TWI634890B - 細胞凋亡訊號調節激酶之抑制劑 - Google Patents
細胞凋亡訊號調節激酶之抑制劑 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本發明係關於式(I)化合物:
該化合物具有細胞凋亡訊號調節激酶(「ASK1」)抑制活性,且因此可用於治療諸如腎臟疾病、糖尿病性腎病及腎臟纖維化等疾病。
Description
本發明係關於用於治療ASK1介導之疾病之新穎化合物。本發明亦係關於用於其製備之中間體及含有該新穎化合物之醫藥組合物。
細胞凋亡訊號調節激酶1(ASK1)係活化c-Jun N端蛋白質激酶(「JNK」)及p38 MAP激酶之有絲分裂原活化蛋白質激酶激酶激酶(「MAP3K」)家族成員(Ichijo,H.、Nishida,E.、Irie,K.、Dijke,P.T.、Saitoh,M.、Moriguchi,T.、Matsumoto,K.、Miyazono,K.及Gotoh,Y.(1997)Science,275,90-94)。ASK1係由包含氧化應激、活性含氧物(ROS)、LPS、TNF-α、FasL、ER應激及增加之細胞內鈣濃度在內的多種刺激活化(Hattori,K.、Naguro,I.、Runchel,C.及Ichijo,H.(2009)Cell Comm.Signal.7:1-10;Takeda,K.、Noguchi,T.、Naguro,I.及Ichijo,H.(2007)Annu.Rev.Pharmacol.Toxicol.48:1-8.27;Nagai,H.、Noguchi,T.、Takeda,K.及Ichijo,I.(2007)J.Biochem.Mol.Biol.40:1-6)。
ASK1蛋白質磷酸化可導致細胞凋亡或其他細胞反應,此端視細胞類型而定。已報導,ASK1活化及訊號傳導在寬範圍之疾病(包含神經退化性病症、心血管病症、發炎性病症、自體免疫性病症及代謝病症)中起重要作用。此外,已表明,ASK1介導心臟、腦及腎臟之局部缺血及再灌注後之器官損傷(Watanabe等人(2005)BBRC 333,562-
567;Zhang等人,(2003)Life Sci 74-37-43;Terada等人(2007)BBRC 364:1043-49)。
有人報導,ROS與腎臟中發炎性細胞介素產生、纖維化、細胞凋亡及壞死之增加相關(Singh DK、Winocour P、Farrington K.Oxidative stress in early diabetic nephropathy:fueling the fire.Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011年3月;7(3):176-184;Brownlee M.Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications.Nature 2001年12月13日;414(6865):813-820;Mimura I、Nangaku M.The suffocating kidney:tubulointerstitial hypoxia in end-stage renal disease.Nat Rev Nephrol 2010年11月;6(11):667-678)。
此外,氧化應激促進導致進一步腎損傷之晚期糖化終產物(AGE)之形成及ROS之產生(Hung KY等人,N-acetylcysteine-mediated antioxidation prevents hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis and collagen synthesis in rat mesangial cells.Am J Nephrol 2009;29(3):192-202)。
腎臟中之腎小管間質纖維化係慢性腎臟疾病患者之腎衰竭進展之強預測因素(Schainuck LI等人Structural-functional correlations in renal disease.Part II:The correlations.Hum Pathol 1970;1:631-641.)。大鼠中之單側輸尿管梗阻(UUO)係廣泛使用之腎小管間質纖維化模型。UUO引起腎小管間質發炎、轉化生長因子β(TGF-β)之表現增加及分泌基質蛋白質(例如膠原及纖連蛋白)之肌纖維母細胞累積。UUO模型可用於測試藥物藉由抑制腎纖維化來治療慢性腎臟疾病之潛能(Chevalier等人,Ureteral obstruction as a model of renal interstitial fibrosis and obstructive nephropathy,Kidney International(2009)75,1145-1152)。
因此,用作ASK1訊號傳導抑制劑之治療劑具有改善或改良有治療疾病或病況(例如神經退化性病症、心血管病症、發炎性病症、自
體免疫性病症及代謝病症)需要之患者壽命之潛能。具體而言,ASK1抑制劑具有治療心腎疾病(包含腎臟疾病、糖尿病性腎臟疾病、慢性腎臟疾病)、纖維化疾病(包含肺纖維化、腎臟纖維化及肝臟纖維化)、呼吸系統疾病(包含慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)及急性肺損傷)、急性及慢性肝臟疾病之潛能。
美國公開案第2007/0276050號闡述鑑別可用於預防及/或治療動物心血管疾病之ASK1抑制劑之方法以及預防及/或治療動物心血管疾病之方法。
WO2009027283揭示三唑并吡啶化合物、其製備方法及治療自體免疫性病症、發炎性疾病、心血管疾病及神經退化性疾病之方法。
於2011年1月13日公開的美國專利公開案第2001/00095410A1號揭示可用作ASK-1抑制劑之化合物。特定而言,該發明係關於式(I)化合物:
其中:R1係烷基、烯基、炔基、環烷基、芳基、雜芳基或雜環基,所有該等基團皆視情況經1個、2個或3個選自以下之取代基取代:鹵素、側氧基、烷基、環烷基、雜環基、芳基、芳氧基、-NO2、R6、-C(O)-R6、-OC(O)-R6、-C(O)-O-R6、-C(O)-N(R6)(R7)、-OC(O)-N(R6)(R7)、-S-R6、-S(=O)-R6、-S(=O)2R6、-S(=O)2-N(R6)(R7)、-S(=O)2-O-R6、-N(R6)(R7)、-N(R6)-C(O)-R7、-N(R6)-C(O)-O-R7、-N(R6)-C(O)-N(R6)(R7)、-N(R6)-S(=O)2-R6、-CN及-O-R6,
