TWI751271B - 鉀離子通道調節子 - Google Patents
鉀離子通道調節子 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI751271B TWI751271B TW107102410A TW107102410A TWI751271B TW I751271 B TWI751271 B TW I751271B TW 107102410 A TW107102410 A TW 107102410A TW 107102410 A TW107102410 A TW 107102410A TW I751271 B TWI751271 B TW I751271B
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Abstract
本文所提供係為化合物與其醫藥上可用之鹽類,其對於治療多種與鉀離子通道相關聯的疾病、失調或症狀係為有用的。
Description
在離子通道中,鉀離子通道係為最普遍並多樣的,發現於多種動物細胞中,諸如神經、肌肉、腺體、免疫、生殖和上皮組織。這些通道在某些情況下容許鉀離子流出和∕或流入細胞。這些通道係被例如鈣敏感度、電位閘控型(voltage-gating)、第二傳遞者、細胞外配體和ATP-敏感度所調節。 已知鉀離子通道的功能異常或影響這些鉀離子通道之來自其他原因的功能異常導致細胞控制之喪失、生理功能改變以及疾病狀況。因為其調節離子通道功能和∕或重獲離子通道活性的能力,鉀離子通道調節子係被使用於範圍廣泛之病理疾病的藥理治療中並且具有潛力解決更廣泛多樣的治療適應症。 小電導鈣離子活化鉀離子通道(SK通道)係為Ca2+
活化K+
通道之子家族且該SK通道家族包含四成員-SK1、SK2、SK3與SK4(通常被稱為中間電導)。已特別於神經系統與平滑肌中研究SK通道之生理學上的角色,例如在神經系統中其為神經元興奮性與神經傳導物質釋放的關鍵調節子,而在平滑肌中其於調節血管的、支氣管-氣管的、尿道的、子宮的或胃腸肌肉組織的緊張性上係為至關重要的。 提出這些蘊涵,鉀離子通道之小分子調節子可有潛力治療以鉀離子通道的功能異常或影響這些鉀離子通道之來自其他原因的功能異常為特徵之種類繁多的疾病。
本文所揭示係為於治療與鉀離子通道之功能異常或影響這些鉀離子通道之來自其他原因的功能異常相關聯之疾病上有用的化合物與其醫藥上可用之鹽類,以及其醫藥組合物(參見諸如表1)。 發現本文所述之化合物具有以下有益性質中的一或多種:高溶解度、高大腦自由分率、很少或沒有hERG抑制、延長的活體內半衰期、良好的生物可用性、較高肝微粒體穩定性、增強的滲透性如平行人造膜滲透性(PAMPA)及/或低Cyp抑制。參見例如表2
及表3
中之比較數據。
[相關申請] 本發明要求申請於2017年1月23日之美國臨時專利申請編號62/449,270案的優先權,其內容通過引用併入本文。 1. 化合物 本文所提供係為化合物,其化學式為:、、、、以及或其醫藥上可用之鹽類。 2. 定義 如本文所用術語「個體」和「病患」可互換使用,且係意指需要治療之哺乳類,諸如陪伴動物(諸如狗、貓等等)、農場動物(諸如牛、豬、馬、綿羊、山羊等等)和實驗室動物(諸如大鼠、小鼠、天竺鼠等等)。通常該個體係為需要治療之人類。 當所揭露之化合物的立體化學被命名或以結構描繪,該所命名或描繪之立體異構物純度相對於所有其他立體異構物係為至少60%、70%、80%、90%、99%或99.9%依重量計。相對於所有其他立體異構物之純度百分比依重量計係為一立體異構物之重量對其他立體異構物之重量的比例。當一單一鏡像異構物被命名或以結構描繪,該所描繪或命名之鏡像異構物光學純度係為至少60%、70%、80%、90%、99%或99.9%依重量計。光學純度百分比依重量計係為該鏡像異構物之重量對該鏡像異構物之重量加其光學異構物之重量的比例。 當所揭露之化合物係被命名或以結構描繪而未指示立體化學,且該化合物具有一掌性中心時,可以理解該命名或結構包含沒有相應光學和幾何異構物之化合物的鏡像異構物、該化合物之消旋混合物以及一鏡像異構物相對於其相應之光學異構物豐富的混合物。 包含本文所述之化合物的醫藥上可用鹽類以及中性形式。用於藥物,該化合物之鹽類係指無毒的「醫藥上可用鹽類」。醫藥上可用鹽類形式包含醫藥上可用之酸性∕陰離子或鹼性∕陽離子鹽類。醫藥上可用之鹼性∕陽離子鹽類包含鈉鹽、鉀鹽、鈣鹽、鎂鹽、二乙醇胺鹽、N-甲基-D-葡糖胺鹽、L-離胺酸鹽、L-精胺酸鹽、銨鹽、乙醇胺鹽、哌嗪(piperazine)和三乙醇胺鹽。醫藥上可用之酸性∕陰離子鹽類包含諸如醋酸鹽、苯磺酸鹽、苯甲酸鹽、碳酸氫鹽、酒石酸氫鹽、碳酸鹽、檸檬酸鹽、二鹽酸鹽、葡萄糖酸鹽、麩胺酸鹽、羥乙醯阿散酸鹽(glycollylarsanilate)、己基間苯二酚鹽(hexylresorcinate)、氫溴酸鹽、氫氯酸鹽、頻果酸鹽、順丁烯二酸鹽、丙二酸鹽、甲磺酸鹽、硝酸鹽、水楊酸鹽、硬脂酸鹽、琥珀酸鹽、硫酸鹽、酒石酸鹽和甲苯磺酸鹽。 術語「醫藥上可用載體、佐劑或載具」係指不破壞與其配方之化合物之藥學活性的無毒載體、佐劑或載具。可用於本文所述之組成的醫藥上可用載體、佐劑或載具包括但不限於離子交換劑、氧化鋁、硬脂酸鋁、卵磷脂、血清蛋白質例如人血清蛋白、緩衝物質諸如磷酸鹽、甘胺酸、山梨酸、山梨酸鉀、飽和植物脂肪酸之部分甘油酯混合物、水、鹽或電解質諸如硫酸魚精蛋白、磷酸氫二鈉、磷酸氫鉀、氯化鈉、鋅鹽、矽酸膠、三矽酸鎂、聚乙烯氫吡咯酮、纖維素基物質、聚乙二醇、羧甲基纖維素鈉、聚丙烯酸酯、蠟、聚乙烯-聚氧丙烯嵌段聚合物、聚乙二醇和羊毛脂。 如本文所述,術語「治療」、「醫治」和「處理」係指對一疾病或失調或是其一或更多症狀之反轉、緩解、減少發展的可能性或抑制進展。在一些實施例中,可於發展一或更多症狀後進行治療,即醫療性治療(therapeutic treatment)。在其他實施例中,可在沒有症狀的狀況下進行治療。舉例而言,可在症狀出現之前對易感個體進行治療(例如根據症狀了歷史和∕或基因或其他易感因子),即預防性治療。在症狀解決後亦可持續治療,以便例如預防或延遲其復發。 術語「有效量」或「治療有效量」係包含本文所述之化合物引出個體之生物或醫療反應的量。 3. 使用、配方與給藥 在一些實施例中,本文所述之化合物與組成於治療與鉀離子通道之活性相關聯的疾病和∕或失調係為有用的。此類疾病和∕或失調包括例如神經退化性和神經系統疾病(例如帕金森氏症、震顫、肌肉萎縮性脊髓側索硬化(ALS)失調症、焦慮、憂鬱、情感疾病、記憶和注意力缺失、躁鬱症、精神病、思覺失調症、創傷性腦損傷以及猝睡症)、心臟疾病和相關症狀(例如缺血性心臟病、冠狀動脈心臟病、狹心症以及冠狀動脈痙攣)、代謝疾病和膀胱疾病(例如膀胱痙攣、尿失禁、膀胱出口阻塞、胃腸功能障礙、腸躁症候群以及糖尿病)、與終止成癮相關聯之戒斷症狀以及其他與鉀離子通道調節相關聯之症狀,諸如呼吸疾病、癲癇症、抽搐、癲癇發作(seizures)、失神發作(absence seizures)、血管痙攣、腎功能異常(例如多囊腎病)、勃起功能障礙、分泌性腹瀉、局部缺血、大腦局部缺血、痛經、雷諾氏症、間歇性跛行、修格藍氏症候群(Sjorgren's syndrome)、心律不整、高血壓、肌強直性肌肉萎縮症、痙攣性、口乾症、高胰島素血症、早產、禿髮、癌症、免疫抑制、偏頭痛以及疼痛。 