TW201318620A - 包括植物大麻素次大麻二酚(cbdv)及大麻二酚(cbd)之藥學組成物 - Google Patents
包括植物大麻素次大麻二酚(cbdv)及大麻二酚(cbd)之藥學組成物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本發明係有關於含植物大麻素次大麻二酚(CBDV)及大麻二酚(CBD)或由其等所組成之藥學組成物。該組成物特別可安全且有效地用以治療,諸如發生在癲癇之其特徵為中樞神經系之過度刺激感受性、抽搐或癲癇發作的神經性病症。該CBDV及CBD較佳與大麻之至少一非大麻素組份(諸如一或多種□類或一□溶離份)一起存在。該組成物更佳進一步包含一或多種大麻色烯類型化合物。較佳為大麻色烯丙基變體(CBCV)及/或大麻色烯(CBC)。該組成物又更佳不含或實質上不含其它大麻素,這些其它大麻素尤其包括通常大量存在於大麻化學類型培養物內以含有大量CBDV及/或CBD之四氫大麻酚(THC)及四氫次大麻酚(THCV)。
Description
本發明係有關於一含或本質上由植物大麻素次大麻二酚(CBDV)及大麻二酚(CBD)所組成之藥學組成物。
該組成物特別可安全且有效地用以治療,諸如發生在癲癇之其特徵為中樞神經系之過度刺激感受性、抽搐或發作的神經性病症。
該CBDV及CBD較佳與大麻之至少一非大麻素組份(諸如一或多種萜類或一萜溶離份)一起存在。
該組成物更佳進一步包含一或多種大麻色烯類型化合物。更佳為大麻色烯兩基變體(CBCV)及/或大麻色烯(CBC)。
該組成物又更佳不含或實質上不含其它大麻素,這些其它大麻素尤其包括通常大量存在於大麻化學類型培養物內以含有大量CBDV及/或CBD之四氫大麻酚(THC)及四氫次大麻酚(THCV)。
癲癇為危害全世界約5千萬人之顯露廣範圍疾病的慢性神經性病症(Sander,2003)。人體之內部的“內生性大麻素”系統之瞭解的提升已得到以下建議:以大麻為主的藥物可具有治療中樞神經系之本過度刺激感受性病症的潛力(Mackie,2006,Wingerchuk,2004,Alger,2006)。
已認為大麻兼具助引搐(Brust等人,1992)及抗引搐效用。因此,仍需測定大麻素是否代表一尚待揭露之治療性抗引搐劑或,反之,一對於大麻之娛樂性及醫學性使用者的潛在危險因素(Ferdinand et al.,2005)。
在1975年,Consroe等人描述接受標準治療法(苯基巴比妥(Phenobarbital)及雙苯丙脲(phenytoin)之年青人並無法控制其癲癇發作的案例。當他開始社交性抽大麻時,他並沒有癲癇發作。然而當他僅服用大麻時,癲癇發作復發。因此他們得到以下結論:大麻葉對於人的癲癇具有抗引搐效用。
一藉Ng而進行之研究(1990年)包含在首次癲癇發作後已住院過之308位癲癇患者的較大群體。使其等與尚未曾癲癇發作之294位病患的對照群體進行比較,且已發現使用大麻似乎可降低罹患癲癇發作的可能性。然而,本研究在一Institute of Medicine報告(1999)中受到批評,其宣稱“該研究並未包括住院前之健康狀態的測定且其等之健康狀態的差異會影響其等之藥物用途”,因此該研究不夠週延,所以並非其表示的那樣。
3種受控性試驗已研究大麻二酚之抗癲癇潛力。在各試驗中,係對全身性癲癇大發作或局部性癲癇發作之患者投與呈口服形式之大麻二酚。
Cunha等人(1980)發表一曾接受習知藥療法,但並未得到良好療效之16位癲癇大發作的患者之研究報告。使其等接受正規藥療、以及各200-300毫克大麻二酚或安慰
劑。就接受CBD之患者而言,3位顯示完全改善,2位顯示部份改善,2位顯示改善很小,而1位維持不變。唯一的非所欲副作用為輕度昏迷。就接受該安慰劑之患者而言,1位改善,而7位維持不變。
Ames(1986)發表一小成功的研究報告,其中係使12位癲癇患者除了接受標準抗癲癇藥物外,且每次服用200-300毫克大麻二酚。對於癲癇發作頻率似乎沒有顯著改善。
Trembly等人(1990)進行一使單一患者每天服用900-1200毫克大麻二酚,費時10個月的開放性試驗。本單一患者之癲癇發作頻率顯著降低。
除了該等建議CBD可以有利的揭示文外,有下述報告(Davis & Romsey):對5位對其等之標準治療法(苯基巴比妥反苯基錫)無反應的收容在病房的兒童投與四氫大麻酚(THC)。其中1位完全無癲癇發作,一位幾乎完全無癲癇發作,而其它3位的病況並不比以前更糟。
在WO 2006/054057中,已建議該大麻素四氫次大麻酚(THCV)可作為抗癲癇劑。然而本文件中之主要教示為決定該THCV可作為CB1拮抗劑。
