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US20070196217A1 - Cylinder head arrangement for a piston compressor - Google Patents

Cylinder head arrangement for a piston compressor Download PDF

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Publication number
US20070196217A1
US20070196217A1 US11/707,443 US70744307A US2007196217A1 US 20070196217 A1 US20070196217 A1 US 20070196217A1 US 70744307 A US70744307 A US 70744307A US 2007196217 A1 US2007196217 A1 US 2007196217A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
valve plate
cylinder head
bead
head arrangement
arrangement according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US11/707,443
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Brian Holm Andersen
Morten Svendsen
Klaus Reinwand
Ole Jons
Jorg Fritsche
Preben Bjerre
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Secop GmbH
Original Assignee
Danfoss Compressors GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Danfoss Compressors GmbH filed Critical Danfoss Compressors GmbH
Assigned to DANFOSS COMPRESSORS GMBH reassignment DANFOSS COMPRESSORS GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SVENDSEN, MORTEN, FRITSCHE, JORG, BJERRE, PREBEN, JONS, OLE, ANDERSEN, BRIAN HOLM, REINWAND, KLAUS
Publication of US20070196217A1 publication Critical patent/US20070196217A1/en
Assigned to SECOP GMBH (FORMERLY KNOWN AS DANFOSS HOUSEHOLD COMPRESSORS GMBH) reassignment SECOP GMBH (FORMERLY KNOWN AS DANFOSS HOUSEHOLD COMPRESSORS GMBH) ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DANFOSS FLENSBURG GMBH (FORMERLY KNOWN AS DANFOSS COMPRESSORS GMBH)
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B27/00—Multi-cylinder pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders
    • F04B27/08—Multi-cylinder pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders having cylinders coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis
    • F04B27/10—Multi-cylinder pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders having cylinders coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis having stationary cylinders
    • F04B27/1036—Component parts, details, e.g. sealings, lubrication
    • F04B27/1081—Casings, housings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B27/00—Multi-cylinder pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders
    • F04B27/08—Multi-cylinder pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders having cylinders coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis
    • F04B27/0873—Component parts, e.g. sealings; Manufacturing or assembly thereof
    • F04B27/0891—Component parts, e.g. sealings; Manufacturing or assembly thereof casings, housings