本公開說明亦提供一種調節個體中鉀離子通道活性的方法,其包括投予本文所述之化合物的步驟。於另一實施例中,本公開說明提供積極調節細胞中SK2通道的方法,其包括將該細胞與本文所述之化合物接觸的步驟。 在一方面,所提供之化合物與組成係用於治療震顫。震顫包含但不限於靜止性、主動性、姿勢性、活動性、意向性、任務特異性以及原發性震顫(idiopathic tremors)。在一方面,所提供之化合物與組成係用於治療姿勢性與主動性震顫。姿勢性和∕或主動性震顫包括自發性震顫(essential tremor)、藥物誘發之帕金森氏症神經性震顫以及由毒素誘發之震顫(例如戒酒或來自暴露至重金屬)。在一方面,所提供之化合物與組成係用於治療自發性震顫。 本公開說明進一步提供治療個體之自發性震顫的方法,其包括投予本文所述之化合物或藥用鹽類或組成。 自發性震顫係為最常見之神經系統疾病,影響大約總人口之~0.9%。自發性震顫係以上肢的動作性震顫為特徵,以及較不常見的頭、聲音和軀幹的震顫。大約一半的病患可被識別出自發性震顫的家族史,暗示了基因成份。飲酒通常暫時性地減少震顫。 在一些實施例中,本公開說明提供治療疾病或症狀的方法,其中該疾病或症狀係選自神經退化性疾病、失智症、心臟疾病、與終止成癮相關聯之戒斷症狀、代謝疾病和膀胱疾病的。在其他實施例中,本公開說明提供治療疾病或症狀的方法,其中該疾病或症狀係選自共濟失調症、肌張力不全症、震顫、帕金森氏症、局部缺血、創傷性腦損傷、肌肉萎縮性脊髓側索硬化症、高血壓、動脈粥樣硬化、糖尿病、心律不整、膀胱過動症以及由終止濫用酒精和其他藥物濫用所引起之戒斷症狀。在一些實施例中,本發明提供治療共濟失調症的方法。在一些實施例中,本發明提供治療脊髓小腦共濟失調症的方法。 公開說明提供醫藥上可用組成,其包括本文所述之化合物以及醫藥上可用載體。這些組成可用於治療上述之一或更多疾病和症狀。 本文所述之組成可為口服、腸道外給藥、藉由吸入噴霧、局部給藥、直腸給藥、經鼻給藥、口服給藥、陰道給藥或經由植入之儲藥槽。本文所用之術語「腸道外」包括皮下、靜脈、肌內、關節內、滑膜、胸骨內、鞘內腔、肝內、病灶內和顱內之注射或輸液技術。本文包含化合物之液體劑型、可注射製劑、固態分散劑型以及用於局部或經皮給藥。 所提供之可與載體材料結合以產生一單一製劑之組成的化合物份量將取決於所要治療的病患與給藥之特定模式。於一些實施例中,所提供之組成可製劑成該所提供之化合物介於0.01-100 mg/kg體重/日之間的劑量,諸如0.01-100 mg/kg體重/日,可被給藥予收到這些組成的病患。 應可理解,給任何特定病患之特定劑量與治療方案將取決於多種因素,包括年齡、體重、總體健康、性別、飲食、給藥時間、排泄率、藥物組合、主治醫師的判斷以及該被治療之特定疾病的嚴重程度。組成中所提供之化合物的份量亦取決於在該組成中之該特定化合物。 實施例 下述之代表性實例係旨在協助說明本公開說明,但並不旨在任何方面限制本發明之範圍且不應被如此解讀。 N-(4,4-二氟環己基)-2-(3-甲基-1H-吡唑-1-基)-6-嗎福啉代嘧啶-4-胺 步驟1:在-10℃下於配備有鐵氟龍塗層攪拌棒之圓底燒瓶中裝入4,6-二氯-2-(甲基磺醯基) 嘧啶(20.0克,88.080毫莫耳,1.0當量)溶於四氫呋喃內,且過五分鐘後經由注射器逐滴加入3-甲基-1H-吡唑(7.23克,88.080毫莫耳,1.0當量)。在25℃下攪拌該反應混合物16小時,並由TLC測定反應之完成。將該反應混合物分配於水(500毫升)和乙酸乙酯(500毫升)之間。分離該有機層並以乙酸乙酯(2 *100毫升)萃取水層。該結合之有機層係以硫酸鈉乾燥、過濾並於減壓下濃縮以提供粗製品,以管柱層析法(乙酸乙酯/己烷作為溶劑系統)純化該粗製品以提供4,6-二氯-2-(3-甲基-1H-吡唑-1-基)嘧啶(10.0克,43.859毫莫耳,產量50%)為一白色固體純粹的形式。質譜MS (MH+): m/z=229.1。 步驟2:於配備有鐵氟龍塗層攪拌棒之圓底燒瓶中裝入2,4-二氯-6-甲基嘧啶(11.0克,48.24毫莫耳,1.0當量)、4,4-二氟環己烷-1-胺鹽酸鹽(9.89克,57.89毫莫耳,1.2當量)與Cs2
CO3
(39.19克,120.61毫莫耳,2.5當量)溶於乙腈內(200毫升)。在80℃下攪拌該反應混合物5小時,並由TLC測定反應之完成。將該反應混合物冷卻至室溫並分配於水(100毫升)和乙酸乙酯(200毫升)之間。分離該有機層並以乙酸乙酯(2 x100毫升)萃取水層。該結合之有機層係以硫酸鈉乾燥、過濾並於減壓下濃縮以提供粗製品,以管柱層析法(乙酸乙酯∕己烷作為溶劑系統)純化該粗製品以提供 6-氯-N-(4,4-二氟環己基)-2(3-甲基-1H-吡唑-1-基)嘧啶-4-胺(11.0克,33.62毫莫耳,71%)為一灰白色固體。質譜MS (MH+): m/z=328.1。 步驟3:於配備有鐵氟龍塗層攪拌棒之圓底燒瓶中裝入6-氯-N-(4,4二氟環己基)-2-(3-甲基-1H-吡唑-1-基)嘧啶-4-胺(14.0克,42.79毫莫耳,1.0當量)、嗎福啉(14.91毫升,171.19毫莫耳,4.0當量)與三乙胺(23.89毫升,171.19毫莫耳,4.0當量)溶於乙腈內(200毫升)。在80℃下攪拌該反應混合物16小時,並由TLC測定反應之完成。將該反應混合物冷卻至室溫並分配於水(100毫升)和乙酸乙酯(300毫升)之間。分離該有機層並以乙酸乙酯(2 x100毫升)萃取水層。該結合之有機層係以硫酸鈉乾燥、過濾並於減壓下濃縮以提供粗製品,以管柱層析法(乙酸乙酯∕己烷作為溶劑系統)純化該粗製品以提供N-(4,4-二氟環己基)-2-(3-甲基-1H-吡唑-1-基)-6-嗎福啉代嘧啶-4-胺(1)(12.8克,33.84毫莫耳,產率79%)為灰白色固體。 分析數據: MS (MH+
): m/z=379.2;1
H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6):δ
8.41 (d,J
= 2 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (d,J
= 8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.25 (d,J
= 2.4 Hz, 1H), 5.53 (s, 1H), 3.9 (bs, 1H), 3.67 (t,J
