TW201803983A - 多能性幹細胞分化成腸的中腸內胚層細胞 - Google Patents
多能性幹細胞分化成腸的中腸內胚層細胞 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
所揭示者係腸的中腸內胚層細胞之細胞群及產生表現腸的內胚層譜系所特有之標記的細胞之方法。亦揭示者係治療諸如糖尿病之病況之方法。
Description
本發明係關於用於諸如糖尿病之病況的基於細胞之療法的領域。具體言之,本發明係關於細胞分化,其包括引導人類多能性幹細胞之分化以產生腸的中腸內胚層細胞群。本發明提供細胞或細胞群及製造細胞之方法,該等細胞表現腸的中腸內胚層所特有之標記。
腸促胰島素(incretin)荷爾蒙作用機制知識的進展伴隨對腸的分化(在幹細胞及內分泌細胞階段兩者)的理解之進步,已產生對開發適用於殖入(engraftment)的製造腸促胰島素荷爾蒙之細胞的來源之關注。一種方式係自諸如人類胚胎幹細胞(「hESC」)或誘導型多能性幹細胞(「iPS」)之多能性幹細胞產生功能性腸內分泌(enteroendocrine)L細胞或K細胞。
自腸的L細胞製造/分泌之類升糖素胜肽1(glucagon-like peptide 1)(GLP-1)或自腸的K細胞製造/分泌之葡萄糖依賴性促胰島素多肽(glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide)(GIP)對於治療糖尿病具有有益效果。腸促胰島素荷爾蒙具有全身性效果,有益於糖尿病(第1型及第2型)的治療(Unger,J.,Curr Diab Rep.,2013;
13(5):663-668)。益處可包括增大許多方面的β細胞功能及數目、減抑升糖素分泌、增加周邊代謝組織的胰島素敏感性、減少肝的糖質新生、以及減少食慾。已有二類的基於腸促胰島素之治療劑經鑑別以供治療糖尿病之用(GLP-1受體促效劑及二肽基肽酶4(dipeptidyl peptidase 4)(DPP-4)抑制劑)。然而,目前未有基於腸促胰島素之細胞療法選項以涵蓋內源性及細胞性氣壓計(barometer)以供改善且有效的基於GLP-1之糖尿病治療。又,目前基於腸促胰島素之療法係非藉由循環血糖水準來調控,且因此提供非生理性調控之GLP製造。
在脊椎動物胚胎發育中,多能性細胞在稱作原腸胚形成(gastrulation)之過程中產生一組包含三個胚層(外胚層、中胚層、及內胚層)之細胞。間葉組織係衍生自中胚層,且係由心臟神經嵴衍生物表達因子1(heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 1)(HAND1)及叉頭盒F1(forkhead box F1)(FOXF1)等基因標記。諸如甲狀腺、胸腺、胰腺、腸、及肝之組織將自內胚層經由中間階段發育。此過程中之中間階段係定形內胚層(definitive endoderm)之形成。在原腸胚形成結束時,內胚層會分成前域-後域,該等域可藉由獨特標記內胚層之前端前腸(anterior foregut)、後端前腸(posterior foregut)、中腸、及後腸區域的一組因子之表現來識別。
特異性轉錄因子(「TF」)之表現水準可用於表明組織之身份,如Grapin-Botten等人,Trends Genet,2000;16(3):124-130中所述。FOXA2沿著前端-後端軸標記整個內胚層。在定形內胚層轉化為原腸管期間,腸管變得區域化成為廣泛的域(broad domain),該等域
可藉由限制基因表現模式在分子層面上觀察。前端前腸大體上係由高的SOX2表現標記,且涵蓋諸如甲狀腺、肺、及食道的器官域。中腸(包括十二指腸、迴腸、空腸)及後腸(包括結腸)係由高的尾型同源盒2(caudal type homeobox 2)(CDX2)表現標記。SOX2-CDX2邊界發生在後端前腸內,在其內,另外的TF標記特定的器官域。後端前腸內之區域化胰腺域顯示極高的PDX1表現及極低的CDX2及SOX2表現。PTF1A在胰組織中係高度表現。低的PDX1表現、連同高的CDX2表現,標記十二指腸域。腸的內胚層係由特定同源盒(HOX)基因而模式化(patterned)。例如,HOXC5係優先表現於中腸內胚層細胞中。此外,HOXA13及HOXD13之表現侷限於後腸內胚層細胞。ALB基因、或白蛋白1蛋白質標記在後端前腸內胚層中的最早肝前驅(Zaret等人,Curr Top Dev Biol,2016;117:647-669)。
在改善自人類多能性幹細胞產生腸的內胚層細胞之方案已取得進展。例如,下列出版物(Spence等人,Nature,2011;470(7332):105-109;Watson等人,Nature Medicine,2014;20(11):1310-1314;及Kauffman等人,Front Pharmacol,2013;4(79):1-18)概述分化方案,其使用纖維母細胞生長因子(FGF)-4、無翅型MMTV整合位點家族,成員3A(WNT3A)、Chiron 99021、或視網酸(RA)之任一者及FGF7,在定形內胚層階段開始,產生中/後腸細胞團塊(spheroid),其不只含有CDX2+/FOXA2+內胚層群,且亦含有大量間葉CDX2+細胞群。自這些hESC衍生的中/後腸細胞團塊分化腸內分泌細胞之過程係極無效率,需要長時間,且係無區
分性地導向產生絨毛間及絨毛區之所有腸細胞類型。仍有需要科技以產生腸的中腸內胚層細胞而不實質汙染間葉,而得以高效率製造腸的腸內分泌細胞以供細胞療法之用。
如所實施及所完整描述者,本發明提供細胞、細胞群、及藉由分化人類多能性幹細胞而產生細胞之方法。具體言之,本發明特徵在於人類多能性幹細胞之導向分化的方法,以產生腸的中腸內胚層細胞、更具體言之係內胚層單層之腸的中腸內胚層細胞。
本發明的一個態樣係製造腸的中腸內胚層細胞群之方法,其包含將人類多能性幹細胞培養在培養基中。在實施例中,該方法包含誘導人類多能性幹細胞分化成腸的中腸內胚層細胞。在一些實施例中,所製造的係腸的中腸內胚層細胞群。在一些實施例中,所製造的係實質為腸的中腸內胚層細胞群。在本發明之實施例中,該等腸的中腸內胚層細胞在培養物中形成並呈單層穩定。在實施例中,大於50%的該等經分化之細胞表現腸的中腸內胚層所特有之標記,較佳的是大於60%的該等經分化之細胞表現腸的中腸內胚層所特有之標記,更佳的是大於70%、大於80%、及大於90%表現腸的中腸內胚層所特有之標記。在實施例中,表現腸的中腸內胚層所特有之標記的經分化之細胞係腸的中腸內胚層細胞。在實施例中,該等腸的中腸內胚層細胞表現CDX2及FOXA2。在所有實施例中,該等腸的中腸內胚層細胞表現選自SOX9、PDX1、KLF5及HOXC5的轉錄因子。在實施例
中,該等腸的中腸內胚層細胞不表現選自SOX2、ALB、PTF1A、HOXA13及LGR5的轉錄因子。
在本發明之實施例中,人類多能性幹細胞係藉由下列步驟而分化成腸的中腸內胚層細胞,步驟包括:a)將人類多能性幹細胞培養在第一培養基中以誘導分化成為定形內胚層細胞(definitive endoderm cell),該第一培養基含有GDF-8及GSK3β抑制劑,諸如MCX化合物;b)將該等定形內胚層細胞培養在含有抗壞血酸及FGF7之第二培養基中,以誘導分化成為原腸管細胞;以及c)將該等原腸管細胞於酸性條件下培養在含有視網酸及BMP2或BMP4之第三培養基中,以誘導分化成為腸的中腸內胚層細胞。在具體實施例中,酸性條件係用BLAR培養基培養。酸性培養之pH可在6.8至7.2之範圍。在本發明之實施例中,該等腸的中腸內胚層細胞在培養物中形成單層。在實施例中,該腸的中腸內胚層細胞之單層係維持在培養物中。
本發明的另一實施例係治療患有糖尿病或具有發展出糖尿病之風險的患者之方法,其包含將人類多能性幹細胞分化成腸的中腸內胚層細胞,以及將該等經分化之腸的中腸內胚層細胞投予在具有糖尿病之患者。在實施例中,糖尿病係第1型或第2型。在實施例中,投予該等細胞可經由植入、注射或是其他方式直接或間接投予至治療位點。在一些實施例中,腸的中腸內胚層細胞係植入體內,諸如在皮下空間、網膜、肝、腎等等。進一步之實施例涵蓋該等細胞之膠囊化遞送,包括巨或微膠囊化裝置之膠囊化。
本發明之進一步實施例係製造腸的中腸內胚層細胞之方法,其包含誘導在培養物中的定形內胚層細胞分化成原腸管細胞。在實施例中,該等定形內胚層細胞係培養在含有抗壞血酸及FGF7之培養基中。在進一步實施例中,該等原腸管細胞係培養在含有視網酸及BMP2或BMP4之培養基中。該等原腸管細胞係分化成腸的中腸內胚層細胞。在一些實施例中,原腸管細胞係在酸性條件(酸性培養基)中分化成腸的中腸內胚層細胞。在具體實施例中,酸性條件係用BLAR培養基培養。酸性培養之pH可在6.8至7.2之範圍。在實施例中,腸的中腸內胚層細胞在培養物中形成並維持單層。
在以上所討論之各個實施例中,人類多能性幹細胞係人類胚胎幹細胞或誘導型多能性幹細胞。在以上各個實施例中,該等腸的中腸內胚層細胞表現CDX2及FOXA2。在所有實施例中,該等腸的中腸內胚層細胞表現選自SOX9、PDX1、KLF5及HOXC5的轉錄因子。在實施例中,該等腸的中腸內胚層細胞不表現選自SOX2、ALB、PTF1A、HOXA13、及LGR5的轉錄因子。在以上實施例中,該等腸的中腸內胚層細胞表現CDX2、FOXA2、SOX9、PDX1、KLF5、及HOXC5。在以上實施例中,該等腸的中腸內胚層細胞不表現SOX2、ALB、PTF1A、HOXA13、及LGR5。在實施例中,大於50%的該等經分化之細胞表現腸的中腸內胚層所特有之標記,較佳的是大於60%的該等經分化之細胞表現腸的中腸內胚層所特有之標記,更佳的是大於70%、大於80%、及大於90%表現腸的中腸內胚層所特有之標記。在實施例中,表現腸的中腸內胚層所特有之標記的經分化
之細胞係腸的中腸內胚層細胞。在實施例中,該等腸的中腸內胚層細胞表現CDX2及FOXA2。在實施例中,該等腸的中腸內胚層細胞表現選自SOX9、PDX1、KLF5、及HOXC5的轉錄因子。在實施例中,該等腸的中腸內胚層細胞不表現選自SOX2、ALB、PTF1A、HOXA13及LGR5的轉錄因子。在實施例中,腸的中腸內胚層細胞不表現HAND1。
在以上所討論的實施例中,腸的中腸內胚層細胞群實質上為腸的中腸內胚層細胞。在一些實施例中,該腸的中腸內胚層細胞群包含大於70%之腸的中腸內胚層細胞,較佳的是大於80%、大於90%、及大於95%之腸的中腸內胚層細胞。在一些實施例中,該腸的中腸內胚層細胞群包含小於20%之間葉細胞、較佳的是小於15%、更佳的是小於10%、小於5%、小於2%、小於1%、小於0.5%。在實施例中,腸的中腸內胚層細胞缺少HAND1之表現。
在以上所討論的本發明之一些實施例中,分化係在體外誘導。在其他實施例中,腸的中腸內胚層細胞在體內進一步分化。另一實施例係關於腸的中腸內胚層細胞在體內進一步分化成為腸內分泌細胞。該等腸內分泌細胞表現或分泌腸促胰島素(incretin)荷爾蒙。在實施例中,該等腸促胰島素荷爾蒙係GLP1及GIP。
在進一步實施例中,腸的中腸內胚層細胞係作為用於鑑定小分子之開始材料,該等小分子以高效率促進腸的中腸內胚層細胞體外分化首先成為腸內分泌前體、且最終成為表現或分泌腸促胰島素之腸內分泌細胞。
圖1A至圖1D描繪用於腸的中腸內胚層細胞之分化方法。圖1A係分化方法之總結,包括培養基組分、加至各階段之生長因子及小分子、及分化腸的中腸內胚層細胞之關鍵階段特異性標記(FOXA2,叉頭盒A2;CDX2,尾型同源盒2;KLF5,Kruppel樣因子5(Kruppel-like factor 5);SOX9,SRY(性別決定區Y)-盒9;PDX1,胰及十二指腸同源盒1;LO,低表現及蛋白質存在)。相較於在S2D2所標註之中性pH(7.35±0.04),在階段3期間、且由於在BLAR培養基中的較低碳酸氫鈉量,細胞在BLAR培養基(與「BLAR酸性培養基」可互換使用)中係暴露在些微酸性的條件(pH;S3D1,6.98±0.05;S3D2,7.02±0.04;S3D5,7.18±0.03)(圖1B)。圖1C描繪S3D5單層(左)及用作為分化特徵基準的人類上皮結腸腺癌細胞系(「Caco-2」)(右)的代表性相位差影像。持續地觀察到在S3D5的均一形態。使用Nucleocounter® NC-100(Chemometec,Alleroed,Denmark,目錄號900-004)的細胞數特徵分析顯示一個hESC分化成為4.56±2.60個S3D5腸的中腸內胚層細胞(圖1D)。
圖2A至圖2D展示利用骨形態發生蛋白-4(BMP4)的分化方法,產生呈單層之腸的中腸內胚層細胞,其在轉錄本及蛋白質水準上包含CDX2及FOXA2兩者。圖2A(底圖)顯示90.0±5.85百分比的S3D5細胞係CDX2及FOXA2蛋白兩者共存在,類似在
Caco-2細胞所見之百分比(86.0±6.67)。相反地,定形內胚層(DE-S1D3)細胞缺乏CDX2及FOXA2共存在(2.3±1.2)。基因表現分析顯示在階段3期間,CDX2經誘發(圖2B),且FOXA2維持(圖2C)。圖2D顯示,在建立FOXA2陽性原腸內胚層階段之後的CDX2蛋白水準的誘發及CDX2/FOXA2蛋白共存在,S2D2(圖2D-i),漸進地增加至S3D2(圖2D-ii),且在S3D5(圖2D-iii)達到類似如在Caco-2細胞所見之水準(圖2D-iv)。CDX2蛋白係描繪於底列,且FOXA2蛋白係描繪於頂列。各影像係使用相同參數拍攝以允許供定量分析之用。蛋白質表現係藉由FACS來評估;基因表現係藉由qPCR來評估。
圖3A至圖3Q展示S3D5額外轉錄因子(TF)的轉錄本及蛋白質水準之誘發,其構成穩健之腸的中腸內胚層誘發;達成適當之腸的中腸內胚層。除了CDX2及FOXA2共表現,S3D5細胞亦展現SOX9、PDX1、KLF5、HOXC5(同源盒C5)之共表現,但無SOX2(SRY-盒2)、ALB(白蛋白)、PTF1A(胰特異性轉錄因子,1a)、及LGR5(富含白胺酸重複之G蛋白偶合受體5)。所有TF的蛋白質存在係以分開的單通道影像(single channel image)描繪。圖3A(底圖)展示在S3D5,98.7±0.25百分比的細胞係CDX2及SOX9兩者共存在。觀察到強的SOX9基因表現誘發至在Caco-2細胞所見之水準(圖3B),且如免疫螢光(IF)分析所評估,觀察到蛋白質存在(圖3C)。69.4±14.2百分比的細胞係CDX2及PDX1兩者共陽性(圖3D-底圖)。當相較於偏向胰的
(pancreas-biased)S4D3細胞(參見例如US2014/0242693)時,PDX1基因表現係以低水準誘發(圖3E),且低至無蛋白質水準亦反映在IF分析中(圖3F)。前端內胚層TF SOX2未在S3D5細胞中觀察到,而1.45±0.15的S3D5細胞展現SOX2及CDX2共存在(圖3G-底圖;圖3I),且基因表現係低於在hESC及Caco-2細胞中所見之水準(圖3H)。KLF5之基因表現,其對腸的中/後腸內胚層之適當發育係必要的,在S3D5係上調的(圖3J)。觀察到在S3D5在CDX2陽性細胞內的KLF5蛋白質共存在(圖3K)。在S3D5細胞中並未觀察到ALB基因表現(圖3L)及蛋白質存在(圖3M)。不同於偏向胰的S4D3細胞,胰譜系指派TF(PTF1A)之基因表現在S3D5細胞中未經誘發(圖3N)。存在於胚胎中腸內胚層之同源盒基因HOXC5在S3D5細胞中經誘發(圖3O)。圖3P展示在小鼠妊娠中期起始的胚胎之腸的內胚層標記LGR5在S3D5細胞中未經誘發。圖3Q展示腸的後腸內胚層標記HOXA13在S3D5細胞中未經誘發(圖3P)。基因表現係藉由qPCR來評估。
圖4A至圖4B表徵分化S3D5細胞之增生性數據分布(profile)。圖4A描繪Caco-2細胞,其中多數CDX2蛋白陽性細胞係在活性細胞周期(由與KI67蛋白的共表現指示)(左),且H1-hESC衍生細胞在階段3期間的增生性指標隨時間下降(S3D2-中;S3D5-右)。CDX2(頂列)及KI67(底列)蛋白質水準係以單通道影像描繪。由FACS所評估的總S3D5細胞之KI67蛋白陽性細胞百分
比(總細胞係>90%為CDX2陽性)係16.8±3.12,對比於在S1D3(97.3±1.3)及在Caco-2細胞(99.2±0.2)所見之百分比(圖4B)。
圖5A至圖5C展示使用BMP2作為BMP4之替代,在階段3期間達成具有CDX2及FOXA2蛋白共存在的單層之腸的中腸內胚層細胞。圖5A總結分化方法,其包括培養基組分、在各階段加入之生長因子及小分子、及分化腸的中腸內胚層細胞之階段特異性標記(FOXA2、CDX2、KLF5、SOX9、及PDX1LO)。相較於在S2D2所標註之中性pH(7.35±0.04),在整個階段3期間、且由於在BLAR培養基中的較低碳酸氫鈉量,細胞在BLAR培養基中係暴露在些微酸性的條件(pH;S3D1,6.92;S3D2,7.01;S3D5,7.22)(圖5B)。圖5C描繪S3D5單層(左)及Caco-2細胞(右)的代表性相位差影像;在S3D5觀察到均一形態。
圖6A至圖6U展示適當的呈單層之腸的中腸內胚層細胞之產生,在轉錄本及蛋白質水準上各包含CDX2、FOXA2、KLF5、SOX9、PDX1LO、及HOXC5。針對IF影像,所有TF蛋白質水準係以單通道影像描繪。圖6A(底圖)顯示94百分比的S3D5細胞係CDX2及FOXA2蛋白兩者共存在,類似於或大於在Caco-2細胞所見之百分比(86.0±6.67)。基因表現分析顯示在階段3期間,CDX2經誘發(圖6B),且FOXA2維持(圖6C)。圖6D顯示CDX2蛋白質水準及完全CDX2/FOXA2蛋白共存在係在S3D5誘發,達到類似如在Caco-2細胞所見之水準(圖2D-iv)。圖6E(底圖)展示在S3D5,99.8百分比的細胞係CDX2及SOX9兩