Definitions

  • the invention concerns a cylinder head arrangement for a piston compressor, with a cylinder block, in which a compression chamber is formed, which is delimited on one side by a valve plate that is clamped between the cylinder block and a cylinder head cover.
  • an increased pressure in the compression chamber may cause a sagging of a centre area of the valve plate away from the compression chamber. This reduces the compression surface and the surface pressure, which may cause failure of the gasket.
  • the sealing surface of the cylinder head cover may have a slightly convex shape, so that the central area of the cover sealing surface is pressed harder against the valve plate. A deflection of the valve plate in the direction of the cylinder caused by this prestressing can be compensated by a somewhat thicker gasket between the valve plate and the cylinder block. This will also cause a slight increase of the dead volume of the compressor. Further, the manufacturing of a cover with a convex sealing surface is expensive.
  • cylinder head covers for refrigerant compressors are made as aluminium castings. A bead in such a component can, however, easily be damaged during handling in the assembly process, as the material is relatively soft.
  • the task of the invention is to provide a cylinder head arrangement according to the preamble of claim 1 , which has a high degree of tightness and can be manufactured in a cost effective manner.
  • a cylinder head arrangement for a piston compressor with a cylinder block, in which a compression chamber is formed, which is delimited on one side by a valve plate that is clamped between the cylinder block and a cylinder head cover this task is solved in that on at least one side the valve plate has at least one bead projecting from the valve plate surface concerned. This bead will substantially increase the surface pressure on the valve plate. Thus, also with high pressures a reliable sealing can also be ensured with relatively small tightening forces. Further, an expensive grinding of the valve plate surface concerned can be avoided.
  • a preferred embodiment of the cylinder head arrangement is characterised in that the bead extends along a closed line.
  • the bead does not have to be completely closed. It could also be effective when being interrupted by small openings. However, it could be advantageous for the bead to be completely closed.
  • a further preferred embodiment of the cylinder head arrangement is characterised in that both sides of the valve plate have a bead projecting from the corresponding valve plate surface, the beads extending along a substantially closed line. This, for example, offers the advantage that an increased surface pressure is generated in both gaskets. Further, cylinder head covers with a plane sealing surface can be used.
  • valve plate is made as a sintered part. Manufacturing by sintering gives the advantage that the shaping of the valve plate with the bead or the beads is made relatively simply already when pressing the unsintered valve plate workpiece and a subsequent grinding of the valve plate can be avoided.
  • the valve plate is made of sinter metal.
  • a further preferred embodiment of the cylinder head arrangement is characterised in that at least on one side, particularly on both sides, the valve plate has at least one, particularly several spacer pieces.
  • the spacer pieces serve the purpose of preventing a caking of the pressed, unsintered valve plate workpieces during the sintering process, during which several plates are stacked.
  • a further preferred embodiment of the cylinder head arrangement is characterised in that the spacer piece(s) project(s) somewhat more from the corresponding valve plate surface in question than the related bead.
  • a slightly higher spacer piece compared to the bead will reliably prevent a caking of the valve plates during the sintering.
  • the spacer pieces are located in the area of gaskets or beads, it is advantageous to provide recesses in the bead or the gasket to adopt the spacer piece.
  • the spacer pieces can be deformed in the area of the beads or gaskets after the sintering, so that their height is smaller than the height of the beads.
  • a further preferred embodiment of the cylinder head arrangement is characterised in that several through-holes are made in the valve plate.
  • the through-holes have different functions, and for example serve the purpose of passing a medium into the compression chamber or out of the compression chamber. Further, the through-holes can serve as insertion holes for positioning or fixing elements.
  • a further preferred embodiment of the cylinder head arrangement is characterised in that a valve seat of a suction valve and a valve seat of a discharge valve are impressed in the valve plate.
  • both the suction valve and the discharge valve are fixed to the valve plate.
  • a further preferred embodiment of the cylinder head arrangement is characterised in that a gasket is located between the valve plate and the cylinder block and between the valve plate and the cylinder head cover, respectively.
  • a further preferred embodiment of the cylinder head arrangement is characterised in that the extension of the bead perpendicularly to the belonging valve plate surface is smaller than the thickness of the gasket concerned. This prevents an unwanted cutting of the gasket.
  • a further preferred embodiment of the cylinder head arrangement is characterised in that the extension of the bead perpendicularly to the belonging valve plate surface is 5 to 75%, particularly 25 to 50% of the thickness of the gasket concerned. In connection with the invention concerned, these values have proved to be particularly advantageous.
  • a further preferred embodiment of the cylinder head arrangement is characterised in that on the valve plate surface facing the cylinder block the bead surrounds a projection of the opening of the compressing chamber on this valve plate surface. This prevents an unwanted escape between the valve plate and the cylinder block of medium from the compressing chamber.
  • a further preferred embodiment of the cylinder head arrangement is characterised in that on the valve plate surface facing the cylinder block the bead surrounds at least one suction opening and at least one discharge opening.
  • the openings belong to through-holes which permit passage of the medium into the compressing chamber and out of the compressing chamber.
  • a further preferred embodiment of the cylinder head arrangement is characterised in that on the valve plate surface facing the cylinder head cover the bead surrounds a projection of the opening of a discharge chamber on this valve plate surface. This will prevent an unwanted escape between the valve plate and the cylinder head cover of medium from the discharge chamber.
  • FIG. 1 is a cylinder head arrangement with a valve plate in cross-section
  • FIG. 2 is a top view of the valve plate in FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 3 is a bottom view of the valve plate in FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 4 is a section along the line IV-IV in FIG. 3 ;
  • FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of a section V of FIG. 4 ;
  • FIG. 6 to 9 are different embodiments of the beads in cross-section.
  • FIG. 1 shows a cross-section of a piston compressor cylinder head 1 in a refrigerating machine.
  • the cylinder head 1 is fixed on a cylinder block 2 by means of screw bolts (not shown).
  • the cylinder block 2 has a cylinder bore 3 , which is also called compression chamber.
  • the cylinder bore serves the purpose of adopting a piston (not shown) of the piston compressor.
  • the cylinder head 1 comprises a cylinder head cover 5 and a valve plate 6 . Between the cylinder head cover 5 and the valve plate 6 is located a first gasket 8 . Between the valve plate 6 and the cylinder block 2 is located a second gasket 9 . In the cylinder head cover 5 a discharge chamber 10 is formed, which is connected to the compression chamber 3 in the cylinder block 2 via at least one through-hole in the valve plate 6 .
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 show a top view and a bottom view of the valve plate of FIG. 1 .
  • the valve plate 6 comprises a square basic body 20 of sintered metal.
  • the basic body 20 has a square basal surface, which is rounded at the edges.
  • the valve plate bottom side seen in FIG. 2 and facing the compression chamber 3 has the number 21 .
  • the valve plate upper side seen in FIG. 3 and facing away from the compression chamber 3 has the number 22 .
  • In the corner areas of the valve plate 6 four through-holes 24 to 27 are made, which are used to pass through fixing bolts.
  • a dashed circle 30 shows a projection of the cylinder bore ( 3 in FIG. 1 ) on the valve plate bottom side 21 . Due to the circular shape of the projection 30 , it is also called a circle. Inside the circle 30 are made a suction through-hole 31 and a discharge through-hole 32 . These two through-holes 31 and 32 permit the passage of refrigerant sucked into the compression chamber ( 3 in FIG. 1 ) and compressed.
  • the suction through-hole 31 can be closed by a suction valve that opens when sucking refrigerant into the compression chamber.
  • the pressure through-hole 32 can be closed by a discharge valve that connects the compression chamber ( 3 in FIG. 1 ) to the discharge chamber ( 10 in FIG. 1 ) after a working stroke of the piston (not shown) of the piston compressor.
  • two additional through-holes 34 and 35 are made. These two through-holes 34 and 35 serve the purpose of adopting fixing pins of the suction valve.
  • the suction through-hole 31 , the pressure through-hole 32 and the two through-holes 34 and 35 are surrounded by a closed bead 40 .
  • the bead 40 projects from the valve plate bottom side 21 and substantially has the shape of the arch of a circle 41 that surrounds the circle 30 .
  • the bead 40 expands radially outwards, so that also the two through-holes 34 and 35 are surrounded by the bead 40 .
  • the bead 40 substantially has the shape of an oblong hole 42 .
  • the oblong hole 42 is made up of two arcs of a circle, whose one end is connected to one end of the arc of the circle 41 , the other ends being connected to each other by means of a straight line.
  • the bead 40 has the form of a circle segment.
  • the bead 40 can also have a substantially triangular cross-section with a rounded tip or a trapezoidal cross-section.
  • the through-holes 44 and 45 permit the passage of compressed refrigerant from the discharge chamber 10 and are therefore also surrounded by closed beads 51 , 52 .
  • the through-holes 46 and 47 serve the purpose of fixing the discharge valve.
  • the through-holes 48 and 49 serve the purpose of adopting positioning pins for a suction arrangement.
  • FIG. 2 shows that the through-hole 44 is surrounded by a circular bead 51 . Also the through holes 45 and 46 are surrounded by a common bead 52 . Further, the through-hole 47 is surrounded by a bead 53 . Additionally, several spacer pieces 61 to 66 project from the valve plate bottom side 21 , said spacer pieces extending perpendicularly upwards to the drawing level. Each spacer piece 62 , 63 , 65 and 66 is located in the vicinity of one of the through-holes 27 , 26 , 25 , 24 . The two spacer pieces 61 and 64 are located approximately in the centre of the valve plate 6 . The height of the spacer pieces 61 to 66 is somewhat larger than the height of the beads 40 , 51 to 53 . Thus, during manufacturing of the valve plates a baking of several valve plate workpieces during the sintering process is prevented.
  • FIG. 3 shows that a closed bead 50 is provided on the valve plate upper side 22 .
  • the through-holes 32 , 34 , 35 , 44 , 45 , 46 and 47 are located. However, also different cross-sections and heights can be used for the different beads of the valve plate.
  • the through-holes 24 to 27 , 48 , 49 and 31 are located.
  • the bead 50 is substantially U-shaped, circle-arc shaped concavities being formed in the area of the through-holes 24 to 27 .
  • the valve plate is manufactured by sintering of a sinter metal, merely the valve seats for the suction and discharge valves having to be impressed.
  • the beads 40 , 50 ensure that in spite of manufacturing tolerances an all-round and sufficient sealing pressure will be maintained.
  • the tightening forces required for fixing the valve plate 6 can be reduced, that is, the fixing bolts used do not have to be tightened so much. This will reduce the shape defects of the cylinder and leakages through the cylinder-piston gap, which will have a positive effect on the efficiency of the compressor.
  • the height of the bead that is, the extension of the bead 40 , 50 is smaller than the thickness of the belonging gasket 9 , 8 .
  • the height of the bead is 5 to 75% of the gasket thickness, particularly preferred is 25 to 50% of the gasket thickness.
  • FIG. 3 shows that also on the valve plate upper side 22 several spacer pieces 71 to 75 are provided.
  • the spacer pieces 71 , 72 and 74 , 75 are located within the bead 50 .
  • the spacer piece 73 is located outside the bead 50 .
  • the height of the spacer pieces 71 to 75 is slightly larger than the height of the bead 50 .
  • FIG. 4 shows a section along the line IV-IV in FIG. 3 .
  • the sectional view makes it clear that the spacer pieces 64 to 66 and 71 to 73 project more from the belonging valve plate surface than the beads, which have no reference numbers in the sectional view.
  • FIG. 5 shows an enlarged section V of FIG. 4 .
  • the enlarged section shows that in the cross-section the bead 40 has the shape of a circle segment.
  • FIG. 6 suggests that in the cross-section the beads 40 ( 51 to 53 in FIG. 2 and 50 in FIG. 3 ) can also have the shape of a rectangle 81 with rounded edges.
  • FIG. 7 suggests that in the cross-section the beads can also have the shape of an ellipse section 82 .
  • FIG. 8 suggests that in the cross-section the beads can also have the shape of an isosceles trapezoid 83 .
  • FIG. 9 suggests that in the cross-section the beads can also have the shape of a triangle 84 .