= 4.4 Hz, 4H), 3.49 (S, 4H), 2.23 (s, 3 H), 2.23-1.97 (m, 3H), 1.92-1.90 (m, 3H), 1.55-1.53 (m, 2H)。經由整合,1
H NMR顯示出在芳香區域3個質子共振以及1個對應至在N-18上可交換之質子的寬共振。該芳香的質子係觀察到兩個二重峰與一個單峰,表明兩個相鄰之質子與一個孤立的芳香質子。在脂族區域,觀察到對應至20個質子的共振,顯示一清楚的單峰。這些共振之整合對應至兩個高場雙二重峰共振,一個有部分重疊多重峰質子,與四個低場多重峰,其中兩個部分重疊。該高場多重峰係與該結構之嗎福啉部分相關聯。該低場多重峰額外被鄰近這些質子的CF2
分裂。在高解析度(HR)LC∕MS液相層析質譜分析中,在低碎裂器電壓(70V)下於ESI正離子模式在m/z 379.20580觀察到準分子離子(M+H+
)。在m/z 779.38575觀察到其他突出之離子係歸因於源內二聚物加成物2M + Na+
。13
C NMR數據顯示14個分開的碳共振,且係由25℃下在CDCl3
取得之去耦合13
C碳光譜所產生。該14個共振係與化合物1之結構一致,其中該18個碳之四對係為光譜上相等。在光譜中觀察到一個碳共振(在77.05ppm之C-12)被CHCl3
共振所部分模糊。在這個共振之碳的存在係藉由收集在C6
D6
中之13
C光譜而確認;在79.7ppm觀察到一共振不被來自溶劑的峰干擾,除了其他所有觀察到的共振之外。在C-22共振之122.29發現一個三重峰(2J = 244 Hz),在31.53ppm(C-21 & C-23, 3J = 24.93 Hz)以及在31.53ppm(C-20 & C-24, 4J = 5.37 Hz)觀察到兩個額外的三重峰。觀察到的每一個三重峰係與在C-22之F2取代一致,且相對於氟當介入之化學鍵數目增加而減小耦合常數。 分子框架之碳-質子連接性以及碳-碳連接性(經由2和3-鍵C-C-H相互關係)係藉由2D NMR光譜之收集而確認。直接的C-H連接性係藉由HSQC確認,而2-和3-鍵連接性係藉由HMBC證明。該短距離和長距離交互相關性(過2或3鍵)係與該提出結構所預期之連接一致。最後,如上述所給定之觀察到的化學位移數據係與對該提出結構所電腦預測之1
H和13
C化學位移一致。 N-(4,4-二氟環己基)-2-(3,5-二甲基-1H-吡唑-1-基)-6-甲氧基嘧啶-4-胺 步驟1:一個配備有鐵氟龍塗層攪拌棒(5公分)之5000毫升四頸、火焰乾燥之圓底燒瓶,其附接玻璃棒(頸1)、塞子(頸2)和附加塞子的漏斗(頸3),以及充滿油的氮氣進出口U形管轉接頭(頸4),裝入氫化鈉(35.2克,880毫莫耳,1當量)溶於二氯甲烷(1000毫升)之懸浮液,在0℃加入3,5-二甲基吡唑(84.6克,880毫莫耳,1當量),於室溫下攪拌該反應混合物。30分鐘後,在-78℃將4,6-二氯-2-(甲磺醯)嘧啶(200克,880毫莫耳,1當量)(溶於1000毫升之二氯甲烷)通過滴液漏斗逐滴加入至該反應混合物中。在同樣溫度下攪拌該反應混合物,並由TLC和UPLC測定反應之完成。2小時後,在-78℃以水淬熄該反應混合物並以二氯甲烷稀釋。5分鐘後,傾倒出二氯甲烷並以鹽水溶液洗滌。該有機層係以硫酸鈉乾燥、過濾並於減壓下濃縮以提供粗製品,以使用乙酸乙酯和石油醚作為溶劑系統之管柱層析法純化該粗製品以提供4,6-二氯-2-(3,5-二甲基-1H-吡唑-1-基)嘧啶(138克,567.71毫莫耳,65%)為灰白色固體。質譜MS (MH+): m/z = 244.2。 步驟2:一個2000毫升三頸、火焰乾燥之圓底燒瓶,其配備有鐵氟龍塗層攪拌棒(5公分)、一個隔片(頸1)、塞子(頸3)以及配備有充滿油之氮氣進出口U形管轉接頭的回流冷凝器(頸2),裝入溶於乙腈(1500毫升)之4,6-二氯-2-(3,5-二甲基-1H-吡唑-1-基)嘧啶(136克,559.4毫莫耳,1當量)溶液,接著裝入4,4-二氟環己胺鹽酸鹽(105.6克,615.4毫莫耳,1.1當量)和N,N-二異丙基乙胺(194.88毫升,1118.8毫莫耳,2當量)。該反應混合物在80℃加熱16小時。由TLC和UPLC測定反應之完成。濃縮該反應混合物並與水(500毫升)一起研磨殘餘物。過濾所得之固體,以石油醚洗滌、於真空下乾燥以提供6-氯-N-(4,4-二氟環己基)-2-(3,5-二甲基-1H-吡唑-1基)嘧啶-4-胺(191克,556毫莫耳, >95%)為灰白色固體。質譜MS (MH+): m/z = 342.0。 步驟3:一個250毫升三頸、火焰乾燥之圓底燒瓶,其配備有鐵氟龍塗層攪拌棒(2公分)、一個隔片(頸1)、塞子(頸3)以及配備有充滿油之氮氣進出口U形管轉接頭的回流冷凝器(頸2),裝入溶於甲醇之6-氯-N-(4,4-二氟環己基)-2-(3,5-二甲基-1H-吡唑-1基)嘧啶-4-胺(20克,58.51毫莫耳,1當量),接著裝入甲氧基鈉(21%於甲醇中,5.37克,99.47毫莫耳,1.7當量)。將該反應加熱至60℃,並由TLC和UPLC測定反應之完成。5小時後,於減壓下濃縮該反應混合物並以乙酸乙酯稀釋殘餘物、以水洗滌,並以鹽水洗滌。該有機層係以硫酸鈉乾燥、過濾並於減壓下濃縮以提供粗製品,以使用乙酸乙酯和石油醚作為溶劑系統之管柱層析法純化該粗製品以提供N-(4,4-二氟環己基)-2-(3,5-二甲基-1H-吡唑-1-基)-6-甲氧基嘧啶-4-胺(2)(16克(11克(99%純)+5克(92%純),47.41毫莫耳,~80%)為白色固體。質譜MS (MH+): m/z=
338.1。分析數據:1
H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6
):δ 7.45 (bs, 1H), 6.06 (s, 1H), 5.72 (s, 1H), 4.01 (bs, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.11- 1.82 (m, 6H), 1.60-1.55 (m, 2H)。 N-(4,4-二氟環己基)-6-甲氧基-2-(4-甲基噻唑-2-基)嘧啶-4-胺 步驟1:於一個配備有鐵氟龍塗層攪拌棒之三頸圓底燒瓶,裝入乙醚(250毫升)且在-78℃轉移n-BuLi(241.98毫升,604.96毫莫耳,2.5M於己烷)。於30分鐘內加入溶於乙醚(200毫升)之4-甲基噻唑(50.0克,504.13毫莫耳)溶液。該反應混合物變成淡黃色之懸浮液。1.5小時後,加入DMF(58.54毫升,756.20毫莫耳)並於室溫下攪拌16小時。由TLC監控該反應進度。反應完成之後,於攪拌之下將反應物倒入冷的HCl水溶液(400毫升,4N)並分離兩層。以冷的HCl水溶液(2x80毫升,4N)洗滌有機層。結合之水溶液層係以K2
CO3
