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US20080131543A1 - Apparatus for Compacting Powder - Google Patents

Apparatus for Compacting Powder Download PDF

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Publication number
US20080131543A1
US20080131543A1 US10/573,122 US57312204A US2008131543A1 US 20080131543 A1 US20080131543 A1 US 20080131543A1 US 57312204 A US57312204 A US 57312204A US 2008131543 A1 US2008131543 A1 US 2008131543A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
powder
dosing
cavity
chamber
compaction
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US10/573,122
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Jason Teckoe
Stephen Ronald Kessel
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bioprogress Technology Ltd
Original Assignee
Bioprogress Technology Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bioprogress Technology Ltd filed Critical Bioprogress Technology Ltd
Publication of US20080131543A1 publication Critical patent/US20080131543A1/en
Assigned to BIOPROGRESS TECHNOLOGY LIMITED reassignment BIOPROGRESS TECHNOLOGY LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KESSEL, STEPHEN RONALD, TECKOE, JASON
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61J—CONTAINERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR MEDICAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL PURPOSES; DEVICES OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR BRINGING PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS INTO PARTICULAR PHYSICAL OR ADMINISTERING FORMS; DEVICES FOR ADMINISTERING FOOD OR MEDICINES ORALLY; BABY COMFORTERS; DEVICES FOR RECEIVING SPITTLE
    • A61J3/00—Devices or methods specially adapted for bringing pharmaceutical products into particular physical or administering forms
    • A61J3/005—Coating of tablets or the like
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61J—CONTAINERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR MEDICAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL PURPOSES; DEVICES OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR BRINGING PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS INTO PARTICULAR PHYSICAL OR ADMINISTERING FORMS; DEVICES FOR ADMINISTERING FOOD OR MEDICINES ORALLY; BABY COMFORTERS; DEVICES FOR RECEIVING SPITTLE
    • A61J3/00—Devices or methods specially adapted for bringing pharmaceutical products into particular physical or administering forms
    • A61J3/10—Devices or methods specially adapted for bringing pharmaceutical products into particular physical or administering forms into the form of compressed tablets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B30—PRESSES
    • B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
    • B30B11/00—Presses specially adapted for forming shaped articles from material in particulate or plastic state, e.g. briquetting presses, tabletting presses
    • B30B11/34—Presses specially adapted for forming shaped articles from material in particulate or plastic state, e.g. briquetting presses, tabletting presses for coating articles, e.g. tablets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B30—PRESSES
    • B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
    • B30B15/00—Details of, or accessories for, presses; Auxiliary measures in connection with pressing
    • B30B15/30—Feeding material to presses
    • B30B15/302—Feeding material in particulate or plastic state to moulding presses
    • B30B15/304—Feeding material in particulate or plastic state to moulding presses by using feed frames or shoes with relative movement with regard to the mould or moulds
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24058—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including grain, strips, or filamentary elements in respective layers or components in angular relation
    • Y10T428/24074—Strand or strand-portions
    • Y10T428/24116—Oblique to direction of web

Definitions

  • This invention concerns apparatus for compacting a powder. More particularly, though not exclusively, this invention concerns apparatus for producing a dosage form comprising a compacted powder, which powder includes a medicament and/or a dietary supplement, such as a vitamin.
  • Dosage forms comprising compacted powders including pharmaceuticals, vitamins and/or other dietary supplements for human ingestion are well known. Additionally, compacted powder dosage forms are used with industrial and domestic detergents and the like.
  • Powders or mixtures of powders required to be compacted in various applications have variable physical properties.
  • one powder may differ from another in terms of one or more of volume, density, flowability and compressibility. Such physical differences cause problems in powder compaction devices or presses where dosing cavities are required to be part filled or over filled and/or the compacted product deviates from the optimal the size or mass.
  • Tablets are a common type of a dosage form and various means for improving their properties have been tried.
  • Current methods for coating tablets, such as pharmaceutical tablets include the using ofvestcoaters or pan coaters, which spray e.g. low molecular weight HPMC grades onto tablets so imparting a surface layer, which is uniform and smooth, but opaque and low gloss. It is possible for the tablets to have embossed lettering on them.
  • This method of coating tablets is however time consuming and requires a high level of expertise to produce satisfactory results. Production complications such as tablet twinning are common, where two tablets become attached to one another during the spray coating operation.
  • An alternative to spray or pan coating is to use two-piece hard capsules. These are produced by a dipping process, typically a HPMC solution is used, producing half shells which interlock and thus produce an enclosed capsule. These capsules are typically opaque but glossy, and cannot have any form of embossment, as this would interfere with the overlap interlocking process.
  • the nature of the capsule dictates that there will always be an airspace above the powder fill level. Additionally, it is not possible to compact the powder into these tablets, and this so limits the quantity of powder which can be encapsulated. It follows that this lack of compaction can, effectively reduce the amount of e.g. medicament which can be encapsulated.
  • the existence of the air space in the capsule and lack of compaction of the powder contained within the capsule leads to a capsule that is inevitably larger than necessary.
  • compacted powder cores comprising a medicine are enrobed with a biodegradable and/or water soluble film, for example a non-gelatin film, such as hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), to produce dosage forms comprising encapsulated bodies of compacted powder.
  • a biodegradable and/or water soluble film for example a non-gelatin film, such as hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC)
  • WO-A-03096963 discloses a method for the preparation of a compacted powder slug enrobed within two separate overlapping half coatings of a film of e.g. HPMC.
  • the method includes forming a lining of a first film in a piston chamber, dispensing a free flowing powder into the chamber from a dosing means and then, with a piston, compacting the powder in the film lined chamber to form a powder slug partially enrobed within the first film.
  • the remaining uncoated portion of the compacted powder slug is then enrobed within a second film coating, which overlaps and seals with the first film coating.
  • the above type of insitu-compaction technique is particularly useful where it is desired to compact the powder to a lesser extent than in conventional hard tablet presses. Problems with powder property variations apply in these moderate compaction techniques just as they do in conventional tablet pressing techniques.
  • Dispensing the powder into the piston chamber can produce dust, which dust may affect the efficient functioning of the coating machinery and/or cause a health hazard to workers who may become exposed to the dust (which is especially problematical if the dust comprises particles of a pharmaceutical).
  • the present invention seeks to provide an improved powder compaction apparatus.
  • an apparatus for compacting a powder comprising:
  • an apparatus for compacting a powder comprising:
  • a powder supply conduit 40
  • a compaction chamber comprising a plurality of interleaved components defining dosing cavity for accommodating powder en route from the powder conduit to the compaction chamber, said dosing means being moveable relative to said supply conduit and said compaction chamber, such that the dosing cavity can adopt a powder receiving position in communication with said powder supply conduit and a powder dispensing position in communication with said compaction chamber; and powder compaction means capable of compacting powder in said compaction chambers, wherein, in use, internal spaces of the apparatus through which the powder passes from said supply conduit to said compaction chamber comprise a closed system.
  • an apparatus for compacting a powder comprising:
  • dosing means comprising a dosing cavity defined by a plurality of juxtaposed components moveable in relation to one another such that the volume of the dosing cavity is adjustable so as to be greater when receiving powder from the powder supply than when dispensing powder to the compaction chamber.
