JP4948166B2 - 分娩後由来細胞を用いた軟骨と骨の修復と再生 - Google Patents
分娩後由来細胞を用いた軟骨と骨の修復と再生 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本出願は、2003年6月27日に提出された米国仮出願番号第60/483,264号に対する優先権を主張するものであって、その全内容はこの参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。本出願は、2004年6月25日に提出された米国出願番号第10/877,012号、2004年6月25日に提出された米国出願番号第10/877,446号、2004年6月25日に提出された米国出願番号第10/877,269号、2004年6月25日に提出された米国出願番号第10/877,445号、2004年6月25日に提出された米国出願番号第10/877,541号、2004年6月25日に提出された米国出願番号第10/877,009号、2004年3月24日に提出された米国仮出願番号第60/555,908号の同一出願人による同時係属出願に関連し、そのそれぞれの内容全体はこの参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
GCP−2、組織因子、ビメチン、α−平滑筋アクチンの少なくとも1つの産生と、フローサイトメトリーで検出されるとおり、NOGO−A、GRO−αまたは酸化低密度リポタンパク質受容体の少なくとも1つの生産がないことと、
CD10、CD13、CD44、CD73、CD90、PDGFr−α、PD−L2、HLA−A、B、Cの少なくとも1つの産生と、
フローサイトメトリーで検出されるとおり、CD31、CD34、CD45、CD80、CD86、CD117、CD141、CD178、B7−H2、HLA−G、HLA−DR、DP、DQの少なくとも1つの産生がないことと、
線維芽細胞、間葉幹細胞、または回腸稜(iliac crest)の骨髄細胞であるヒト細胞と関連した発現が、インターロイキン8、レチキュロン1、ケモカイン(C−X−Cモチーフ)リガンド1(メラノーマ増殖刺激活性、α)、ケモカイン(C−X−Cモチーフ)リガンド6(顆粒球走化性タンパク質2)、ケモカイン(C−X−Cモチーフ)リガンド3、腫瘍壊死因子、α誘導蛋白質3の少なくとも1つで上昇すること、または線維芽細胞、間葉幹細胞、または回腸稜の骨髄細胞であるヒト細胞と関連した発現が、C型レクチンスーパーファミリーメンバーA2、ウィルムス腫瘍1、アルデヒド・デヒドロゲナーゼ1ファミリーメンバーA2、レニン、酸化低密度リポタンパク質受容体1、タンパク質キナーゼCゼータ、クローンIMAGE:4179671、仮想タンパク質DKFZp564F013、卵巣癌でダウンレギュレートされる遺伝子1(downregulated in ovarian cancer 1)、クローンDKFZp547K1113の少なくとも1つで上昇することと、
線維芽細胞、間葉幹細胞、または回腸稜の骨髄細胞であるヒト細胞と関連した発現が、低身長感受性(short stature)ホメオボックス2、熱ショック27kDa蛋白質2、ケモカイン(C−X−Cモチーフ)リガンド12(間質細胞由来因子1)、エラスチン、cDNA DKFZp586M2022(クローンDKFZp586M2022より)、間葉(mesenchyme)ホメオボックス2、sine oculisホメオボックスホモログ1、クリスタリンαB、形態形成のdishevelled関連アクチベータ2(dishevelled associated activator of morphogenesis 2)、DKFZP586B2420蛋白質、ニューラリン1の類似体、テトラネクチン、Srcホモロジー3(SH3)およびシステインリッチドメイン、B−細胞転座遺伝子1(抗増殖性)、コレステロール25−水酸化酵素、runt関連転写因子3、仮想蛋白質FLJ23191、インターロイキン11受容体α、プロコラーゲンC−エンドペプチターゼエンハンサー、縮合(frizzled)ホモログ7、仮想遺伝子BC008967、コラーゲンVIII型α1、テネイシンC、iroquoisホメオボックス蛋白質5、ヘファエスチン、インテグリンβ8、シナプス小胞糖タンパク2、cDNA FLJ12280 fis、クローンMAMMA1001744、サイトカイン受容体様因子1、カリウム中間体/低透過カルシウム活性化チャネル(サブファミリーN、メンバー4)、インテグリンα7、DKFZP586L151蛋白質、PDZ−結合モチーフ(TAZ)を有する転写コアクチベーター、sine oculisホメオボックスホモログ2、KIAA1034蛋白質、初期成長応答3、ディスタル・レス・ホメオボックス 5、仮想的蛋白質FLJ20373、アルド−ケトレダクターゼファミリー1メンバーC3(3−αヒドロキシステロイド脱水素酵素II型)、バイグリカン、フィブロネクチン1、プロエンケファリン、インテグリンβ様1(EGF様反復ドメインを有する)、cDNAクローンEUROIMAGE 1968422、EphA3、KIAA0367蛋白質、ナトリウム利尿ペプチド受容体C/グアニル酸シクラーゼC(心房ナトリウム利尿ペプチド受容体C)、仮想的蛋白質FLJ14054、cDNA DKFZp564B222(クローンDKFZp564B222より)、小胞関連膜タンパク5(ミオブレビン(myobrevin))、EGF含有フィブリン(fibulin)様細胞外マトリックスタンパク質1、BCL2/アデノウィルスE1B 19kDa相互作用蛋白質3様、AE結合蛋白質1、シトクロムc酸化酵素サブユニットVIIaポリペプチド1(筋肉)、線維芽細胞種・腫瘍原性の抑制1(neuroblastoma、suppression of tumorigenicity 1)、インスリン様成長因子結合蛋白質2(36kDa)における少なくとも1つの遺伝子で減少している、
MCP−1、IL−6、IL−8、GCP−2、HGF、KGF、FGF、HB−EGF、BDNF、TPO、MIP1a、RANTES、TIMP1の少なくとも1つの分泌と、
ELISAで検出されるTGF−β2、ANG2、PDGFbb、MIP1b、I309、MDC、VEGFの少なくとも1つの分泌の欠如と、
培養で少なくとも40集団倍加を受ける能力、
の少なくとも1つを有するものである。
本明細書と請求項で使用される様々な用語は、以下に説明するとおりに定義される。
生じさせることができる、(2)「多能性」−すべての胚細胞タイプを生じさせることができる、(3)「多分化能」−細胞系譜のサブセットを生じさせることができ、特定の組織、臓器、または生理学的システム内のすべてを生じさせる(例えば、造血幹細胞(HSC)はHSC(自己複製)、血液細胞限定的な低能性(oligopotent)前駆細胞、および前記血液の正常な成分であるすべての細胞タイプと要素(例えば血小板)を含む後代を生成することができる)、(4)「低能性」−多分化能幹細胞よりも限定的な細胞系譜のサブセットを生じさせることができる、(5)「単能性」−単細胞系譜(例えば精子形成幹細胞)を生じさせることができる、として発達の可能性により分類される。
ANG2(またはAng2)はアンジオポエチン2、
APCは抗原提示細胞、
BDNFは脳由来神経栄養因子、
bFGFは塩基性線維芽細胞増殖因子、
bid(BID)は「1日2回」、
BSPは骨シアロ蛋白質、
CK18はサイトケラチン18、
CXCリガンド3はケモカイン受容体リガンド3、
DAPIは4'−6−ジアミジノ−2−フェニルインドール−2HCl、
DMEMはダルベッコ改変イーグル培地、
DMEM:lg(またはDMEM:Lg、DMEM:LG)は低グルコースDMEM、
EDTAはエチレンジアミン四酢酸、
EGF(またはE)は上皮増殖因子、
EPOはエリスロポエチン、
FACSは蛍光活性化細胞選別装置、
FBSはウシ胎仔血清、
FGF(またはF)は線維芽細胞増殖因子、
GCP−2は顆粒球走化性蛋白質−2、
GDF−5は増殖および分化因子5、
GFAPはグリア線維酸性蛋白質、
HB−EGFはヘパリン結合上皮増殖因子、
HCAECはヒト冠動脈内皮細胞、
HGFは肝細胞増殖因子、
hMSCはヒト間葉幹細胞、
HNF−1αは、肝細胞特異的転写因子、
HUVECはヒト臍静脈内皮細胞、
I309はケモカインで前記CCR8受容体のリガンドであり、TH2型T細胞の化学親和性に関与する、
IGFはインスリン様増殖因子、
IL−6はインターロイキン−6、
IL−8はインターロイキン8、
K19はケラチン19、
K8はケラチン8、
KGFは角化細胞増殖因子、
MCP−1は単球走化性蛋白質1、
MDCはマクロファージ由来ケモカイン、
MIP1αはマクロファージ炎症性蛋白質1α、
MIP1βはマクロファージ炎症性蛋白質1β、
MMPはマトリックスメタロプロテアーゼ(MMP)、
MSCは間葉幹細胞、
NHDFは正常ヒト皮膚線維芽細胞、
NPEは神経前駆細胞増殖培地、
OxLDLRは酸化低密度リポ蛋白質受容体、
PBMCは末梢血単核球、
PBSはリン酸緩衝生理食塩水、
PDCは胎盤由来細胞、
PDGFbbは血小板由来増殖因子、
PDGFr−αは血小板由来増殖因子受容体α、
PD−L2はプログラム死リガンド2、
PEはフィコエリトイン、
POは「経口」、
PPDCは分娩後由来細胞、
Rantes(またはRANTES)は、活性化で制御され、正常T細胞が発現および分泌(regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted)の遺伝子、
rbはウサギ、
rhは組み換えヒト、
SCは皮下、
SCIDは重度複合免疫不全、
SDF−1αは間質由来因子1α、
SHHはソニック・ヘッジホッグ、
SMAは平滑筋アクチン、
SOPは標準操作手順、
TARCは胸腺および活性化制御ケモカイン、
TCPは組織培養プラスチック、
TGFβ2はトランスフォーミング増殖因子β2、
TGFβ3はトランスフォーミング増殖因子β3、
TIMP1は組織マトリックスメタロプロテアーゼ阻害物質1、
TPOはトロンボポエチン、
TuJ1はBIIIチューブリン、
UDCは臍帯由来細胞、
VEGFは血管内皮増殖因子、
vWFはフォンウィレブランド因子、
αFPはαフェトプロテインである。
様々な特許および他の公開はここで、本明細書中に引用され、それぞれは、ここで参照することによってその全体参照することにより本書に盛り込まれる。
ここで説明された方法によれば、哺乳類の胎盤と臍帯は、満期産または早期産のいずれかを終了時またはその直後、例えば出産後の娩出後に回復される。分娩後組織は、経膣的、または他の方法、例えば帝王切開を用いるかによらず、完了した妊娠、満期または満期前すべてから得られる可能性がある。前記分娩後組織は前記出産施設から実験室に、フラスコ、ビーカー、培養皿、またはバッグなどの無菌容器で輸送されてもよい。前記容器は、これだけに限らないが、例えばダルベッコ改変イーグル培地(DMEM)またはリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)などの塩溶液を含む溶媒または培地、またはウィスコンシン大学溶液またはペルフルオロ化合物溶液など、移植に使用される臓器の輸送に使用するすべての溶液を有してもよい。これだけに限らないが、ペニシリン、ストレプトマイシン、アンフォテリシンB、ゲンタマイシン、ナイスタチンなど、1若しくはそれ以上の抗生物質および/または抗真菌剤が培地または緩衝液に追加されてもよい。前記分娩後組織は、ヘパリン含有溶液などの抗凝固溶液で洗い流してもよい。PPDCの抽出前に約4〜10℃で前記組織を保持することが好ましい。前記組織はPPDCの抽出前に凍結されないことがさらに好ましい。
PPDCは例えば増殖特性(例えば集団倍加能、倍加時間、老化までの継代)、核型分析(例えば正常な核型、母体または新生児の細胞系譜)、フローサイトメトリー(例えばFACS分析)、免疫組織化学および/または免疫細胞化学(例えばこれだけに限らないが、ビメチン、デスミン、α−平滑筋アクチン、サイトケラチン18、フォン・ヴィレブランド因子、CD34、GROα、GCP−2、酸化低密度リポ蛋白質受容体1、NOGO−Aを含むエピトープの検出)、遺伝子発現プロファイリング(例えば、遺伝子チップアレイ、ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(例えば、逆転写酵素PCR、リアルタイムPCR、従来のPCR))、蛋白質配列、蛋白質の分泌(例えば、血漿凝固アッセイまたはPPDC条件培地の分析により、例えば、酵素結合免疫吸着検定法(ELISA)による)、抗体分析(例えばELISA、これだけに限らないが、CD10、CD13、CD31、CD34、CD44、CD45、CD73、CD80、CD86、CD90、CD117、CD141、CD178、血小板由来増殖因子受容体α(PDGFr−α)、HLAクラスI抗原(HLA−A、HLA−B、HLA−C)、HLAクラスII抗原(HLA−DP、HLA−DQ、HLA−DR)、B7−H2、PD−L2を含む細胞表面マーカーの抗体染色)、混合リンパ球反応(例えば、同種PBMC刺激の指標として)、および/または他の当該分野に既知の方法で特徴付けられてもよい。
PPDCは分化が誘導される細胞培養条件とすることで、軟骨形成細胞系譜に分化するように誘導されてもよい。PPDCは、アスコルビン酸の有無にかかわらず、例えば1若しくはそれ以上のGDF−5またはトランスフォーミング成長因子β3(TGF−β3)など、特定の外因性軟骨形成増殖因子(例えば、培養中)を有する軟骨形成培地で培養されてもよい。
PPDCは分化を誘導する細胞培養条件とすることで、骨形成細胞系譜に分化するように誘導されてもよい。いくつかの実施形態では、これだけに限らないが、約10−7モルおよび約10−9モルのデキサメタゾンを含む培地(例えば低グルコースDMEM)と約10マイクロモル〜約50マイクロモルのアスコルビン酸リン酸塩(例えばアスコルビン酸−2−リン酸)および約10ナノモル〜約10ミリモルのβ−グリセロリン酸との組み合わせなど、PPDCが骨形成培地で培養される。前記培地は好ましくは血清(例えばウシ血清、ウマ血清)を含む。骨形成培地も1若しくはそれ以上の抗生物質/抗真菌薬を有してもよい。前記骨形成培地には、好ましくはトランスフォーミング成長因子−β(例えば、TGF−β1)および/または骨形態形成タンパク質(例えば、BMP−2、BMP−4、またはその組み合わせ、最も好ましくはBMP−4)が添加される。
PPDCは、外胚葉、内胚葉、または中胚葉細胞系譜に分化するように誘導されてもよい。本発明のPPDCから発達する分化細胞を特徴付ける方法には、これだけに限らないが組織学的、形態的、生化学的、免疫組織化学的方法を含み、または前記分化細胞による因子を同定することで、また前記分化PPDCの誘導性により、遺伝的または分子的に細胞表面マーカーを用いる。
PPDCの遺伝子工学
本発明の前記細胞は設計され、これだけに限らないが、組み込み型ウイルスベクター、例えばレトロウイルスベクターまたはアデノ関連ウイルスベクター、非組み込み型複製ベクター、例えばパピローマウイルスベクター、SV40ベクター、アデノウイルスベクター、または複製欠陥ウイルスベクターを含む様々なベクターのいずれかを利用することができる。細胞にDNAを導入する他の方法には、リポソーム、電気穿孔法、パーティクルガンの利用を含み、または直接DNA注入法による。
PPDCによる増殖因子の分泌は、in vitroまたはin vivoで第2の細胞タイプの栄養支持を提供してもよい。PPDCは例えば少なくとも単球走化性蛋白質1(MCP−1)、インターロイキン−6(IL6)、インターロイキン8(IL−8)、GCP−2、肝細胞増殖因子(HGF)、角化細胞増殖因子(KGF)、線維芽細胞増殖因子(FGF)、ヘパリン結合性上皮増殖因子(HB−EGF)、脳由来神経栄養因子(BDNF)、トロンボポエチン(TPO)、マクロファージ炎症性タンパク質1α(MIP1a)、RANTES、組織マトリックスメタロプロテアーゼ阻害物質1(TIMP1)の少なくとも1つを分泌してもよく、既知組成培地における前記細胞のex vivo培養を含め、様々な方法により増大される可能性がある。
本発明の別の実施形態では、軟骨形成または骨形成細胞系譜への分化を刺激する条件でインキュベートされた未分化PPDCまたはPPDCから、条件培地の生産にPPDCを使用することを特徴としている。そのような条件培地は、例えば、これだけに限らないが骨髄細胞、骨芽細胞、骨細胞、破骨細胞、骨裏打ち細胞、軟骨芽細胞、軟骨細胞を含む幹細胞または前駆細胞などの細胞のin vitroまたはex vivo培養で、または例えばPPDCおよび/または幹細胞、骨細胞、骨芽細胞、破骨細胞、骨裏打ち細胞、軟骨細胞、軟骨芽細胞、骨髄細胞などの均一または不均一な集団を有する移植細胞を支援するためにin vivoで使用するために検討される。
本発明のPPDCが利用され、前記組織の疾患または外傷または前記組織が正常に発達できないため、軟骨または骨組織の修復または置換を必要とする患者を治療するか、顔または身体の他の特徴を増大するなどの美容機能を提供してもよい。治療では、本発明の前記細胞を利用し、新しい軟骨組織または骨組織を生産してもよい。例えば、本発明の未分化または軟骨形成分化誘導細胞が利用され、例えば関節リウマチまたは変形性関節症または軟骨の外傷や外科的障害などの軟組織疾患を治療してもよい。別の例としては、本発明の未分化または骨形成分化誘導細胞が利用され、代謝性および非代謝性骨疾患を含む骨疾患を治療してもよい。骨疾患の例には、半月板の断裂、脊椎の癒着、椎間板の欠落、脊髄の再構築、骨折、骨/脊髄の変形、骨肉腫、骨髄腫、骨異形成症、脊柱側弯症、骨粗鬆症、歯周病、歯の骨量減少、骨軟化症、くる病、線維性骨炎、腎性骨ジストロフィー、骨パジェット病を含む。
例えば医薬品を含む、PPDCと関連製剤の組成(例えば細胞外基質、溶解物、可溶性細胞分画、条件培地)は、本発明の範囲内に含まれる。本発明の組成には、例えばこれだけに限らないが、増殖因子、分化誘導因子、カスパーゼ阻害薬などの細胞生存因子、p38キナーゼ阻害薬などの抗炎症性因子、またはVEGFまたはbFGFなどの血管形成因子など、1若しくはそれ以上の生理活性因子を含んでもよい。生理活性因子のいくつかの例には、PDGF−bb、EGF、bFGF、IGF−1、LIFを含む。いくつかの実施形態では、未分化または分化誘導PDPCが前記生理活性因子と接触して培養される。いくつかの実施形態では、未分化PPDCは、前記生理活性因子と接触した時点でまだ未分化のままである。他の実施形態では、前記生理活性因子が前記PPDCの分化を誘導する。
本題の発明の治療法には、それを必要とする患者にPPDC、または分化転換した細胞の移植が関与する。本発明の細胞は同種または自家としてもよく、治療が必要な部位または前記部位の「ホーム」に送達されてもよい。
限定しない実施形態では、本発明の前記細胞を有する製剤が、新規軟骨または骨組織の生産が望ましい部位に直接投与するために調製される。例えば、限定されないが、本発明の前記細胞は注射用ヒドロゲル溶液で懸濁されてもよい。本発明で使用されるために適切なヒドロゲルの例には、RAD16などの自己組織化ペプチドを含む。代わりに、前記細胞を含むヒドロゲル溶液は、例えば鋳型内に固形化することができ、移植前にそこに分散される細胞を有する基質を形成してもよい。または一度前記基質が固まると、前記細胞が移植前に有糸分裂により増殖されるように、前記細胞構造が培養されてもよい。前記ヒドロゲルは、共有結合、イオン結合、または水素結合を介して架橋結合され、水分子を包括してゲルを形成する三次元開放型格子構造を形成する、有機ポリマー(天然型または合成型)である。ヒドロゲルを形成するために用いられる可能性がある物質の例には、アルギン酸とその塩などの多糖類、ペプチド、ポリホスファジン、ポリアクリル酸を含み、これらはイオンにより架橋結合され、また、ポリエチレン・オキシド−ポリプロピレングリコールブロックコポリマーなどのブロックポリマーを含み、それぞれ温度またはpHにより架橋結合される。いくつかの実施形態では、本発明のPPDCの支持体が生分解性である。
事前に形成されたウェルでのPPDCの培養または共培養は、事前に定められた厚さと容積の組織パッチの製造を可能とする。前記で得られた組織パッチの容積は、前記ウェルの容積と前記ウェル中のPPDC数に依存する。最適な事前に決定された容積の組織は、前記パラメーターのいずれかまたは両方を変化させることで、ルーティンな実験により調整されてもよい。
本発明またはその共培養の細胞は、三次元骨格に播種され、in vivoで移植されてもよく、そこで、前記播種細胞は前記構造物で増殖し、前記患者の細胞と共にin vivoで置換軟骨または骨組織を形成する。
