TWI764022B - 凝聚複合物的治療性奈米粒子及其治療細菌的用途 - Google Patents
凝聚複合物的治療性奈米粒子及其治療細菌的用途Info
- Publication number
- TWI764022B TWI764022B TW108126909A TW108126909A TWI764022B TW I764022 B TWI764022 B TW I764022B TW 108126909 A TW108126909 A TW 108126909A TW 108126909 A TW108126909 A TW 108126909A TW I764022 B TWI764022 B TW I764022B
- Authority
- TW
- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- therapeutic nanoparticle
- anionic
- peg
- nps
- polypeptide
- Prior art date
Links
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Abstract
治療性奈米粒子包含一陽離子多肽及一多陰離子分子,其中該陽離子多肽具備抗菌活性,與該多陰離子分子形成靜電作用,且該治療性奈米粒子的直徑小於50 奈米。亦揭露與該治療性奈米粒子有關的一種醫藥組合物、治療方法及製備方法。
Description
本揭露是關於治療性奈米粒子及其用途。更具體來說,本揭露是關於凝聚複合物的治療性奈米粒子及其治療細菌的用途。
細菌感染症的治療因為細菌抗藥性的出現而面臨重大挑戰。舉例而言,具碳青黴烯抗藥性 (Carbapenem-resistant) 的鮑氏不動桿菌(Acinetobacter baumannii
)、綠膿桿菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa
)及腸桿菌科(Enterobacteriaceae
)菌,係嚴重危害人體健康的三種革蘭氏陰性菌,相關敘述詳見Willyard,Nature
, 2017, 543, 15。這些細菌會引發各種疾病,包括肺炎、菌血症、腦膜炎、尿道感染、皮膚感染、傷口感染,相關敘述詳見Bergogne-Berezin et al.,Clin. Microbiol. Rev.
, 1996, 9, 148-165 及 Guzek et al.,Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.
, 2017, 955, 39-46。
碳青黴烯為治療致命細菌感染症時經常使用的最後一線藥物,因此,當此種藥物的療效逐漸衰退,便促使研究人員著手針對特定菌種研發替代抗菌藥物,相關敘述詳見Antachopoulos et al.,Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.
, 2017, 36, 905-907。在諸多替代藥物當中,已有十年歷史的抗菌劑的克痢黴素(colistin)受矚目的程度與日俱增,因為其他藥物抗革蘭氏陰性菌的成效皆難望其項背,相關敘述詳見Montero et al.,The J. Antimicrob. Chemother.
, 2004, 54, 1085-1091。克痢黴素係一種多黏菌素藥物(polymyxins),由多價陽離子環狀胜肽(polycationic cyclic peptide)混合而成,且可與細菌的細胞膜產生強大靜電作用,因此具備強大的抗菌活性,相關敘述詳見Colomé et al.,Int. J. Pharm.
, 1993, 90, 59-71。克痢黴素被更廣泛地作為抗菌劑使用於治療多種藥物抗藥性的革蘭氏陰性菌,然而,克痢黴素因所具有的腎毒性及神經毒性等副作用,而有危害健康之虞,相關敘述詳見Falagas et al.,Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther.
, 2018, 6, 593-600。
為提升克痢黴素的安全性,必須對其進行化學修飾及調劑。譬如克痢黴素前藥及其衍生物係經由甲磺酸甲酯修飾,並以非陽離子殘基取代胺基來合成。相關敘述詳見 Li et al.,Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
, 2003, 52, 987-992;Li et al.,J.Antimicrob. Chemother.
, 2004, 53, 837-840;Vaara et al.,Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
, 2008, 52, 3229-3236;Vaara et al.,J. Antimicrob. Chemother.
, 2013, 68, 636-639;及Vaara et al.,Peptides
, 2010, 31, 2318-2321。雖然上述衍生物的電荷減少後可提升藥物安全性,但卻同時降低其抗菌力。
奈米粒子藥物運輸平台(如微脂體及聚合奈米粒子)被廣泛開發來提升現有抗生素的療效並減少其副作用。克痢黴素曾與許多奈米粒子平台共同調劑,包括量子點(quantum dot)、微脂體、聚(乳酸-甘醇酸共聚物)粒子(poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-particles)、二氧化矽奈米粒子及聚(苯乙烯磺酸)粒子(poly(styrene sulphonate) particles),相關敘述詳見Carrillo-Carrion et al.,Biosens. Bioelectron.
, 2011, 26, 4368-4374;Wallace et al.,Drug Delivery and Translational Research
, 2012, 2, 284-292;Wallace et al.,J. Pharm. Sci.
, 2012, 101, 3347-3359;Shah et al.,Pharm. Res.
, 2014, 31, 3379-3389;Gounani et al.,Int. J. Pharm.
, 2018, 537, 148-161;Insua et al.,Eur. Polym. J.
, 2017, 87, 478-486;及Insua et al.,Sci. Rep.