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Compressor (AREA)
US11/707,443 2006-02-21 2007-02-16 Cylinder head arrangement for a piston compressor Abandoned US20070196217A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102006008867.0A DE102006008867B4 (de) 2006-02-21 2006-02-21 Zylinderkopfanordnung für einen Kolbenverdichter
DE102006008867.0 2006-02-21

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20070196217A1 true US20070196217A1 (en) 2007-08-23

Family

ID=38319851

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US11/707,443 Abandoned US20070196217A1 (en) 2006-02-21 2007-02-16 Cylinder head arrangement for a piston compressor

Country Status (3)

Country Link
US (1) US20070196217A1 (de)
CN (2) CN101029638A (de)
DE (1) DE102006008867B4 (de)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20150030476A1 (en) * 2012-02-01 2015-01-29 Continental Teves Ag & Co. Ohg Pump unit driven by an electric motor
US20180017049A1 (en) * 2015-01-26 2018-01-18 Magna Powertrain Bad Homburg GmbH Compressor housing having pressure limitation, and method for operation

Citations (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2650545A (en) * 1949-12-02 1953-09-01 Richard T Cornelius Diaphragm pump
US2859912A (en) * 1953-04-23 1958-11-11 Carrier Corp Crescent shaped reed valve
US3751005A (en) * 1971-11-30 1973-08-07 Westinghouse Electric Corp Powdered metal valve plate assembly
US3865345A (en) * 1973-06-04 1975-02-11 Carrier Corp Valve plate for reciprocating compressor
US3945765A (en) * 1974-04-15 1976-03-23 Sankyo Electric Co., Ltd. Refrigerant compressor
US4027853A (en) * 1976-05-03 1977-06-07 The Trane Company Valve plate having improved suction gas flow path
US4193424A (en) * 1976-10-06 1980-03-18 Enfo Grundlagen Forschungs Ag Lamina valve for reciprocating compressors
US4278106A (en) * 1979-09-20 1981-07-14 Cunningham William W Plate check valve
US4299543A (en) * 1978-01-31 1981-11-10 Diesel Kiki Company, Ltd. Swash plate compressor
US4416190A (en) * 1979-12-13 1983-11-22 Diesel Kiki Co., Ltd. Seal for compressor
US5022833A (en) * 1989-12-06 1991-06-11 Tecumseh Products Company Single piece gasket valve plate assembly
US5100606A (en) * 1987-08-17 1992-03-31 Dresser Industries, Inc. Method of injection molding a plastic plate
US5101555A (en) * 1989-12-12 1992-04-07 Sanden Corporation Method of assembling a refrigerent compressor
US5265646A (en) * 1993-03-17 1993-11-30 Ingersoll-Rand Company Valve spacer plate
US5909749A (en) * 1996-03-21 1999-06-08 Lg Electronics, Inc. Valve apparatus of hermetic type compressor
US6305912B1 (en) * 1999-04-09 2001-10-23 Danfoss Compressors Gmbh Refrigerant compressor and method for assembling
US6412514B1 (en) * 1999-10-26 2002-07-02 Red Valve Company, Inc. Flip check valve
US6510868B2 (en) * 2000-01-11 2003-01-28 Coltec Industrial Products, Inc. Profiled plate valve
US20060016483A1 (en) * 2004-07-20 2006-01-26 Barnes Group Inc. Valve or valve plate having an integrated gasket