該申請案WO 2007/138322表示CBD為該CB1及CB2受體之逆促效劑且建議本化合物及結構上相關的化合物(其包括CBDV)在廣範圍之涉及這些受體的病症內可具有治療好處。更明確地,該資料證明該大麻素CBD可降低大鼠的體重。
然而,對於大麻素的其它研究已證明儘管THCV的結構與THC的結構類似,但是這兩種化合物於該CB1受體之作用很不同且因此其並不表示該等丙基大麻素類似物的作用如同其等之戊基同等物。
此外,在Deshpande等人(2007)之研究中已確認該CB1拮抗劑利莫那班(rimonabant)為助引搐劑;本研究證明該CB1受體之拮抗作用會導致癲癇活性。得自本研究的結論為作為該CB1受體之拮抗劑的大麻素未必可作為抗引搐劑;的確,其等會惡化此病症。
申請案WO 2007/083098描述具有保護神經的性質之大麻植物萃取物的用途。已證明含THC及CBD之大麻素萃取物在醫學領域內比其等之純對應物更有效。
申請案WO 02/064109描述一使用該等大麻素THC及CBD之藥學調配物。該申請案繼續揭示這些大麻素之該等兩基類似物亦可用於該調配物。由於本申請案表示已證明THCV之作用方式不同於THC,因此現在以下的假設並不正確:該等大麻素之丙基類似物的作用方式與其等之戊基對應物類似。
申請案GB2471565描述THCV用於治療全身性癲癇發作的用途;其亦描述CBD與THCV組合的用途。
申請案GB1005364.3(尚未公開)描述CBDV用於治療癲癇之用途。
癲癇之病症為很難治療的疾病,有超過50種可辨認的癲癇症候群類型係部份起因於可在患者與患者之間不
同的癲癇發作易感性(McCormick and Contreras,2001,Lutz,2004)、且其挑戰為找出能有效對抗這些不同類型的藥物。
神經元活性為一用於合適腦機能的先決條件。然而阻礙神經元活性之興奮性-抑制性平衡會誘發癲癇發作。可將這些癲癇發作分類成兩基本種類:a)局部性、及b)全身性癲癇發作。
局部性癲癇發作起源於特定腦區域且維持局部化(最常見為含大腦海馬之顳葉),然而全身性癲癇發作出現在整個前腦以作為局部癲癇發作之繼發性全身性發作(McCormick and Contreras,2001,Lutz,2004)。直到國際抗癲癇聯盟(The International League Against Epilepsy)於1969年公開癲癇發作之分類方案(Merlis,1970,Gastaut,1970,Dreifuss等人1981),局部及全身性癲癇發作之分類概念才成為普遍實務。
根據意識狀態的存在或損傷,The International League Against Epilepsy進一步將局部癲癇發作分類,將其等分類成簡單型及複雜型(Dreifuss等人,1981)。
該聯盟亦將全身性癲癇發作分類成許多臨床性癲癇發作類型,其部份實例如下述:
癲癇失神發作經常發生,其會突然發作且妨礙進行中的活動。此外,說話會因僅持續數秒之癲癇發作而緩慢或受到阻礙(Dreifuss等人,1981)。
強直性及陣攣性癲癇發作(通稱為“癲癇大發作”)為最常碰到的全身性癲癇發作(Dreifuss等人,1981)。本全
身性癲癇發作類型具有兩階段:強直性肌肉收縮,其接著受控於抽搐活動的陣孿階段。在整個發作期間及其後一段可變的時間內,該患者保持未察覺狀態。
無張力性癲癇發作(亦稱為“突然跌倒”)為對於體內之一特定肌肉、肌肉群或所有肌肉之肌肉張力的突然損失之結果(Dreifuss等人,1981)。
對於亦罹患長期健康困擾的患病者而言,癲癇發作的發生具生命威脅性(Lutz,2004)。這些困擾可以有很多形式:.心智健康問題(例如兒童之正常麩胺酸激導性突觸形成的妨礙);.認知缺乏(例如在大腦海馬內神經元迴路學習並貯存記憶的能力消失);及.形態改變(例如由於興奮性神經毒性,顯示正中的顳葉癲癇之患者之該大腦海馬的CA1及CA3區域內之神經元的選擇性損失)(Swann,2004,Avoli等人,2005)。
值得注意的是癲癇亦會重大地影響患者的生活形態,除非已長期無癲癇發作,否則患者係潛在性地生活在由於癲癇大發作所致的間接傷害(例如頭部損傷)或不能執行日常事務或不能開車的恐懼中(Fisher等人,2000)。
儘管於1980年代/1990年代時對於癲癇之CBD的歷史性研究,抗引搐劑之領域的研究已集中於許多其它競爭藥物,其中有許多現在已被核准用以治療癲癇。此等藥