(pH 7)慢慢鹼化,並以乙醚(3x150毫升)萃取。結合之有機層係以硫酸鈉乾燥並在室溫於真空下蒸乾以提供4-甲基噻唑-2-醛(60.0克,粗製品)為淡黃色液體。該粗製品未經進一步純化便用於下一步驟中。 步驟2:於一個配備有鐵氟龍塗層攪拌棒之雙頸圓底燒瓶,裝入溶於吡啶(38.04毫升,472.40毫莫耳)之4-甲基噻唑-2-醛(60.0克,粗製品)。15分鐘內分批加入羥胺鹽酸鹽(32.82克,472.40毫莫耳)。於室溫在氮氣下攪拌該反應混合物16小時。由TLC監控該反應進度。反應完成後,將反應物倒入冰水並攪拌20分鐘,過濾所得之固體並於真空下乾燥以提供4-甲基噻唑-2-醛肟(40.0克,281.69毫莫耳,兩步驟為59%)為灰白色固體。質譜MS (MH+): m/z=143.0。 步驟3:於一個配備有鐵氟龍塗層攪拌棒之雙頸圓底燒瓶,裝入溶於1,4-二氧陸圜之4-甲基噻唑-2-醛肟(35.0克,246.44毫莫耳)和吡啶(87.33毫升,1084.35毫莫耳)的溶液。於-10℃緩緩加入三氟乙酸酐(51.38毫升,369.66毫莫耳),並於是溫下攪拌16小時。由TLC監控該反應進度。反應完成後,用水(250毫升)稀釋該反應物並以乙醚(3 x 250毫升)萃取。結合之有機層係以水(2 x 250毫升)、鹽水(100毫升)洗滌,以硫酸鈉乾燥並於減壓下濃縮以提供4-甲基噻唑-2-腈(35.0克,粗製品)為淺棕色液體。該粗製品未經進一步純化便用於下一步驟中。分析數據:1
H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6
): d 7.90 (s, 1 H), 2.51 (s, 3 H)。 步驟4:於一個配備有鐵氟龍塗層攪拌棒之雙頸圓底燒瓶,裝入溶於甲醇(280毫升)之4-甲基噻唑-2-腈(35.0克,粗製品)並加入甲醇鈉(16.77克,310.45毫莫耳)。於室溫下攪拌3小時,加入氯化銨(30.19克,564.66毫莫耳)並再攪拌16小時。由TLC監控該反應進度。反應完成後,過濾該混合物並以甲醇洗滌。於減壓下濃縮該濾液,並與乙醚(150毫升)一起研磨殘餘物。過濾所產生之固體並在真空下乾燥以提供4-甲基噻唑-2-甲脒鹽酸鹽(35.0克,粗製品)為灰白色固體。該粗製品未經進一步純化便用於下一步驟中。質譜MS (MH+): m/z=142.0。 步驟5:於一個配備有鐵氟龍塗層攪拌棒之雙頸圓底燒瓶,裝入溶於乙醇(250毫升)之4-甲基噻唑-2-甲脒鹽酸鹽(35.0克,粗製品)和丙二酸二乙酯(150.81毫升,988.64毫莫耳)。室溫下逐滴加入乙醇鈉(320毫升,988.64毫莫耳,21%於乙醇)並加熱至85℃。三小時之後,於減壓下濃縮該反應混合物。加入水(20毫升)並以1.5N HCl(pH 2-3)酸化。過濾所得之固體並於真空下乾燥以提供2-(4-甲基噻唑-2-基)嘧啶-4,6-二醇(29.0克,粗製品)為淡黃色固體。該粗製品未經進一步純化便用於下一步驟中。質譜MS (MH+): m/z=210.0。 步驟6:於一個配備有鐵氟龍塗層攪拌棒之雙頸圓底燒瓶,裝入2-(4-甲基噻唑-2-基)嘧啶-4,6-二醇(29.0克,粗製品)和POCl3
(290毫升)之懸浮液。於室溫下加入N,N-二乙苯胺(37.84毫升,235.85毫莫耳)並於100℃下加熱回流2小時。由TLC監控該反應進度。藉由蒸餾移除過量的POCl3
。以500毫升冷水稀釋殘餘物,以飽和碳酸氫鈉溶液中和,以乙醚(2 x 500毫升)萃取。該結合之有機層係以水(3 x 200毫升)、鹽水(100毫升)洗滌,以硫酸鈉乾燥並於減壓下濃縮。與正戊烷(100毫升)一起研磨殘餘物。過濾所得之固體並於真空下乾燥以提供2-(4,6-二氯嘧啶-2基)-4-甲基噻唑(19.5克,79.59毫莫耳,四步驟為32%)為淡黃色固體。質譜MS (MH+): m/z=245.9。 步驟7:於一個配備有鐵氟龍塗層攪拌棒之雙頸圓底燒瓶,裝入溶於乙腈(190毫升)之2-(4,6-二氯嘧啶-2基)-4-甲基噻唑(19.0克,77.56毫莫耳)和4,4-二氟環己烷-1-胺鹽酸鹽(13.30克,77.56毫莫耳)。加入碳酸銫(37.89克,116.34毫莫耳),並於80℃加熱該反應混合物16小時。由TLC監控該反應進度。將反應混合物冷卻至室溫、過濾,並以乙酸乙酯(500毫升)洗滌固體。以水(2 x 100毫升)、鹽水(100毫升)洗滌濾液,以硫酸鈉乾燥並於減壓下濃縮。以管柱層析法(60-120矽膠)純化該殘餘物,以15% EtOAc於正己烷沖提。將包含所需化合物之相關流份結合一起,並於減壓下蒸乾以提供6-氯-N-(4,4-二氟環己基)-2-(4-甲基噻唑-2-基)嘧啶-4-胺(22.5克,65.25毫莫耳)為灰白色泡沫固體。質譜MS (MH+): m/z=344.9。 步驟8:於一個配備有鐵氟龍塗層攪拌棒之雙頸圓底燒瓶,裝入溶於甲醇(450毫升)之6-氯-N-(4,4-二氟環己基)-2-(4-甲基噻唑-2-基)嘧啶-4-胺(27.0克,78.47毫莫耳)。加入甲醇鈉(21.19克,392.36毫莫耳)並加熱至80℃16小時。由TLC監控該反應進度。於減壓下移除過量的甲醇且以10%氯化銨水溶液(100毫升)稀釋殘餘物,並以乙酸乙酯(3 x 150毫升)萃取。結合之有機層係以水(2 x 100毫升)、鹽水(100毫升)洗滌,以硫酸鈉乾燥並於減壓下濃縮。以管柱層析法(60-120矽膠)純化該殘餘物,以35-40% EtOAc於正己烷沖提。將包含目標化合物之相關流份結合一起,並於減壓下蒸乾以提供N-(4,4-二氟環己基)-6-甲氧基-2-(4-甲基噻唑-2-基)嘧啶-4-胺(3)(23.4克,68.82毫莫耳,87%)為灰白色固體。質譜MS (MH+): m/z=341.0。分析數據:1
H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6
): d 7.41 (s, 1 H), 7.40 (s, 1 H), 5.81 (s, 1 H), 3.87 (s, 3 H), 2.43 (s, 3 H), 2.08-1.89 (m, 6 H), 1.61-1.52 (m, 2 H)。 (S)-1-(6-((4,4-二氟環己基)胺基)-2-(4-甲基噻唑-2-基)嘧啶-4-基)乙-1-醇 步驟1:一支配備有鐵氟龍塗層攪拌棒(2公分)之250毫升密封管,裝入溶於N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(60毫升)之6-氯-N-(4,4-二氟環己基)-2-(4-甲基噻唑-2-基)嘧啶-4-胺(4.9克,14.24毫莫耳,1.0當量)和三丁基(1-乙氧基乙烯)錫烷(5.65克,15.66毫莫耳,1.1當量)。使用氬氣將反應混合物除氣5-10分鐘,接著加入二(三苯膦)二氯鈀(II)(0.2克,0.28毫升,0.02當量)。密封該反應混合物並於80℃加熱16小時(由LCMS測定反應之完成)然後冷卻至室溫。以水(300毫升)稀釋該反應混合物並以乙酸乙酯(2 x 150毫升)萃取。