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1503429A1 (de) * 1963-04-26 1969-04-03 Andreas Hofer Hochdruck Appbau Dichtungsring fuer Hoechstdruck-Zusatzverdichter mit Membranbetaetigung
DE19807691B4 (de) * 1997-03-03 2012-07-12 Ixetic Bad Homburg Gmbh Kompressor, insbesondere für eine Klimaanlage eines Kraftfahrzeugs
DE202005002471U1 (de) * 2005-02-16 2005-04-14 Knf Neuberger Gmbh Membranpumpe

Patent Citations (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2650545A (en) * 1949-12-02 1953-09-01 Richard T Cornelius Diaphragm pump
US2859912A (en) * 1953-04-23 1958-11-11 Carrier Corp Crescent shaped reed valve
US3751005A (en) * 1971-11-30 1973-08-07 Westinghouse Electric Corp Powdered metal valve plate assembly
US3865345A (en) * 1973-06-04 1975-02-11 Carrier Corp Valve plate for reciprocating compressor
US3945765A (en) * 1974-04-15 1976-03-23 Sankyo Electric Co., Ltd. Refrigerant compressor
US4027853A (en) * 1976-05-03 1977-06-07 The Trane Company Valve plate having improved suction gas flow path
US4193424A (en) * 1976-10-06 1980-03-18 Enfo Grundlagen Forschungs Ag Lamina valve for reciprocating compressors
US4299543A (en) * 1978-01-31 1981-11-10 Diesel Kiki Company, Ltd. Swash plate compressor
US4278106A (en) * 1979-09-20 1981-07-14 Cunningham William W Plate check valve
US4416190A (en) * 1979-12-13 1983-11-22 Diesel Kiki Co., Ltd. Seal for compressor
US5100606A (en) * 1987-08-17 1992-03-31 Dresser Industries, Inc. Method of injection molding a plastic plate
US5022833A (en) * 1989-12-06 1991-06-11 Tecumseh Products Company Single piece gasket valve plate assembly
US5101555A (en) * 1989-12-12 1992-04-07 Sanden Corporation Method of assembling a refrigerent compressor
US5265646A (en) * 1993-03-17 1993-11-30 Ingersoll-Rand Company Valve spacer plate
US5909749A (en) * 1996-03-21 1999-06-08 Lg Electronics, Inc. Valve apparatus of hermetic type compressor
US6305912B1 (en) * 1999-04-09 2001-10-23 Danfoss Compressors Gmbh Refrigerant compressor and method for assembling
US6412514B1 (en) * 1999-10-26 2002-07-02 Red Valve Company, Inc. Flip check valve
US6510868B2 (en) * 2000-01-11 2003-01-28 Coltec Industrial Products, Inc. Profiled plate valve
US20060016483A1 (en) * 2004-07-20 2006-01-26 Barnes Group Inc. Valve or valve plate having an integrated gasket

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20150030476A1 (en) * 2012-02-01 2015-01-29 Continental Teves Ag & Co. Ohg Pump unit driven by an electric motor
US9828981B2 (en) * 2012-02-01 2017-11-28 Continental Teves Ag & Co. Ohg Pump unit driven by an electric motor
US20180017049A1 (en) * 2015-01-26 2018-01-18 Magna Powertrain Bad Homburg GmbH Compressor housing having pressure limitation, and method for operation

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE102006008867A1 (de) 2007-08-30
CN103696949B (zh) 2017-04-26
DE102006008867B4 (de) 2016-09-29
CN103696949A (zh) 2014-04-02
CN101029638A (zh) 2007-09-05

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Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: DANFOSS COMPRESSORS GMBH, GERMANY

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ANDERSEN, BRIAN HOLM;SVENDSEN, MORTEN;REINWAND, KLAUS;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:019229/0307;SIGNING DATES FROM 20061213 TO 20070102

AS Assignment

Owner name: SECOP GMBH (FORMERLY KNOWN AS DANFOSS HOUSEHOLD CO

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:DANFOSS FLENSBURG GMBH (FORMERLY KNOWN AS DANFOSS COMPRESSORS GMBH);REEL/FRAME:026100/0634

Effective date: 20110406

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION