavity 1504.
- DNA probe molecules 1509 are immobilized on holding areas on the first and second electrodes and can hybridize with the corresponding DNA strands of a predetermined sequence to be detected.
- Holding the DNA probe molecules 1509 are provided when applying an electric field between the first electrode 701 and the second electrode 702 from essentially uncurved field lines.
- FIG. 16 shows a biosensor 1600 according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention.
- the biosensor 1600 essentially corresponds to the biosensor 1500 explained above and shown in FIG. 15 with the difference that on the side walls of the first leg 1501 the second electrode 702 no holding areas with immobilized DNA probe molecules 1509 are provided, but rather that the surface 1601 of the first legs 1501 of the second electrode 702 are covered with insulator material of the insulator layer 703 or a further insulating layer.
- 17a to 17g show individual method steps for producing the first electrode 701 and the second electrode 702 m of the biosensors 1500, 1600.
- a structure m is etched into the insulator layer 703 using a mask layer, for example made of photoresist, the shape of which corresponds to the first electrode 701 to be formed.
- a layer of the desired electrode material is applied over the entire surface of the insulator layer 703 in such a way that the previously etched structure 1701 (cf. FIG. 17 a) is at least completely filled, the structure 1701 also overfilling can be (see Fig.17b).
- the electrode material 1702, preferably gold, located outside the prefabricated structure 1701 is removed by means of a chemical-mechanical polishing method (cf. FIG. 17c). N ac h completion of the chemical mechanical polishing method is thus the first electrode 701 in the insulator layer flush ⁇ embedded 703rd
- Electrode material 1702 outside, i.e. between the further second electrodes 702 or between the first electrodes 701 is removed completely.
- a cover layer 1703 for example made of silicon nitride, can be applied to the first electrode 701 by means of a suitable coating method such as, for example, a CVD method, a sputtering method or a vapor deposition method (cf. FIG. 17d).
- a suitable coating method such as, for example, a CVD method, a sputtering method or a vapor deposition method (cf. FIG. 17d).
- Fig. 17e shows several first electrodes 1701 made of gold, which are embedded next to one another in the insulator layer 703 and the cover layer 1703 located thereon.
- a second electrode layer 1704 is applied to the cover layer 1703.
- the desired openings 1705 are formed and the second electrode layer 1704 is etched by means of a dry etching process in a downstream plasma in such a way that the desired cavity 1504 is formed in accordance with the biosensors 1500, 1600 shown in FIG. 15 or FIG. 16 (cf. FIG. 17g).
- the top layer 1703 is not absolutely necessary, but is advantageous in order to protect the first electrodes 701 from etching when the cavity 1504 is formed.
- the T-shaped structure of the second electrode 702 can be formed by another insulator layer by means of a C-VD method, or other suitable coating method is formed on the first insulator layer or in existence of the top layer 1703 of the top layer 1703, after forming the first electrode 701 according to the above beschrie ⁇ surrounded method. Subsequently, corresponding trenches are formed in the cover layer 1703 and are used to receive the first leg 1501 of the T-shaped structure of the second electrode 702.
- trenches are filled with the electrode material gold and according to the Damascene method, the electrode material which has formed in the trench and above the second insulator layer is removed by means of chemical mechanical polishing, to a predetermined height, that of the height of the second leg 1502 corresponds to the T-shaped second electrode 702.
- the opening 1505 is formed between the second electrodes 702 by means of photolithography and then the insulator material is at least partially removed from the volume which is to be formed as a cavity 1504 by means of a dry etching process in a downstream plasma.
- electrodes can be coated with materials in the holding regions, for example with silicon monoxide or silicon dioxide, which can form a covalent connection with the min, acetoxy, isocyanate, alkysilane residues shown above for immobilizing probe molecules, this variant in particular for immobilizing of ligands.
- FIG. 18 shows a further electrode arrangement 1800 with a plurality of circular first electrodes 1801, on each of which a holding area for immobilizing probe molecules is contained, Circular second electrodes 1802,
- the electrodes are alternately arranged concentrically around one another such that a third electrode is arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode.
- the electrodes can be configured both as planar electrodes and as cylindrical electrodes with essentially vertical side walls, which are produced according to the method described above.
- FIG. 19 shows a plan view of a biosensor array 1900 in accordance with a further exemplary embodiment of the invention with cylindrical electrodes 1901, 1902, 1903, in which the electrodes are shown with the electrical potential assigned to them.
- the first electrical potential VI is applied to each first electrode 1901.
- the second electrical potential V2 is applied to every second electrode 1902.
- the third electrical potential V3 is applied to every third electrode 1903, in the same manner as has been explained in connection with the exemplary embodiments described above.
- biosensor array 1900 can also have cuboid electrodes.