該所結合之有機物係以硫酸鈉乾燥、過濾並蒸發以提供淡棕色黏性固體之粗製品。以管柱層析法(乙酸乙酯∕己烷作為溶劑系統)純化該粗製材料以提供N-(4,4-二氟環己基)-6-(1-乙氧基乙烯)-2-(4-甲基噻唑-2-基)嘧啶-4-胺(4.1克,10.78毫莫耳,75%)為灰白色固體。質譜MS (MH+): m/z=381.0。 步驟2:於配備有鐵氟龍塗層攪拌棒之圓底燒瓶中裝入溶於丙酮(120毫升)之N-(4,4-二氟環己基)-6-(1-乙氧基乙烯)-2-(4-甲基噻唑-2-基)嘧啶-4-胺(9.0克,23.67毫莫耳,1當量),接著加入2N氫氯酸水溶液(20毫升)。室溫下攪拌該反應混合物3小時並由LCMS測定反應之完成。濃縮該反應混合物以移除丙酮,以冰水(100毫升)稀釋,以飽和碳酸氫鈉溶液鹼化,並以乙酸乙酯(2 x 100毫升)萃取。該所結合之有機物係以硫酸鈉乾燥、過濾並於減壓下蒸發以提供淡棕色黏性固體之粗製品。以管柱層析法(乙酸乙酯∕己烷作為溶劑系統)純化該粗製材料以提供1-6-((4,4-二氟環己基)胺基)-2-(4-甲基噻唑-2-基)嘧啶-4-基)乙-1-酮(6.1克,17.32毫莫耳,73%)為灰白色固體。質譜MS (MH+): m/z=353.0。 步驟3:於-10℃下在配備有鐵氟龍塗層攪拌棒之圓底燒瓶中裝入溶於甲醇(80毫升)之1-(6-((4,4-二氟環己基)胺基)-2-(4-甲基噻唑-2-基)嘧啶-4-基)乙-1-酮(5.6克,15.90毫莫耳,1.0當量),接著是硼氫化鈉(0.302克,7.95毫莫耳,0.5當量)。於相同溫度攪拌該反應混合物1小時並由LCMS測定反應之完成。以水淬熄該反應混合物並於減壓下濃縮以去除甲醇。以冰水(100毫升)稀釋殘餘物並以乙酸乙酯(2 x 100毫升)萃取。該所結合之有機物係以硫酸鈉乾燥、過濾並於減壓下蒸發以提供1-(6-((4,4-二氟環己基)胺基)-2-(4-甲基噻唑-2-基)嘧啶-4-基)乙-1-醇(4)(5.5克,15.53毫莫耳,97%)為灰白色固體之消旋混合物。質譜MS (MH+): m/z=355.0。 步驟4:使用掌性管柱HPLC(管柱:Chiralpak-IC(250*20*5.0µ);移動相-A:正己烷(0.1%DEA),移動相-B:IPA:DCM(90:10),等度:50:50(A:B);流率:15.0ml/min;120/inj;分析時間:15分鐘)純化該消旋化合物1-6-((4,4-二氟環己基)胺基)-2-(4-甲基噻唑-2-基)嘧啶-4-基)乙-1-醇(4)(5.5克)以提供來自第一沖提液流份(層析峰Peak-1, RT= 4.24分鐘)之(S)-1-(6-((4,4-二氟環己基)胺基)-2-(4-甲基噻唑-2-基)嘧啶-4-基)乙-1-醇(5)(2.1克,5.93毫莫耳,38%)為灰白色固體。質譜MS (MH+): m/z=355.0。1
H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6
): d 7.59-7.57 (d,J
= 6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.37(s, 1H), 6.64 (s, 1H), 5.37-5.36 (d,J
= 4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.52-4.50 (t,J
= 11.2 Hz, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (bs, 1H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 2.10-1.96 (m, 6H), 1.62-1.59 (m, 2H), 1.35-1.33 (d,J
= 6.4 Hz, 3H)。其他鏡像異構物:來自第二沖提液流份(層析峰Peak-2, RT= 6.45分鐘)之(R)-1-(6-((4,4-二氟環己基)胺基)-2-(4-甲基噻唑-2-基)嘧啶-4-基)乙-1-醇(6)(2.05克,5.78毫莫耳,37%)為灰白色固體。質譜MS (MH+): m/z=355.0。1
H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6
): d 7.60-7.59 (d,J
= 5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.37(s, 1H), 6.64 (s, 1H), 5.38 (bs, 1H ), 4.52-4.51 (d,J
= 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (bs, 1H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 2.10-1.91 (m, 6H), 1.65-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.35-1.34 (d,J
= 6.8 Hz, 3H)。 2-(3-環丙基-1H-吡唑-1-基)-N-(4,4-二氟環己基)-6-嗎福啉代嘧啶-4-胺 步驟1:一個1000毫升三頸、火焰乾燥之圓底燒瓶,其配備有鐵氟龍塗層攪拌棒(3公分)、一個隔片(頸1)、塞子(頸3)以及配備有充滿油之氮氣進出口U形管轉接頭的回流冷凝器(頸2),裝入溶於乙腈(1500毫升)之4,6-二氯-2-(甲硫)嘧啶(150克,768.94毫莫耳,1.0當量)溶液,接著是4,4-二氟環己胺鹽酸鹽(158.35克,922.733毫莫耳)和碳酸銫(526克,1614毫莫耳,2.1當量)。將該反應混合物於75℃下加熱16小時。過濾該反應混合物以移除碳酸銫,然後於減壓下濃縮該濾液以提供210克(產率93%)之6-氯-N-(4,4-二氟環己基)-2-(甲硫)嘧啶-4-胺 為淡黃色固體。質譜MS (MH+): m/z = 294.0。 步驟2:將溶於乙腈(600毫升)之6-氯-N-(4,4-二氟環己基)-2-(甲硫)嘧啶-4-胺(60克,204.24毫莫耳,1.0當量)和嗎福啉(35.6毫升,408.48毫莫耳,2.0當量)的溶液裝在封閉管子中於85℃下加熱16小時。反應完成後,濃縮該反應混合物,以冰水淬熄所產生之殘餘物。將得到之固體過濾並以水(500毫升)、己烷(250毫升)洗滌,於高真空下乾燥以提供N-(4,4-二氟環己基)-2-(甲硫)-6-嗎福啉代嘧啶-4-胺(62克,產率88%)為灰白色固體。質譜MS (MH+): m/z =345.2。 步驟3:一個100毫升三頸、火焰乾燥之圓底燒瓶,其配備有鐵氟龍塗層攪拌棒(3公分)、一個隔片(頸1)、塞子(頸3)以及配備有充滿油之氮氣進出口U形管轉接頭的回流冷凝器(頸2),裝入溶於四氫呋喃(15毫升)之N-(4,4-二氟環己基)-2-(甲硫)-6-嗎福啉代嘧啶-4-胺(1克,2.90毫莫耳)溶液,接著加入4-N,N-二甲氨基吡啶(0.1克,0.87毫莫耳,0.3當量)、三乙胺(1.2毫升,8.71毫莫耳,3.0當量)以及Boc酸酐(3.16克,14.51毫莫耳,5.0當量),然後該反應混合物於80℃加熱16小時。反應完成後,以水淬熄該反應混合物並以乙酸乙酯(2 x 75毫升)萃取。該結合之有機層係以無水硫酸鈉乾燥並濃縮以提供叔丁基(4,4-二氟環己基)(2-甲硫)-6-嗎福啉代嘧啶-4-基)氨基甲酸酯(1.1克,85%)為黃色膠。質譜MS (MH+): m/z =445.2。 步驟4:一個配備有鐵氟龍塗層攪拌棒(1公分)之100毫升單頸圓底燒瓶,連接充滿油之氮氣進出口U形管轉接頭的回流冷凝器,裝入溶於二氯甲烷(600毫升)之叔丁基(4,4-二氟環己基)(2-(甲硫)-6-嗎福啉代嘧啶-4-基)氨基甲酸酯(50克,112.47毫莫耳)溶液,接著在0℃加入3-氯過苯甲酸(間氯過苯甲酸)(58.2克,337.42毫莫耳,3.0當量)。將反應混合物緩緩加熱至室溫並攪拌30分鐘。反應完成後,以飽和碳酸氫鹽溶液淬熄該反應混合物並以二氯甲烷(2 x 250毫升)萃取。該結合之有機層係以無水硫酸鈉乾燥並濃縮以提供叔丁基(4,4-二氟環己基)(2-(甲基磺醯基)-6-嗎福啉代嘧啶-4-基)氨基甲酸酯(52克,產率97%)為灰白色膠。質譜MS (MH+): m/z =477.3。 步驟5:一個配備有鐵氟龍塗層攪拌棒(2公分)之100毫升單頸圓底燒瓶,連接充滿油之氮氣進出口U形管轉接頭的回流冷凝器,裝入溶於乙腈(10毫升)之叔丁基(4,4-二氟環己基)(2-(甲基磺醯基)-6-嗎福啉代嘧啶-4-基)氨基甲酸酯(0.9克,1.88毫莫耳)溶液,接著加入3-環丙基-1H-吡唑(0.3克,2.83毫莫耳,1.5當量)和碳酸銫(1.23克,3.77毫莫耳,2.0當量)。於80℃將該反應混合物加熱16小時,並由TLC和LCMS測定反應之完成。過濾該反應混合物並濃縮該濾液。透過管柱層析法純化該粗製品,其使用60-120矽膠,以乙酸乙酯-石油醚為溶劑系統。於真空下乾燥所分離出的材料以提供叔丁基(2-(3-環丙基-1H-吡唑-1-基) -6-嗎福啉代嘧啶-4-基)(4,4-二氟環己基)氨基甲酸酯(0.8克,84%)為灰白色固體。質譜MS (MH+): m/z =505。 步驟6:一個100毫升三頸、火焰乾燥之圓底燒瓶,其配備有鐵氟龍塗層攪拌棒(2公分)、一個隔片(頸1)、塞子(頸3)以及充滿油之氮氣進出口U形管轉接頭(頸2),裝入溶於二氯甲烷(40毫升)之叔丁基(2-(3-環丙基-1H-吡唑-1-基) -6-嗎福啉代嘧啶-4-基)(4,4-二氟環己基)氨基甲酸酯(1.2克,1.98毫莫耳,1當量)溶液,於0℃接著加入三氯乙酸(2.5毫升,32.55毫莫耳,16.4當量)。將反應混合物緩緩加熱至室溫並攪拌6小時。由TLC和LCMS測定反應之完成。濃縮該反應混合物並以10%飽和碳酸氫鈉溶液淬熄所產生之殘餘物,以乙酸乙酯(2 x 100毫升)萃取,並在減壓下濃縮以提供粗產物。透過管柱層析法純化該粗製品,其使用60-120矽膠,以乙酸乙酯-石油醚為溶劑系統。於真空下乾燥所產生之固體以提供2-(3-環丙基-1H-吡唑-1-基)-N-(4,4-二氟環己基)-6-嗎福啉代嘧啶-4-胺(7)(0.73克,90%)。質譜MS (MH+): m/z=405。分析數據:1
H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6
): δ 8.39 (d,J
= 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d,J
= 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.14 (d,J
= 2.80 Hz, 1H), 5.53 (s, 1H), 3.88 (s, 1H), 3.69-3.67 (m, 4H), 3.50 (m, 4H), 1.99-1.90 (m, 7H), 1.56-1.54 (m, 2H), 0.93-0.89 (m, 2H), 0.72-0.71 (m, 2H)。 生物檢定 生物活性測定如下。通過小電導Ca2+
活化K+
通道(SK通道,子家族2)之離子電流係使用膜片箝制(patch-clamp)技術之全細胞組態在一膜片箝制設置中使用表現SK2通道之HEK293組織培養細胞,如於Hougaard 等人, British Journal of Pharmacology 151, 655 – 665, May 8, 2007所述,其全部技術通過引用併入本文。於一方面,若一個化合物於此檢定中增加電流,則該化合物被定義為SK正向異位性調節者(Positive Allosteric Modulator;PAM),舉例而言,若該化合物之SC100
值小於或等於10 µM如由此檢定所測定。SC100
值係定義為使基礎電流增加100%的化合物濃度。 SC100
值係提供於表1。 於駱駝蓬鹼注射的30分鐘之前,以載體、10或30 mg/Kg之化合物1口服給藥,給藥予雄性史–道二氏大鼠(Sprague Dawley rats),以研究化合物1於駱駝蓬鹼誘發之震顫的治療效果。緊隨於駱駝蓬鹼注射之後,將動物置於震顫量化裝置內且定量震顫事件60分鐘。當裝在動物右前爪上的一小片金屬發射帶於由該測試裝置內之環形天線所產生之電磁場中移動時,產生一震顫事件訊號。來自擴大器的輸出係以1,000Hz的採樣率加以數位化,且使用LabView軟體(National Instruments)處理並分析該訊號。為最小化來自行動和梳理行為的訊號,以一128-ms未加權之移動平均過濾器過濾訊號,具有振幅> 0.5 V且期間維持> 300 ms之事件記算為震顫事件。整個測試過程中以一分鐘分格分析數據,並呈現為整個60分鐘測試中震顫事件的總和。如圖1所示,於化合物1劑量30 mg/Kg時觀察到顯著的震顫抑制。 藉由通過力板加速計量測全身震顫頻率,亦證明以化合物1減少震顫。 全身震顫係由San Diego Instruments Tremor Monitor震顫監視器(San Diego, California, USA)量測。在腹腔內給藥5 mg/kg駱駝蓬鹼的30分鐘之前,預先給動物口服3、10或30 mg/kg化合物1。緊隨於駱駝蓬鹼給藥後量測震顫30分鐘,並由快速傅立葉轉換分析數據且報告為頻率功率頻譜。駱駝蓬鹼於功率頻譜上在10和14Hz之間的頻帶中誘發一個顯著的增加。在這範圍內,3、10和30 mg/kg都顯著地減少震顫。藉由計算百分比運動能力(percent Motion Power;%MP)進一步分析數據,定義為在9–13Hz頻帶的功率除以整個頻譜(0–30Hz)的全部功率乘以100。藉由這個分析,3、10和30 mg/kg顯著地減少駱駝蓬鹼誘發之震顫(駱駝蓬鹼+載體(n=13);駱駝蓬鹼+3 mg/kg化合物1(n=8)、P<0.01;10 mg/kg化合物1(n=16)和30 mg/kg化合物1(n=13)、分別P<0.05;)(圖2)。 總和在一起,這些數據顯示化合物1顯著地降低駱駝蓬鹼誘發之震顫,其中震顫係由兩種不同的實驗設計所量測。 化合物在體內調節SK2的程度係表現為%SK2 SC100
,其係為腦中自由的藥物分子濃度對所量得之化合物在SK2通道上之功效的比率。其是計算如下:CFB
= CMB
x BFF,其中CMB
係為震顫紀錄後立即獲取之腦中由液相層析質譜法量測得的化合物濃度(表1,「量測得之大腦濃度」)。CFB
係為未與蛋白質複合之自由化合物的數量並因此免於與SK2通道交互作用(表1,「計算得之自由的大腦濃度」)。BFF係為在個別實驗中由平衡透析所量測得之平均的化合物自由分率(1 μM測試濃度在10%大鼠腦組織勻漿中在37℃下培育5小時)(表1,「大腦自由分率」)。可與SK2通道交互作用之腦中自由藥物(CFB
)係藉由將測得之全部腦程度(CMB
)乘以平均自由分率(BFF)得到。 自由化合物之數量便以其對Sk2通道的功效來表示如下:%SK2 SC100
= CFB
/SK2 SC100
x 100,其中SK2 SC100
(表1,「SK2 SC100
」)係為該化合物對SK2通道之功效的量測值而%SK2 SC100
(表1,「%SK2 SC100
」)係為自由的大腦濃度(CFB
)標準化至SK2 SC100
。數值提供於表1。 表1 對來自 SCA2 58Q 基因轉殖小鼠之離體切片中普金氏細胞放電不規則性的影響
在來自SCA2 58Q小鼠之小腦切片中,普金氏神經元展現混沌放電(firing),可量測為間隙間隔之變化係數(ISI CV)的增加,動作電位之間放電間隔之規律性的一種量測。野生型(N=8)和SCA2 58Q(N=11)小鼠之間在ISI CV的差異係繪示於圖3(P<0.005)。亦顯示,從11月大SCA2 58Q小鼠之小腦切片中觀察到,連續浸泡1(N=11)或3 M(N=10)之化合物1部分逆轉在ISI CV上之增加(P<0.05)。在此脊髓小腦性失調症之小鼠模型中,這些數據顯示化合物1藉由部分地恢復放電間隔而規則化普金氏放電。在情節性共濟失調 2 ( Episodic Ataxia 2 ; EA2 )蹣跚小鼠模型中化合物影響的評估
化合物1在驗證的遺傳性共濟失調(EA2)和ET(駱駝蓬鹼誘發之震顫)動物模型中表現出功效。為測試是否化合物1能在疾病模型中緩解共濟失調,其係在EA2「蹣跚(tottering)」小鼠模型中評估。這些小鼠顯示來自於普金氏細胞節律點放電不規則性的基底共濟失調,其係肇因於在P/Q Ca2+
通道上失去功能的變異(在SCA6中變異的相同蛋白質),其造成情節性共濟失調2(EA2)。在平行桿地板裝置內評估動物,該裝置自動計算動物的腳滑過均勻間隔之金屬棒的次數以及動物移動的總距離。基線共濟失調便被表示為共濟失調比率(Ataxia Ratio),其係為腳滑的總數除以動物移動的距離(公分)。野生型和EA2小鼠之間共濟失調的比率係繪示於圖4。 在本研究中,把小鼠放入平行桿地板裝置30分鐘之前,將化合物1腹腔注射或載體進入EA2(8-10個月大;n=18)小鼠。於交叉研究設計中評估動物,其中每隻動物接受載體和10 mg/kg化合物1。劑量之間允許3天以清空化合物。於本研究所施用之劑量,化合物1完全逆轉在EA2與野生型小鼠上所觀察到在共濟失調比率的增加。這些數據顯示化合物1恢復在遺傳性小腦性失調症模型中於運動功能之量測上的正常表現。比較優點
以下研究說明本文揭示之化合物的其他技術優點。 化合物之水溶性(動力學溶解度)測試在磷酸鹽緩衝鹽水(pH7.4)中進行,利用搖瓶法量測。在此檢定中,將測試化合物之DMSO儲備溶液加入至緩衝液中,接著平衡(振盪),過濾並利用HPLC-UV測定可溶量。檢定中使用的條件總結如下。結果顯示在表 2 及表 3
中。 - 化合物濃度:200 μM,含1% DMSO (n = 2) - 水性緩衝液:0.05 M磷酸鹽緩衝液系統,pH 7.4 - 平衡時間段:16小時,在室溫(約23℃)下,伴有攪拌 - 樣品製備:過濾 - 分析:HPLC-UV - 參考化合物:咖啡鹼(高溶解度)及己烯雌酚(低溶解度) 化合物之代謝穩定性概況分析在肝微粒體中進行。在此檢定中,測試化合物在37℃下在NADPH存在下與肝微粒體一起培育2個時間點。培育結束時,用含有內標之乙腈淬滅反應,且剩餘的母體化合物利用LC-MS/MS測定。檢定中使用的條件總結如下。結果顯示在表 2
中。 - 培育時間:0及30分鐘,在pH 7.4,37℃下 - 測試濃度:1 μM於0.02% DMSO中,在pH 7.4下(n = 2) - 檢定中的NADPH濃度:1 mM - 檢定中的肝微粒體蛋白質濃度:0.5 mg/ml - 分析:LC-MS/MS - 報導的數據:剩餘的母體化合物% (PCR%) - 包括高及低清除率的參考化合物 - 測試的物種:小鼠、大鼠、狗,猴子及人類 測試本文描述之化合物對於5種同功異型物(3A4、2D6、2C9、2C19及1A2)的CYP抑制。在此檢定中,CYP同功異型物特異性受質在測試化合物存在下與人肝微粒體(HLM)一起培育,並測定代謝物形成。計算在不同測試化合物濃度下代謝物形成的抑制百分比,並測定IC50
。檢定中使用的條件總結如下。結果顯示在表2中。 - 測試藥物(抑制劑)濃度:8種不同濃度(100 μM至0.005 μM) - 基質:人肝微粒體(Invitrogen, life technologies) - 特異性探針受質將用於如下所給出的同功異型物: - CYP3A4:咪達唑侖(Midazolam) - CYP2D6:丁呋洛爾(Bufuralol) - CYP2C9:雙氯芬酸(Diclofenac) - CYP2C19:美芬妥英(Mephynitoin) - CYP1A2:非那西汀(Phenacetin) - 輔因子:NADPH(檢定中最終1 mM) - 樣品分析:LC-MS/MS(代謝物) - 包括在所有檢定中的特定參考抑制劑 (酮康唑(Ketoconazole)/奎尼丁(Quinidine)/磺胺苯唑(Sulphaphenazole)/噻氯匹定(Ticlopidine)/呋拉茶鹼(Furafylline)) - 緩衝液:磷酸鉀緩衝液(100 mM) pH7.4 - 檢定中的DMSO含量:0.1% - 數據分析:相對於對照的抑制% 在心臟鉀通道hERG檢定中測試化合物。hERG負責人體心室中的快速延遲整流電流(IKr
)。IKr
的抑制係非心臟藥物引起心臟動作電位延長的最常見原因。參見例如Brown, A.M.及Rampe, D. (2000). Drug-induced long QT syndrome: is HERG the root of all evil? Pharmaceutical News7