, 2017, 7, 9396。然而在許多情況中,與奈米載體搭配的克痢黴素展現較低的抗菌活性。
據此,有必要開發新奈米載體系統來運輸抗生素,以改善抗生素療效,並提高所期望的藥物安全性。
本發明之一態樣係一種治療性奈米粒子,其包含一陽離子多肽及一多陰離子分子。該陽離子多肽具備抗菌活性,與該多陰離子分子形成靜電作用,且該治療性奈米粒子的直徑小於50 奈米。令人意外的是,該治療性奈米粒子可提升該陽離子多肽(即克痢黴素)的療效,並改善其藥物安全性。
一般而言,該陽離子多肽係一抗生素,其選自由克痢黴素、多黏菌素B及多黏菌素M組成的一群組。在一例示性的治療性奈米粒子中,其包含作為陽離子多肽的克痢黴素。
另一方面,該多陰離子分子可為一陰離子多肽、陰離子寡核苷酸、陰離子多核苷酸或陰離子聚有機酸。舉例而言,該多陰離子分子係一質體,其大小為少於10,000個鹼基對(如少於6,000個鹼基對、少於500個鹼基對、少於20個鹼基對)。在另一實例中,該多陰離子分子可為反義寡核苷酸。此外,該多陰離子分子亦可為包含聚乙二醇(PEG)及陰離子多肽的二嵌段共聚物(diblock copolymer)。
值得一提的是,該治療性奈米粒子可進一步包含雙親性穩定劑(amphiphilic stabilizer)。一般而言,該雙親性穩定劑為聚乙二醇脂質。聚乙二醇脂質之實例包括但不限於二硬脂醯基-sn-丙三醇-3-磷基乙醇胺-聚乙二醇(distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-polyethyleneglycol, DSPE-PEG)、DSPE-PEG-馬來亞醯胺(DSPE-PEG-Maleimide)、DSPE-PEG-生物素(DSPE-PEG-Biotin)、甲氧基PEG-膽固醇(mPEG-Cholesterol)及膽固醇-PEG-胺(Cholesterol-PEG-Amine)。
上述治療性奈米粒子一般包括陽離子多肽及多陰離子分子,其陽離子與陰離子之電荷比為1:4至7:1(如1:2、1:1、2:1及4:1)。
本發明之另一態樣係一種醫藥組合物,其包含如前述之一治療性奈米粒子,及一醫藥上可接受之載體。
本發明亦涵蓋一種製備該治療性奈米粒子的方法。該方法包括提供包含雙親性穩定劑之水溶液、將具有既定莫耳比率之陽離子多肽與多陰離子分子加入該水溶液中混合,及由所得混合物中獲得一治療性奈米粒子。
本發明涵蓋的範圍尚包括一種治療革蘭氏陽性菌的方法,該方法包括向有需要的受試者施予一有效量之上述治療性奈米粒子。
本發明的內容將詳述於下文。本發明的其他特徵、目的及優點,在參照附圖、多個具體實施例內容及所附請求項後將會變得明顯。
本文首先揭露一種治療性奈米粒子,其意外提升抗生素(即克痢黴素)之療效與藥物安全性。
如前所述,本發明的治療性奈米粒子包含一陽離子多肽及一多陰離子分子,其中該陽離子多肽具備抗菌活性,與該多陰離子分子形成靜電作用。
該治療性奈米粒子的直徑小於50 奈米,較佳為小於25 奈米,更佳為小於15 奈米。
該陽離子多肽的實例包括但不限於克痢黴素(即多黏菌素E)、多黏菌素B及多黏菌素M。
同樣地,該多陰離子分子一般為陰離子多肽、陰離子寡核苷酸、陰離子多核苷酸或陰離子聚有機酸。
在一具體實施例中,該多陰離子分子為由麩胺酸組成的多胺酸(即聚麩胺酸(PGA)),或由天門冬胺酸組成的多胺酸(即聚天門冬胺酸(PLD))。該多陰離子分子亦可為由一或多個麩胺酸或天門冬胺酸與一或多個其他種類的胺基酸(例丙胺酸、絲胺酸及酪胺酸)結合而成的聚合物。
在另一具體實施例中,該陰離子分子為單股或雙股去氧核醣核酸(DNA)、核醣核酸或鎖核酸。舉例而言,該陰離子分子係大小為20 mer的雙股DNA。在另一實例中,該陰離子分子係一質體,其大小為少於10,000個鹼基對(如少於6,000個鹼基對、少於500個鹼基對、少於20個鹼基對)。在又另一實例中,該多陰離子分子係反義寡核苷酸。
在又一具體實施例中,該多陰離子分子係包含聚乙二醇(PEG)及陰離子多肽的二嵌段共聚物,其中該陰離子多肽可為由麩胺酸或天門冬胺酸組成的多胺酸。包含二嵌段共聚物的示例性治療性奈米粒子係由克痢黴素及PEG-聚天門冬胺酸(PEG-PLD)組成。
如前所述,本發明的治療性奈米粒子可進一步包含雙親性穩定劑,該雙親性穩定劑一般為聚乙二醇脂質。聚乙二醇脂質之實例包括但不限於DSPE-mPEG、DSPE-PEG-馬來亞醯胺、DSPE-PEG-生物素、mPEG-膽固醇及膽固醇-PEG-胺。該等分子的結構如下所示。
DSPE-mPEG(分子量:1k-40k)
DSPE-PEG-馬來亞醯胺(分子量:1k-5k)
DSPE-PEG-生物素(分子量:1k-5k)
mPEG-膽固醇(分子量:1k-40k)
膽固醇-PEG-胺(分子量:1k-10k)
值得一提的是,上述治療性奈米粒子一般包括陽離子多肽及多陰離子分子,其陽離子與陰離子之電荷比為1:4至7:1,較佳為1:1至7:1。
在一較佳具體實施例中,該治療性奈米粒子進一步包含雙親性穩定劑,且直徑小於15 奈米,該陽離子多肽及多陰離子分子之陽離子與陰離子電荷比為1:4至7:1,且該多陰離子分子為陰離子多肽、陰離子寡核苷酸、陰離子多核苷酸或陰離子聚有機酸。
本發明亦揭露一種醫藥組合物,其包含上述治療性奈米粒子及一醫藥上可接受載體。
該醫藥組合物中的載體須為「可接受的」;意思是,載體必須與組合物中的活性成分相容(較佳地可使活性成分穩定),且不得危害受試者。可使用一或多個溶解劑作為醫藥賦形劑,以運輸活性醣苷化合物。其他載體的實例包括膠體氧化矽、硬脂酸鎂、纖維素、十二烷基硫酸鈉及D&C黃色10號染料。
本發明亦涵蓋一種製備該治療性奈米粒子的方法。該方法包括以下步驟:(i) 提供包含雙親性穩定劑的一水溶液;(ii) 將具有既定莫耳比率的陽離子多肽及多陰離子分子加入該水溶液中混合;及(iii) 由所得混合物中獲得一治療性奈米粒子。
製備該治療性奈米粒子時,陽離子多肽與多陰離子分子一般以1.6:1至518:1的莫耳比率 混合。
最後,本發明涵蓋的範圍尚包括一種治療革蘭氏陰性菌的方法,該方法包括向有需要的受試者(如患者)施予一有效量的上述治療性奈米粒子。
「有效量」一詞,係指對接受治療的受試者產生療效所需的複合物劑量。本發明所屬領域中具通常知識者了解,能產生療效的劑量會隨疾病種類、給藥途徑、賦形劑使用方法及是否可搭配其他療法而變化。
實施本發明提供的方法時,可將具有上述奈米粒子的組合物藉由腸外、口腔內、鼻腔內、直腸內、外用或口腔等途徑給藥。本文所使用的「腸外」一詞,係指皮下、皮內、靜脈內、肌肉內、關節內、動脈內、滑囊內、胸骨內、脊髓腔內、病灶內、顱內注射,以及任何合適的輸注方式。