物包括:乙醯唑胺(acetozolamide)、卡馬西平(carbamazepine)、氯巴佔(clobazam)、氯硝西泮(clonazepam)、乙琥胺(ethosuximide)、依斯利卡巴吉平乙酸乙酯(eslicarbazepine acetate)、加巴噴丁(gabapentin)、拉科胺(lacosamide)、利必通(lamotriquine)、左乙拉西坦(levetiracetam)、奧卡西平(oxcarbazepine)、苯基巴比妥(Phenobarbital)、二苯乙內醯脲(phenytoin)、普瑞巴林(pregabalin)、撲癇酮(primidone)、魯飛胺(rufinamide)、丙基戊酸鈉(sodium valproate)、噻加賓(tiagabine)、托吡酯(topiramate)、丙基戊酸鹽(valproate)、氨己烯酸(vigabatrin)、及唑尼沙胺(zonisamide)。
已知這些藥物中之一些藥物的作用模式,而其它係未知。某些作用模式揭示在下表1內:(改編自:Schachter SC.Treatment of seizures.In:Schachter SC,Schomer DL,eds.The comprehensive evaluation and treatment of epilepsy.San Diego,CA:Academic Press;1997.p.61-74)。
然而,儘管在過去20年有引進約20種不同的化合物以治療癲癇,基於以下數種理由,仍有需要可替代使用的藥物:i)全世界人口之1:2%罹患癲癇(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/ppmc/articles/PMC1808496/)ii)其中30%經現有治療法治療無效;及iii)現在治療法亦有顯著的肌肉活動副作用(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy)
例如當對大鼠投與劑量大於200毫克/公斤之丙
基戊酸鹽及乙琥胺(就如同在大鼠之癲癇模式中,投與劑量大於250毫克/公斤之苯基巴比妥一樣)時,皆顯示顯著的肌肉活動及其它副作用(其包括鎮靜作用)。
3種已充份確定且廣泛使用之活體內的癲癇模式為:.經伸戊基四唑(PTZ)誘發的全身性癲癇發作模式(Obay等人,2007;Rauca等人,2004);.經毛果芸香鹼(pilocarpine)誘發的顳葉(亦即大腦海馬)癲癇發作模式(Pereira等人,2007);及.經青黴素誘發的局部癲癇發作模式(Bostanci and Bagirici,2006)。
這些提供一系列癲癇發作及癲癇模式,其等係為人類之治療研究所不可缺。
在以下專利說明書中,係使用以下名詞並意欲具有以下意義/定義:
“大麻素”為包括以下之化合物群組:內生性大麻素、植物大麻素、及既非內生性大麻素亦非植物大麻素之化合物(在下文中稱為“合成大麻素”)。
“內生性大麻素”為內源性大麻素,其等係為CB1及CB2受體之高親和力配位子。
“植物大麻素”為起源於大自然且可以在大麻植物內找到的大麻素。該等植物大麻素可以存在於包括一經離析或合成性再生的植物性藥物內。
“辛索(syntho)-大麻素”為可以與該等大麻素變
體(CB1及/或CB2)交互作用但是並非內源性找到或在該大麻植物內之化合物。實例包括WIN 55212及利莫那班。
“單離的植物大麻素”為已從該大麻素植物中萃取並純化至所有額外組份(諸如次要且少量之大麻素及非大麻素溶離份)業經移除的程度之組份。
“合成大麻素”為業經化學合成法而製成的大麻素,本名詞包括藉,例如形成其藥學上可接受鹽而修飾一單離的植物大麻素。
在the Guidance for Industry Botanical Drug Products Draft Guidance,August 2000,US Department of Health and Human Services,Food and Drug Administration Centre for Drug Evaluation and Research內將“植物性藥物”定義為“衍生自一或多種植物、藻類、或微細真菌的藥物。其係藉以下方法中之一或多者而從植物性原料中製成:粉碎、熬煮、壓出、水性萃取、乙醇系萃取或其它類似方法”。植物性藥物並不包括衍生自天然來源之高純化或化學性改質物質。因此,就大麻而言,衍生自大麻植物之BDS並不包括高純化藥典級大麻素。
在本發明中,BDS被認為具有兩組份:含植物大麻素之組份及含非植物大麻素之組份。該含植物大麻素組份較佳為較大組份,其含量為總BDS之大於50%(w/w),而該含非大麻素組份為較小組份,其含量為該總BDS之小於50%(w/w)。
該BDS內之含植物大麻素組份的數量可大於總
萃取物之55%、60%、65%、70%、75%、80%至85%或更高。實際含量可能取決於所使用原料及所使用萃取法。