, 15-20。 HEK-293細胞用hERG cDNA穩定轉染。藉由與併入表現質體中的G418抗性基因共表現來選擇穩定的轉染體。藉由在培養基中包括G418來維持選擇壓力。細胞培養在補充有10%胎牛血清、100 U/mL青黴素G鈉,100 μg/ mL硫酸鏈黴素及500 μg/ mL G418的杜爾貝科氏改良伊格爾培養基(Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium)/營養混合物F-12(D-MEM/F-12)中。細胞培養記錄保存在Charles River Laboratories的文件中。 將細胞轉移至記錄室並用媒劑對照溶液灌注。用於全細胞記錄的移液器溶液為(組成以mM為單位):天冬胺酸鉀,130;MgCl2
,5;EGTA,5;ATP,4;HEPES,10;用KOH將pH調節至7.2。分批製備移液器溶液、等分、冷凍儲存,並且每天解凍新鮮的等分試樣。使用P-97微量移液器拉出器(Sutter Instruments, Novato, CA)由玻璃毛細管製成膜片移液器。商業膜片箝制放大器用於全細胞記錄。在數位化之前,當前記錄以採樣頻率的五分之一進行低通濾波。 使用具有固定振幅(調節預脈衝:+20 mV持續2秒;測試脈衝:‑50 mV持續2秒)以10秒的間隔重複的脈衝模式,自-80 mV的保持電位起,量測hERG電流之開始及穩態抑制。在2秒步驟至-50 mV期間量測峰尾電流。 將某一個測試物品濃度施加至每個細胞(n = 3)。測試斜坡期間量測峰值電流。在施加測試物品或陽性對照之前,穩態保持至少30秒。量測峰值電流直至達到新的穩態。結果顯示在表 2
中。 如下收集大鼠的口服生物可用性數據。結果顯示在表 2
中。 - 大鼠品系/性別:史–道二氏/雄性 - 年齡/體重:6至8週/250-300公克 - 每組動物數目:n = 3 - 小組總數:2個(1 mpk IV及10 mpk PO) - 給藥途徑:口服(PO)/靜脈內(IV) - 劑量體積:靜脈內(2 ml/kg)及口服(10 ml/kg) - 調配媒劑:標準調配物或贊助商建議 劑量水準(IV及口服):1 mg/kg;靜脈內及10 mg/kg;口服或按照建議 - 禁食/餵養:口服給藥將用隔夜禁食的動物進行 給藥頻率:單劑量 - 採集血液時間點:(57個血漿樣品用於分析) - IV-10個點(給藥前;5分鐘;15分鐘;30分鐘;1小時;2小時;4小時;6小時;8小時;24小時)[n=3隻大鼠] - PO-9個點(給藥前;15分鐘;30分鐘;1小時;2小時;4小時;6小時;8小時;24小時)[n=3隻大鼠] - 血液樣品採集:頸靜脈套管 - 抗凝劑:0.2% K2 EDTA - 使用LC-MS/MS系統利用開發用於估算血漿中測試化合物之發現級生物分析方法進行樣品分析。表 2
SC100
=產生通道電流加倍的濃度a
由於後期實驗取平均值的微小差異,當與前一個表相比時,數量差異較小。 †在1小時時之剩餘%§
大鼠中10 mg/kg PO,0.5 mg/kg IV 如以上表 2
中的數據所示,化合物1
與比較物A相比對SK2更有效超過3倍,而與比較物B相比對SK2更有效超過14倍。化合物1
與比較物A相比亦具有較好的溶解度、較高的BFF、較高的微粒體穩定性及較高的口服生物可用性。比較物A及苯基衍生物比較物C之BFF及溶解度的整體改進亦在本文所述的化合物中獲得證實,如表3
中所示。化合物1
如上重新製造以便於比較。表 3
儘管已描述本發明之多個實施例,很明顯我們的基本實例可被改變以提供使用本發明之化合物與方法的其他實施例。因此,將可理解本發明之範圍係由下述申請專利之範圍所界定,而非以示例方式表現之特定實施例。 本申請所引用之所有參考引用(包括文獻參考、發行之專利、公開專利申請與共同未決的專利申請)之內容通過引用併入本文。除非另有定義,本文所使用之所有技術與科學術語符合本領域一般技術人員普遍所知的含義。
圖1係為繪示口服(PO)給藥後化合物1於駱駝蓬鹼誘發之震顫上之效果的關係圖。 圖2顯示在百分比運動能力上化合物1之療效與劑量效應。 圖3顯示化合物1對來自SCA2 58Q基因轉殖小鼠之離體切片中普金氏細胞(Purkinje cell)放電不規則性的影響。 圖4顯示化合物1對EA2 蹣跚小鼠模型內之基線共濟失調的影響。
Claims (16)
- 一種醫藥組合物,其包括如請求項1至7中任一項之化合物或其醫藥上可用之鹽類以及醫藥上可用之載體。
- 一種如請求項1至7中任一項之化合物或其醫藥上可用之鹽類供製備用於治療對於小電導鈣離子活化鉀離子通道(SK通道)的調節有反應之疾病或症狀的藥物的用途。
- 如請求項9之用途,其中該疾病或症狀係回應於對該SK2通道之調節。
- 如請求項9之用途,其中該疾病或症狀係選自神經退化性疾病、失智症、心臟疾病、與終止成癮相關聯之戒斷症狀、代謝疾病和膀胱疾病。
- 如請求項9之用途,其中該疾病或症狀係選自共濟失調症、肌張力不全症、震顫、帕金森氏症、局部缺血、創傷性腦損傷、肌肉萎縮性脊髓側索硬化症、高血壓、動脈粥樣硬化、糖尿病、心律不整、膀胱過動症以及由終止濫用酒精和其他藥物濫用所引起之戒斷症狀。
- 如請求項12之用途,其中該震顫係為自發性震顫。
- 如請求項12之用途,其中該疾病或症狀係為共濟失調症。
- 如請求項14之用途,其中該共濟失調症係為脊髓小腦共濟失調症。
- 如請求項10之用途,其中該疾病或症狀係為焦慮。
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- 2018-01-23 EA EA201991488A patent/EA036668B1/ru unknown
- 2018-01-23 WO PCT/US2018/014792 patent/WO2018136917A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2018-01-23 DK DK18704122.3T patent/DK3571193T3/da active
- 2018-01-23 HU HUE18704122A patent/HUE057710T2/hu unknown
- 2018-01-23 LT LTEPPCT/US2018/014792T patent/LT3571193T/lt unknown
- 2018-01-23 SG SG11201905893WA patent/SG11201905893WA/en unknown
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- 2018-03-28 US US15/938,292 patent/US10351553B2/en active Active
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