無菌可注射組合物可為含腸外可接受無毒稀釋劑或溶劑的溶液或懸浮液,如1,3-丁二醇(1,3-butanediol)溶液。可接受的載體和溶劑包括甘露醇、水、林格氏液及等張氯化鈉溶液。此外,習慣上會使用非揮發油作為溶劑或懸浮介質(如合成單酸甘油酯或二酸甘油酯)。脂肪酸(如油酸)及其甘油酯衍生物可用於製備可注射物,天然的醫藥上可接受油類(如橄欖油或蓖麻油)亦然,特別是其聚氧乙烯形式。前述油溶液或懸浮液可包含長鏈醇類稀釋劑或分散劑、羧甲基纖維素或類似之分散劑。調製此製劑時,亦可使用其他常用的界面活性劑,如吐溫類(Tweens)或斯盤類(Spans)或其他常用以調製醫藥上可接受固體、液體或其他劑型的類似乳化劑或生體可用性促進劑。
口服組合物可為任何口腔內可接受之劑型,包括膠囊、錠劑、乳化劑、水懸浮液、水分散液及水溶液。就錠劑而言,常用載體包括乳糖及玉米澱粉,且一般亦會添加潤滑劑(如硬脂酸鎂)。就口服膠囊而言,常用稀釋劑包括乳糖及乾燥玉米澱粉。水懸浮液或乳化劑經口服給藥時,活性成分可懸浮或溶解在與乳化劑或懸浮劑結合的油相中。若有需要,亦可添加特定甜味劑、調味劑或著色劑。
鼻噴劑或吸入式組合物可根據醫藥製劑領域中的習知技術製備。舉例而言,此類組合物可調製為食鹽溶液,並添加苯甲醇或其他合適防腐劑、吸收促進劑以提高生體可用率,或添加碳氟化合物及/或其他習知溶解劑或分散劑。
包含該等奈米粒子的組合物亦可製成栓劑,以直腸內途徑給藥。
無須進一步闡明,一般認為本發明所屬技術領域中具通常知識者基於以上描述,即可利用本發明並發揮其最大功效。因此,以下特定實例(即實例1-4)應被視為僅具例示性,而非用來限制本文後續揭露的內容。本文引用的參考文獻,皆以全文引用方式併入本文中。
所有試劑、化學製劑皆為分析級。克痢黴素硫酸鹽、聚-L-麩胺酸鈉鹽(poly-L-glutamic acid sodium salt)(分子量3000-15000)、乙腈(acetonitrile)、三氟乙酸(trifluoroacetic acid (TFA))、胎牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumins)、磷酸二氫鈉(一水)(sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate)、磷酸氫二鈉(無水)(sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous)購自Sigma-Aldrich(St. Louis, MO)。乙酸鈉(無水)(sodium acetate anhydrous)購自Merck(Darmstadt, Germany)。1,2-二硬脂醯基-sn-丙三醇-3-磷基乙醇胺-N-[甲氧基(聚乙二醇)-2000](銨鹽)(1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanol amine-N-[methoxy (polyethylene glycol)-2000] (ammonium salt))(DSPE-PEG2000;分子量:2693.285 Da)及1,2-二硬脂醯基-sn-丙三醇-3-磷基乙醇胺-N-[甲氧基(聚乙二醇)-5000](銨鹽)(DSPE-PEG5000;分子量:5797.04 Da)購自Avanti Polar Lipids(Alabaster, AL)。Alexa Fluor 647及Alexa Fluor 488購自Thermo Fisher Scientific(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA)。甲氧基-聚乙二醇-嵌-聚(L-天門冬胺酸鈉鹽)(methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(L-aspartic acid sodium salt) )[乙二醇重複單元數:n = 454(分子量 = 20,000 Da);重複單元數:x = 75(分子量 = 10,500 Da)]購自Alamanda Polymers(Huntsville, AL)。反義寡核苷酸自Eurogentec (5’→3’) (Cy5-mCmCmAmU-TG-GTT-CAA-A-mCmAmUmA, m_: 2' 氧甲基鹼基)合成。實例 1
:由克痢黴素、PGA及DSPE-PEG2000組成之奈米粒子
針對克痢黴素、PGA及DSPE-PEG2000組成的治療性奈米粒子進行製備、定性及測試實驗,過程描述如下。
為使陽離子CS及陰離子PGA凝聚,首先將兩者成分以不同莫耳比率 混合,進行篩選試驗。當CS:PGA比例低於5:5時,未有相分離現象產生。當CS:PGA比例高於6:4時,所得溶液開始變得混濁並出現液滴。當CS:PGA比例提高至6:4至9:1時,液滴平均大小增為~300 奈米至~20,000 奈米,界達電位相應增為-20 mV至2 mV。當CS:PGA比例介於0:10至6:4之間,或者9:1至10:0之間時,未有凝聚現象產生。確認CS及PGA凝聚複合物產生後,即開始製備CS奈米粒子(CS NPs),此時CS:PGA之莫耳比率為6:4,因為混合物中產生的凝聚液滴最小,且界達電位為負值。
按一般製備過程,將3.6 mg CS及2.4 mg PGA加入含36 mg DSPE-PEG2000的7.2 mL水中相混合。接著使用高壓均質機Nanolyzer-N2(Gogene Corporation; Hsinchu County, Taiwan)分散混合物,運作壓力為5,000 psi。使用30 kDa MWCO Amicon®超離心過濾機(Merck Millipore; County Cork, Ireland)過濾生成的奈米粒子,以去除游離態CS、PGA或DSPE-PEG。
接著分析該等奈米粒子的物理化學性質。動態光散射(DLS)測量分析結果顯示,CS NPs的直徑為8 奈米、界達電位為-3 mV,且經過凍乾處理及加水還原後,CS NPs的大小或界達電位並無變化(見第1A圖)。針對CS NPs組成成分使用高效能液相層析儀(HPLC)進行分析,結果顯示克痢黴素A、克痢黴素B、DSPE-PEG及PGA的包覆率分別為99.07、95.74、99.60及81.45(見第1B圖),即CS與奈米粒子結合效率相當高。
另測定該等奈米粒子的穩定度。實驗發現,奈米粒子在室溫下置於PBS及10% FBS溶液至少4天後,仍可維持穩定狀態,大小不會變化(見第1C圖)。
將CS NPs置於含50k MWCO膜的透析管(Pur-A-LyzerTM
Maxi Dialysis Kit, Sigma-Aldrich)中,分別以0.15 M磷酸鹽緩衝液(pH 7.4)及0.15 M乙酸緩衝溶液(pH 5.0)針對釋出的CS進行分析。磷酸鹽緩衝液含16.48 g/L Na2
HPO4
及4.67 g/L NaH2
PO4
,乙酸緩衝溶液含0.3 % (v/v)乙酸及1.3 % (w/v)乙酸鈉。將各樣品分別置入透析管,於37°C下緩慢攪拌,並於既定時間點採集樣品,使用HPLC分析其中的CS成分。
結果發現,游離態CS在透析開始後即可被快速透析,而CS NPs則呈現持續釋放狀態,在24小時後,CS NPs仍保有70%的CS成分(見第1D圖)。在釋放動力學方面,pH 7.4和pH 5.0的環境並未呈現顯著差異。CS結構中的胺基所具有的pKa約為10,而PGA結構中的羧基所具有的pKa約4.3,因此預期在pH 7.4及pH 5.0的環境下,前述兩種分子仍會保有正負電荷。因此可預期的是,即使生理環境的酸度產生變化,複合物動力學並不會受到顯著影響。CS NPs 的抗菌效力
為測定CS NPs的抗菌效力,實驗針對5種參考菌株及39種抗碳青黴烯的鮑氏不動桿菌(A. baumannii
)、綠膿桿菌(P. aeruginosa
)、大腸桿菌(E. coli
)、克雷伯氏肺炎菌(K. pneumoniae
)臨床分離株進行CS NPs最低抑菌濃度(MIC)及最低殺菌濃度(MBC)試驗。
參考菌株購自美國菌種中心(ATCC)。抗碳青黴烯的臨床分離菌株取自國家衛生研究院(NHRI)及三軍總醫院(TSGH)。MIC定義為抑制細菌生長所需的最低濃度,MBC定義為滅菌所需的最低濃度。使用培養液微量稀釋法(broth microdilution method)測定CS及CS NPs的MIC。將細菌懸浮液的濁度調整至0.5±0.05 McFarland,並於不同CS或CS NPs濃度下隔夜培養。無抗菌處理的控制組係作為對照之用。隔夜培養後,以目測方式判定溶液濁度。針對目測無濁度的培養孔內容物進一步繼代培養,以測定其MBC。將清澈培養孔中的溶液置於瓊脂培養盤上隔夜培養,以測定其MBC。
如下表1所示,CS NPs的MIC及MBC整體上與CS相同。針對某些菌株,CS NPs的抗菌效力則出乎預期增至CS的2至4倍。值得注意的是,PGA及PEG並未呈現任何抑菌或殺菌效力,意即兩者與CS NPs活性提高無關。
結果顯示CS始終具有療效,但在某些情況下,會因為搭配奈米粒子聚集體(assembly)而意外提高療效,形成另一種有效抑制抗碳青黴烯菌臨床表現的方法。
表1:CS及CS NPs針對不同菌種的MIC及 MBC CS NPs 與菌種的結合
實驗進一步檢驗各菌種與CS NPs的交互作用。
簡言之,製備螢光CS NPs時,首先於水中以5:1之莫耳比率共同培養CS及Alexa Fluor 647 N-羥基琥珀醯亞胺基酯(N-hydroxysuccinimidyl (NHS) ester)48小時。共軛反應結束後,使用Nanolyzer N-2將CS與PGA及DSPE-PEG以分散方法混合,以形成奈米粒子聚集體,運作壓力為5,000 psi。再使用30 kDa MWCO Amicon超離心過濾機過濾所生成的奈米粒子,以去除未形成共軛體的螢光染劑。採集呈藍色的滯留物,將含染劑標示的CS NPs凍乾並貯存於-80°C下。接著,將含螢光染劑標示的CS NPs粉末回溶於PBS中,並與表現GFP的鮑氏不動桿菌或大腸桿菌共同培養(見第2A圖)。共同培養90分鐘或24小時後,使用PBS沖洗細菌,去除未與細菌結合的奈米粒子。將處理後所得的細菌利用4%多聚甲醛固定於塗覆有聚-L-離胺酸的玻片上,並使用共軛焦螢光顯微鏡(Zeiss LSM 700)觀察之。
於CS NPs的MIC下處理90分鐘後,以共軛焦螢光顯微鏡觀察發現,細菌表面覆有螢光斑點(見第2B圖)。同時觀察到奈米粒子附於鮑氏不動桿菌(第2C圖)及大腸桿菌(第2D圖)上,顯示革蘭氏陰性菌與奈米粒子之間具親和性。動力學實驗將鮑氏不動桿菌與CS NPs共同培養90分鐘或24小時,結果發現培養時間越長,細菌攜帶的粒子螢光越多(第2E及2F圖)。而當粒子螢光越多,GFP螢光也會隨之減少。根據菌體外粒子與菌體內蛋白質成分的平衡情形,顯示菌體細胞壁的完整性已遭破壞。以上觀察證明,奈米粒子能使CS維持活性。奈米粒子和細菌結合後,菌體上的膜會被破壞,進而抑制細菌生長。CS NPs 的藥物安全性
實驗另比較CS NPs及CS置於小鼠體內時的藥物安全性。
簡言之,實驗自BioLASCO Taiwan Co., Ltd(Taipei, Taiwan)取得8週齡BALB/c小鼠,並透過小鼠尾靜脈注射將CS或CS NPs注入小鼠體內,CS濃度分別為8、9、10、11、12、12.5及13 mg/kg,藉此測定藥物在單獨使用與搭配奈米粒子使用時,對小鼠的最大耐受劑量(MTD),可參考如Li et al, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2016, 515, 20-29;及Barnett et al., British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, 1964, 23, 552-574。能使實驗中所有受試者持續存活之最高劑量,即定義為MTD。
結果顯示,CS NPs及CS的MTD分別為12.5 mg/kg及10 mg/kg。當CS濃度達12.5 mg/kg時,會使小鼠顫抖、呼吸困難並於數分鐘內死亡;相反地,無論CS NPs濃度為何,小鼠皆能耐受(見第3A圖)。
為進一步比較CS和CS NPs長期療效,實驗針對各含三隻小鼠的不同組別,使用不同製劑(皆溶於PBS中)分別治療7天後(靜脈注射4 mg/kg,每天兩次),再對各組進行綜合血清生化檢驗(comprehensive serum chemistry)。將無菌PBS經尾靜脈注射注入其中一組小鼠體內,該組即為負控制組。最後一次治療結束後24小時,自小鼠身上採集0.5 mL血液,進行綜合代謝檢查(comprehensive metabolic panel,CMP)的分析,並使用GraphPad Prism軟體(GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA),以Student's t檢定及Dunnett's多重比較分析檢定進行資料分析。p值小於0.05時具顯著性。
如第3B及3C圖所示,相較於PBS控制組,經CS治療組別的天門冬胺酸胺基轉移酶(AST)及丙胺酸胺基轉移酶(ALT)濃度顯著提升,AST及ALT皆為肝臟損傷指標。此實驗結果與先前研究報告的結論一致:報告指出,臨床案例顯示CS及CS衍生物與肝臟毒性相關。可參考Kalin et al.,Infection
, 2014, 42, 37-42;Katz et al.,Med. Ann. D. C.