在一BDS內之“主要植物大麻素”為以高於其它植物大麻素的含量存在之植物大麻素。該主要植物大麻素的存在量較佳為總萃取物之大於40%(w/w)。該主要植物大麻素的存在量更佳為該總萃取物之大於50%(w/w)。該主要植物大麻素的存在量又更佳為該總萃取物之大於60%(w/w)。
在該BDS內之主要植物大麻素的含量較佳為該含植物大麻素溶離份之大於50%、又更佳為該含植物大麻素溶離份之大於55%、且又更佳為該含植物大麻素溶離份之大於60%、至65%、70%、75%、80%、85%、90%及95%。
在一BDS內之該“次要植物大麻素(群)”為以顯著比例存在之植物大麻素(群)。該次要植物大麻素的存在量較佳為總萃取物之大於5%(w/w)、更佳為該總萃取物之大於10%(w/w)、又更佳為該總萃取物之15%(w/w)。某些BDS組份可具有2或多種以顯著含量存在的次要植物大麻素。然而並非所有BDS組份可具有次要植物大麻素。
在一BDS內之“微量植物大麻素(群)”可被認為是一旦計算該等主要及次要植物大麻素時,所有該等植物大麻素組份的剩餘物。該等微量植物大麻素之總存在量較佳為總萃取物之5%(w/w)、且該微量植物大麻素之存在量最佳小於該總萃取物之2%(w/w)。
該名詞“不含”或“實質上不含”係指總萃取物之
小於1%、較佳小於0.5%、又更佳小於0.3%、最佳小於0.1%(w/w)。
該名詞“本質上由以下所組成”係限於詳述之該等植物大麻素,其並未排除亦可存在之非大麻素組份。
典型上,該BDS之含非植物大麻素組份包含萜烯、類固醇、三酸甘油酯、烷烴、鯊烯、生育酚及類胡蘿蔔素。
這些化合物在該BDS單獨或與該植物大麻素組合的藥理學上可扮演重要的角色。
該“萜烯溶離份”可具有重要性且可被分類成以下類型:單萜烯或倍半萜烯。可進一步以類似該等大麻素的方式定義這些萜烯組份。
在該BDS內之含非植物大麻素的數量可以是總萃取物之小於45%、從40%、35%、30%、25%、20%至15%或更小。實際含量可能取決於所使用原料及所使用萃取法。
在一BDS內之該“主要單萜烯(群)為以高於其它單萜烯之含量存在的單萜烯。該主要單萜烯(群)的存在量較佳為總萜烯含量之大於20%(w/w)。該主要萜烯的存在量更佳為該總萜烯含量之大於30%(w/w)。又更佳為該總萜烯含量之大於40%(w/w)、且又更佳為該總萜烯含量之大於50%(w/w)。該主要單萜烯較佳為月桂油烯或蒎烯。在某些情況下,可以有兩種主要單萜烯。在本情況下,該等主要單萜烯較佳為蒎烯及/或月桂油烯。
在一BDS內之該“主要倍半萜烯”為以高於其它
倍半萜烯之含量存在的倍半萜烯。該主要倍半萜烯的存在量較佳為總萜烯含量之大於20%(w/w)、又更佳為該總萜烯含量之大於30%(w/w)。該主要倍半萜烯較佳為石竹烯(caryophyllene)及/或蛇麻烯(humulene)。
該等倍半萜烯組份可具有一“次要倍半萜”。該次要倍半萜烯較佳為蒎烯,其存在量較佳為總萜烯含量之大於5%(w/w),該次要倍半萜烯的存在量更佳為該總萜烯之大於10%(w/w)。
該次要倍半萜烯較佳為蛇麻烯,其存在量較佳為總萜烯含量之大於5%(w/w),該次要倍半萜烯的存在量更佳為該總萜烯含量之大於10%(w/w)。
或者如同可得自一零大麻素植物或一或多種在該大麻植物內所發現的非大麻素組份(諸如萜烯)一般,可藉將單離的植物大麻素或其等之合成同等物導入一非大麻素植物溶離物內而製成植物性萃取物。
該等植物大麻素CBDV、CBD、CBCV、CBC、THCV及THC之結構如下示:
根據用以萃取該等大麻素的方法,可以發現呈中性(去羧基化形式)或羧酸形式之植物大麻素。例如已知將該羧形式加熱可導致大多數該羧酸形式進行去羧基化而形成該中性形式。
若使用合成植物大麻素,該名詞有意包括化合物、代謝產物或其衍生物、以及此等化合物之藥學上可接受鹽。
該名詞“藥學上可接受鹽”係指從藥學上可接受之非毒性鹼或酸(其包括如熟悉本項技藝者所熟知之無機鹼或酸及有機鹼或酸)中所製成的鹽或酯。許多合適的無機及有機鹼在本項技藝中係已知。
植物大麻素可以呈該戊基(5個碳原子)或丙基(3個碳原子)變體出現。起先已認為該等丙基及戊基變體可具有類似性質,然而,最近的研究認為其並非事實。例如已知該植物大麻素THC為CB1受體促效劑,然而該丙基變體THCV業經發現係為CB1受體拮抗劑,其意指具有幾乎相反的效用。其係藉Pertwee(2000)在以下資料中而確認:Cannabinoid receptor ligands:clinical and neuropharmacological considerations relevant to future drug discovery and development。
本發明之一目標為確認可安全並有效地用於治療特徵為中樞神經系之過度刺激感受性的神經性病症、諸如發生在癲癇之抽搐或發作。