其中烷基、環烷基、雜環基、苯基及苯氧基視情況經1個、2個或3個選自以下之取代基取代:烷基、環烷基、烷氧基、羥基及鹵素;其中R6及R7係獨立地選自由以下組成之群:氫、C1-C15烷基、環烷基、雜環基、芳基及雜芳基,所有該等基團皆視情況經1至3個選自以下之取代基取代:鹵素、烷基、單-或二烷基胺基、烷基或芳基或雜芳基醯胺、-CN、低碳數烷氧基、-CF3、芳基及雜芳基;或R6及R7連同其所附接之氮一起形成雜環;R2係氫、鹵素、氰基、烷氧基或視情況經鹵素取代之烷基;R3係芳基、雜芳基或雜環基,所有該等基團皆視情況經一或多個選自以下之取代基取代:烷基、烷氧基、環烷基、環烷基烷基、芳基、芳基烷基、雜芳基、雜芳基烷基、雜環基、雜環基烷基、鹵素、側氧基、-NO2、鹵代烷基、鹵代烷氧基、-CN、-O-R6、-O-C(O)-R6、-O-C(O)-N(R6)(R7)、-S-R6、-N(R6)(R7)、-S(=O)-R6、-S(=O)2R6、-S(=O)2-N(R6)(R7)、-S(=O)2-O-R6、-N(R6)-C(O)-R7、-N(R6)-C(O)-O-R7、-N(R6)-C(O)-N(R6)(R7)、-C(O)-R6、-C(O)-O-R6、-C(O)-N(R6)(R7)及-N(R6)-S(=O)2-R7,其中烷基、烷氧基、環烷基、芳基、雜芳基或雜環基視情況進一步經一或多個選自以下之取代基取代:鹵素、側氧基、-NO2、烷基、鹵代烷基、鹵代烷氧基、-N(R6)(R7)、-C(O)-R6、-C(O)-O-R6、-C(O)-N(R6)(R7)、-CN、-O-R6、環烷基、芳基、雜芳基及雜環基;前提為雜芳基或雜環基部分包含至少一個環氮原子;X1、X2、X3、X4、X5、X6、X7及X8獨立地係C(R4)或N,其中各R4獨立地係氫、烷基、烷氧基、環烷基、芳基、雜芳基、雜環基、鹵素、-NO2、鹵代烷基、鹵代烷氧基、-CN、-O-R6、-S-R6、-N(R6)(R7)、-S(=O)-R6、-S(=O)2R6、-S(=O)2-N(R6)(R7)、-S(=O)2-O-
R6、-N(R6)-C(O)-R7、-N(R6)-C(O)-O-R7、-N(R6)-C(O)-N(R6)(R7)、-C(O)-R6、-C(O)-O-R6、-C(O)-N(R6)(R7)或-N(R6)-S(=O)2-R7,其中烷基、環烷基、芳基、雜芳基及雜環基視情況進一步經一或多個選自以下之取代基取代:鹵素、側氧基、-NO2、-CF3、-O-CF3、-N(R6)(R7)、-C(O)-R6、-C(O)-O-R7、-C(O)-N(R6)(R7)、-CN、-O-R6;或連接X5與X6或X6與X7以提供視情況經取代之稠合芳基或視情況經取代之稠合雜芳基;且前提為X2、X3及X4中之至少一者係C(R4);X5、X6、X7及X8中之至少兩者係C(R4);且X2、X3、X4、X5、X6、X7及X8中之至少一者係N。
儘管有上述揭示內容,但仍需要有效且展現經改良藥物代謝動力學及/或藥物效應動力學特徵之化合物用於治療ASK1活化相關疾病。
令人驚奇地,申請者已發現在美國專利公開案US2011/0009410A之範圍內之新穎化合物,該化合物與其中所揭示之化合物相比在總體上展現優良效能、經改良之藥物代謝動力學及/或藥物效應動力學特徵)。
本發明係關於下式化合物:
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽。
在一實施例中,本發明係關於式(I)化合物在治療需要用ASK1抑
制劑治療之患者之疾病中之用途。
在另一實施例中,本發明係關於包括式(I)化合物或其醫藥上可接受之鹽及一或多種醫藥上可接受之載劑之醫藥組合物。
在另一實施例中,本發明係治療糖尿病性腎病或糖尿病併發症之方法,該方法包括向有需要之患者投與治療有效量之式(I)化合物或其醫藥上可接受之鹽。
在另一實施例中,本發明係關於治療腎臟疾病或糖尿病性腎臟疾病之方法,該方法包括向有需要之患者投與治療有效量之式(I)化合物或其醫藥上可接受之鹽。
在另一實施例中,本發明係關於治療腎臟纖維化、肝臟纖維化、肺纖維化或特發性肺纖維化(IPF)之方法,該方法包括向有需要之患者投與治療有效量之式(I)化合物或其醫藥上可接受之鹽。
在另一實施例中,本發明係關於可用於合成式(I)化合物之中間體。
在另一實施例中,本發明係關於式(I)化合物或其醫藥上可接受之鹽用於治療慢性腎臟疾病之用途。
在另一實施例中,本發明係關於式(I)化合物或其醫藥上可接受之鹽用於治療糖尿病性腎臟疾病之用途。
在另一實施例中,本發明係關於式(I)化合物或其醫藥上可接受之鹽在製造用於治療慢性腎臟疾病之藥劑中之用途。
在又一實施例中,本發明係關於用於療法中之式(I)化合物。
圖1係顯示未受單側輸尿管梗阻並以媒劑治療之大鼠,或經受7天單側輸尿管梗阻且以每天兩次媒劑或1、3、10或30mg/kg之式(I)化合物治療之大鼠腎臟皮質中之膠原IV含量之條形圖。
圖2顯示用α-平滑肌肌動蛋白(經活化肌纖維母細胞之標記)染色
之大鼠腎臟皮質切片之代表影像,該等大鼠未受單側輸尿管梗阻並以媒劑治療,或經受7天單側輸尿管梗阻且以每天兩次媒劑或10mg/kg之式(I)化合物治療。
除非使用如本文所使用以下詞語及片語之上下文另有指示,否則該等詞語及片語意欲具有下文所述之含義。倘若未給出指示或定義,則暗示詞語或片語具有在相關詞典或熟習此項技術者已知之常用用法中發現之普通含義。
如本文所使用之術語「慢性腎臟疾病」係指腎臟功能隨時間(通常為數月或甚至數年)之漸進式損失。慢性腎臟疾病(CKD)係由主管護理者使用熟習此項技術者已知之適當資訊、測試或標記來診斷。慢性腎臟疾病暗含腎臟疾病。
如本文所使用之術語「糖尿病性腎臟疾病」係指由糖尿病引起、因糖尿病加重或與糖尿病共同呈現之腎臟疾病。其係發生於約30%糖尿病患者中之慢性腎臟疾病之形式。將其定義為存在蛋白尿及/或腎功能受損(即腎絲球濾過率減小)之糖尿病(參見de B,I等人Temporal trends in the prevalence of diabetic kidney disease in the United States.JAMA 2011年6月22日;305(24):2532-2539)。
術語「醫藥上可接受之鹽」係指保持基礎化合物之生物有效性及性質且在生物學上或其他方面合意之醫藥化合物(例如式(I)化合物)之鹽。存在酸加成鹽及鹼加成鹽。可自無機酸及有機酸製備醫藥上可接受之酸加成鹽。
可用於與基礎化合物反應形成醫藥上可接受之鹽(分別為酸加成鹽或鹼加成鹽)之酸及鹼為熟習此項技術者已知。相似地,自基礎化合物製備醫藥上可接受之鹽之方法(根據揭示內容)為熟習此項技術者已知且揭示於(例如)Berge等人,Journal of Pharmaceutical Science,
1977年1月第66卷第1期及其他來源中。衍生自無機酸之鹽包含(但不限於)鹽酸、氫溴酸、硫酸、硝酸、磷酸及諸如此類。衍生自有機酸之鹽包含(但不限於)馬來酸、富馬酸、酒石酸、對甲苯磺酸及諸如此類。可用於形成鹼加成鹽之鹼為熟習此項技術者已知。式(I)化合物之醫藥上可接受之鹽之實例係式(I)化合物之鹽酸鹽。
如本文所使用,「醫藥上可接受之載劑」包含諸如以下等對本發明之化合物或其用途無害之賦形劑或試劑:溶劑、稀釋劑、分散介質、塗料、抗細菌劑及抗真菌劑、等滲劑及吸收延遲劑及諸如此類。該等載劑及試劑用於製備醫藥活性物質之組合物之用途為業內所熟知(例如,參見Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,Mace Publishing公司,Philadelphia,PA第17版(1985);及Modern Pharmaceutics,Marcel Dekker公司,第3版(G.S.Banker及C.T.Rhodes編輯)。
如本文所使用之術語「心腎疾病」係指由心血管問題(例如高血壓(high blood pressure或hypertension))引起或因其加重之與腎臟功能相關之疾病。據信,高血壓係腎臟疾病之主要原因。
如本文所使用之術語「呼吸系統疾病」係指包含慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)及特發性肺纖維化(IPF)在內之疾病。
術語「治療有效量」係指式(I)化合物當以一或多次劑量投與需要如下文所定義之治療之患者(具體而言為人類)時足以實現該治療之量。治療有效量將根據患者、所治療之疾病、患者之體重及/或年齡、疾病嚴重程度或投與方式變化,如由合格處方醫師或護理者所確定。
術語「治療(treatment或treating)」意指出於以下目的投與式(I)化合物:(i)延遲疾病之發作,即使疾病之臨床症狀不發生或延遲其發生;
(ii)抑制疾病,即阻止臨床症狀之發展;及/或(iii)減輕疾病,亦即使臨床症狀或其嚴重程度消退。
在較佳實施例中,本發明係關於式(I)化合物在治療慢性腎臟疾病中之用途,其包括向有需要之患者投與治療有效量。
在另一較佳實施例中,本發明係關於式(I)化合物在治療糖尿病性腎臟疾病中之用途,其包括向有需要之患者投與治療有效量。
在另一較佳實施例中,本發明係關於式(I)化合物在治療肺或腎臟纖維化中之用途,其包括向有需要之患者投與治療有效量。
治療劑之半數最大抑制濃度(IC50)係對靶酶產生50%最大抑制作用時所需治療劑之濃度。合意目標係發現一種治療劑,例如:以低IC50抑制細胞凋亡訊號調節激酶(ASK1)之化合物。以此方式,即有能力使用較低劑量治療劑抑制ASK1酶使不合意副效應降至最低。
相似地,合意目標係發現具有低離解常數(Kd)之治療劑。Kd係用於描述配體(例如治療劑)與相應激酶或受體之間之親和力;即治療劑與特定激酶(例如細胞凋亡訊號調節激酶ASK1)結合緊密程度之量度。因此,較低Kd通常在藥物研發中較佳。
相似地,合意目標係發現具有低EC50之化合物。EC50係在細胞中達成50%最大功效時之藥物濃度。EC50值意指化合物在分析培養基中達成50%最大功效時所需之濃度。因此,較低EC50通常對於藥物研發較佳。
與EC50相關之適用量測單位係蛋白質結合調節EC50(如本文所使用之PB調節EC50)。此值量測藥物(例如式(I)化合物)提供50%最大功效時與未結合至蛋白質之藥物比例相關之藥物量。此值量測之藥物功效可用於校正靶作用位點之有效藥物量或與該有效藥物量相關。
另一合意性質係具有如藉由CACO細胞滲透性研究測定之低細胞膜流出比之化合物。較佳流出比((B/A)/(A/B))小於3.0。預期比率大
於3之化合物經歷自細胞主動快速流出且在細胞中之持續時間可能不足以達成最大功效。
另一合意目標係發現展現最小非目標抑制之藥物。即最小程度抑制Cyp450(細胞色素p450)酶之藥物。更具體而言,期望為cyp3A4(P450酶中之最重要者)之弱抑制劑之藥物。弱抑制劑係引起血漿AUC值增加至少1.25倍但小於2倍或清除率減小20%-50%之化合物(wikipedia.org/wiki/cyp3A4,11/12/11瀏覽)。通常,將展現Cyp3A4 IC50大於10μM之化合物視為弱抑制劑。
可用於在候選藥物內比較cyp3A4抑制之量度係Cyp3A4抑制與蛋白質結合調節EC50之比率。此值指示針對各藥物所特有之蛋白質結合調節EC50校正cyp抑制之相對潛能。此量度中之較高比率較佳作為較低cyp3A4抑制潛能之指示。
出乎意料地且有利地,申請者已發現在美國專利公開案第2001/00095410A1號之一般範圍內之化合物(本文之式(I)化合物),其提供優於美國專利公開案第2001/00095410A1號中所揭示結構接近之化合物(本文稱為化合物A及化合物B)之優點
因此,本發明之目的係提供式(I)化合物及使用式(I)化合物治療
以下疾病之方法:腎臟疾病、慢性腎臟疾病、糖尿病性腎臟疾病、糖尿病性腎病、腎臟纖維化或肺纖維化。
所治療心腎疾病(例如慢性腎臟疾病)之患者可受益於組合藥物治療。例如,本發明化合物可與以下中之一或多者組合:血管收縮素轉化酶(ACE)抑制劑,例如依那普利(enalapril)、卡托普利(captopril)、雷米普利(ramipril)、賴諾普利(lisinopril)及喹那普利(quinapril);或血管收縮素II受體阻斷劑(ARB),例如氯沙坦(losartan)、奧美沙坦(olmesartan)及厄貝沙坦(irbesartan);或抗高血壓藥,例如氨氯地平(amlodipine)、硝苯地平(nifedipine)及非洛地平(felodipine)。組合之益處可係組份之功效增加及/或副效應減少,此乃因可下調該組份之劑量以減少其副效應,同時受益於該組份由式(I)化合物及/或其他活性組份之功效增強之功效。
呈現可用ASK1抑制劑(例如式(I)化合物)治療之慢性腎臟疾病之患者亦可展現受益於共投與(如由合格護理者所指定)治療劑或抗生素、鎮痛劑、抗抑鬱劑及/或抗焦慮劑與式(I)化合物之組合之病況。組合治療可同時投與,或在如由合格護理者所指定之間隔內相繼投與,或經由以固定劑量(所有活性成份組合成單一劑型,例如錠劑)呈現之兩種或更多種活性劑投與。
本發明化合物可以醫藥組合物形式投與。因此,本發明提供醫藥組合物,其含有式(I)化合物或其醫藥上可接受之鹽作為活性成份及一或多種醫藥上可接受之賦形劑及/或載劑,包含惰性固體稀釋劑及填充劑、稀釋劑(包含無菌水溶液及各種有機溶劑)、滲透促進劑、增溶劑及佐劑。醫藥組合物可單獨或與其他治療劑組合投與。可製備組合物以呈固體錠劑、膠囊、囊片、軟膏、皮膚貼片、持續釋放錠劑、
快速崩解錠劑、吸入製劑等遞送。使用醫藥業內熟知之方法及/或製程製備及/或投與典型醫藥組合物(例如,參見Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,Mace Publishing公司,Philadelphia,PA第17版(1985);及Modern Pharmaceutics,Marcel Dekker公司,第3版(G.S.Banker及C.T.Rhodes編輯))。
包括式(I)化合物之用於組合治療之調配物可使用熟習此項技術者已知之程序呈現為固定劑量調配物,例如錠劑、酏劑、液體、軟膏、吸入劑、凝膠等。
式(I)化合物之醫藥組合物可以單一劑量或多次劑量藉由包含(例如)以下在內之途徑投與:直腸、頰、鼻內及經皮途徑;動脈內注射、靜脈內、腹腔內、非經腸、肌內、皮下、經口、局部、以吸入劑形式,或經由經浸漬或塗覆之裝置(例如支架或插入動脈之圓柱形聚合物)。最佳投與途徑包含經口、非經腸及靜脈內投與。
式(I)化合物可以醫藥有效量投與。對於經口投與而言,各劑量單位較佳含有1mg至500mg式(I)化合物。更佳劑量係1mg至250mg式(I)化合物。式(I)化合物之劑量尤佳係在約20mg每天兩次至約50mg每天兩次範圍內。然而,應理解,化合物之實際投與量通常將由醫師根據包含以下在內之相關情況確定:欲治療之病況、所選投與途徑、共投與化合物(若適用)、個別患者之年齡、體重、反應、患者症狀之嚴重程度及諸如此類。
使用ChemBioDraw Ultra 11產生之本發明化合物之名稱係5-(4-環丙基-1H-咪唑-1-基)-N-(6-(4-異丙基-4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-2-基)-2-氟-4-甲基苯甲醯胺,亦稱為5-((4-環丙基-1H-咪唑-1-基)-2-氟-N-(6-(4-異丙基-4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-2-基)-4-甲基苯甲醯胺。
可使用本文所揭示之方法或其修改形式(根據本文揭示內容將明瞭)來製備本發明化合物。可如以下實例中所述合成本發明化合物。若可用,則可自(例如)Sigma Aldrich或其他化學品供應商購得試劑。另一選擇為,可使用熟習此項技術者已知之反應圖及方法來製備試劑。
術語「溶劑」、「惰性有機溶劑」或「惰性溶劑」係指在所述相關反應條件下為惰性之溶劑,包含(例如)苯、甲苯、乙腈、四氫呋喃(THF)、二甲基甲醯胺(DMF)、氯仿、二氯甲烷(methylene chloride或dichloromethane)、二乙醚、石油醚(PE)、甲醇、吡啶、乙酸乙酯(EA)及諸如此類。除非說明相反之情形,否則本發明反應中所使用之溶劑係惰性有機溶劑,且反應係在惰性氣體、較佳氮下實施。
一種製備式(I)化合物之方法示於以下反應圖1及反應圖2中。
將NH2NH2.H2O(284g,5.68mol,2.0當量)添加至6-胺基吡啶甲酸甲酯(432g,2.84mol)存於MeOH(5L)中之溶液中。將反應混合物在回流下加熱3hr且然後冷卻至室溫。藉由過濾收集混合物中形成之沈澱,用EA(2L×2)洗滌且然後在真空中乾燥,獲得白色固體狀化合物A(405g,94%產率)。
將化合物A(405g,2.66mol)存於二甲基甲醯胺-二甲縮醛(DMF-DMA)(3.54L)中之混合物在回流下加熱18hr,冷卻至室溫且然後在減壓下濃縮。將殘餘物吸收於EA(700mL)中且在50℃下加熱20min。冷卻至室溫後,藉由過濾收集固體且在真空中乾燥,獲得白色固體狀化合物B(572g,82%產率)。
將丙-2-胺(646g,5.0當量)添加至化合物B(572g,2.18mol)存於CH3CN-AcOH混合物(3.6L,4:1)中之溶液中。將所得混合物在回流下加熱24hr且然後冷卻至室溫,且在減壓下去除溶劑。將殘餘物溶解於水(2.8L)中且添加1N NaOH水溶液以使pH為8.0。藉由過濾收集沈澱且用EA(500mL×3)萃取濾液。經無水Na2SO4乾燥合併之有機層,且然後將其濃縮至150mL之體積。在0℃下將PE(400mL)緩慢添加至此混合物中且過濾所得懸浮液。自EA-PE重結晶合併之固體,獲得灰白色固體狀化合物C(253g,57%產率)。
1H-NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ 8.24(s,1 H),7.52(m,2 H),6.51(dd,J=1.6,7.2Hz,1 H),5.55(m,1 H),4.46(bs,2 H),1.45(d,J=6.8Hz,6 H)。MS(ESI+)m/z:204(M+1)+。
化合物C係用於合成式(I)化合物之關鍵中間體。因此,本發明之目的亦係提供用於製備式(I)化合物之中間體化合物C、其鹽或其受保護形式。
化合物C之鹽之實例係HCl加成鹽。化合物C之受保護形式之實例係(例如)用Cbz-Cl獲得之胺基甲酸鹽化合物。保護基團、其製備及用
途教示於Peter G.M.Wuts及Theodora W.Greene,Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry,第2版,1991,Wiley and Sons Publishers中。
化合物6之鹽之實例係HCl加成鹽。化合物6之受保護形式之實例係酯(例如甲基酯、乙基酯或苯甲基酯)或(例如)用Cbz-Cl獲得之胺基甲酸鹽化合物。保護基團、其製備及用途教示於Peter G.M.Wuts及Theodora W.Greene,Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry,第2版,1991,Wiley and Sons Publishers中。
將起始5-溴-4-氟-2-甲基苯胺(1)(20g,98mmol)溶解於無水1-甲基吡咯啶酮(100mL)中,且添加氰化銅(I)(17.6g,196mmol)。將反應物加熱至180℃並保持3小時,冷卻至室溫且添加水(300mL)及濃縮氫氧化銨(300mL)。將混合物攪拌30分鐘且用EA(3×200mL)萃取。經
硫酸鎂乾燥合併之萃取物,且在減壓下去除溶劑。用己烷(2×100mL)洗滌油性殘餘物,且將固體溶解於二氯甲烷中並加載至矽膠管柱上。用0%至25%存於己烷中之EA梯度溶析,提供5-胺基-2-氟-4-甲基苯甲腈(10.06g,67.1mmol)。LC/MS(m/z:151M+1)。
在氮氣下將5-胺基-2-氟-4-甲基苯甲腈(12g,80mmol)溶解於無水N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(160mL)中,且在攪拌的同時添加固體狀碳酸鉀(13.27g,96mmol)及碘化鉀(14.61g,88mmol)。在室溫下將反應物攪拌5分鐘且然後添加溴甲基環丙酮(20.24mL,180mmol)。將反應混合物加熱至60℃並保持3小時,且然後在減壓下去除溶劑。將殘餘物溶解於EA(400mL)中且用400mL水洗滌。經硫酸鎂乾燥有機層且在減壓下去除溶劑。將殘餘物再溶解於最小量EA中,且添加己烷以使溶液達到3:1己烷:EA(體積)。產物自溶液沈澱析出且藉由過濾收集,提供5-(2-環丙基-2-側氧基乙基胺基)-2-氟-4-甲基苯甲腈(14.19g,61.2mmol)。LC/MS(m/z:233,M+1)
將5-(2-環丙基-2-側氧基乙基胺基)-2-氟-4-甲基苯甲腈(14.19g,61.2mmol)溶解於冰乙酸(300mL)中。在攪拌的同時添加固體狀硫氰酸鉀(11.9g,122.4mmol)。將反應混合物加熱至110℃並保持4小時,此時在減壓下去除溶劑。將殘餘物吸收於二氯甲烷(200mL)中且用200mL水洗滌。用(2×200mL)額外二氯甲烷萃取水性萃取物,合併有機萃取物且經硫酸鎂乾燥。在減壓下去除溶劑且將油性殘餘物再溶解於EA(50mL)中並添加150mL己烷。形成深色層且將攪拌棒添加至燒瓶。劇烈攪拌使產物沈澱為桃色固體。藉由過濾收集產物,產生5-
(4-環丙基-2-巰基-1H-咪唑-1-基)-2-氟-4-甲基苯甲腈(14.26g,52.23mmol)。分析型LC/MS(m/z:274,M+1)
將乙酸(96mL)、水(19mL)及過氧化氫(30%,7.47mL,65.88mmol)置於500mL三頸圓底燒瓶中。在氮氣下在攪拌的同時將混合物加熱至45℃,同時監測內部溫度。然後經30分鐘分數小份添加固體狀5-(4-環丙基-2-巰基-1H-咪唑-1-基)-2-氟-4-甲基苯甲腈(6.00g,21.96mmol),同時將內部溫度維持在55℃以下。當完成巰基咪唑添加時將反應物在45℃之溫度下攪拌30分鐘,且然後冷卻至室溫,且緩慢添加20% wt/wt亞硫酸鈉存於水(6mL)中之溶液。將混合物攪拌30分鐘且在減壓下去除溶劑。將殘餘物懸浮於250mL水中且添加4N氫氧化銨水溶液以使pH達到約10。用二氯甲烷(3×200ml)萃取混合物,合併有機物,經硫酸鎂乾燥且在減壓下去除溶劑。將殘餘物溶解於20mL EA中,且在攪拌的同時添加80mL己烷。傾析出溶劑且留下油性殘餘物。重複此過程且獲得黏性油狀產物5-(4-環丙基-1H-咪唑-1-基)-2-氟-4-甲基苯甲腈(5.14g,21.33mmol)。分析型LC/MS(m/z:242,M+1)
將5-(4-環丙基-1H-咪唑-1-基)-2-氟-4-甲基苯甲腈(11.21g,46.50mmol)置於配備有回流冷凝器之圓底燒瓶中,且懸浮於38%鹽酸(200mL)中。將混合物加熱至100℃並保持4.5小時,且隨後冷卻至室溫。在減壓下去除溶劑,獲得粉紅色固體,將100ml EA添加至該固體中。藉由過濾收集固體產物且用3×100mL EA洗滌。將100mL 10%甲醇之二氯甲烷溶液添加至固體產物中,攪拌混合物且收集濾液。再用2份100ml 10%甲醇之二氯甲烷溶液重複此過程。合併濾液
且在減壓下去除溶劑,提供粗製5-(4-環丙基-1H-咪唑-1-基)-2-氟-4-甲基苯甲酸鹽酸鹽。不實施進一步純化(11.13g,37.54mmol)。分析型LC/MS(m/z:261,M+1)
在室溫下將5-(4-環丙基-1H-咪唑-1-基)-2-氟-4-甲基苯甲酸鹽酸鹽(1.5g,5.07mmol)懸浮於無水1,2-二氯甲烷(25mL)中。在氮氣下,在攪拌的同時添加草醯氯(0.575ml,6.59mmol),之後添加N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(0.044ml,0.507mmol)。在室溫下將混合物攪拌4hr,且然後在減壓下去除溶劑。將殘餘物溶解於25mL無水二氯甲烷中。在氮氣下,在攪拌的同時快速添加6-(4-異丙基-4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-2-胺(1.13g,5.58mmol)(化合物C)及4-二甲基胺基吡啶(0.62g,5.07mmol)。在室溫下將反應物攪拌2小時且添加飽和NaHCO3水溶液(15mL)。將混合物攪拌10分鐘,且分離層,並用1×20mL二氯甲烷洗滌水層。乾燥(MgSO4)合併的有機物,過濾並濃縮。將殘餘物溶解於最小量之CH3CN中且緩慢添加水直至固體自混合物沈澱析出。藉由過濾收集固體並乾燥,獲得約96%純度之5-(4-環丙基-1H-咪唑-1-基)-2-氟-N-(6-(4-異丙基-4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基)吡啶-2-基)-4-甲基苯甲醯胺(1.28g,2.88mmol)。分析型LC/MS(m/z:446,M+1)。藉由RP-HPLC(逆相HPLC)進一步純化材料,獲得HCl鹽之分析級純樣品。
C24H24FN7O-HCl。446.2(M+1)。1H-NMR(DMSO):δ 11.12(s,1H),9.41(s,1H),9.32(s,1H),8.20(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),8.07(t,J=8.4Hz,1H),7.95(d,J=6.4Hz,1H),7.92(d,J=7.6Hz,1H),7.79(s,1H),
7.59(d,J=10.4Hz,1H),5.72(七重峰,J=6.8Hz,1H)、2.29(s,3H),2.00-2.05(m,1H),1.44(d,J=6.8Hz,6H),1.01-1.06(m,2H),0.85-0.89(m,2H)。
利用生物素化髓鞘鹼性蛋白質[生物素-MBP]作為蛋白質受質使用時間解析螢光共振能量轉移[TR-FRET]分析測定化合物抑制ASK1激酶活性之能力。在激酶分析中利用Beckman Biomek FX液體處置機器人將2μL/孔存於2.44% DMSO水溶液中之化合物點樣至低體積384孔聚丙烯板[Nunc,編號為267460]中,獲得最終濃度介於100μM與0.5nM之間之化合物。使用Deerac Fluidics Equator將3μL/孔存於緩衝液(85mM MOPS(pH 7.0)、8.5mM乙酸鎂、5%甘油、0.085% NP-40、1.7mM DTT及1.7mg/mL BSA)中之0.667ng/μL[Upstate Biotechnologies,編號為14-606,或內部製備之等效蛋白質]及0.1665ng/mL生物素-MBP[Upstate Biotechnologies,編號為13-111]分配至含有所點樣化合物之板中。
將酶與化合物一起預培育20分鐘,之後藉助使用Deerac Fluidics Equator添加5μL/孔存於緩衝液(50mM MOPS(pH 7.0)、5mM乙酸鎂、1mM DTT、5% DMSO)中之300μM ATP起始激酶反應。使激酶反應在環境溫度下進行20分鐘且隨後藉助使用Deerae Fluidics Equator添加5μL/孔25mM EDTA來終止該等反應。然後使用Biomek FX將1μL/孔各完成的激酶反應物轉移至OptiPlate-1536白色聚苯乙烯板[PerkinElmer,編號為6004299]之孔中,該等孔含有5μL/孔檢測試劑(存於1×LANCE檢測緩衝液[PerkinElmer,編號為CR97-100號]中之1.11nM經Eu-W1024標記之抗磷酸蘇胺酸抗體[PerkinElmer,編號為AD0094]及55.56nM抗生蛋白鏈菌素別藻藍蛋白[PerkinElmer,編號為
CR130-100])。將板在環境溫度下培育2小時後,然後在Perkin Elmer Envision板讀數器上讀取TR-FRET訊號。
藉由轉換上文所述之EDTA與ATP溶液之添加順序產生100%抑制陽性對照孔。使用該等孔及0%抑制孔(在開始分析時含有2.44% DMSO之點樣)來計算測試化合物之抑制%。
式(I)化合物以3.0nM之IC50抑制ASK1。此數據表明,式(I)化合物在競爭性配體ATP存在下係ASK1之有效抑制劑。
在以上分析之更新形式中,使用測定自ATP轉移至肽受質之磷酸量之TR-FRET ASK1激酶分析檢查本發明化合物對ASK1(細胞凋亡訊號調節激酶1)激酶之抑制活性。