, 1963, 32, 408-413;及 Falagas et al.,Crit. Care
, 2006, 10, R27。相反地,相較於CS組,經CS NPs治療組別的ALT及AST值較低。而在綜合代謝檢查中的其他參數(第3D至3M圖),CS及CS NPs皆不會引發任何顯著變化。以上結果顯示,施予CS NPs的安全性較高,而添加PGA及DSPE-PEG不會引發任何預期之外的不良反應。值得注意的是,雖然研究報告指出CS會引發的副作用之一為腎臟毒性,但本實驗並未觀察到此一現象,且就肌酸酐(CREA)及尿素氮(BUN)濃度而言,PBS組、CS組及CS NPs組的結果皆相近。
總之,以上結果顯示奈米粒子聚集體意外提升了CS的MTD,且降低了肝臟毒性。CS NPs 的活體內( in vivo )抗菌活性
實驗進一步使用鮑氏不動桿菌肺炎的小鼠模型,測定CS NPs的活體內抗菌活性。可參考Yang et al., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2016, 60, 4047-4054。
簡言之,實驗於37°C下、30 mL LB培養液中震盪培養鮑氏不動桿菌 ATCC 17978,使之達對數生長中期。接著,以4,000 g離心該菌15分鐘,形成菌體。將菌體置於PBS中回溶,並與由豬胃提取之5% 黏液素(type 3;Sigma-Aldrich, Taiwan)相混合。
為誘發鮑氏不動桿菌肺炎,實驗首先抓取8週齡C57BL/6小鼠(國家實驗研究院國家實驗動物中心),以2%三溴乙醇(Avertin;0.018 mL/g)麻醉。接著以氣管內注射方式,對小鼠施予6.07 x 108
CFU的鮑氏不動桿菌 ATCC 17978以誘發肺炎(見第4A圖)。在接種後2小時,透過靜脈注射方式以PBS(控制組)、CS或CS NPs治療小鼠,劑量為5 mg/kg,每天注射兩次。
透過存活分析比較CS及CS NPs的療效。使用GraphPad Prism,以對數-等級檢定分析各組的存活差異。待誘發感染後36小時觀察CS及CS NPs療效;兩組實驗組皆未有小鼠死亡,而控制組則有37.5%小鼠死亡。觀察72小時後發現CS NPs的療效與CS相近(p = 0.67),而各含8隻受試小鼠的兩組實驗組中,分別有3隻與4隻小鼠存活(見第4B圖)。存活分析的結果顯示,CS搭配奈米粒子聚集體後仍保有抗菌活性。
上述結果顯示,本發明的CS NPs意外具有治療抗藥性細菌的效果,且符合預期的藥物安全性。實例 2
:由CS、PGA及DSPE-PEG5000組成之奈米粒子
針對CS、PGA及DSPE-PEG5000(分子量5000)組成的治療性奈米粒子進行製備、定性及測試實驗。
根據實例1描述的流程進行調整以製備治療性奈米粒子,調整方式如下所述。具體而言,將CS:PGA的莫耳比率 調整為6:7(w/w),並將奈米粒子穩定於1.5% DSPE-PEG5000中。此外,實驗使用劑量更高的PGA及具更高分子量的PEG,以提升CS NPs的穩定性。
按一般製備過程,將6 mg CS和7 mg PGA加入含180 mg DSPE-PEG5000的12 mL水中相混合。接著使用高壓均質機分散混合物,並過濾生成的奈米粒子。使用動態光散射分析過濾後奈米粒子的大小及界達電位,接著將奈米粒子凍乾並貯存於-80 °C下。所有實驗皆使用PBS回溶凍乾的CS NPs。動態光散射分析顯示,該等奈米粒子的直徑為12.5 奈米、界達電位為-5 mV,且經凍乾及回溶處理後呈穩定態(見表2)。
HPLC量化分析顯示,CS NPs對於克痢黴素A及克痢黴素B具高包覆率(encapsulation efficiency, EE%)(見表3)。
表3:經HPLC測定之CS NPs對CS的包覆率 CS 、 PGA 及 DSPE-PEG5000 組成之奈米粒子的抗菌效力
為測定本實驗CS NPs的抗菌效力,實驗按實例1中所述的流程針對5種參考菌株及20種抗碳青黴烯的鮑氏不動桿菌(A. baumannii
)、大腸桿菌(E. coli
)、克雷伯氏肺炎菌(K. pneumoniae
)、綠膿桿菌(P. aeruginosa
)臨床分離株進行MIC及MBC試驗。參考菌株購自ATCC。抗碳青黴烯的臨床分離菌株取自NHRI。
如表4所示,較實例1添加更多聚合物時,並不影響生成的CS NPs的抗菌活性,而CS NPs的抗菌活性亦與CS不相上下。值得注意的是,PGA及DSPE-PEG未表現出任何抑菌或殺菌效力,意即兩者與CS NPs活性提高無關。
表4:CS及CS NPs對不同細菌的MIC及MBC 檢驗 CS NPs 與菌種的結合
實驗檢驗各菌種與CS NPs的交互作用,實例2的CS NPs較實例1包含更多聚合物(見第5A圖)。
為製備與螢光染劑共軛的CS,於0.1 M碳酸氫鈉緩衝液中以5:1之莫耳比率共同培養CS及Alexa Fluor 647 NHS 72小時。至於製備與螢光染劑共軛的PGA時,則於0.1 M碳酸氫鈉緩衝液中以1:7.5之莫耳比率共同培養PGA及Alexa Fluor 488 NHS酯 72小時。螢光共軛反應結束後,於包含DSPE-PEG的水中混合CS及PGA,再以Nanolyzer N-2分散混合物,運作壓力為5,000 psi。接著使用30 kDa MWCO Amicon超離心過濾機過濾所生成的螢光奈米粒子,以去除未形成共軛體的螢光染劑。採集螢光滯留物,並將螢光奈米粒子凍乾並貯存於-80°C下。
將經隔夜培養的大腸桿菌ATCC 25922於4°C下以10,000 x g離心10分鐘,形成片狀沉澱物。將沉澱物置於PBS中回溶,再將細菌回溶液與螢光CS或螢光CS NPs於37°C下共同培養,另製備不含CS或CS NP的細菌回溶液作為負控制組。將螢光CS或螢光CS NPs與細菌共同培養1.5及24小時後,使用PBS沖洗細菌。將所取得的樣品凍乾,並置於1%十二烷基硫酸鈉(Sigma-Aldrich)(w/v)中回溶。使用微量盤螢光分析儀(TECAN Infinite M1000, Austria)測量回溶液中的CS成分。
共同培養24小時後,Alexa 647及488的螢光強度增加,顯示CS NPs中的CS快速與細菌產生交互作用(見第5B圖)。換言之,多添加的聚合物並未影響CS NPs與細菌結合的功能。測定 CS NPs 的 MTD
使用小鼠進行藥物增量實驗,以測定CS NPs的MTD。
實驗自BioLASCO Taiwan Co., Ltd(Taipei, Taiwan)取得8週齡BALB/c小鼠,並透過小鼠尾靜脈注射將CS或CS NPs注入小鼠體內,以測定老鼠對奈米粒子的MTD,CS base濃度分別為25、40、45及50 mg/kg(n = 10)。能使實驗中所有受試者持續存活之最高劑量,即定義為MTD。