的確,現有標準抗癲癇藥(SAED)之一主要缺點在現有治療法對於30%患者不具療效且在現有治療法中亦有顯著的肌肉活動的副作用。因此,較佳使用可降低或沒有此等副作用的化合物或組合物。
根據本發明第一方面,係提供一含植物大麻素次大麻二酚(CBDV)及大麻二酚(BD)或本質上由其等所組成之組成物。
該組成物較佳進一步包含一或多種賦形劑。
該組成物較佳進一步包含大麻之至少一非大麻素組份。該大麻之至少一非大麻素組份更佳為或包含一萜烯。
就萜烯而言,應該注意可將萜烯進一步分類成單萜烯或倍半萜烯。在大麻內所發現的一般萜烯包括月桂油烯及蒎烯,而在大麻內所發現的一般倍半萜烯包括石竹烯及蛇麻烯。
該組成物較佳包含CBDV、CBD及另外的大麻色烯類型化合物中之一或多者或本質上由其等所組成。該一或多種大麻色烯類型化合物更佳為大麻色烯丙基變體(CBCV)及/或大麻色烯(CBC)。
該組成物較佳不含或實質上不含任何其它大麻素。該組成物更佳不含或實質上不含大麻素四氫次大麻酚(THCV)及/或四氫大麻酚(THC)。
特別是,該組成物應該包含小於0.3%(w/w)THC。
該組成物較佳包含呈自7:1至1:2比率(CBDV:CBD)之該等大麻素CBDV及CBV或本質上由其等所組成。該CBDV及CBD更佳以自5:1至1:1的比率(CBDV:CBD)存在。該CBDV及CBD又更佳以4.5:1至2:1的比率(CBDV:
CBD)存在。
較佳包裝該組成物以便以單位劑型之遞送。該單位劑型更佳包含自500至2000毫克CBDV及自100至600毫克CBD。
“單位劑劑”在文中之定義為可以於任一時刻或在一特定劑量期(諸如4小時)內攝取之最大用藥劑量。
在本發明之另一實施例中,該組成物進一步包含一標準抗癲癇藥(SAED)。
一標準抗癲癇藥為用於或已用於治療癲癇之具抗引搐活性的藥物。
根據本發明之第二方面,係提供一含該等植物大麻素CBDV及CBD但實質上不含大麻素THCV及THC的萃取物或BDS。
基於數種理由,該等大麻素THCV及THC可能不是用於治療癲癇之組成物的較佳組份。就THCV而言,尤其當考慮到藉Deshpande等人而提供的證據(亦即CB1拮抗劑可以是促引搐劑且可導致自殺傾向),本植物大麻素為已知CB1受體拮抗劑的事實會產生有關於THCV用於治療癲癇的適合性問題。就THC而言,尚未清楚地瞭解THC是否為促-或抗-引搐劑,然而,已廣泛地認知藉THC而引起的部份副作用(諸如精神病及焦慮症)尤其為非所欲。
該萃取物或BDS較佳進一步包含一或多種非大麻素組份(群)。
根據本發明之第三方面,係提供用於治療其特徵
為該中樞神經系之過度刺激感受性、抽搐或癲癇發作之神經性病症的該等植物大麻素次大麻二酚(BDV)及大麻二酚(CBD)之組合物。
該神經性病症之組合較佳為癲癇。該欲經治療之癲癇類型更佳為全身性癲癇發作。
該等植物大麻素次大麻二酚(CBDV)及大麻二酚(CBD)的組合物較佳進一步包含一標準抗癲癇藥(SAED)。
該等植物大麻素CBDV及CBD的組合物較佳不含或實質上不含任何其它大麻素。該組成物更佳不含或實質上不含該等大麻素四氫次大麻酚(THCV)及/或四氫大麻酚(THC)。
根據本發明之第四方面,係提供該等植物大麻素次大麻二酚(CBDV)及大麻二酚(CBD)之組合物在製造用以治療其特徵為中樞神經系之過度刺激感受性的神經性病症、抽搐或癲癇發作之藥物的用途。
該藥物較佳不含或實質上不含任何其它大麻素。該組成物更佳不含或實質上不含該等大麻素四氫次大麻酚(THCV)及/或四氫大麻酚(THC)。
根據本發明之第五方面,係提供一用於治療其特徵為中樞神經系之過度刺激感受性、抽搐或癲癇發作之神經性病症的方法,其包括對需要其治療的患者投與一治療上有效量之該等植物大麻素次大麻二酚(CBDV)及大麻二酚(CBD)的組合物。
該治療上有效量之該等植物大麻素次大麻二酚
(CBDV)及大麻二酚(CBD)的組合物較佳不含或實質上不含任何其它大麻素。該組成物更佳不含或實質上不含該等大麻素四氫次大麻酚(THCV)及/或四氫大麻酚(THC)。
下文參考附圖進一步說明本發明之實施例,其中第1圖表示在癲癇之PTZ模式內,該CBDV(-/-)BDS的最大癲癇發作嚴重性;第2圖表示在癲癇之PTZ模式內,該CBDV(-/-)BDS的死亡率百分比;第3圖表示在癲癇之PTZ模式內,在該CBDV(-/-)BDS內並無癲癇發作的動物百分率;第4圖表示在癲癇之PTZ模式內,在該CBDV(-/-)BDS內之癲癇發作開始的潛伏期;及第5圖表示在癲癇之PTZ模式內,在該CBDV(-/-)BDS內經歷強直性-陣孿性癲癇發作的動物百分率。
該CBDV(-/-)BDS係用以表示已自其選擇性移除THCV及THC的CBDV BDS。
以下實例1描述一已自其選擇性移除該等大麻素THCV及THC之CBDV植物性藥物(BDS)(下文稱為CBDV(-/-)BDS)的用途。在癲癇中之全身性癲癇發作的PTZ模式係用以測定該試驗項目的抗引搐活性。
方法:
動物:
使用雄性威斯達(Wistar)大鼠(P24-29;75-110克)以評估一含該等植物大麻素CBDV及CBD之組成物在全身性癲癇發作的PTZ模式中之合併效用。使動物慣於該試驗環境、籠子、注射方案及處理法,然後才進行實驗。在可自由接近食物及水的情況下,根據12小時亮暗周期(在0900開始亮),將動物安置在21℃及50%濕度的室內。
可使用以下公式估計人類等效劑量(HED):
一大鼠之Km為6,而一人類之Km為37。
因此,就約60公斤之人而言,大鼠之200毫克/公斤的劑量可等於人類之約2000毫克的每日劑量。
組成物
使用一業經進一步藉離心分配層析法而移除該等大麻素THCV及THC而製成之CBDV植物性藥物(BDS)以製成一組成物,因此其中該等大麻素基本上由CBDV及CBD、且係為少量的CBCV及CBC所組成。就本申請案而言,本BDS被稱為CBDV(-/-)BDS。
實驗設備:
將5個具有蓋子之6升Perspex槽放在一單一檯
上,且分割器位於其間。將閉路電視(CCTV)照相機安裝在該等分割器上以觀察大鼠的行為。經由Brooktree數位擷取卡(Bluecherry,USA),使Sony Topica CCD照相機(Bluecherry,USA)經由BNC電纜連接至一低噪PC。使用Zoneminder(http://www.zoneminder.com)軟體以監視大鼠,開始及結束記數並處理視頻檔。利用The Observer(Noldus Technologies),使用實驗臺內(In-house)Linux文字檔以將視頻檔編碼成一用於進一步離線分析合適格式。
PTZ模式:
用PTZ之一系列劑量(50-100毫克/公斤體重)以測定用於誘導癲癇發作之最佳劑量。因此,使用經由腹膜內注射之85毫克/公斤的劑量(IP;在0.9%鹽液中之儲備溶液50毫克/毫升)以篩檢該(BDV(-/-)BDS試驗項目。
實驗方案:
在測試當天,以注射相配量之大麻素媒劑(2:1:17乙醇:克雷瑪福(Cremophor):鹽液)之動物作為負對照組,經由腹膜內(i.p.)注射投與50、100、200、275及346毫克/公斤之劑量的該CBDV(-/-)BDS(可得到如在下表1.1內所揭示的CBDV及CBD之特定劑量)。然後觀察動物,費時1小時,其後,使其等接受85毫克/公斤PTZ之IP注射。使負媒劑對照組與投與大麻素之實驗對象同時進行。接受一劑量之PTZ後,觀察並錄製動物影像以測定癲癇發作的嚴重程度及數種癲癇發作行為類型的潛伏期(見下文之活體內分析)。在最後一次癲癇發作徵象後,拍攝動物,費時半小時,
然後將其等送回籠子內。
劑量組:
下表1.1說明在該CBDV(-/-)BDS之不同劑量組內之該等大麻素CBDV及CBD的各別含量。
活體內分析:
在實驗程序進行期間觀察動物,但是係使用The Observer行為分析軟體(Noldus,Netherlands),根據記錄之視頻檔以離線方式進行所有分析。使用癲癇發作嚴重程序記分系統以測定實驗對象所經歷的癲癇發作程度(Pohl & Mares,1987)。詳述所有動物之癲癇發作徵象。
從注射PTZ至癲癇發作形成之特定指標算起的潛伏期:
記錄注射PTZ至第一次肌陣孿性反射(FMJ;得分1)以及至獲得“具強直性組元及身體扭捲”的動物(得分3.5)之潛伏期。FMJ為癲癇發作活動開始的指標,而>90%之動物的得分為3.5,而且其亦為更嚴重的癲癇發作之形成的合適標記。數據係以在一實驗組內之平均±S.E.M.表示。
最大癲癇發作嚴重性:
其係根據下文之得分尺度,以各實驗組之中位數值表示。
致死率百分比:
由於PTZ誘發之癲癇作發而死亡之一實驗組內的動物百分率。值得注意的是,形成強直性-陣孿性癲癇發作(得分4及5)之動物中之大多數會因此而死亡,且得分6(死亡)自動地表示該動物亦經歷強直性-陣孿性癲癇發作。
癲癇發作持續時間:
從癲癇發作之第一次徵象(典型上為FMJ)至癲癇發作之最後一次徵象或,就已死亡之實驗對象而言,可區分存活之動物及未存活之動物的死亡時間之以秒表示的時間。其係以各實驗組之平均±S.E.M.表示。
統計學:
為了測定潛伏期及嚴重程度,對所有群組一起進行單因子變異數分析(ANOVA)以偵檢該試驗項目之總效用(p0.05被認為顯著),且在圖示內係以a(*)表示。
在顯著的ANOVA結果之後,繼而進行發生於其
後者必然是其結果(post hoc)試驗以測試媒劑與藥物組間的差異(圖吉氏試驗(Tukey’s test),p0.05被視為顯著),且在圖示中係以a(*)表示。
結果:
第1圖闡明該最大癲癇發作嚴重程度,於275毫克/公斤之CBDV(-/-)BDS的劑量下,發現該CBDV(-/-)BDS對於該最大癲癇發作嚴重程度的顯著影響。
第2圖闡明投與該CBDV(-/-)BDS之該等動物的致死率百分比。如觀察可知,投與該200及275毫克/公斤之CBDV(-/-)BDS的該等動物具有重大的統計學之顯著性,而投與最高劑量(346毫克/公斤)CBDV(-/-)BDS之該等動物具有較小統計學的顯著性,但是仍可導致致死率百分比的降低。
第3圖闡明雖然已發現該CBDV(-/-)BDS對於無癲癇發作之動物的百分比並無顯著影響,該275毫克/公斤之劑量會使該等動物中之20%無癲癇發作。
第4圖闡明在該CBDV(-/-)BDS之所有高劑量組(200、275及346毫克/公斤)內,潛伏期至癲癇發作的時間係統計學上增加。
第5圖闡明在該CBDV(-/-)BDS之較高劑量組(200、275及346毫克/公斤)內,已經歷嚴重強直性-陣孿性癲癇發作之動物的百分比降低;然而該降低並未具統計學上顯著性。
結論:
從上述資料可知,由於該CBDV(-/-)BDS組成物可降低癲癇發作的嚴重程度及致死率且增加潛伏期至癲癇發作開始的時間,所以使其成為可用以治療癲癇的所欲組成物。
從一BDS移除該等大麻素THCV及THC進一步可消除有關於CB1拮抗作用及精神病的顧慮。
CBDV(-/-)BDS之分析
可使用CBDV(+/+)BDS之離心分配層析法(CPC)以獲得用於上文實例1之該CBDV(-/-)BDS。
已如下表2.1內所述,製成並分析CBDV(-/-)BDS:
該含總植物大麻素之CBDV(-/-)BDS的溶離份佔總BDS之約41%。根據變量,本渦離份可以有±10%高至±50%之不同。
以含該植物大麻素之溶離份的百分率計,該CBDV(-/-)BDS之主要植物大麻素的含量為約61%。根據變量,本溶離份可以有±10%高至±50%的不同。
在本實例中,其有意獨立參考“其它”大麻素之主要或次要組份。
CBDV(+/+)BDS分析
包括以下實例以提供該CBDV(+/+)BDS之組份的細節。該CBDV(+/+)BDS係藉次臨界CO2萃取法而獲得。除了CBDV外,其尚包含顯著數量之該等大麻素CBD、THCV及THC(以總大麻素含量之百分率計,其各大於1重量%)。THC業經歸類為助引搐劑且除了非所欲的其它副作用(諸如焦慮)外,其亦可具有顯著的精神活性作用。雖然對於癲癇之全身性發作顯示專一的抗抽搐活性之THCV為CB1拮抗劑且根據證據,認為該CB1拮抗劑利莫那班會引起癲癇及其它非所欲作用,但是可較佳從一BDS中移除這些大
麻素,且仍可保有助於該BDS之活性的該非大麻素組份(群)。
可自萃取富有CBDV植物而獲得CBDV(+/+)BDS。專一性地培養此等化學變型以產生顯著比例之可作為CBDV的其等之大麻素。
該等CBDV化學類型係得自兼具視為必要的BD及APR基因之植物的培育。
該BD基因可命令該等植物合成該CBD分子之環狀部份,而該APR基因可命令該植物合成本具有一丙基側鏈(不同於在CBD內所發現的常見戊基鏈)之分子。
一CBDV化學變型業經培育且如下表3.1內所述分析該BDS:
含該總植物大麻素之CBDV(+/+)BDS溶離份佔總BDS之約41%。根據變量,本溶離份可以有±10%高至±50%的不同。
以含該植物大麻素之溶離份的百分率表示之該CBDV(+/+)BDS內的主要植物大麻素之含量為約58%。根據變量,本溶離份可以有±10%高至±50%的不同。
在本實例內,意欲獨立參考該等“其它”大麻素之主要或次要組份。
含高植物大麻素之植物的非大麻素輪廓
包括本比較例以說明一得自業經培育以產生高數量之大麻素之大麻植物的典型萜烯輪廓。
一植物大麻素BDS之該等非大麻素組份在該BDS之藥理學上扮演重要的角色。因此,該萜烯輪廓之分類如下。下表闡明一CBD化學變型(其係為一含高植物大麻素之植物的代表)之該萜烯輪廓。採集5種鮮綠的植物並使用蒸汽蒸餾法進行萃取。以粗體強調該主要單萜烯及倍半萜烯。
含該單一萜烯之溶離份佔該總萜烯溶離份之約52-64%(w/w)。
以該單萜烯溶離份之百分率表示之在該單萜烯溶離份內之主要單萜烯月桂油烯的數量為約61-75%(w/w)。該單萜烯溶離份亦具有一次要單萜烯蒎烯,其佔該單萜烯溶離份之16.3-20%(w/w)。
該含倍半萜烯之溶離份佔該總萜烯溶離份之約27-32%(w/w)。
一“零大麻素”植物之非大麻素輪廓
本比較例係說明一不同於實例4所述之大麻植物的萜烯輪廓且在文中係經再製以進行比較用途。
專利申請案第PCT/GB2008/001837號描述一“零大麻素”植物的製法。這些植物之製法為藉選擇性培育以產生一含在定性上通常與可產生大麻素,然而本身卻不含任何大麻素之大麻仁(Cannabis sativa L)植物類似之萜烯輪廓的大麻仁植物。這些植物可用以產生在實驗及臨床試驗中可作為有用的對照植物之無大麻素的植物萃取物。可在下表內找到在該等植物內所產生之萜烯輪廓的分析。以粗體強調該等主要單萜烯及倍半萜烯。