者共存在。觀察到強的SOX9基因表現誘發至在Caco-2細胞所見之水準(圖6F),且如IF分析所評估,觀察到蛋白質存在(圖6G)。45.5百分比的細胞係CDX2及PDX1兩者共陽性(圖6H-底圖)。相較於偏向胰的S4D3細胞,PDX1基因表現係以低水準誘發(圖6I);低至無蛋白質水準亦反映在IF分析中(圖6J)。前端內胚層TF SOX2未在S3D5細胞中觀察到,而0.8百分比的S3D5細胞展現SOX2及CDX2共存在(圖6K-底圖;圖6M),且基因表現係低於在hESC及Caco-2細胞中所見之水準(圖6L)。KLF5之基因表現,其對腸的中/後腸內胚層之適當發育係必要的,在S3D5係上調的(圖6N)。在S3D5觀察到在CDX2陽性細胞內的KLF5蛋白質共存在(圖6O)。在S3D5細胞中並未觀察到ALB基因表現(圖6P)及蛋白質存在(圖6Q)。不同於偏向胰的S4D3細胞,胰譜系指派TF(PTF1A)之基因表現在S3D5細胞中未經誘發(圖6R)。存在於胚胎之腸的中腸內胚層之同源盒基因HOXC5在S3D5細胞中經誘發(圖6S)。圖6T展示妊娠中期起始的胚胎之腸的內胚層標記LGR5在S3D5細胞中未經誘發。圖6U展示腸的後腸內胚層標記HOXA13在S3D5細胞中未經誘發(圖6U)。
圖7表徵分化S3D5細胞之增生性數據分布。相較於Caco-2細胞,其中多數CDX2蛋白陽性細胞係在活性細胞周期(由與KI67蛋白的共表現指示)(左),H1-hESC衍生細胞在階段3期間的增生性指標較低(S3D5-右)。CDX2(頂列)及KI67(底列)蛋白
質水準係以單通道影像描繪。由FACS所評估的總S3D5細胞之KI67蛋白陽性細胞百分比(總細胞係>90%為CDX2陽性)係14.1百分比,對比於在S1D3(97.3±1.3)及在Caco-2細胞(99.2±0.2)所見之百分比。
圖8A至圖8F展示CDX2+細胞之雜族群的誘發。圖8A係分化方法之總結,其包括培養基組分、加至各階段之生長因子及小分子、及分化腸的中/後腸內胚層細胞之關鍵階段特異性標記(HAND1)。圖8B顯示下列之相位差影像:H1-hESC細胞(頂列,左)、階段1後細胞以500ng/ml FGF4及3μM Chiron99021調節二天(頂列,中)、階段1後細胞以500ng/ml FGF4及500ng/ml WNT3A調節二天(頂列,右)、S3D5單層經RA/BMP4調節(底列,左)、及S3D5單層經RA/BMP2調節(底列,右)。二天調節後的基因表現誘發對於CDX2係顯示在低水準(圖8C),對於內胚層標記FOXA2係維持(圖8D),且對於中胚層/間葉標記HAND1係被誘發(圖8F)。KLF5未被誘發(圖8E)。
應了解的是,本發明不限於特定方法、試劑、化合物、組成物或生物系統,其當然可能有所變化。亦應了解的是,本文中所使用的用語僅用於描述具體實施例之目的,並且不意欲為限制性。
本發明係關於產生腸的中腸內胚層細胞。該等細胞係使用特定培養順序而產生。因此,本發明提供用於分化衍生自多能性幹細胞的細胞成為表現腸的中腸內胚層細胞譜系所特有之標記的細胞
(諸如表現CDX2及FOXA2)之體外細胞培養。本發明進一步提供用於經由體外細胞培養來獲得及維持此等細胞呈單層之方法。在某些實施例中,本發明係基於包括視網酸及BMP4或BMP2或其類似物在分化細胞中作用以誘發CDX2且維持FOXA2蛋白表現以促進朝向腸的中腸內胚層細胞分化之發現。在定形內胚層(definitive endoderm)(階段1)或原腸管(階段2),在蛋白質水準上CDX2係不表現。因此,本發明提供分化多能性幹細胞以產生表現CDX2及FOXA2之腸的中腸內胚層細胞之方法。
除非另有定義,否則本文使用之所有技術及科學用語,均與具有本發明有關技藝之通常知識者所一般了解之意義相同。雖然任何類似或等效於本文中所述者之方法或材料可在用於測試本發明之實務中使用,但本文中係描述較佳材料及方法。在描述及請求本發明時,將使用下列用語。
幹細胞(stem cell)為未分化之細胞,其係以單一細胞同時具有自我更新及分化以生產後裔細胞(progeny cell)的能力來定義,包括自我更新前驅(self-renewing progenitor)、非更新前驅(non-renewing progenitor)與最終分化細胞(terminally differentiated cell)。幹細胞之特徵亦在於其具有體外分化為多個胚層(內胚層、中胚層與外胚層)之各種細胞譜系之功能性細胞的能力,以及在移植後形成多
個胚層之組織的能力,並且能夠在注入胚胞(blastocyst)後實質上促成大多數(如果不是全部)組織形成。
幹細胞依據其發展潛能分類如下:(1)全能性(totipotent);(2)多能性(pluripotent);(3)多潛能性(multipotent);(4)少能性(oligopotent);與(5)單能性(unipotent)。全能性細胞能夠形成所有胚胎與胚外細胞型。多能性細胞能夠形成所有胚胎細胞型。多潛能性細胞包括該些能夠形成細胞譜系亞群,但全部在特定組織、器官、或生理系統內之細胞(例如,造血幹細胞(HSC)可生產後裔,包括HSC(自我更新)、血液細胞限制少能性前驅、及作為血液正常組分之所有細胞型及元件(例如,血小板))。少能性細胞可以形成比多潛能性幹細胞更受限之細胞譜系亞群;及單能性細胞能夠形成單一細胞譜系(例如生精幹細胞)。
幹細胞亦根據其獲得來源來分類。成體幹細胞(adult stem cell)通常為多潛能性未分化細胞,其在包含多重分化細胞型之組織中發現。成體幹細胞可自我更新。在正常環境下,其亦可分化以產生其始源組織之特化細胞型,並且亦可能產生其他組織型。誘導型多能性幹細胞(iPS細胞)為轉變成多能性幹細胞之成體細胞。(Takahashi等人,Cell,2006;126(4):663-676;Takahashi等人,Cell,2007;131:1-12)。胚胎幹細胞(embryonic stem cell)為來自胚胞階段胚胎之內細胞團(inner cell mass)的多能性細胞。胎體幹細胞(fetal stem cell)為源自胎體組織或膜之幹細胞。
胚胎組織通常定義為源自胚胎(在人類係指自受精至發育約六週之期間)之組織。胎體組織係指源自胎體之組織,胎體在人類係指自發育約六週至分娩之期間。胚外組織為與胚胎或胎體相關聯但非源自胚胎或胎體之組織。胚外組織包括胚外膜(絨毛膜、羊膜、卵黃囊及尿囊)、臍帶及胎盤(其自身形成自絨毛膜及母體底蛻膜)。
分化(differentiation)為未特化(「未定向(uncommitted)」)或特化較低之細胞藉以獲得特化細胞(諸如舉例來說腸細胞或胰細胞)之特徵的過程。已分化細胞為佔據細胞譜系內較高特化(「定向(committed)」)位置之細胞。用語定向(committed)當應用於分化過程時,係指細胞在分化路徑中已進行達到一點,在正常環境下達到該點之細胞將會繼續分化成為特定細胞型或細胞型亞群,並且在正常環境下無法分化為不同細胞型或回復為較低分化之細胞型。去分化(De-differentiation)係指細胞藉以回復至細胞譜系內較低特化(或定向)位置的過程。如本文所用,細胞之譜系(lineage)定義細胞之遺傳,即細胞係來自哪些細胞以及細胞可形成哪些細胞。細胞之譜系將細胞放置於發育及分化之遺傳安排(hereditary scheme)內。
廣義而言,前驅細胞(progenitor cell)為能夠產生較其本身更高分化之後裔,但又保有補充前驅池之能力的細胞。就此定義而言,幹細胞本身亦為前驅細胞,如同終末分化細胞之較直接前體(more immediate precursor)。狹義而言,前驅細胞通常定義為在分化路徑中作為中間者之細胞,即其係由幹細胞所形成並且在成熟細胞型或細胞型亞群之生產中作為中間者。此類型之前驅細胞通常無法自我更新。
因此,如果在本文中提及此類型之細胞,將會稱其為非新生前驅細胞(non-renewing progenitor cell)或中間前驅或前體細胞(intermediate progenitor or precursor cell)。
如本文所用,「標記(marker)」為在受關注細胞中差異表現之核酸或多肽分子。在這方面,差異表現意謂如與未分化細胞相比,陽性標記之水準增加且陰性標記之水準降低。與其他細胞相比,標記核酸或多肽之可偵測水準在受關注細胞中足夠較高或較低,使得受關注細胞可使用所屬技術領域中已知之多種方法中的任一者進行鑑定並且與其他細胞區別。
如本文所用,當特異性標記足以在細胞中被偵測時,細胞為該特異性標記「陽性」或「呈陽性」。同樣,當特異性標記不足以在細胞中被偵測時,細胞為該特異性標記「陰性」或「呈陰性」。具體言之,螢光活化流式細胞測量術(FACS)之陽性常大於2%,而FACS之陰性臨限值常小於1%。
如本文所用,即時PCR(RT-PCR)之陽性具有小於28個循環(Cts),且使用Taqman® Low Density Array(TLDA)具有小於33個Cts;而Open Array®之陰性係多於28.5個循環且TLDA之陰性係多於33.5個Cts。
為了在靜態體外細胞培養物中將多能性幹細胞分化成為功能性腸的中腸內胚層細胞,分化過程係常常視為進展經過連續階段。在此,至腸的中腸內胚層之分化過程發生經過三個階段。在此逐步進展中,「階段1」係指在分化過程中的第一步驟,多能性幹細胞分
化成為表現定形內胚層細胞所特有之標記的細胞(此後可替代地稱為「階段1細胞」)。「階段2」係指第二步驟,表現定形內胚層細胞所特有之標記的細胞分化成為表現原腸管細胞所特有之標記的細胞(此後可替代地稱為「階段2細胞」)。「階段3」係指第三步驟,表現腸管細胞所特有之標記的細胞分化成為表現腸的中腸內胚層細胞所特有之標記的細胞(此後可替代地稱為「階段3細胞」)。
然而,應注意的是,並非所有在特定族群中的細胞以相同速率進展經過這些階段。因此,在體外細胞培養物中偵測到相較於多數存在於族群中的細胞,在分化路徑下進展較少或較多的細胞之存在並非少見,特別是在較後期的分化階段。為了說明本發明之目的,在本文中描述與以上所確立之階段相關聯的各種細胞類型之特徵。
如本文所用,「定形內胚層細胞(definitive endoderm cell)」係指具有在原腸胚形成期間由上胚層形成之細胞的特徵、並且形成胃腸道及其衍生物的細胞。定形內胚層細胞表現下列標記中之至少一者:FOXA2(亦稱為肝細胞核因子3-β(「HNF3β」))、GATA4、SOX17、CXCR4、短尾突變型(Brachyury)、Cerberus、OTX2、goosecoid、C-Kit、CD99、及MIXL1。定形內胚層細胞所特有之標記包括CXCR4、FOXA2及SOX17。因此,定形內胚層細胞可藉由其CXCR4、FOXA2、及SOX17表現來表徵。另外,取決於細胞得以保持於階段1之時間長度,可觀察到HNF4α增加。
如本文所用,「原腸管細胞(primitive gut tube cell)」係指衍生自定形內胚層之內胚層細胞,其可形成所有內胚層器官,諸如
肺、肝、胰、胃、及小腸。原腸管細胞可藉由其實質上增加的HNF4α表現超過定形內胚層細胞所表現的HNF4α而表徵。
如本文所用,「前腸內胚層細胞(foregut endoderm cell)」係指形成食道、肺、胃、肝、胰、膽囊、及十二指腸最前端部分的內胚層細胞。前腸內胚層細胞可尤其藉由其SOX2、PDX1、ALB、SOX17、及FOXA2表現而表徵。
如本文所用,「腸的中腸內胚層細胞(intestinal midgut endoderm cell)」係指形成小腸的內胚層細胞。腸的中腸內胚層細胞可藉由其CDX2、FOXA2表現及低PDX1表現(PDX1LO)而表徵。某些HOX基因之表現可區分中腸與後腸內胚層。例如,HOXC5係優先表現於中腸內胚層細胞中。
如本文所用,「後腸內胚層細胞(hindgut endodermal cell)」係指形成大腸的內胚層細胞。後腸內胚層細胞可藉由其CDX2、FOXA2、HOXA13、及HOXD13表現而表徵。
如本文所用,「間葉細胞(mesenchyme cell)」係指形成諸如骨、軟骨、淋巴系統、及循環系統之結締組織的中胚層細胞。HAND1及FOXF1之表現界定間葉細胞。
用語「患者(patient)」或「對象(subject)」或「宿主(host)」係指用本文所述之組成物或醫藥組成物或根據本文所述之方法治療之動物,包括哺乳動物,較佳為人類。
用語「有效量(effective amount)」或其等效者係指藥劑或化合物(包括但不限於生長因子)之量,其足以促進並分化人類多
能性幹細胞成經分化之細胞群,例如,分化成定形內胚層、前腸內胚層、腸的中腸內胚層、後腸內胚層、胰內胚層及類似者。
用語「投予(administering及administration)」在本文中可互換使用且意指該等細胞可經植入、注射、移植抑或其他方式直接或間接投予至治療位點。當細胞係以半固態或固態裝置投予時,植入係適合的遞送手段,特別是手術植入至體內的精確位置,諸如至皮下空間、網膜、肝、腎(腎囊(kidney capsule))。液體或流體醫藥組成物可投予至更普遍的位置。
如於本說明書及隨附的申請專利範圍中所使用,除非內文另有明確規定,否則單數形式的「一(a/an)」及「該(the)」皆包括複數指稱。因此,例如對於「一細胞(a cell)」之指稱包括兩或更多個細胞之組合與類似者。
如本文所用,用語「約(about)」在指稱一可測量的值(諸如量、持續時間、及類似者)時,意欲涵蓋在指定值之±20%與±0.1%之間、較佳為±20%或±10%、更佳為±5%、甚至更佳為±1%、且仍更佳為±0.5%、±0.1%、0.05%或0.01%的變異,如此等變異係適於執行所揭示之方法。
下列縮寫會出現在整篇說明書及申請專利範圍:ABCG2-ATP結合匣,亞家族G,成員2;ALB-白蛋白;BMP-骨形態發生蛋白;CDX2-尾型同源盒2;
CXCR4-C-X-C趨化激素受體第4型;FAF-BSA-無脂肪酸牛血清白蛋白FGF-纖維母細胞生長因子(fibroblast growth factor);FOXA2-叉頭盒A2;GATA4-GATA結合蛋白4;GDF-生長分化因子;GIP-葡萄糖依賴性促胰島素多肽(glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide);GLP-1-類升糖素胜肽1(glucagon-like peptide 1);GSK3B-肝醣合成酶激酶3β;HAND1-心臟及神經嵴衍生物表達因子1(heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 1);HOX-同源盒;hTERT-人類端粒酶反轉錄酶;KLF-Kruppel樣因子(Kruppel-like factor);LGR5-富含白胺酸重複之G蛋白偶合受體5;MIXL1-混合成對樣同源盒-1(Mix Paired-Like Homeobox-1);OCT4-八聚體結合轉錄因子4;OTX2-orthodenticle同源盒2;PDX1-胰及十二指腸同源盒1;PTF1A-胰特異性轉錄因子,1a;SOX-性別決定區Y(SRY)-盒;
TRA1-60-T細胞受體α-1-60;UTF1-未分化胚胎細胞轉錄因子1;WNT3A-無翅型MMTV整合位點家族,成員3A;及ZFP42-鋅指蛋白42。
多能性幹細胞具有潛能分化成為所有三種胚層之細胞:內胚層、中胚層、及外胚層組織。可使用之多能性幹細胞的例示性類型包括已建立的多能性細胞系,包括在妊娠期間任何時間取得之胚胎前組織(諸如舉例來說胚胞)、胚胎組織、或胎兒組織,該時間一般但不必要在大致10至12週妊娠之前。非限制性實例為已建立的人類胚胎幹細胞系或人類胚胎生殖細胞系,諸如舉例來說人類胚胎幹細胞系H1、H7、及H9(WiCell Research Institute,Madison,WI,USA)。取自已培養在不存在餵養細胞(feeder cell)的多能性幹細胞群之細胞亦係適合者。亦可使用iPS(或重新編程多能性細胞),其係使用數種多能性相關轉錄因子(諸如OCT4、NANOG、SOX2、KLF4、及ZFP42(Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2011,12:165-185;亦參見iPS,Cell,126(4):663-676))之強制表現而衍生自成人體細胞。用於本發明方法之人類胚胎幹細胞亦可如以下所述來製備:Thomson等人(美國專利第5,843,780號;Science,1998,282:1145-1147;Curr Top Dev Biol 1998,38:133-165;Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A.1995,92:7844-7848)。亦可使用突變型人類胚胎幹細胞系諸如BG01v(BresaGen,
Athens,Ga.)、或衍生自成人體細胞之細胞,諸如Takahashi等人,Cell 131:1-12(2007)所揭示之細胞。在某些實施例中,適用於本發明之多能性幹細胞可根據下列所述之方法衍生:Li等人(Cell Stem Cell 4:16-19,2009);Maherali等人(Cell Stem Cell 1:55-70,2007);Stadtfeld等人(Cell Stem Cell 2:230-240);Nakagawa等人(Nature Biotechnology 26:101-106,2008);Takahashi等人(Cell 131:861-872,2007);及美國專利申請公開案第2011/0104805號。在某些實施例中,該等多能性幹細胞可屬非胚胎性起源。所有這些參考文獻、專利、及專利申請案之全文係以引用方式併入本文中,特別是當其等係關於多能性細胞之單離、培養、擴增(expansion)、及分化時。
多能性幹細胞分化經過各種階段,各階段可由特定標記的存在或不存在而表徵。細胞分化進入這些階段係藉由特定培養條件而達成,該等條件包括存在或缺少加至培養基的某些因子。一般而言,此分化可涉及分化多能性幹細胞成為定形內胚層細胞,在本文中稱為階段1。這些定形內胚層細胞可接著進一步分化成為原腸管細胞,在本文中稱為階段2。原腸管細胞繼而可接著分化成為腸的中腸內胚層細胞,在本文中稱為階段3。
多能性幹細胞之特徵為所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者所熟知,且多能性幹細胞之額外特徵仍在繼續識別中。多能性幹細胞
標記包括例如下列之一或多者之表現:ABCG2;Cripto;FOXD3;CONNEXIN43;CONNEXIN45;OCT4;SOX2;NANOG;hTERT;UTF1;ZFP42;SSEA-3;SSEA-4;TRA-1-60;及TRA-1-81。
例示性多能性幹細胞包括人類胚胎幹細胞系H1(NIH代碼:WA01)、人類胚胎幹細胞系H9(NIH代碼:WA09)、人類胚胎幹細胞系H7(NIH代碼:WA07)、及人類胚胎幹細胞系SA002(Cellartis,Sweden)。亦適合者係表現下列多能性細胞所特有之標記的至少一者之細胞:ABCG2、Cripto、CD9、FOXD3、CONNEXIN43、CONNEXIN45、OCT4、SOX2、NANOG、hTERT、UTF1、ZFP42、SSEA-3、SSEA-4、TRA-1-60、及TRA-1-81。
亦適合用於本發明者係表現定形內胚層譜系所特有之標記的至少一者之細胞。在本發明之一個實施例中,表現定形內胚層譜系所特有之標記的細胞係原條前體細胞(primitive streak precursor cell)。在一替代實施例中,表現定形內胚層譜系所特有之標記的細胞係中內胚層細胞。在一替代實施例中,表現定形內胚層譜系所特有之標記的細胞係定形內胚層細胞。
亦適合用於本發明者係表現腸的中腸內胚層譜系所特有之標記的至少一者之細胞。在本發明之一個實施例中,表現腸的內胚層譜系所特有之標記的細胞係腸的中腸內胚層細胞,其中該細胞表現FOXA2及CDX2。在一些實施例中,該細胞不表現SOX2、ALB、
PTF1A、HOXA13、或LGR5。在實施例中,表現腸的內胚層譜系所特有之標記的細胞係腸的中腸內胚層細胞,其中該細胞表現FOXA2、CDX2、SOX9、PDX1、KLF5、及HOXC5之各者。在實施例中,表現腸的內胚層譜系所特有之標記的細胞係腸的中腸內胚層細胞,其中該細胞不表現SOX2、ALB、PTF1A、HOXA13、及LGR5之任一者。
本發明提供使用細胞培養基條件及培養基的多能性幹細胞朝向腸的中腸內胚層細胞之階段化、導向分化。在本發明之實施例中,為達成表現腸的中腸內胚層細胞所特有之標記的細胞,採用以多能性幹細胞(諸如胚胎幹細胞及誘導型多能性細胞)開始之方案。此方案包括下列階段。
階段1:多能性幹細胞,諸如為細胞培養系而獲得之胚胎幹細胞,用適當因子處理以誘導分化成為表現定形內胚層細胞所特有之標記的細胞。
階段2:自階段1所得之細胞用適當因子處理以誘導進一步分化成為表現原腸管細胞所特有之標記的細胞。
階段3:自階段2所得之細胞用適當因子處理以誘導進一步分化成為表現腸的中腸內胚層細胞所特有之標記的細胞。
用於評估經培養或經單離之細胞中的蛋白質及核酸標記之表現的方法係本技術領域中之標準者。這些方法包括RT-PCR、北方墨點法、原位雜交(參見例如Current Protocols in Molecular Biology(Ausubel等人,eds.2001 supplement))、以及免疫檢定(諸
如切片材料之免疫組織化學分析)、西方墨點法、及完整細胞中可及之標記、FACS(參見例如Harlow and Lane,Using Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual,New York:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press(1998))。分化效率可藉由將經處理之細胞群暴露至特異性辨識蛋白質標記之藥劑(諸如抗體)來判定,該蛋白質標記係由表現所關注的細胞類型所特有之標記的細胞表現。
1.多能性幹細胞分化成為表現定形內胚層細胞所特有之標記的細胞
多能性幹細胞可藉由本技術領域中已知的任何適合方法、或藉由本發明中所提出的任何方法而分化成為表現定形內胚層細胞所特有之標記的細胞。在本發明之一個實施例中,多能性幹細胞係用培養基(諸如MCDB-131培養基(Life Technologies,Carlsbad,California),其補充有包括GDF8及GSK3β抑制劑之因子(諸如環苯胺-吡啶并三(cyclic aniline-pyridinotriazine)化合物,揭示於美國專利申請公開案第2010/0015711號;其全文以引用方式併入本文中))來處理以誘導分化成為表現定形內胚層細胞所特有之標記的細胞。GSK3β抑制劑之範圍廣,諸如星形孢菌素(staurosporine),及較佳之GSK3β抑制劑(14-丙-2-烯-1-基-3,5,7,14,17,23,27-七氮雜四環[19.3.1.1~2,6~.1~8,12~]二十七-1(25),2(27),3,5,8(26),9,11,21,23-壬烯-16-酮,在本文中稱為「MCX化合物」。處理可涉及將多能性幹細胞與補充有約10ng/ml至1000ng/ml、較佳的是50ng/ml至約150ng/ml、替代的是約75ng/ml至約125ng/ml、替代的是約100ng/ml
的GDF8之培養基接觸。該處理亦可涉及將細胞與約0.1至10μM、較佳的是約0.1至5μM、替代的是約0.5至約2.5μM、較佳的是約1.5μM或約1.0μM的MCX化合物接觸。其他培養基組分可包括:碳酸氫鈉,約2.7g/1000ml至3.6g/1000ml,較佳的是2.7g/1000ml;FAF-BSA,約0.1%至2.0%,較佳的是約0.5%;GlutaMAXTM(Life Technologies Corporation,Carlsbad,California),1:100稀釋(「1X濃度」);及D-葡萄糖,濃度範圍約2mM至20mM、較佳的是4.5mM,以獲得10mM D-葡萄糖之濃度。
可將多能性細胞培養大約二至五天、較佳的是約三至四天,以促進其分化成為定形內胚層細胞。在一個實施例中,該等多能性細胞係在有效量的TGFβ傳訊分子及/或GSK3β抑制劑(例如有效量的GDF8及MCX化合物)存在下培養一天,接著在GDF8及較低濃度的MCX化合物存在下培養一天,接著在GDF8存在、而MCX化合物不存在下培養一天。具體言之,該等細胞可在GDF8及約1.5μM的MCX化合物存在下培養一天,接著在GDF8及約0.1μM的MCX化合物存在下培養一天,接著在GDF8存在、而MCX化合物不存在下培養一天。在一替代實施例中,該等細胞可在GDF8及約1.5μM的MCX化合物存在下培養一天,接著在GDF8及約0.1μM的MCX化合物存在下培養一天。
表現定形內胚層細胞所特有之標記的細胞之產生可藉由在下列特定方案之前及之後測試標記之存在來判定。多能性幹細胞一般不表現此類標記。由此,當細胞起始表現定形內胚層細胞所特有之
標記(諸如CXCR4、FOXA2、及SOX17)時,可偵測出多能性細胞之分化。在實施例中,表現定形內胚層細胞所特有之標記的細胞係定形內胚層細胞。
2.表現定形內胚層細胞所特有之標記的細胞分化成為表現原腸管細胞所特有之標記的細胞
表現定形內胚層細胞所特有之標記的細胞可進一步分化成為表現原腸管細胞所特有之標記的細胞。在一個實施例中,表現原腸管細胞所特有之標記的細胞之形成包括用含有FGF7之培養基(諸如MCDB-131)培養表現定形內胚層細胞所特有之標記的細胞以分化這些細胞。例如,培養基可包括約10ng/ml至100ng/ml、較佳的是約25ng/ml至約75ng/ml、替代的是約30ng/ml至約60ng/ml、替代的是約50ng/ml的FGF7。可將該等細胞在這些條件下培養約二至三天、較佳的是約二天。
在另一實施例中,分化成為表現原腸管細胞所特有之標記的細胞包括用FGF7及抗壞血酸(維生素C)培養表現定形內胚層細胞所特有之標記的細胞。培養基(諸如MCDB-131)可包括約0.1mM至約1.0mM的抗壞血酸,較佳的是約0.1mM至約1.0mM、替代的是約0.2mM至約0.4mM、替代的是約0.25mM的抗壞血酸。該培養基亦可包括約10ng/ml至100ng/ml、較佳的是約10ng/ml至約50ng/ml、替代的是約15ng/ml至約30ng/ml、替代的是約50ng/ml或約25ng/ml的FGF7。例如,該培養基可包括約0.25mM的抗壞血
酸及約50ng/ml的FGF7。其他培養基組分可包括:碳酸氫鈉,約2.7g/1000ml至3.6g/1000ml,較佳的是2.7g/1000ml;FAF-BSA,約0.1%至2.0%,較佳的是約0.5%;GlutaMAXTM,1:100稀釋(「1X濃度」);及D-葡萄糖,濃度範圍約2mM至20mM、較佳的是4.5mM,以獲得10mM D-葡萄糖之濃度。在一個實施例中,表現定形內胚層細胞所特有之標記的細胞係以FGF7及抗壞血酸處理二天。當細胞起始表現原腸管細胞所特有之標記(諸如FOXA2之表現及增加的HNF4α之表現)時,可偵測出定形內胚層細胞之分化。在實施例中,表現原腸管細胞所特有之標記的細胞係原腸管細胞。
3.表現原腸管細胞所特有之標記的細胞分化成為表現腸的中腸內胚層細胞所特有之標記的細胞
表現原腸管細胞所特有之標記的細胞可進一步分化成為表現腸的中腸內胚層細胞所特有之標記的細胞。在一個實施例中,藉由將原腸管細胞培養在培養基中而將該等原腸管細胞進一步分化成為腸的中腸內胚層細胞,該培養基諸如BLAR培養基(Life Technologies,Corporation,Carlsbad,California),其補充有視網酸及BMP4或BMP2。在較佳實施例中,該培養基係補充有約0.5μM至約5μM的視網酸、較佳的是約1μM,以及約10ng/ml至約100ng/ml的BMP4或BMP2、較佳的是約50ng/ml的BMP4或BMP2。其他培養基補充物可包括:FAF-BSA,約0.1%至2.0%,較佳的是約0.5%;GlutaMAXTM;及D-葡萄糖,濃度範圍約2mM至20mM、較佳的是
4.5mM,以獲得10mM D-葡萄糖之濃度。在一個實施例中,表現原腸細胞所特有之標記的細胞係以BMP4或BMP2及視網酸處理3至5天、較佳的是5天。在5天的階段3調節時期期間,培養物之pH可在6.8至7.2的範圍(相較於在S2D2之7.3或更高的正常pH)。
本發明係關於藉由將人類多能性幹細胞培養在所選之用於產生腸的中腸內胚層細胞的培養基中來製造腸的中腸內胚層細胞群之方法。在實施例中,該方法以階段化過程誘導人類多能性幹細胞分化成腸的中腸內胚層細胞。在實施例中,所製造的係腸的中腸內胚層細胞群。在一些實施例中,所製造的係實質為腸的中腸內胚層細胞群。在實施例中,腸的中腸內胚層細胞在平面培養物(planar culture)上形成並維持單層。在實施例中,腸的中腸內胚層細胞在培養物中係呈單層穩定。呈單層穩定之細胞、或呈單層保持穩定,在本文中係指在培養物中不形成細胞團塊(spheroid)之單層細胞。
在實施例中,大於50%的經分化之細胞表現腸的中腸內胚層所特有之標記。在實施例中,大於60%、大於70%、大於80%、大於90%、或大於95%的經分化之細胞表現腸的中腸內胚層所特有之標記。在實施例中,表現腸的中腸內胚層所特有之標記的經分化之細胞係腸的中腸內胚層細胞。在實施例中,以FACS分析及qPCR判定腸的中腸內胚層細胞表現CDX2及FOXA2。在一些實施例中,以IF分析及qPCR判定腸的中腸內胚層細胞表現選自SOX9、PDX1、KLF5、及HOXC5的轉錄因子。在實施例中,以IF分析及qPCR判
定腸的中腸內胚層細胞不表現選自SOX2、ALB、PTF1A的轉錄因子,且以qPCR判定不表現選自HOXA13及LGR5的轉錄因子。
本發明之進一步實施例係製造腸的中腸內胚層細胞之方法,其包含誘導在培養物中的定形內胚層細胞分化成原腸管細胞。在實施例中,該等定形內胚層細胞係培養在含有抗壞血酸及FGF7之培養基中。在進一步實施例中,該等原腸管細胞係培養在含有視網酸及BMP2或BMP4之培養基中。該等原腸管細胞係分化成腸的中腸內胚層細胞。在一些實施例中,原腸管細胞係在酸性條件(酸性培養基)中分化成腸的中腸內胚層細胞。在具體實施例中,酸性條件係在BLAR培養基之培養。在自原腸管細胞至腸的中腸內胚層細胞的5天分化調節時期期間,該酸性培養之pH可在6.8至7.2之範圍(相較於在S2D2之7.3或更高的正常pH)。在實施例中,腸的中腸內胚層細胞在培養物中形成並維持單層。
在本文中所討論之各個實施例中,人類多能性幹細胞係人類hESC或iPS細胞。在以上及在此之各個實施例中,以FACS分析及qPCR判定腸的中腸內胚層細胞表現CDX2及FOXA2。在所有實施例中,以IF分析及qPCR判定腸的中腸內胚層細胞表現選自SOX9、PDX1、KLF5、及HOXC5的轉錄因子。在以上及在此之實施例中,以IF分析及qPCR判定腸的中腸內胚層細胞不表現選自SOX2、ALB、PTF1A的轉錄因子,且以qPCR判定不表現選自HOXA13及LGR5的轉錄因子。在以上及在此之實施例中,以IF分析及qPCR判定腸的中腸內胚層細胞表現CDX2、FOXA2、SOX9、
PDX1、KLF5、及HOXC5。在各實施例中,以IF分析及qPCR判定腸的中腸內胚層細胞不表現SOX2、ALB、及PTF1A,且以qPCR判定不表現HOXA13及LGR5。
由於以上及在此所述之分化方案,使用特定培養組分及培養條件,特別是酸性培養條件(諸如培養在BLAR培養基中),會產生表現腸的中腸內胚層細胞之標記的細胞培養物;藉由qPCR判定細胞缺少HAND1表現,其係中胚層/間葉譜系之標記。改變分化方案以誘導多能性幹細胞成中腸/後腸內胚層譜系,諸如誘導在定形內胚層階段1的幹細胞而非在原腸管細胞階段2的幹細胞,得到內胚層-間葉CDX2+中/後腸細胞之混合族群,其以qPCR判定表現HAND1。
在某些實施例中,腸的中腸內胚層細胞群實質上為腸的中腸內胚層細胞。在一些實施例中,該腸的中腸內胚層細胞群包含大於70%之腸的中腸內胚層細胞,較佳的是大於80%、大於90%、及大於95%之腸的中腸內胚層細胞。在一些實施例中,該腸的中腸內胚層細胞群包含小於20%之間葉細胞、較佳的是小於15%、更佳的是小於10%、小於5%、小於2%、小於1%、小於0.5%。在實施例中,腸的中腸內胚層細胞缺少HAND1之表現。
在本發明之另一實施例中,經分化之腸的中腸內胚層細胞可單獨使用或與經分化或成熟之內分泌細胞(例如腸內分泌細胞)組合使用,以用於治療患有糖尿病或具有發展出糖尿病之風險的患
者。在此類實施例中,可將經分化之腸的中腸內胚層細胞或其混合物投予至具有糖尿病(例如第1型或第2型糖尿病)之患者。在實施例中,腸的中腸內胚層細胞分化並成熟成腸內分泌細胞。在實施例中,腸的中腸內胚層細胞分化並成熟成腸內分泌細胞,且該等腸內分泌細胞表現或分泌腸促胰島素(incretin)型荷爾蒙。在實施例中,腸促胰島素荷爾蒙包括GLP1及GIP。該等細胞之投予可經由植入或注射於體內,具體言之植入至皮下空間、網膜、肝、腎等等內。
在以上所討論的本發明之一些實施例中,腸的中腸內胚層細胞之分化係在體外誘導。在其他實施例中,腸的中腸內胚層細胞在體內進一步分化並成熟。另一實施例係關於腸的中腸內胚層細胞在體內進一步分化成為腸內分泌細胞或在體內呈與腸內分泌細胞之混合物。此類腸內分泌細胞表現或分泌腸促胰島素荷爾蒙。在實施例中,腸內分泌細胞所分泌之腸促胰島素荷爾蒙包括GLP1及GIP。
在進一步實施例中,腸的中腸內胚層細胞係作為用於鑑定小分子之開始材料,該等小分子以高效率促進腸的中腸內胚層細胞類型體外分化首先成為腸內分泌前體、且接著成為表現或分泌腸促胰島素之腸內分泌細胞。
細胞及細胞群及混合物,諸如在本文中所述者,可經微或巨膠囊化(macro-encapsulated)並後續移植至哺乳動物宿主內。經膠囊化之細胞或單獨細胞可經皮下或體內任何其他處移植(投予),藉此細胞可在體內血管化(vascularized)並分化及成熟。
鑒於以下列非限制實例可進一步了解本發明。
下列實例描述基於導向之方法以自人類胚胎幹細胞(「hESC」)產生腸的中腸內胚層細胞。「腸的中腸內胚層(intestinal midgut endoderm)」係指對應之體內或原位細胞類型,其係CDX2陽性及FOXA2陽性內胚層細胞,存在於小鼠發育期間約胚胎期第8.5天(「E8.5」),或在人類胚胎發育期間約第3至4週時間點。
細胞培養:人類胚胎幹細胞系H1之細胞(「H1-hESC」)(WA01細胞,WiCell Research Institute,Madison,Wisconsin)係以EZ8培養基(Cat#A1516901 Gibco,Thermo Fisher Scientific)培養,在繼代培養第28次時,以單一細胞以0.094×106細胞/cm2接種(seed)在經MATRIGELTM(以1:30稀釋,Corning Incorporated,Corning,New York,Catalog # 356231)塗覆之盤上,培養基係達爾伯克改良伊格爾介質營養混合物F-12(Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium Nutrient mixture F-12)(「DMEM-F12」)
(Life Technologies Corporation,Carlsbad,California,目錄號11330-032),其具有下列者:
接種後約四十八小時,將培養物以不完全PBS(不含鎂或鈣的磷酸鹽緩衝液)(Life Technologies,Carlsbad,California,目錄號14190)洗滌。Rock抑制劑Y-27632(「Y-化合物」)僅用於培養之最初的24小時。
分化:使用下列方案將培養物分化。在方案的階段1至階段3期間,培養物係維持在平面黏附培養物上。然而,其他已描述使用懸浮培養物之分化,包括US US2014/0242693,其全文以引用方
式併入本文中;在本文中所述之方案可經修飾並以懸浮態執行,其提供製作之可調性(scalability)。下列S#D#命名法指出在階段1至階段3期間的確切時間。例如,S1D3係階段1第3天。簡言之,各階段界定分化朝向定形內胚層(階段1)、原腸管(階段2)、及腸的中腸內胚層(階段3)。
接著將細胞於與以上第2天相同但不含MCX化合物之培養基中培養額外一天。
在此方法中,在階段3期間,可使用BMP4或BMP2以達成呈單層、具有CDX2及FOXA2蛋白共存在之腸的中腸內胚層
細胞,如圖1A至圖4B(基於BMP4)及圖5A至圖7(基於BMP2)中所繪示。
經分化細胞之定量:針對蛋白質存在共位(co-localization)之定量,將S3D5細胞收取並以FACS分析。FACS染色係如Nature Biotechnology,2014(32)11,1121-1133中所述而實行,其全文以引用方式併入本文中,且使用如表II中所列之抗體。簡言之,將經分化之細胞在TrypLETM Express(Life Technologies,Carlsbad,California,目錄號12604)中於37℃下培育5至10分鐘,釋放成為單一細胞懸浮液,在此之後,將其以含0.2% BSA之PBS的染色緩衝液(BD Biosciences,San Jose,California,目錄號554657)洗滌兩次。胞內抗體染色係藉由利用活/死紫色螢光(LIVE/DEAD Violet Fluorescent)反應性染料(Life Technologies,Carlsbad,California,目錄號L34955)在4℃下達30分鐘、接以用冷PBS單次洗滌而完成。細胞之固定係於300μl的Cytofix/Cytoperm緩衝液(BD Biosciences,San Jose,California,目錄號554723)中接以用Perm/Wash緩衝液(BD Biosciences,San Jose,California,目錄號554722)二次洗滌。接著將細胞與適當抗體於4℃下培育30分鐘(用
於未共軛之抗體)或1小時(用於共軛之抗體),並接著洗滌兩次,之後於BD FACS Canto II上分析,使用的是BD FACS Diva軟體,至少獲得30,000個事件。於FACS分析期間排除非存活細胞,且閘控(gating)係藉由使用同型抗體來判定(「IgG」)。針對所呈現的各個FACS實驗,IgG FACS數據顯示在頂部區組。使用陽性對照(諸如Caco-2細胞)或陰性對照(諸如S1D3定形內胚層(「DE」)細胞)來測試抗體特異性。
為定量在不同階段的蛋白質共位,將單層之Caco-2、S2D2、S3D2、及S3D5細胞收取並以免疫螢光(「IF」)分析。應注意的是,在IF影像中所見之形態係由自單層的黏附培養物刮下細胞之方法所造成。H1-hESC衍生細胞係如Nature Biotechnology,2014(32)
11,1121-1133中所述來製備及染色,且使用表III中所列之抗體。關於冷凍切片(cryosection),將細胞以PBS潤洗,接以在4℃下過夜固定於4% PFA(Sigma Aldrich,St.Louis,Missour,目錄號158127)中。固定後,將4%的PFA移除,以PBS將細胞潤洗兩次,並在4℃下於30%蔗糖溶液中培育過夜(Amresco,Solon,Ohio,目錄號0335)。將樣本冷凍保存在OCT溶液(Sakura Finetek USA Inc.,Torrance,California,目錄號4583)中,並將5μm切片置於Superfrost plus玻片(VWR International,LLC,Radnor,PA,目錄號48311-703)上。關於IF染色,將適當稀釋的一級抗體加入,在4℃下過夜,而二級抗體係在室溫下加入達30min,接以用PBS潤洗並加入具有DAPI之Vectastain封片試劑(mounting reagent)(Vector Laboratories Inc.,Burlingame,California,目錄號H-1200)。使用Nikon Ti螢光顯微鏡(Nikon Instruments,Inc.,Melville,NV)可視化切片。
為定量在不同階段的基因表現,收取Caco-2、H1-hESC、S1D3、S2D2、S3D2、及S3D5細胞,如Nature Biotechnology,2014(32)11,1121-1133中所述。簡言之,使用客製的Taqman® Arrays(Applied Biosystems,Foster City,California)於細胞中評估基因表現;Open Array®(OA)係用於CDX2、FOXA2、SOX2、SOX9、PDX1、ALB、PTF1A,而Taqman® Low Density Array(TLDA)係用於KLF5、HOXC5、及LGR5,兩測試均使用管家基因(housekeeping gene)GAPDH。使用Sequence Detection軟體(Applied Biosystems,Foster City,California)來分析數據,並用△△Ct方法、使用GAPDH作為管家基因對未經分化之H1-hESC正規化。引子細節係概述於表IV中。
分化方法之總結係描繪於圖1A,其包括重要培養基組分、在各階段加入之生長因子及小分子、及分化腸的中腸內胚層細胞之關鍵階段特異性標記(FOXA2;CDX2;KLF5;SOX9;PDX1LO)。相較於針對S2D2所標註之中性pH(7.35±0.04),在整個階段3期間、且由於在BLAR培養基中的較低碳酸氫鈉量,細胞在BLAR培養基中係暴露在些微酸性的條件(pH;S3D1,6.98±0.05;S3D2,7.02±0.04;S3D5,7.18±0.03)(圖1B)。在階段3的五天期間,培養物之pH可在6.8至7.2之範圍。圖1C描繪S3D5單層(左)及用作為分化特徵基準的人類上皮結腸腺癌細胞系(「Caco-2」)(右)的代表性相位差影像。觀察到在S3D5的均一形態。使用Nucleocounter® NC-100(Chemometec,Alleroed,Denmark,目錄號
900-004)的細胞數特徵分析顯示一個hESC分化成為4.56±2.60個S3D5後腸內胚層細胞(圖1D)。
利用BMP4之分化方法有效地產生及維持單層之腸的中腸內胚層細胞,在轉錄本及蛋白質水準上各包含CDX2及FOXA2兩者。圖2A(底圖)顯示90.0±5.85百分比的S3D5細胞係CDX2及FOXA2蛋白兩者共存在,類似在Caco-2細胞所觀察到之百分比(86.0±6.67)。相反地,定形內胚層(DE-S1D3)細胞缺乏CDX2及FOXA2共存在(2.3±1.2)。基因表現分析顯示在階段3期間,CDX2經誘發(圖2B),且FOXA2維持(圖2C)。圖2D顯示,在建立FOXA2陽性原腸內胚層階段之後的CDX2蛋白水準的誘發及CDX2/FOXA2蛋白共存在,S2D2(圖2D-i),漸進地增加至S3D2(圖2D-ii),且在S3D5(圖2D-iii)達到類似如在Caco-2細胞所見之水準(圖2D-iv)。CDX2蛋白係描繪於底列,且FOXA2蛋白係描繪於頂列。
在S3D5發現轉錄本及蛋白質水準的額外TF,其構成穩健之腸的中腸內胚層誘發。圖3A至圖3P顯示達成適當之腸的中腸內胚層。除了CDX2及FOXA2共存在之外,S3D5細胞亦展現共存在SOX9、PDX1、KLF5、HOXC5,但不表現SOX2、ALB、PTF1A、及LGR5。所有TF的蛋白質存在係以分開的單通道影像(single channel image)描繪。圖3A(底圖)顯示在S3D5,98.7±0.25百分比的細胞係CDX2及SOX9兩者共存在。強的SOX9基因表現誘發係與在Caco-2細胞所觀察到之水準相當(圖3B),且如IF分析所評估,
觀察到蛋白質存在(圖3C)。69.4±14.2百分比的細胞係CDX2及PDX1兩者共陽性(圖3D-底圖)。當相較於偏向胰的(pancreas-biased)S4D3細胞(參見例如US2014/0242693)時,PDX1基因表現係以低水準誘發(圖3E),且此亦反映在IF分析中的低至無蛋白質水準(圖3F)。
S3D5細胞不表現前端內胚層TF SOX2,且僅1.45±0.15的S3D5細胞展現SOX2及CDX2共存在(圖3G-底圖;圖3I),且基因表現係低於在hESC及Caco-2細胞中所見之水準(圖3H)。KLF5之基因表現,其對後腸內胚層之適當發育係必要的,在S3D5係上調的(圖3J)。觀察到在S3D5在CDX2陽性細胞內的KLF5蛋白質共存在(圖3K)。在S3D5細胞中並未觀察到ALB基因表現(圖3L)及蛋白質存在(圖3M)。同樣地,相較於偏向胰的S4D3細胞,PTF1A(胰譜系標記)之基因表現在S3D5細胞中未經誘發(圖3N)。存在於胚胎之腸的中腸內胚層之同源盒基因HOXC5在S3D5細胞中經強烈誘發(圖3O)。圖3P顯示在小鼠妊娠中期起始的胚胎之腸的內胚層標記LGR5在S3D5細胞中未經誘發(圖3P)。圖3Q顯示腸的後腸內胚層標記HOXA13在S3D5細胞中未經誘發(圖3P)。
圖4A至圖4B繪示分化S3D5細胞之增生性數據分布(profile)。圖4A描繪Caco-2細胞,其中多數CDX2蛋白陽性細胞係在活性細胞周期(由與KI67蛋白的共表現指示)(左),且H1-hESC衍生細胞在階段3期間的增生性指標隨時間下降(S3D2-中;S3D5-
右)。CDX2(頂列)及KI67(底列)蛋白質水準係以單通道影像描繪。由FACS所評估的總S3D5細胞之KI67蛋白陽性細胞百分比(總細胞係>90%為CDX2陽性)係16.8±3.12,對比於在S1D3(97.3±1.3)及在Caco-2細胞(99.2±0.2)所見之百分比(圖4B)。
BMP2可用作為BMP4之替代,在此方法的階段3期間製造具有CDX2及FOXA2蛋白共存在的單層之腸的中腸內胚層細胞。圖5A描繪分化方法之總結,其包括培養基組分、在各階段加入之生長因子及小分子、及分化腸的中腸內胚層細胞之關鍵階段特異性標記(FOXA2、CDX2、KLF5、SOX9、及PDX1LO)。相較於在S2D2所標註之中性pH(7.35±0.04),在整個階段3期間、且由於在BLAR酸性培養基中的較低碳酸氫鈉量,細胞在BLAR培養基中係暴露在些微酸性的條件(pH;S3D1,6.92;S3D2,7.01;S3D5,7.22)(圖5B)。圖5C描繪S3D5單層(左)及Caco-2細胞(右)的代表性相位差影像。觀察到在S3D5的均一形態。
該分化方法產生並維持適當的呈單層之腸的中腸內胚層細胞,在轉錄本及蛋白質水準上各包含CDX2、FOXA2、KLF5、SOX9、PDX1LO、及HOXC5。所有TF蛋白質水準係以單通道IF影像描繪。圖6A(底圖)顯示94百分比的S3D5細胞係CDX2及FOXA2蛋白兩者共存在,類似在Caco-2細胞所見之百分比(86.0±6.67)。基因表現分析顯示在階段3期間,CDX2經誘發(圖6B),且FOXA2維持(圖6C)。圖6D顯示CDX2蛋白質水準及完全CDX2/FOXA2蛋白共存在係在S3D5誘發(圖6D),其係與在Caco-
2細胞所觀察到之水準相當(圖2D-iv)。圖6E(底圖)顯示在S3D5,99.8百分比的細胞係CDX2及SOX9兩者共存在。觀察到類似在Caco-2細胞之水準的強SOX9基因表現誘發(圖6F),且如IF分析所評估,觀察到蛋白質存在(圖6G)。45.5百分比的細胞係CDX2及PDX1兩者共陽性(圖6H-底圖)。當相較於偏向胰的S4D3細胞時,PDX1基因表現係以低水準誘發(圖6I),且低至無蛋白質水準亦反映在IF分析中(圖6J)。前端內胚層TF SOX2未在S3D5細胞中觀察到,而0.8百分比的S3D5細胞展現SOX2及CDX2共存在(圖6K-底圖;圖6M),且基因表現係低於在hESC及Caco-2細胞中所見之水準(圖6L)。KLF5之基因表現在S3D5係強烈上調的,KLF5係用於證實後腸內胚層之適當發育的必要標記(圖6N)。觀察到在S3D5在CDX2陽性細胞內的KLF5蛋白質共存在(圖6O)。在S3D5細胞中並未觀察到ALB基因表現(圖6P)及蛋白質存在(圖6Q)。相較於偏向胰的S4D3細胞,胰譜系指派TF(PTF1A)之基因表現在S3D5細胞中未經誘發(圖6R)。存在於胚胎之腸的中腸內胚層之同源盒基因HOXC5在S3D5細胞中經強烈誘發(圖6S)。圖6T展示妊娠中期起始的胚胎之腸的內胚層標記LGR5在S3D5細胞中未經誘發。圖6U展示腸的後腸內胚層標記HOXA13在S3D5細胞中未經誘發(圖6U)。
圖7表徵分化S3D5細胞之增生性數據分布,其顯示Caco-2細胞,其中多數CDX2蛋白陽性細胞係在活性細胞周期(由與KI67蛋白的共表現指示)(左),相較於H1-hESC衍生細胞在階段3
期間較低的增生性指標(S3D5-右)。CDX2(頂列)及KI67(底列)蛋白質水準係以單通道影像描繪。由FACS所評估的總S3D5細胞之KI67蛋白陽性細胞百分比(總細胞係>90%為CDX2陽性)係14.1百分比,對比於在S1D3所見之百分比(97.3±1.3)、相較於Caco-2細胞(99.2±0.2)(圖7;4B)。
此實例證實CDX2+中/後腸細胞之內胚層-間葉混合品質,其自起始於定形內胚層階段之腸的培養產生,使用FGF4及WNT促效劑(Spence等人,Nature,2011;470:105-109;Watson等人,Nature Med,2014;11:1310-1314)。為檢驗在以下Spence等人中所述之中腸/後腸內胚層細胞的誘發,使用以下方案分化hESC。應注意的是,在此實例中所概述之分化條件不同於實例1之處如下:(i)腸的條件開始點起始於定形內胚層階段;(ii)使用不同於RA及BMP4或BMP2之生長因子及小分子;及(iii)不使用酸性培養條件。
細胞培養:H1-hESC細胞的培養及維持係如實例1中所述。
分化:使用下列方案將培養物分化。
定量:相位差成像及基因表現定量係依實例1中之程序。
分化方法之總結係描繪於圖8A,其包括培養基組分、加至各階段之生長因子及小分子、及分化腸的中/後腸內胚層細胞之標誌性或關鍵階段特異性標記(HAND1)。腸的調節(階段1後)以500ng/ml FGF4、及3μM Chiron99021(Watson等人)或500ng/ml Wnt3A(Spence等人),於定形內胚層開始。用語「階段1-模擬(Stage 1-mimic)」係指在此實例中的定形內胚層分化方案,其係不同於「S1D3-原始(S1D3-Original)」(係指實例1中所述之階段1調節)。圖8B顯示下列之相位差影像:H1-hESC細胞(頂列,左)、階段1後細胞以500ng/ml FGF4及3μM Chiron99021調節二天(頂
列,中)、階段1後細胞以500ng/ml FGF4及500ng/ml Wnt3A調節二天(頂列,右)、連同S3D5單層經RA/BMP4調節(底列,左)、及S3D5單層經RA/BMP2調節(底列,右)(來自實例1)。
CDX2基因表現之誘發係於調節二天後達成,但相較於RA/BMP2或RA/BMP4 S3D5,係在遠較低的水準(圖8C)。然而,內胚層標記FOXA2之基因表現係維持(圖8D),且中胚層/間葉標記HAND1係強烈誘發(圖8F)。又,在二天時間點,KLF5未經誘發,此不同於RA/BMP4及RA/BMP2調節(圖8E)。如圖8F中決定性地顯示,此基因表現模式反映在Watson等人及Spence等人中所見之雜細胞群,其不僅含有CDX2+ FOXA2+內胚層族群,還含有大量間葉CDX2+細胞群。相比之下,RA/BMP4或RA/BMP2階段2後(原腸管細胞)調節並未誘發中胚層/間葉標記HAND1;僅內胚層CDX2+ FOXA2+族群經誘發。
在描述本發明及其各種實施例中,為了清楚起見,採用特定用語。不過,本發明不意欲被限制於所選擇的特定用語。在相關技術領域中具有通常知識者將理解可在不脫離目前發明的廣泛概念下,採用其他均等組件且開發其他方法。在本說明書中任一處所引述之所有參考係以引用方式併入,如同各參考被個別併入。
Claims (22)
- 一種製造腸的中腸內胚層細胞群之方法,其包含將人類多能性幹細胞培養在培養基中以誘導分化成腸的中腸內胚層細胞,其中製得實質上腸的中腸內胚層細胞群。
- 一種製造腸的中腸內胚層細胞群之方法,其包含將人類多能性幹細胞培養在培養基中以誘導分化成腸的中腸內胚層細胞,其中該等經分化之細胞係腸的中腸內胚層細胞,且其中該等腸的中腸內胚層細胞形成並呈單層保持穩定。
- 如請求項1或請求項2所述之方法,其中該方法包含下列步驟:a.將該等人類多能性幹細胞培養在含有GDF-8及GSK3β抑制劑化合物之第一培養基中成為定形內胚層細胞;b.將該等定形內胚層細胞培養在含有抗壞血酸及FGF7之第二培養基中成為原腸管細胞;及c.將該等原腸管細胞培養在含有視網酸及BMP2或BMP4之第三培養基中成為腸的中腸內胚層細胞。
- 如請求項1或請求項2所述之方法,其中該等腸的中腸內胚層細胞表現CDX2及FOXA2。
- 如請求項1或請求項2所述之方法,其中該等腸的中腸內胚層細胞表現選自由SOX9、PDX1、KLF5及HOXC5所組成之群組的轉錄因子。
- 如請求項1或請求項2所述之方法,其中該等腸的中腸內胚層細胞不表現選自由SOX2、ALB、PTF1A、HOXA13及LGR5所組成之 群組的轉錄因子。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其中該等腸的中腸內胚層細胞在培養物中形成並維持單層。
- 如請求項1或請求項2所述之方法,其中該細胞群不包括間葉細胞。
- 如請求項1或請求項2所述之方法,其中該細胞群不表現HAND1。
- 如請求項1或請求項2所述之方法,其中分化係在體外誘導。
- 一種治療患有糖尿病或具有發展出糖尿病之風險的患者之方法,其包含將人類多能性幹細胞分化成腸的中腸內胚層細胞、以及將該等經分化之細胞植入該患者。
- 如請求項11所述之方法,其進一步包含在體內分化該等經植入之腸的中腸內胚層細胞。
- 如請求項11所述之方法,其中該糖尿病係第1型或第2型。
- 如請求項12所述之方法,其中該等腸的中腸內胚層細胞係在體內進一步分化成為腸內分泌細胞,其中該等腸內分泌細胞分泌腸促胰島素(incretin)荷爾蒙。
- 如請求項14所述之方法,其中該等腸促胰島素荷爾蒙係GLP1及GIP。
- 如請求項11所述之方法,其中該等腸的中腸內胚層細胞表現CDX2及FOXA2。
- 如請求項11所述之方法,其中該等腸的中腸內胚層細胞表現選自 由SOX9、PDX1、KLF5及HOXC5所組成之群組的轉錄因子。
- 如請求項11所述之方法,其中該等腸的中腸內胚層細胞不表現選自由SOX2、ALB、PTF1A、HOXA13及LGR5所組成之群組的轉錄因子。
- 一種製造腸的中腸內胚層細胞之方法,其包含將在培養物中的定形內胚層細胞誘導分化成原腸管細胞,其中該等定形內胚層細胞係培養在含有抗壞血酸及FGF7之培養基中。
- 如請求項19所述之方法,其中該等原腸管細胞係培養在含有視網酸及BMP2或BMP4之培養基中,以分化成腸的中腸內胚層細胞。
- 如請求項19所述之方法,其中該培養基係酸性。
- 如請求項19所述之方法,其中該等腸的中腸內胚層細胞在培養物中形成並維持單層。
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