如第6圖所示,本實驗的CS NPs所表現的MTD為40 mg/kg,較實例1中的CS高3倍、CS NPs高2倍(見第6圖)。當MTD提高,治療臨床抗藥性分離株時可投予的藥物劑量即隨之提高。使用 CS NP 治療感染克雷伯氏肺炎菌之小鼠存活模型
使用克雷伯氏肺炎菌的小鼠感染模型,測定CS NPs的活體內抗菌活性(見第7A圖)。
自BioLASCO Taiwan Co., Ltd(Taipei, Taiwan)取得10週齡、20-22g的Balb/c小鼠。感染前3天及前1天,以腹膜內注射方式對小鼠分別注射150 mg/kg及100 mg/kg的環磷醯胺,以誘發嗜中性白血球低下症。實驗於37°C下、60 mL MH培養基中震盪培養克雷伯氏肺炎菌NHRI 1臨床分離菌株2.5小時,震盪速度為150 rpm(迴轉式震盪器, Yihder TS-580),使之達對數生長中期。接著,於4°C下以10,000 x g離心該菌10分鐘,形成片狀沉澱物。將沉澱物置於PBS中回溶,為誘發腹腔內克雷伯氏肺炎菌感染且使細菌達致命劑量,以腹腔內注射方式對每隻小鼠施予50µL、濃度1.5 x 108
CFU的克雷伯氏肺炎菌。在接種後5小時,以5 mg/kg CS(50% MTD)、20 mg/kg CS NPs(50% MTD)或PBS(控制組)治療感染小鼠。
結果發現,CS NPs形成的高劑量藥物療法使小鼠存活率自0%提升至50%,而CS則未改善感染小鼠的存活率(見第7B圖)。使用 CS NP 治療感染克雷伯氏肺炎菌之小鼠感染模型
為比較CS及CS NPs的療效,進一步於非致命細菌挑戰實驗(non-lethal bacterial challenge)中進行細菌計數試驗(見第7C圖)。
自BioLASCO Taiwan Co., Ltd(Taipei, Taiwan)取得10週齡、20-22g的Balb/c小鼠,每組3隻。感染前3天及前1天,以腹膜內注射方式對小鼠分別注射150 mg/kg及100 mg/kg的環磷醯胺,以誘發嗜中性白血球低下症。實驗於37°C下、60 mL MH培養基(Mueller Hinton broth)中震盪培養克雷伯氏肺炎菌NHRI 1臨床分離菌株2.5小時,震盪速度為150 rpm(迴轉式震盪器, Yihder TS-580),使之達對數生長中期。接著,於4°C下以10,000 x g離心10分鐘,形成片狀沉澱物。將沉澱物置於PBS中回溶,為誘發腹腔內克雷伯氏肺炎菌感染,以腹腔內注射方式對每隻小鼠施予50mL、濃度8.4 x 107
CFU的克雷伯氏肺炎菌。於接種後2小時及7小時,以5 mg/kg CS或20 mg/kg CS NPs透過靜脈內注射治療被感染的小鼠。接種後24小時犧牲小鼠,並採集其組織進行細菌計數。觀察組織中的細菌CFU數值,比較兩種藥物的療效。
自接受50% MTD CS或CS NPs療法的小鼠體內摘取器官,並計算器官內菌數後發現,在經CS NPs治療的組別中血液和心臟內的菌數以2-log幅度下降(見第7D圖)。
結果顯示,本發明的CS NPs相較於CS意外表現出更佳的藥物安全性,且不影響抗菌活性。實例 3
:由CS、寡核苷酸及DSPE-PEG5000組成之奈米粒子
針對CS、寡核苷酸及DSPE-PEG5000組成的治療性奈米粒子進行製備、定性及測試實驗,過程描述如下。
使用帶螢光之20 mer雙股DNA作為寡核苷酸。製備帶螢光之20 mer雙股DNA時,將帶有螢光素醯胺(fluorescein amidite,FAM)((5’-/56-FAM/TT GGC TAC GTC CAG GAG CGC-3’)的單股寡核苷酸與無螢光染劑的另一正向單股寡核苷酸相混合,再於94°C下與反向單股寡核苷酸黏合,並緩緩冷卻之。製備含CS及寡核苷酸(CS/DNA NPs)的奈米粒子時,將CS與寡核苷酸以6:7(w:w)的比例相混合,並穩定於1.5%的DSPE-PEG5000中。
按一般製備過程,將6 mg CS和7 mg 寡核苷酸加入含1.5% DSPE-PEG5000的12 mL水中相混合。接著使用Nanolyzer N-2分散混合物,運作壓力為5,000 psi,並使用30 kDa MWCO Amicon超離心過濾機過濾生成的奈米粒子,以去除處於游離態的CS、寡核苷酸及DSPE-PEG5000。觀察螢光滯留物,以確認CS/DNA NPs確實製備成功,此結果代表含螢光標記的DNA未被尺寸大小過濾器篩除。採集黃色螢光滯留物,並將CS/DNA奈米粒子凍乾且貯存於-80°C下。動態光散射分析顯示,該等奈米粒子的直徑為10.75 奈米、具有微負值的界達電位,且經凍乾後呈穩定態(見表5)。
為觀察各菌種與CS-DNA NPs的交互作用,將奈米粒子回溶於PBS中,並與抗碳青黴烯的克雷伯氏肺炎菌共同培養。將游離DNA與細菌共同培養作為對照組。經3小時培養後,使用PBS沖洗細菌,去除未與細菌結合的奈米粒子。將處理後所得的細菌利用4%多聚甲醛固定於塗覆有聚-L-離胺酸的玻片上,並使用共軛焦螢光顯微鏡(Zeiss LSM 700)觀察之。實驗結果顯示,CS-DNA NPs使大量DNA進入細菌體中;反之,在控制組中的細菌僅含有少量DNA(見第8圖)。
為證明具療效的寡核苷酸(如反義寡核苷酸(ASOs))可併入CS NPs以增強抗菌的療效,本實驗製備含ASOsftsZ
DNA片段(ASO ftsZ
)的CS NPs並進行測定,因為阻斷ASO ftsZ
可抑制原核生物的細胞增生。當ASOs成功接觸到原核生物的ftsZ
基因,即可阻斷該基因並抑制菌落生成。
本實驗合成以花菁染料標記的ASO ftsZ
(Cy5-ASO ftsZ
),並利用該Cy5-ASO ftsZ
與Alexa 488-CS共軛體(Alexa488-CS)形成凝聚複合物,以製備奈米粒子。使用微量盤分析儀(TECAN Infinite M1000 PRO)測量Alexa488-CS及Cy5-ASO ftsZ
的包覆率,結果分別為89.5%及71.13%。
針對大腸桿菌ATCC 25922測定Alexa488-CS及雙螢光染劑標記的CS NPs(CS-ASO ftsZ
NPs)的MIC及MBC。結果顯示,併入ASO ftsZ
後未影響CS的MIC及MBC(見表6)。此外,在濃度1 µg/mL時(即低於CS的MIC),CS-ASO ftsZ
NPs表現出協同抗菌效果(見第9圖)。
表6:各治療藥物針對E. Coli
ATCC 25922的MIC及MBC
為觀察各菌種與CS-ASO ftsZ
NPs的交互作用,將奈米粒子回溶於PBS中,並與大腸桿菌ATCC 25922共同培養。經2小時培養後,使用PBS沖洗細菌,去除未與細菌結合的奈米粒子。將處理後所得的細菌利用4%多聚甲醛固定於塗覆有聚-L-離胺酸的玻片上,並使用共軛焦螢光顯微鏡(Inverted Confocal plus Super Resolution Microscope; LSM 780 + ELYRA)觀察之。
細菌與CS-ASO ftsZ
NPs或游離態CS/游離態ASO ftsZ