該含單萜烯之溶離份佔總萜烯溶離份之約65-79%(w/w)。
該含倍半萜烯之溶離份佔總萜烯溶離份之約25-31%(w/w)。
以該倍半萜烯溶離份之百分率表示之在該倍半萜烯溶離份內之主要倍半萜烯石竹的數量為35-43%(w/w)。該倍半萜烯溶離份亦具有一次要倍半萜烯蛇麻烯,其佔該倍半萜烯溶離分之約16-20%(w/w)。
CBDV(+/+)BDS在全身性癲癇發作之該PTZ模式的用途
本比較例係先前提供在GB 1005364.3(未公開)專利申請案內且包含在本文內以用於代表性用途。
如實例1內所述的方法。
以可產生50及100毫克/公斤之CBDV劑量,投與4種劑量之CBDV(+/+)BDS。下表6.1詳述所得到的數據。
如所述,可知該CBDV(+/+)BDS顯示一可降低癲癇發作關聯性致死率的趨勢。
Claims (22)
- 一種含植物大麻素次大麻二酚(CBDV)及大麻二酚(CBD)或本質上由其等所組成的組成物。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物,其進一步包含一或多賦形劑(excipient)。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之組成物,其進一步包含大麻之非大麻素組份的至少一者。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項之組成物,其中該大麻之非大麻素組份的至少一者係為或包含一萜烯。
- 如上述申請專利範圍中任一項之組成物,其中該等植物大麻素包含CBDV、CBD及一或多大麻色烯類型化合物或本質上由其等所組成。
- 如申請專利範圍第5項之組成物,其中該一或多大麻色烯類型化合物為大麻色烯丙基變體(CBCV)及/或大麻色烯(CBC)。
- 如上述申請專利範圍中任一項之組成物,其不含或實質上不含任何其它大麻素。
- 如申請專利範圍第7項之組成物,其中該等任何其它大麻素為四氫次大麻酚(THCV)及/或四氫大麻酚(THC)。
- 如上述申請專利範圍中任一項之組成物,其中該CBDV及CBD係以自7:1至1:2(CBDV:CBD)的比率存在。
- 如申請專利範圍第9項之組成物,其中該CBDV及CBD係以自5:1至1:1(CBDV:CBD)的比率存在。
- 如申請專利範圍第9或10項之組成物,其中該CBDV及 CBD係以4.5:1至2:1(CBDV:CBD)的比率存在。
- 如上述申請專利範圍中任一項之組成物,其中一單位劑型包含自500至2000毫克CBDV。
- 如上述申請專利範圍中任一項之組成物,其中一單位劑型包含自100至600毫克CBD。
- 如上述申請專利範圍中任一項之組成物,其進一步包含一標準抗癲癇藥(SAED)。
- 一種含該等植物大麻素CBDV及CBD但實質上不含該等大麻素THCV及THC之萃取物或BDS。
- 如申請專利範圍第15項之萃取物或BDS,其進一步包含一或多非大麻素組份(群)。
- 一種用以治療其特徵為中樞神經系之過度刺激感受性、抽搐或癲癇發作之神經性病症的該等植物大麻素次大麻二酚(CBDV)及大麻二酚(CBD)之組合。
- 如申請專利範圍第17項之該等植物大麻素次大麻二酚(CBDV)及大麻二酚(CBD)的組合,其中該神經性病症為癲癇。
- 如申請專利範圍第18項之該等植物大麻素次大麻二酚(CBDV)及大麻二酚(CBD)的組合,其中該欲治療的癲癇類型為全身性癲癇發作。
- 如申請專利範圍第17至19項中任一項之該等植物大麻素次大麻二酚(CBDV)及大麻二酚(CBD)的組合,其進一步包含一標準抗癲癇藥(SAED)。
- 一種該等植物大麻素次大麻二酚(CBDV)及大麻二酚 (CBD)的組合用於製造用以治療其特徵為中樞神經系之過度刺激感受性、抽搐或癲癇發作的神經性病症之藥物的用途。
- 一種用以治療其特徵為中樞神經系之過度刺激感受性、抽搐或癲癇發作的神經性病症之方法,其包括對需要治療的患者投與一治療上有效量之該等植物大麻素次大麻二酚(CBDV)及大麻二酚(CBD)的組合。
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN111372907A (zh) * | 2017-09-01 | 2020-07-03 | 普优峰全球股份有限公司 | 合成大麻二酚组合物和用于制备其的方法 |
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