去磷酸化重組人類ASK1激酶係來自GileadScienceS。小分子激酶抑制劑星狀孢子素(目錄編號為S6942)及二硫蘇糖醇(DTT,目錄編號為43815-5G)係自Sigma Chemicals(St.Louis,MO)獲得。ATP(目錄編號為7724)係來自Affymetrix(Santa Clara,CA)且式(I)化合物係來自Gilead Sciences。HTRF KinEASETM-STK S3套組係自Cisbio(Bedford,Mass)獲得。所有其他試劑皆具有最高市售等級。
該分析使用HTRF檢測(6.1)來量測ASK1激酶將生物素化肽受質磷酸化之程度。此係基於來自Cisbio(6.1)之HTRF® KinEASETM-STK手冊之競爭性時間解析螢光共振能量轉移(TR-FRET)免疫分析。將測試化合物、1μM STK3肽受質、4nM ASK1激酶與10mM MOP緩衝液(pH.7.0,含有10mM乙酸鎂、0.025% NP-40、1mM DTT、0.05% BSA及1.5%甘油)一起培育30分鐘,然後添加100μM ATP以開始激酶反
應且培育3hr。添加經含有10mM EDTA及125nM抗生蛋白鏈菌素XL665之1×Eu3+穴狀化合物緩衝液標記之肽抗體以終止反應,且使用來自PerkinElmer之Envision 2103多標記讀數器來檢測經磷酸化肽受質。在615nm(穴狀化合物)及665nm(XL665)下量測螢光且計算各孔之665nm/615nm之比率。所得TR-FRET量(665nm/615nm之比率)與磷酸化程度成比例。在該等分析條件下,肽受質之磷酸化程度與時間及酶濃度成線性關係。分析系統在酶之Km及比活性方面產生一致結果。對於抑制實驗(IC50值)而言,用恆定濃度之ATP、肽及若干固定濃度之抑制劑實施活動。使用非選擇性激酶抑制劑星狀孢子素作為陽性對照。將所有酶活性數據報告為一式四份測定之平均值。
根據以下方程式計算IC50值:y=範圍/{1+(x/IC50)s}+背景
其中x及y分別代表抑制劑之濃度及酶活性。酶活性表示為自ATP納入受質肽中之磷酸之量。範圍係最大y範圍(無抑制劑、DMSO對照)且s係斜率因子(6.2)。
式(I)化合物在此測試條件下展現3.2nM之IC50。
數據證實,式(I)化合物係ASK-1受體之有效抑制劑。
在穩定表現AP-1:螢光素酶報告基因構築體之細胞(293/AP1-Luc細胞-Panomics公司,6519 Dumbarton Circle,Fremont,CA)中分析化合物之細胞效能。用表現激酶活性ASK1之腺病毒(大鼠ASK1 cDNA之631-1381)感染細胞,此將活化AP-1轉錄因子且增加螢光素酶之表現。ASK1抑制劑將減小ASK1之酶活性且因此減小AP-1轉錄因子之活性及螢光素酶之表現。
Panomics 293/AP1-Luc穩定細胞系產品插頁。
Promega Steady-Glo螢光素酶分析系統產品插頁。
完全生長培養基,「CGM」
DMEM(MediaTech)
10% FBS
1% PSG
100μg/mL潮黴素B
分析培養基,「AM」
DMEM(Invitrogen)
25mM HEPES
1mM丙酮酸鈉
1% PSG
293/AP1-Luc按照供應商說明書維持293/A細胞;如下在T150燒瓶中約80%鋪滿時收穫細胞:抽吸培養基,用約12mL無菌D-PBS輕輕洗滌,抽吸。
添加5mL胰蛋白酶-EDTA,輕輕傾斜以塗覆燒瓶,且在37℃下培育約5min。
不叩擊燒瓶;添加5mL CGM,用細胞懸浮液將燒瓶洗滌4次,轉移至50mL錐形瓶中,以1200rpm離心5min。
自細胞沈澱物抽吸培養基,添加20mL至30mL CGM,藉由用移液管吸移6次使沈澱物再懸浮,經過細胞濾器以分散團塊(若需要),且用血球計對細胞計數。
除了使細胞沈澱物再懸浮以外,如上文所述收穫細胞。
對細胞計數且稀釋至1.5×105個細胞/mL;添加腺病毒以使每細胞具有5個感染形成單位。
準備細胞(20mL至30mL)且使用BioTek uFill(80μL/孔)以1.2×
104個細胞/孔將細胞平鋪於塗覆有聚-D-離胺酸之Greiner 384孔板中。
立即將具有0.4μL化合物劑量系列(存於100% DMSO中)之劑量板在加濕培育器(37℃,5% CO2)中培育24小時。
如下處理板(按照製造商說明書):將板置於層流通風櫥中且在室溫下不加蓋保持30分鐘以進行冷卻。
自分析孔去除60μL AM。
添加20μL/孔Steady-Glo螢火蟲受質,在室溫下放置10-20分鐘。
用白色背襯帶覆蓋分析板底部。
在螢光板讀數器上獲取數據。
藉由用表現催化無活性ASK1突變體(殘基709處離胺酸突變成精胺酸)之腺病毒感染細胞來產生100%抑制陽性對照孔。
式(I)化合物展現2.0nM之EC50。
在源自BL21菌株之大腸桿菌(E.coli)宿主中製備激酶標記之T7噬菌體菌。使大腸桿菌生長至對數期且用T7噬菌體感染並在32℃下振盪培育直至溶解。離心溶解物且過濾以去除細胞碎片。在HEK-293細胞中產生剩餘激酶且隨後用DNA標記以供qPCR檢測。在室溫下用生物素化小分子配體將塗覆有抗生蛋白鏈菌素之磁性珠粒處理30分鐘以產生親和樹脂以供激酶分析。
用過量生物素封阻配體化珠粒且用封阻緩衝液(SeaBlock(Pierce)、1%(牛血清白蛋白)、0.05% Tween 20、1mM DTT(二硫蘇糖醇))洗滌以去除未結合配體且減少非特異性結合。藉由在1×結合緩
衝液(20% SeaBlock、0.17×PBS、0.05% Tween 20、6mM DTT)中組合激酶、配體化親和珠粒及測試化合物來彙集結合反應。所有反應皆係在聚苯乙烯96孔板中以最終體積0.135mL實施。在室溫下將分析板振盪培育1小時且用洗滌緩衝液(1×PBS、0.05% Tween 20)洗滌親和珠粒。然後將珠粒再懸浮於溶析緩衝液(1×PBS、0.05% Tween 20、0.5μM非生物素化親和配體)中且在室溫下振盪培育30分鐘。藉由qPCR量測溶析液中之激酶之濃度。
使用希爾方程式(Hill equation)用標準劑量-反應曲線計算結合常數(Kd)。
式(I)化合物展現0.24nM之Kd。此數據表明,式(I)化合物在不存在ATP下有效結合至ASK1受體。
在該等實驗中使用1mL來自Harvard Apparatus(Holliston,Mass,USA)之鐵氟龍(Teflon)透析槽。在研究之前,將透析膜在0.133M磷酸鹽緩衝液(pH 7.4)中浸泡約1小時。將標稱濃度為2μM之化合物摻入1mL血漿或1mL細胞培養基中。槽各側上之液體總體積係1mL。在37℃水浴中平衡3小時後,將槽各側之樣品等分至含有1mL人類血漿(細胞培養基)或緩衝液之適當小瓶中。對樣品瓶稱重且記錄。移出100μL等分樣品並將其添加至400μL淬滅溶液(50%甲醇、25%乙腈、25%水及內標物)中。對樣品實施渦旋且以12000G離心15分鐘。移出200μL上清液並將其置於新96孔板中。添加額外200μL 1:1 ACN:水。然後對板實施渦旋並使其經受LC-MS分析。
使用以下方程式計算血漿中分析物之未結合百分比
其中Cf及Ct分別係透析後緩衝液濃度及血漿濃度。
人類血漿中所量測之式(I)化合物之未結合百分比係11.94%。
在設定為37℃、90%濕度及5% CO2之培育器中將Caco-2細胞維持在具有丙酮酸鈉、Glutmax且補充有1% Pen/Strep、1% NEAA及10%胎牛血清之達爾伯克氏改良伊格爾氏培養基(Dulbecco's Modification of Eagle's Medium(DMEM))中。以2100個細胞/孔播種傳代62與72之間之Caco-2細胞且經至少21天使其在24孔PET(聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯)板(BD Biosciences)上生長至鋪滿。接收孔含有補充有pH調節至pH 7.4之1% BSA之HBSS緩衝液(10mM HEPES、15mM葡萄糖,pH調節至pH 6.5)。用輸送緩衝液初始平衡後,讀取TEER值以測試膜完整性。添加含有測試化合物之緩衝液且於1hr及2hr自接收室獲取100μl溶液。用新鮮緩衝液替代移出之緩衝液且對所移出材料之所有計算實施校正。一式兩份實施實驗。立即將所有樣品收集至400μl 100%乙腈酸中以沈澱蛋白質並穩定測試化合物。將細胞投配於頂側或底外側上以測定正向(A至B)及反向(B至A)滲透率。亦測定穿過無細胞trans-well之滲透率作為穿過膜之細胞滲透率及非特異性結合之量度。測定回收百分比以測試非特異性結合及化合物不穩定性。藉由LC/MS/MS分析樣品。
表觀滲透率(Papp)及回收%計算如下:P app =(dR/dt)×V r /(A×D 0 )
回收%=100×((V
r
×R
120
)+(V
d
×D
120
))/(V
d
×D
0
)
其中, dR/dt係基於在60及120分鐘量測之接收濃度,接收室中之累積濃度對時間(μM/s)之斜率。
V r 及V d 分別係接收室及供體室中之體積(cm3)。
A係細胞單層之面積(0.33cm2)。
D 0 及D 120 分別係實驗開始時及結束時量測之供體濃度。
R 120 係實驗結束(120分鐘)時之接收濃度。
觀察到式(I)化合物具有27之CACO A→B值及35之CACO B→A值,從而產生1.3之流出比(B→A)/(A→B)。
使用氧化代謝(NADPH)及結合(UDP葡糖醛酸(UDPGA))二者之輔因子評價代謝穩定性。將式(I)化合物(3μL 0.5mM DMSO原液)或代謝穩定性標準物(丁螺環酮)之一式兩份等分樣品添加至經磷酸鉀緩衝液(pH 7.4)稀釋以獲得1.0mg/mL之蛋白質濃度且含有阿拉黴素(alamethicin)作為滲透劑之微粒體原液中。藉由添加NADPH再生系統及UDPGA輔因子起始代謝反應。各反應混合物之最終組成係:存於
50mM磷酸鉀緩衝液(pH 7.4)中之3μM測試化合物、1mg微粒體蛋白/mL、5mM UDPGA、23.4μg/mL阿拉黴素、1.25mM NADP、3.3mM葡萄糖-6-磷酸、0.4U/mL葡萄糖-6-磷酸脫氫酶及3.3mM MgCl2。於0、2、5、10、15、30、45及60min將反應混合物之25μL等分樣品轉移至含有250μl IS/Q(含有內標物之淬滅溶液)之板中。淬滅後,將板以3000×g離心30分鐘,且使用LC/MS分析上清液之10μL等分樣品,獲得分析物/內標物峰面積比。
藉由量測式(I)化合物之消失速率來測定在微粒體部分中之代謝穩定性。以半對數標度繪製數據(剩餘母料%)且使用指數擬合進行擬合:C t =C 0˙e -K˙t 且T 1/2=ln 2/K,其中Ct 時間=t之剩餘母料%
C0 時間=0之剩餘母料%
t 時間(hr)
K 一階消除速率常數(hr-1)
T½ 活體外半衰期(hr)
所預測肝清除速率計算如下{參考1}:
CL h =(CL int˙Q h )/(CL int+Q h ),其中CLh 所預測肝清除速率(L/hr/kg體重)
CLint 固有肝清除速率(L/hr/kg體重)
V 培育體積(L)
YP 微粒體蛋白產量(mg蛋白質/kg體重)
YH 肝細胞產量(百萬細胞數/kg體重)
P 培育中之蛋白質量(mg)
H 培育中之肝細胞數(百萬)
Qh 肝血流量(L/hr/kg體重)
然後藉由比較所預測肝清除速率與肝血流量來計算所預測肝提取率。若在培育期間受質濃度降低<10%(對應於外推半衰期在微粒體部分中>395min且在肝細胞中>39.5hr),則認為化合物穩定。
用於計算所預測肝清除速率之值示於下表中:
如自微粒體部分活體外實驗所測定在人類中之所預測肝清除速率係0.1L/h/kg。
對於靜脈內投與而言,測試化合物係用1當量HCl在60:40 PEG 400:水中以0.5mg/mL調配。調配物係溶液。
對於經口(口服)投與而言,測試化合物係在5/75/10/10乙醇/PG/solutol/水中以2.5mg/mL調配。調配物係溶液。
靜脈內及經口給藥組各自係由3只雄性SD大鼠組成。在給藥時,動物體重通常介於0.317kg與0.355kg之間。在劑量投與之前使動物禁食過夜且直至給藥後4hr。
對於靜脈內輸注組而言,測試化合物係藉由30分鐘靜脈內輸注來投與。輸注速率係根據各動物之體重調節以2mL/kg遞送1mg/kg之劑量。對於口服給藥組而言,測試物件係藉由口服管飼以2mL/kg投與5.0mg/kg之劑量。
系列靜脈血樣(各為約0.4mL)係在給藥後於指定時間點自各動物獲取。將血樣收集至含有EDTA作為抗凝劑之VacutainerTM管(Becton-Disckinson公司,New Jersey,USA)中且立即置於濕冰上直至針對血漿進行離心。
使用LC/MS/MS方法量測血漿中之測試化合物之濃度。
對血漿濃度-時間數據實施無室藥物代謝動力學分析。
式(I)化合物在大鼠中展現0.09L/hr/kg之CL;75%之口服生物利用度;5.07hr之t1/2及0.55L/kg之Vss。
評價測試化合物抑制主要細胞色素P450亞型CYP1A、CYP1A2、CYP2B6、CYP2C8、CYP2C9、CYP2C19、CYP2D6及CYP3A4(2種受質)之潛能。
在細胞色素P450亞型特異性探針受質存在下將測試化合物(0.1μM-25μM)與人類肝臟微粒體及NADPH一起培育。對於CYP2B6、CYP2C8、CYP2C9、CYP2C19、CYP2D6及CYP3A4特異性反應而言,藉由質譜監測代謝產物。藉由量測螢光代謝產物之形成來監測CYP1A活性。使用代謝產物之形成相對於媒劑對照之減少來計算IC50值(產生50%抑制之測試化合物濃度)。
500μL存於DMSO中之10mM測試化合物溶液。
在探針受質乙氧基試鹵靈(ethoxyresorufin,0.5μM)存在下在37℃下將6種測試化合物濃度(0.1μM、0.25μM、1μM、2.5μM、10μM、25μM,存於DMSO中;最終DMSO濃度=0.3%)與人類肝臟微粒體(0.25mg/mL)及NADPH(1mM)一起培育5min。以選擇性CYP1A抑制劑α-萘黃酮作為陽性對照與測試化合物一起進行篩選。