混合物共同培養後,CS及ASO ftsZ
的分布位置呈現顯著差異。具體而言,細菌與游離態CS及游離態ASO ftsZ
共同培養後,會使CS及ASO ftsZ
落在細菌體邊緣上,而與奈米粒子共同培養後,則會使CS及ASO ftsZ
分布在整個細菌體上。當CS-ASO ftsZ
NPs成功將ASO ftsZ
輸入細菌體內,亦會提高DNA含量,由4',6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(4’-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole)染色區域增加即可證明。
結果顯示,ASOs可作為用來製備CS NP的生物聚合物,且CS NPs可使ASOs更容易輸入細菌體內。此外,將治療用ASO與CS耦合成為奈米粒子即可形成協同作用。而就ASO ftsZ
而言,一旦ASO ftsZ
成功輸入細菌體內,便會影響內部細胞分化,使細菌DNA累積更多。實例 4
:由CS及甲氧基-聚乙二醇-嵌-聚(L-天門冬胺酸鈉鹽)(methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(L-aspartic acid sodium salt), mPEG20K
-b-PLD75
)組成之奈米粒子
亦可使用CS及二嵌段共聚物(即mPEG20K
-b-PLD75
)製備CS NPs。二嵌段共聚物與CS的比例為2:3(w/w)。簡言之,將克痢黴素及二嵌段共聚物以2:3(w/w)的比例相混合形成凝聚複合物,再使用Nanolyzer N-2進一步分散該複合物,運作壓力為5,000 psi。使用30 kDa MWCO Amicon超離心過濾機過濾生成的奈米粒子,以去除處於游離態的CS及共聚物。將採集到的奈米粒子凍乾並貯存於-80°C下。
動態光散射分析顯示,生成的奈米粒子(即CS/mPEG20K
-b-PLD75
NPs)之大小約為60 奈米,且經凍乾後呈穩定態,大小及界達電位皆維持恆定,如表7所示。
製備奈米粒子時,CS的包覆率相當高,根據HPLC的分析結果,克痢黴素A及克痢黴素B的包覆率分別達97.6%及64.2%。經冷凍電子顯微鏡觀察發現,此配方可形成大小約10 奈米的奈米粒子。而在動態光散射分析下,亦發現數個造成測量偏差的大型奈米粒子(見表7)。本實驗奈米粒子的MTD為17.5 mg/kg,顯見其藥物安全性較CS(MTD = 10 mg/kg)高。
[其他具體實施例]
本文揭露的所有特徵可結合為任何組合。本文揭露的各項特徵,可由其他具備同樣、對等或類似目的之特徵代換。因此,除非另有說明,本文揭露的各項特徵僅為一系列對等或類似的基本特徵之範例。
又,根據以上說明,本發明所屬技術領域中具通常知識者可明確掌握本發明的主要特徵,且在不背離本發明的精神及申請專利範圍之情形下,可對本發明進行各種變化及修飾,以使本發明滿足特定用途及條件。因此,其他具體實施例亦涵蓋於本發明申請專利範圍之中。
第1A圖顯示克痢黴素奈米粒子(CS NPs)經凍乾處理前與後之大小與界達電位(zeta potential)(n = 3);第1B圖顯示CS NPs中的克痢黴素A、克痢黴素B、DSPE-PEG及聚麩胺酸之包覆率(n = 3);第1C圖顯示CS NPs於磷酸鹽緩衝液(PBS)及5%胎牛血清(FBS)溶液於25°C下浸泡4天後的大小量測,插圖放大顯示胎牛血清蛋白及胎牛血清中克痢黴素奈米粒子的大小分布(n = 3);第1D圖顯示pH 7.4及pH 5下自CS NPs釋放之克痢黴素(CS)(n = 3),誤差線代表平均值±標準差。
第2A圖為CS NPs製備流程及CS NPs結合表現綠色螢光蛋白(GFP)革蘭氏陰性菌的示意圖;第2B圖為螢光顯微影像,其顯示與Alexa 647-CS NPs共軛體共同培養的鮑氏不動桿菌;第2C圖為螢光顯微影像,其顯示與花菁染料(Cy5)-CS NPs共軛體共同培養的鮑氏不動桿菌,影像中的GFP在綠色通道中成像,而奈米粒子在紅色通道中成像;第2D圖為螢光顯微影像,其顯示與Cy5-CS NPs共軛體共同培養的大腸桿菌,影像中的GFP於綠色通道中成像,而奈米粒子在紅色通道中成像;第2E圖顯示標準化GFP螢光訊號及表現GFP的鮑氏不動桿菌內的奈米粒子螢光訊號,訊號於使用螢光CS NPs治療後1.5小時後測定;第2F圖顯示標準化GFP螢光訊號及表現GFP的鮑氏不動桿菌內的奈米粒子螢光訊號,訊號於使用螢光CS NPs治療後24小時後測定。
第3A圖顯示經靜脈注射12.5 mg/kg的CS或CS NPs後小鼠的存活情形(n = 6);第3B至3M圖分別顯示經PBS、CS或CS NPs治療後,血清中的天門冬胺酸胺基轉移酶(aspartate transaminase, AST)、丙胺酸胺基轉移酶(alanine transaminase, ALT)、總蛋白(total protein, TP)、白蛋白(albumin, ALB)、鹼性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)、肌酸酐(creatinine, CREA)、尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen, BUN)、磷(phosphorus, PHOS)、鈣(calcium, CA)、總膽固醇(total cholesterol, T-CHO)、葡萄糖(glucose, GLU)、三酸甘油酯(triglyceride, TG)的濃度(虛線代表正常值,誤差線代表平均值±標準差;n = 3)。
第4A圖為示意圖,其繪示使用CS NP對鮑氏不動桿菌肺炎的小鼠模型進行治療以及治療時程。第4B圖顯示三組不同實驗組小鼠(即分別接受5 mg/kg CS、5 mg/kg CS NPs的實驗組,與接受PBS治療的控制組)在注射治療後的存活情形。
第5A圖為Alexa 647螢光染劑-CS NPs和Alexa 488螢光染劑-CS NPs共軛體製備流程及量化分析結果示意圖,詳細內容如實例2所述;第5B圖顯示將細菌與螢光染劑-CS NPs共軛體共同培養1.5及24小時後,菌體所含的Alexa 647和Alexa 488相對螢光強度(誤差線代表平均值±標準差;n = 3)。
第6A圖為長條圖,其繪示CS、實例1中的CS NPs(1st
CS NPs)及實例2中的CS NPs(2nd
CS NPs)之最大耐受劑量(maximum tolerated dose,MTD),測量條件分別為10 mg/kg、12.5 mg/kg、40 mg/kg;第6B圖顯示小鼠經靜脈注射 CS(10 mg/kg、11 mg/kg、12 mg/kg)、1st
CS NPs(12.5 mg/kg)及2nd
CS NPs(40 mg/kg、45 mg/kg、50 mg/kg)後的存活情形。