  • Apparatus as claimed in claim 10 wherein the compaction chamber is disposed laterally from and below the powder supply, such that said dosing cavity can be translated from a first position for receiving powder from the powder supply substantially under the force of gravity and a second position for dispensing powder to the compaction chamber.
  • an apparatus for compacting a powder comprising:
  • the dosing means comprises at least two, though two are preferred, juxtaposed plates with interleaving parts which together form a dosing cavity.
  • the dosing means is movable between a first position, where the powder is received into the dosing cavity, and a second position, where the powder is dispensed from the dosing cavity into the piston chamber of the die.
  • the components of the dosing means are adjustable such that in the first position the dosing cavity is capable of receiving a specific volume of powder, which powder has a known composition and bulk density.
  • the dosing means is moved into the second position, the dosing cavity is over the entrance to the piston chamber and the powder is capable of being dispensed into the chamber.
  • the juxtaposed components are adjusted until the cross-sectional area of the dosing cavity is reduced to the point where it is substantially the same as the cross-sectional area of the piston chamber, thereby to ensure that substantially all of the powder is dispensed into the chamber.
  • the dosing means may be removed before the piston is permitted to enter the piston chamber. However, in a preferred embodiment, the dosing means remains in position over the entrance to the piston chamber and the piston enters the chamber by passing through the dosing cavity (the components of the dosing means having been adjusted to provide the cavity with a cross-sectional area substantially the same as the piston chamber).
  • the apparatus comprises a plurality of dies and pistons and the dosage means comprises sufficient components to provide a plurality of interleaving parts which form a dosage cavity for each piston and die.
  • the dosage means may comprise two plates with multiple interleaving parts.
  • one plate may comprise a plurality of slots into which a plurality of fingers on the other plate may slide, wherein a plurality of dosage cavities are formed between the end of the fingers and the base of the slots.
  • the apparatus of the invention may be employed to mass produce compacted powders.
  • the apparatus of the invention is advantageously employed to reduce the amount of dust formed in powder compacting processes.
  • the invention is preferably employed in the preparation of coated or uncoated compacted powders comprising pharmaceutical and/or diet supplements, the invention is not so limited and may be used in the formation of any coated or uncoated compacted powders.
  • the apparatus of the invention is preferably used in any of the four methods of forming encapsulated compacted powder slugs disclosed in WO-A-03096963, the disclosure of which is included herein by way of reference.
  • FIG. 1 shows the various stages of a powder compaction/enrobing process disclosed in WO-A-03096963
  • FIG. 2 shows the various stages of another powder compaction/enrobing process disclosed in WO-A-03096963
  • FIG. 3 shows the various stages of yet another powder compaction/enrobing process disclosed in WO-A-03096963
  • FIG. 4 shows the various stages of yet another powder compaction/enrobing process disclosed in WO-A-03096963
  • FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a preferred apparatus in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIGS. 6 to 9 are sectional views through the vertical center line of the preferred apparatus shown in FIG. 5 , and depict the four stages of operation of the apparatus;
  • FIG. 10 is a sectional view through the vertical centre line of the preferred apparatus, showing a powder supply conduit
  • FIG. 11 shows an embodiment of dosing mechanism capable of high volume productions
  • FIG. 12 shows the embodiment of FIG. 11 mounted on a die 62 ;
  • FIGS. 13A & 13B show an agitator which may be used with embodiment of FIG. 11 ;
  • FIGS. 14A & 14B show an assembly for a powder compaction apparatus incorporating the dosing mechanism of FIG. 11 .
  • FIG. 1 shows the mechanism of the basic steps of powder compaction and enrobement via steps a-l of WO-A-03096963:
  • FIG. 2 depicts a variation of the basic process described by FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 3 depicts a further variation of the basic process described by FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 4 depicts another variation of the process described by FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 5 shows a preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention.
  • the apparatus comprises a die ( 2 ), including a lower piston ( 3 ), incorporating a vacuum port (not shown), slideable in piston chamber ( 4 ).
  • Dosing means ( 20 ) comprises two juxtaposed plates ( 22 , 23 ) which interleave to form dosing cavity ( 21 ).
  • the cross-sectional area of the cavity ( 21 ) (and consequently the volume of the cavity as well) may be increased or decreased by moving plate ( 22 ) relative to plate ( 23 ) in direction A or B, respectively.
  • the dosing means ( 20 ) may be moved so that the dosing cavity ( 21 ) is away from or over the entrance of the piston chamber ( 4 ) by sliding it in direction C or D, respectively.