- the following publications are cited in this document:
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Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2001573023A JP3810688B2 (ja) | 2000-03-30 | 2001-03-29 | バイオセンサー、バイオセンサーアレイ、および、バイオセンサーを用いた巨大分子生体高分子の検出方法 |
| US10/239,481 US7223330B2 (en) | 2000-03-30 | 2001-03-29 | Biosensor, biosensor array and method for detecting macromolecular biopolymers with a biosensor |
| EP01927636A EP1272849A2 (de) | 2000-03-30 | 2001-03-29 | Biosensor, biosensor-array und verfahren zum ermitteln makromolekularer biopolymere mit einem biosensor |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10015959 | 2000-03-30 | ||
| DE10015959.1 | 2000-03-30 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2001075149A2 true WO2001075149A2 (de) | 2001-10-11 |
| WO2001075149A3 WO2001075149A3 (de) | 2002-05-23 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/DE2001/001240 Ceased WO2001075149A2 (de) | 2000-03-30 | 2001-03-29 | Biosensor, biosensor-array und verfahren zum ermitteln makromolekularer biopolymere mit einem biosensor |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7223330B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP1272849A2 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP3810688B2 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2001075149A2 (de) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2002033397A1 (de) * | 2000-10-16 | 2002-04-25 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Elektronische schaltung, sensoranordnung und verfahren zum verarbeiten eines sensorsignals |
| WO2003095673A3 (de) * | 2002-05-10 | 2004-02-12 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren für die biochemische analytik von dna und zugehörige anordnung |
| US10457907B2 (en) | 2014-03-31 | 2019-10-29 | Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd. | Electrochemical measurement device |
Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102004031370B4 (de) * | 2004-06-29 | 2022-03-24 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Emulation einer Gegenelektrode in einem monolithisch integrierten elektrochemischen Analysesystem |
| DE102004031672A1 (de) * | 2004-06-30 | 2006-01-19 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Planar-Sensor-Anordnung, Sensor-Array und Verfahren zum Herstellen einer Planar-Sensor-Anordnung |
| US20140042038A1 (en) * | 2008-04-14 | 2014-02-13 | University Of South Florida | Microfluidic electrochemical genotyping system |
| KR20100025328A (ko) * | 2008-08-27 | 2010-03-09 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 이중가닥 영역과 말단 단일가닥 영역을 포함하는 이중가닥 핵산 프로브가 고정된 마이크로어레이를 제조하는 방법 |
| EP2462238B1 (de) * | 2009-08-07 | 2013-07-17 | Ohmx Corporation | Enzyme-gesteuerter redox-ändernder chemischer eliminierungs- (e-trace-) immunassay |
| JP6116080B1 (ja) * | 2016-04-26 | 2017-04-19 | 日本航空電子工業株式会社 | 電気化学測定方法、電気化学測定装置及びトランスデューサ |
| TWI745392B (zh) * | 2017-06-29 | 2021-11-11 | 瑞禾生物科技股份有限公司 | 生物感測元件及其製造方法以及生物分子檢測方法 |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH08128987A (ja) | 1994-10-31 | 1996-05-21 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | バイオセンサー及びその製造方法 |
| DE69632921T2 (de) * | 1995-12-01 | 2005-07-14 | Innogenetics N.V. | System und verfahren zur bestimmung der impedanz und herstellungsverfahren |
| IL116921A (en) | 1996-01-26 | 2000-11-21 | Yissum Res Dev Co | Electrochemical system for determination of an analyte in a liquid medium |
| US6682648B1 (en) * | 1997-08-12 | 2004-01-27 | University Of Southern California | Electrochemical reporter system for detecting analytical immunoassay and molecular biology procedures |
| EP1003905A1 (de) | 1997-08-12 | 2000-05-31 | University Of Southern California | Elektrochemisches system zur detektion von immunoassay und molekularbiologie prozeduren |
| ATE333646T1 (de) * | 1998-05-21 | 2006-08-15 | Cornell Res Foundation Inc | Mittels liposomen verbesserte testvorrichtung sowie verfahren |
| ES2220066T3 (es) * | 1998-06-01 | 2004-12-01 | Roche Diagnostics Corporation | Metodo y dispositivo para inmunoensayo electroquimico de analitos multiples. |
-
2001
- 2001-03-29 EP EP01927636A patent/EP1272849A2/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-03-29 WO PCT/DE2001/001240 patent/WO2001075149A2/de not_active Ceased
- 2001-03-29 US US10/239,481 patent/US7223330B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-03-29 JP JP2001573023A patent/JP3810688B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2002033397A1 (de) * | 2000-10-16 | 2002-04-25 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Elektronische schaltung, sensoranordnung und verfahren zum verarbeiten eines sensorsignals |
| US6922081B2 (en) | 2000-10-16 | 2005-07-26 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Electronic circuit, sensor arrangement and method for processing a sensor signal |
| WO2003095673A3 (de) * | 2002-05-10 | 2004-02-12 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren für die biochemische analytik von dna und zugehörige anordnung |
| US10457907B2 (en) | 2014-03-31 | 2019-10-29 | Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd. | Electrochemical measurement device |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1272849A2 (de) | 2003-01-08 |
| JP2003529771A (ja) | 2003-10-07 |
| US20040045839A1 (en) | 2004-03-11 |
| WO2001075149A3 (de) | 2002-05-23 |
| JP3810688B2 (ja) | 2006-08-16 |
| US7223330B2 (en) | 2007-05-29 |
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