在探針受質安非他酮(bupropion,110μM)存在下在37℃下將6種測試化合物濃度(0.1μM、0.25μM、1μM、2.5μM、10μM、25μM,存於DMSO中;最終DMSO濃度=0.3%)與人類肝臟微粒體(0.1mg/mL)及NADPH(1mM)一起培育5min。以選擇性CYP2B6抑制劑噻氯匹定(ticlopidine)作為陽性對照與測試化合物一起進行篩選。
在探針受質太平洋紫杉醇(paclitaxel,7.5μM)存在下在37℃下將6種測試化合物濃度(0.1μM、0.25μM、1μM、2.5μM、10μM、25
μM,存於DMSO中;最終DMSO濃度=0.3%)與人類肝臟微粒體(0.25mg/mL)及NADPH(1mM)一起培育30min。以選擇性CYP2C8抑制劑孟魯司特(montelukast)作為陽性對照與測試化合物一起進行篩選。
在探針受質甲苯磺丁脲(120μM)存在下在37℃下將6種測試化合物濃度(0.1μM、0.25μM、1μM、2.5μM、10μM、25μM,存於DMSO中;最終DMSO濃度=0.25%)與人類肝臟微粒體(1mg/mL)及NADPH(1mM)一起培育60min。以選擇性CYP2C9抑制劑磺胺苯吡唑(sulphaphenazole)作為陽性對照與測試化合物一起進行篩選。
在探針受質美芬妥英(mephenytoin,25μM)存在下在37℃下將6種測試化合物濃度(0.1μM、0.25μM、1μM、2.5μM、10μM、25μM,存於DMSO中;最終DMSO濃度=0.25%)與人類肝臟微粒體(0.5mg/mL)及NADPH(1mM)一起培育60min。以選擇性CYP2C19抑制劑強內心百樂明(tranylcypromine)作為陽性對照與測試化合物一起進行篩選。
在探針受質右美沙芬(dextromethorphan,5μM)存在下在37℃下將6種測試化合物濃度(0.1μM、0.25μM、1μM、2.5μM、10μM、25μM,存於DMSO中;最終DMSO濃度=0.25%)與人類肝臟微粒體(0.5mg/mL)及NADPH(1mM)一起培育5min。以選擇性CYP2D6抑制劑奎寧定(quinidine)作為陽性對照與測試化合物一起進行篩選。
在探針受質咪達唑侖(2.5μM)存在下在37℃下將6種測試化合物濃度(0.1μM、0.25μM、1μM、2.5μM、10μM、25μM,存於DMSO中;最終DMSO濃度=0.26%)與人類肝臟微粒體(0.1mg/mL)及NADPH
(1mM)一起培育5min。以選擇性CYP3A4抑制劑酮康唑(ketoconazole)作為陽性對照與測試化合物一起進行篩選。
在探針受質睪固酮(50μM)存在下在37℃下將6種測試化合物濃度(0.1μM、0.25μM、1μM、2.5μM、10μM、25μM,存於DMSO中;最終DMSO濃度=0.275%)與人類肝臟微粒體(0.5mg/mL)及NADPH(1mM)一起培育5min。以選擇性CYP3A4抑制劑酮康唑作為陽性對照與測試化合物一起進行篩選。
對於CYP1A培育而言,藉由甲醇終止反應,且藉由螢光(激發波長=535nm,發射波長=595nm)監測代謝產物試鹵靈之形成。對於CYP2B6、CYP2C9、CYP2C19、CYP2D6及CYP3A4培育而言,藉由甲醇終止反應。然後將樣品離心且合併上清液以供藉由LC-MS/MS同時分析4-羥基甲苯磺丁脲、4-羥基美芬妥英、右啡烷(dextrorphan)及1-羥基咪達唑侖。藉由LC-MS/MS單獨分析羥基安非他酮、6α-羥基太平洋紫杉醇及6ß-羥基睪固酮。在分析之前將含有內標物之存於去離子水中之甲酸(最終濃度=0.1%)添加至最終樣品中。使用代謝產物之形成相對於媒劑對照之減少來計算IC50值(產生50%抑制之測試化合物濃度)。
飼餵雄性史泊格-多利大鼠(Sprague-Dawley rat)正常飼料,在標準條件圈養,且使其適應至少7天,然後進行手術。在研究初期,將大鼠置於體重匹配組中,且經由口服管飼投與(2ml/kg經口每天兩次)媒劑、四種劑量量中一者之化合物(1mg/kg、3mg/kg、10mg/kg或30mg/kg)。在前椎體上利用異氟烷麻醉將大鼠麻醉且實施剖腹術。使用熱滅菌儀器及無菌手術技術使大鼠經受右輸尿管完全梗阻(UUO)。手術後立即向大鼠投與50μl盤尼西林G(Penicillin G)(肌內)。使大鼠在清潔加熱籠中恢復,然後恢復至正常動物飼養所條件。隨後7天每天兩次(以12小時間隔)向大鼠投與上文所述劑量之化合物。在手術後第7天,用異氟烷將大鼠麻醉並收集血清、血漿及尿。然後使動物安樂死,收穫腎臟且收集腎皮質活組織切片以供形態學、組織學及生化分析。將用於生化分析之所有組織在液氮中快速冷凍並儲存在-80℃下,將用於組織學分析之組織固定在10%中性緩衝福馬林(formalin)中。
藉由ELISA方法量測腎臟中膠原IV之量並藉由免疫組織化學檢查腎臟中α-平滑肌肌動蛋白陽性肌纖維母細胞之累積來評估腎纖維化。對於前者而言,將小片冷凍腎臟皮質轉移於RIPA緩衝液中進行均質化,然後在4℃下以14000×g離心10分鐘。將上清液收集至預冷管中並測定蛋白質濃度。根據製造商說明書使等效量之總蛋白質經受Col IV ELISA分析(Exocell)。
如前所述用α-平滑肌肌動蛋白將經福馬林固定及石蠟包埋之腎臟組織染色(Stambe等人,The Role of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein
Kinase Activation in Renal Fibrosis J Am Soc Nephrol 15:370-379,2004)。
發現3mg/kg至30mg/kg劑量之式(I)化合物顯著減少腎臟膠原IV誘導(圖1)及α-平滑肌陽性肌纖維母細胞之累積(圖2)。
下表提供式(I)化合物與參照化合物A及B(揭示於2011年1月13日公開之美國專利公開案第2001/00095410A1號中)之比較結果。申請者應注意,以下比較結果之實驗係在相似條件下但非同時實施。
( )括號中之值代表式(I)化合物之所示參數顯示優於所示化合物之倍數。
自以上比較數據可推導出以下結果:式(I)化合物之EC50與化合物A相當。
式(I)化合物之功能性IC50與化合物A及B之IC50相當。
式(I)化合物之蛋白質結合調節EC50為化合物A的1/4且為化合物B的1/33。
式(I)化合物係弱於化合物A及化合物B之Cyp3A4抑制劑。
式(I)化合物之CYP3A4 IC50/PBAdj.EC50值為式A化合物的43倍且為式B化合物的92倍。
式(I)化合物的大鼠CL值為式A化合物的10/27且為式B化合物的5/18。
式(I)化合物在大鼠中之生物利用度百分比為化合物A的6.8倍且為化合物B的1.5倍。
式(I)化合物在大鼠中之半衰期為化合物A的8.6倍且為化合物B的3.9倍。
以上數據清楚地表明,式(I)化合物與式A及B化合物相比具有出乎意料且有利之性質;且式(I)化合物可能係用於進一步研發治療慢性腎臟疾病、肺及/或腎臟纖維化及/或心腎疾病之較佳候選物。
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