  • upper piston ( 9 ) passes through the dosing cavity ( 21 ) to enter the piston chamber ( 4 ).
  • the piston ( 9 ) is aligned over the die ( 3 ) by means of a guide sleeve ( 24 ).
  • FIG. 5 In use, the apparatus of FIG. 5 is aligned and operated as illustrated in FIGS. 6 to 9 .
  • Upper die ( 9 ) and guide sleeve ( 24 ) are shown orientated above the entrance of piston chamber ( 4 ) of die ( 2 ).
  • Lower piston ( 3 ) is in its lowered position, forming the bottom of piston chamber ( 4 ).
  • the upper piston ( 9 ) is shown retracted in the guide sleeve ( 24 ), away from the piston chamber ( 4 ).
  • Dosing means ( 20 ) is located at position C, with the bottom of the dosing cavity being closed by its contact with the surface of die ( 2 ).
  • the plates ( 22 , 23 ) which form the dosing means ( 20 ) are aligned at position A, to provide a dosage cavity ( 21 ) of a volume required for receiving a specified amount of powder. In this position, the relative positions of the plates ( 22 , 23 ) provide a cavity ( 21 ) that is larger than the finished volume of the compacted powder slug, thereby accommodating the larger volume of the lower bulk density powder.
  • the dosage cavity ( 21 ) may be overfilled with powder, and any excess powder removed as the dosing means is slid into position D, with the dosing cavity over the entrance of the piston chamber ( 4 ), as shown in FIG. 7 .
  • the upper piston ( 9 ) is pushed down through the dosing cavity ( 21 ) and into the piston chamber ( 4 ).
  • the powder in the chamber is subjected to compressive forces which compact the powder into a slug or tablet.
  • the piston ( 9 ) is retracted back into the guide sleeve ( 24 ) and the dosing means ( 20 ) slid back into position C.
  • FIG. 10 shows the preferred apparatus in substantially the same state as FIG. 6 albeit that a powder supply conduit ( 40 ) is shown abutting the plates ( 22 ) and ( 23 ) from above.
  • the powder supply conduit ( 40 ) extends between a powder hopper or similar storage receptacle (not shown) and dosing cavity ( 21 ).
  • powder is supplied to the dosing cavity ( 21 ) via the powder supply conduit ( 40 ), by any suitable mechanism.
  • the powder charge in the dosing cavity ( 21 ) is transferred to the piston chamber as the plates ( 22 , 23 ) are slid from position C to position D and the plates ( 22 , 23 ) are drawn together.
  • the powder is then compacted as described with reference to FIG. 9 .
  • FIGS. 11 and 12 illustrate a preferred embodiment of dosing means adapted for use on a machine with an array of adjacent powder compaction chambers. Such machines are used to manufacture large volumes of products and may have many such arrays.
  • the powder dosing and compaction unit of FIG. 11 is an assembly of parts that is mounted above the die 62 and is connected to the bulk powder supply. It has two key functions:
  • this unit may also cut the film that has been formed into the cavities.
  • the quantity of powder is controlled by a dosage mechanism ( 50 ), which consists of two slideably interleaved finger plates ( 52 ), ( 53 ) that fit together as shown in FIG. 11 to create dosing cavities ( 54 ) of adjustable sectional area.
  • the depth of engagement of these two plates ( 52 ), ( 53 ) thus controls the volume of the cavities.
  • the assembly of these two plates is slideably mounted such that the cavities can be moved horizontally on die ( 62 ) between position D, where the powder is compressed into a slug or tablet form, see FIG. 12 .
  • the compaction chambers below plate ( 53 ) are not shown on FIG. 12 .
  • an agitator ( 72 ) mounted above the fill area within the powder hopper.
  • This consists of a shaft with “vanes” of the form shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B .
  • This agitator is not a spiral screw. When the shaft is rotated the vanes agitate the powder gently without compressing it and thus promote a consistent supply of free flowing powder.
  • FIG. 14A shows the agitator ( 72 ) mounted in a housing ( 70 ) which is above the dosing cavities ( 54 ).
  • compression of the powder is achieved by means of a row of pistons 82 that are mounted in the housing ( 70 ) above position ‘D’.
  • the pistons pass through bores formed by the finger plates ( 52 ), and the die 2 to perform compaction against a base provided from below.
  • finger plates ( 52 ), ( 53 ) and surrounding parts corresponds generally to that described herein before with respect to FIGS. 5-10 , with the plates ( 52 ), ( 53 ) of dosage mechanism ( 50 ) respectively, corresponding to plates ( 22 ), ( 23 ) of the dosage means ( 20 ).
  • the plates ( 52 ), ( 53 ) are moved together such that the dosing cavities are translated to a position D above the compaction chambers and below the pistons.
  • preferred embodiments provide a variable volume chamber adapted to cope with powders of varying physical properties, which chamber when correctly adjusted to receive the required charge of powder causes the production of dosage forms of the required mass and size. Further, since the powder charge is supplied from the hopper to the compaction chamber entirely within a closed system (i.e. without being exposed to the surrounding environment) the amount of dust generated in use is reduced or eliminated.
  • the apparatus of the present invention may be used to produce coated or uncoated compacted powders. If a coating is required, the apparatus is most suitably employed in step c of the coating/enrobing processes illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 4 .