第7A圖為示意圖,其繪示使用CS NP對受克雷伯氏肺炎菌NHRI 1臨床分離菌株感染的小鼠存活模型進行治療以及治療時程;第7B圖顯示三組不同實驗組小鼠在注射治療後(即分別接受PBS、5 mg/kg CS、5 mg/kg CS NPs治療)的存活情形,使用對數-等級檢定(Log-rank test)進行測量及分析(n = 5-6);第7C圖為示意圖,其繪示使用CS NP對受克雷伯氏肺炎菌NHRI 1臨床分離菌株感染的小鼠感染模型進行治療以及治療時程;第7D圖顯示兩組不同實驗組小鼠(即分別接受5 mg/kg CS、20 mg/kg CS NPs治療的小鼠)的血液、心臟、肝臟、脾臟、肺臟及腎臟中的菌落形成單位(CFU)的數量,使用單因子變異數分析進行測量及分析(誤差線代表平均值±標準差;n = 3)。
第8圖為螢光顯微影像,其顯示抗碳青黴烯克雷伯氏肺炎菌與CS-DNA奈米粒子(左圖)或僅與DNA(右圖)共同培養後,以4',6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(4’-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole)染色。
第9圖為長條圖,其顯示大腸桿菌ATCC25922與CS、反義寡核苷酸ftsZ DNA片段(ASO ftsZ
)、CS+ASO ftsZ
、CS-ASO ftsZ
共軛奈米粒子(CS-ASO ftsZ
NPs)共同培養24小時後的菌落形成情形。
Claims (23)
- 一種治療性奈米粒子,包含:一陽離子多肽,及一多陰離子分子,其中該陽離子多肽具備抗菌活性,與該多陰離子分子形成靜電作用,且該治療性奈米粒子的直徑小於50奈米;其中該陽離子多肽係一抗生素,該抗生素選自由克痢黴素、多黏菌素B及多黏菌素M組成的群組;其中該多陰離子分子係包括:由麩胺酸或天門冬胺酸組成的一多胺酸、一單股或雙股去氧核醣核酸(DNA)、核醣核酸(RNA)或鎖核酸、或包含一聚乙二醇(PEG)及一陰離子多肽的一二嵌段共聚物(diblock copolymer)。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的治療性奈米粒子,其中該陽離子多肽係克痢黴素。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的治療性奈米粒子,其中該多陰離子分子係一質體,其大小為少於10,000個鹼基對。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的治療性奈米粒子,進一步包含一雙親性穩定劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項所述的治療性奈米粒子,其中該雙親性穩定劑係一聚乙二醇(PEG)脂質。
- 如申請專利範圍第5項所述的治療性奈米粒子,其中該雙親性穩定劑係二硬脂醯基-sn-丙三醇-3-磷基乙醇胺-聚乙二醇(distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-polyethyleneglycol,DSPE-PEG)、DSPE-PEG-馬來亞 醯胺(DSPE-PEG-Maleimide)、DSPE-PEG-生物素(DSPE-PEG-Biotin)、甲氧基PEG-膽固醇(mPEG-Cholesterol)或膽固醇-PEG-胺(Cholesterol-PEG-Amine)。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的治療性奈米粒子,其中該多陰離子分子係一大小為20 mer的雙股DNA。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的治療性奈米粒子,其中該多陰離子分子係一反義寡核苷酸。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的治療性奈米粒子,其中該陰離子多肽係由麩胺酸或天門冬胺酸組成的一多胺酸。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的治療性奈米粒子,其中該陽離子多肽及多陰離子分子之陽離子與陰離子電荷比為1:4至7:1。
- 如申請專利範圍第10項所述的治療性奈米粒子,其中該治療性奈米粒子進一步包含一雙親性穩定劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第11項所述的治療性奈米粒子,其中該雙親性穩定劑係一PEG脂質,該PEG脂質選自由DSPE-PEG、DSPE-PEG-馬來亞醯胺、DSPE-PEG-生物素、mPEG-膽固醇及膽固醇-PEG-胺組成的群組。
- 如申請專利範圍第10項所述的治療性奈米粒子,其中該多陰離子分子係包含一聚乙二醇及一陰離子多肽的一二嵌段共聚物。
- 如申請專利範圍第13項所述的治療性奈米粒子,其中該陰離子多肽係由麩胺酸或天門冬胺酸組成的一多胺酸。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的治療性奈米粒子,其中該治療性奈米粒子的直徑小於25奈米。
- 如申請專利範圍第15項所述的治療性奈米粒子,其中該治療性奈米粒子的直徑小於15奈米。
- 如申請專利範圍第16項所述的治療性奈米粒子,其中該陽離子多肽及多陰離子分子之陽離子與陰離子電荷比為1:4至7:1。
- 如申請專利範圍第17項所述的治療性奈米粒子,其中該治療性奈米粒子進一步包含一雙親性穩定劑,且該多陰離子分子係一陰離子多肽、陰離子寡核苷酸、陰離子多核苷酸或陰離子聚有機酸。
- 如申請專利範圍第17項所述的治療性奈米粒子,其中該多陰離子分子係包含一聚乙二醇及一陰離子多肽的一二嵌段共聚物。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的治療性奈米粒子,其中該治療性奈米粒子進一步包含一雙親性穩定劑、直徑小於15奈米,該陽離子多肽及多陰離子分子之陽離子與陰離子電荷比為1:4至7:1,且該多陰離子分子係一陰離子多肽、陰離子寡核苷酸、陰離子多核苷酸或陰離子聚有機酸。
- 一種醫藥組合物,包含如申請專利範圍第1項所述的一治療性奈米粒子及一醫藥上可接受載體。
- 一種製備如申請專利範圍第1項所述的一治療性奈米粒子的方法,包含:提供包含一雙親性穩定劑的一水溶液,將具有一既定莫耳比率之一陽離子多肽與一多陰離子分子加入該水溶液中混合,及由所得混合物中獲得一治療性奈米粒子。
- 一種治療性奈米粒子用於製備治療革蘭氏陰性菌之醫藥組合物的用途,包含其中向有需要的受試者施予一有效量的如申請專利範圍第1項所述的一治療性奈米粒子。
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