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
  • Medical Preparation Storing Or Oral Administration Devices (AREA)
  • Mixers Of The Rotary Stirring Type (AREA)
  • Coloring Foods And Improving Nutritive Qualities (AREA)
  • Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Micro-Capsules (AREA)
US10/573,122 2003-09-24 2004-09-24 Apparatus for Compacting Powder Abandoned US20080131543A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0322358.3 2003-09-24
GBGB0322358.3A GB0322358D0 (en) 2003-09-24 2003-09-24 Improvements in powder compaction and enrobing
PCT/GB2004/004092 WO2005030115A1 (fr) 2003-09-24 2004-09-24 Appareil de compactage de poudre

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20080131543A1 true US20080131543A1 (en) 2008-06-05

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ID=29266577

Family Applications (4)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/573,122 Abandoned US20080131543A1 (en) 2003-09-24 2004-09-24 Apparatus for Compacting Powder
US10/949,136 Expired - Fee Related US7625622B2 (en) 2003-09-24 2004-09-24 Powder compaction and enrobing
US10/573,087 Abandoned US20110091591A1 (en) 2003-09-24 2004-09-24 Improvements in powder compaction and enrobing
US11/089,188 Expired - Fee Related US7785089B2 (en) 2003-09-24 2005-03-24 Additional improvements in powder compaction and enrobing

Family Applications After (3)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/949,136 Expired - Fee Related US7625622B2 (en) 2003-09-24 2004-09-24 Powder compaction and enrobing
US10/573,087 Abandoned US20110091591A1 (en) 2003-09-24 2004-09-24 Improvements in powder compaction and enrobing
US11/089,188 Expired - Fee Related US7785089B2 (en) 2003-09-24 2005-03-24 Additional improvements in powder compaction and enrobing

Country Status (16)

Country Link
US (4) US20080131543A1 (fr)
EP (9) EP1908447A3 (fr)
JP (2) JP2007506499A (fr)
KR (1) KR100838831B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN1882303A (fr)
AR (1) AR046028A1 (fr)
AT (4) ATE395898T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2004275563A1 (fr)
BR (2) BRPI0414712A (fr)
CA (1) CA2540101A1 (fr)
DE (4) DE602004014003D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2308236T3 (fr)
GB (1) GB0322358D0 (fr)
IL (2) IL174424A0 (fr)
TW (1) TW200526192A (fr)
WO (3) WO2005030379A1 (fr)

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US8927609B2 (en) 2011-12-09 2015-01-06 Fmc Corporation Co-attrited stabilizer composition
US9055757B2 (en) 2011-10-05 2015-06-16 Fmc Corporation Stabilizer composition of co-attrited microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose, method for making, and uses
US9826763B2 (en) 2011-10-05 2017-11-28 Fmc Corporation Stabilizer composition of microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose, method for making, and uses
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WO2022006678A1 (fr) * 2020-07-10 2022-01-13 Cotex Technologies Inc. Substrats revêtus et leur procédé de fabrication

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EP1952696A1 (fr) * 2007-02-01 2008-08-06 Nestec S.A. Procédé et appareil pour fabriquer des produits alimentaires avec remplissage au centre
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GB0714811D0 (en) * 2007-07-31 2007-09-12 Reckitt Benckiser Nv Improvements in or relating to compositions
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TW201129386A (en) 2009-11-05 2011-09-01 Fmc Corp Microcrystalline cellulose and calcium phosphate compositions useful as pharmaceutical excipients
IT1397610B1 (it) * 2009-12-22 2013-01-18 Mg 2 Srl Macchina rotativa intermittente per il riempimento di capsule con prodotti farmaceutici.
EP2515943A4 (fr) 2009-12-22 2014-04-30 Fmc Corp Cellulose microcristalline et compositions de carbonate de calcium utiles en tant qu'excipients pharmaceutiques recompactables
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US9445971B2 (en) 2012-05-01 2016-09-20 Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc. Method of manufacturing solid dosage form
US9511028B2 (en) 2012-05-01 2016-12-06 Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc. Orally disintegrating tablet
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EP2703299B1 (fr) 2012-08-31 2016-03-30 CareFusion Switzerland 317 Sarl Station de dosage et de stockage pour le stockage et la distribution de quantités dosées de portions de médicament solide
CN104411283B (zh) * 2013-05-16 2019-01-04 科施股份公司 用于将薄膜放置在压片机中的装置和方法
DE102013211305A1 (de) * 2013-06-17 2014-12-18 Horst Zerhoch Tablettenpresse und Verfahren zum Herstellen einer Tablette
RU2712267C2 (ru) 2014-01-10 2020-01-28 Джонсон энд Джонсон Консьюмер Инк. Способ изготовления таблеток с использованием радиочастотного излучения и частиц с поглощающим покрытием
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US20110091591A1 (en) 2011-04-21
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IL182056A0 (en) 2007-07-24
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