本発明の前記細胞を移植する、またはそこから生産される生組織の代わりとして、組織修復、置換、または増大を必要とする被験者に、前記細胞外基質(ECM)またはこれらの細胞によって生産される細胞溶解物など、PPDCの成分または生産物の投与から利益が生じ得る。
本発明の細胞と組織はin vitroで利用され、医薬品の効果と細胞毒性、増殖/制御因子、抗炎症薬について、広範な化合物をスクリーニングしてもよい。このため、本発明の細胞、または前記組織培養はin vitroで管理され、検査すべき化合物に曝露される。細胞毒性化合物の活性は、培養で細胞を障害または死滅させる能力により測定されうる。これは生体染色法により容易に評価されうる。増殖/制御因子の効果は、in vitroの生細胞数を分析することにより、例えば細胞総量と異なる細胞数により評価されうる。これは、タイプ特異的な細胞抗原を定義する抗体を利用した免疫細胞化学的方法を利用するなど、標準的な細胞学的および/または組織学的方法を用いて達成されてもよい。懸濁培養または前述の三次元系における、本発明の細胞に対する様々な薬物の効果が取り上げられてもよい。
さらなる実施形態では、本発明の細胞がin vitroで培養され、高収率で生物学的製剤を産生することができる。例えば、そのような細胞は、特定の対象生物学的製剤(例えば増殖因子、制御因子、またはペプチドホルモン)を自然に生産するか、または生物学的製剤を産生するため遺伝子操作され、例えば上述の三次元培養系を用いてクローン技術により増殖することができる。前記細胞が前記栄養培地に生物学的製剤を分泌する場合、前記製剤が前記使用済みまたは条件培地から、分別タンパク質沈殿、イオン交換クロマトグラフィー、ゲルろ過クロマトグラフィー、電気泳動、高速液体クロマトグラフィーなどの標準的な分離法を利用し、容易に単離されうる。「バイオリアクター」は、例えばin vitro三次元培養など、栄養補給を行うためのフロー法を活用するために利用されうる。
前記PPDCとその成分および製剤は、例えば培養または移植用キットの一部として都合よく利用されうる。従って、本発明は前記PPDCと、基質(例えば骨格)、水和剤(例えば、生理的に適合する食塩水、調製細胞培養培地)、細胞培養基質(例えば、培養皿、シャーレ、バイアルなど)、細胞培地(液体または粉末形)、抗生物質、ホルモンなどの追加成分を含むキットを提供する。前記キットはそのような成分のいずれかを含むが、好ましくはその意図した使用に必要なすべての成分を含む。望ましい場合は、前記キットが(典型的には凍結保存された)細胞を含む可能性があり、ここで述べられているとおり、前記格子に播種される可能性がある。
本発明のPPDCは凍結保存され、「細胞バンク」に維持または保存されてもよい。本発明の細胞の凍結保存は、既知の方法に沿って実行されうる。例えばこれだけに限らないが、5〜10%のグリセロールがある場合とない場合で、例えば約0.5〜10×106細胞/ミリリットルの密度で、例えばさらに0〜95%のFBS、0〜10%のジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)を有する培地など、「凍結培地」で細胞が懸濁されてもよい。前記凍結保存培地は、これだけに限らないがメチルセルロースを含む凍結保存剤を有してもよい。前記細胞は、次に制御された冷凍率の冷凍庫に密閉および移動された、ガラスまたはプラスチックアンプルに分配される。最適な冷凍率は経験的に決定されてもよい。例えばプログラム可能な冷凍率の冷凍庫は、毎分−1〜−10℃の温度で変化させることができる。前記好ましい凍結保存温度は約−80℃〜約−180℃であり、さらに好ましくは約−90℃〜約−160℃、最も好ましくは約−125〜約−140℃である。凍結保存された細胞は、使用のために解凍する前に、好ましくは液体窒素に移動される。いくつかの実施例では、例えば前記アンプルが約−90℃に達した後、液体窒素の保存域に移動される。凍結保存された細胞は数年間保存されうる。
実施例
本研究の目的は、胎盤および臍帯組織の細胞集団に由来するものであった。満期または早期妊娠いずれかの出産で、分娩後臍帯および胎盤が入手された。細胞は、臍帯および胎盤組織の5人の別のドナーから採取された。1)異なる表現型を有する細胞に分化する能力、または2)他の細胞および組織に対して有用な、重大な栄養因子を提供する能力、がある細胞を得る能力について、様々な細胞単離法が検討された。
臍帯細胞の誘導。臍帯は国立疾病研究互助組織(National Disease Research Interchange、NDRI、ペンシルバニア州フィラデルフィア)から入手された。前記組織は正常出産後に入手された。前記細胞単離プロトコールは、層流フードで無菌的に実行された。血液と壊死組織片を除去するため、前記臍帯が抗真菌剤および抗生物質(100単位/ミリリットルのペニシリン、100マイクログラム/ミリリットルのストレプトマイシン、0.25マイクログラム/ミリリットルのアンフォテリシンB(インビトロジェン、カリフォルニア州カールズバッド))存在下、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS;インビトロジェン、カリフォルニア州カールズバッド)で洗浄された。50ミリリットルの培地(低グルコースDMEMまたは高グルコースDMEM、インビトロジェン)の存在下、前記組織が細いパルプに切断されるまで、前記組織が150cm2の組織培養皿で機械的に分離された。前記細かく切断された組織は、50ミリリットルのコニカルチューブ(1本当たり約5グラムの組織)に移動された。前記組織は、次に抗真菌剤と抗生物質(100単位/ミリリットルのペニシリン、100マイクログラム/ミリリットルのストレプトマイシン、0.25マイクログラム/ミリリットルのアンフォテリシンB(インビトロジェン))および消化酵素をそれぞれ含む低グルコースDMEM培地または高グルコースDMEM培地で、消化された。いくつかの実験では、コラゲナーゼとディスパーゼの酵素混合物が使用された(「C:D」、低グルコースDMEM培地中、コラゲナーゼ(シグマ、ミズーリー州セントルイス)、500単位/ミリリットル、ディスパーゼ(インビトロジェン)、50単位/ミリリットル)。他の実験では、コラゲナーゼ、ディスパーゼ、ヒアルロニダーゼの混合物(「C:D:H」)が使用された(低グルコースDMEM中コラゲナーゼ500単位/ミリリットル、ディスパーゼ50単位/ミリリットル、ヒアルロニダーゼ(Sigma)、5単位/ミリリットル)。前記組織、培地、消化酵素を含むコニカルチューブが、37℃、オービタルシェーカー(Environ、ニューヨーク州ブルックリン)で、225rpm、2時間インキュベートされた。
異なる酵素の組み合わせを用いた細胞単離。C:D:Hの組み合わせが単離後の最高細胞収率を提供し、前記他の条件よりも培養でより多くの世代を増殖させた細胞を生成した(表1−1)。増殖させた細胞集団は、コラゲナーゼまたはヒアルロニダーゼのみを用いて達成されなかった。この結果が検討された前記コラーゲンに特異的であるか否かを決定する試みは行われなかった。
1.HO,Tony,W.;KOPEN,Gene,C.;RIGHTER,William,F.;RUTKOWSKI,J.,Lynn ;HERRING,W.,Joseph ;RAGAGLIA,Vanessa ;WAGNER,Joseph WO2003025149 A2 CELL POPULATIONS WHICH CO−EXPRESS CD49C AND CD90,NEURONYX,INC.出願番号PCT/2002/029971、提出日20020920、A2発表日20030327、A3発表日20031218。
いくつかの細胞培地で、胎盤由来細胞の増殖を支持する能力が評価された。正常(20%)および低(5%)酸素状態での胎盤由来細胞の増殖が、前記MTS比色測定法を用いて3日後に評価された。
継代8(P8)における胎盤由来細胞は、増殖培地(低グルコースDMEM(ギブコ、カリフォルニア州カールズバッド)、15%(v/v)ウシ胎仔血清(カタログ番号 SH30070.03、ハイクローン、ユタ州ローガン)、0.001%(v/v)ベータメルカプトエタノール(シグマ、ミズーリー州セントルイス)、50単位/ミリリットルのペニシリン、50マイクログラム/ミリリットルのストレプトマイシン(ギブコ))中、96ウェルのプレート、1×103細胞/ウェルで播種された。8時間後、表2−1で説明されたとおりに前記培地が変更され、細胞は37℃、5% CO2で48時間、正常(20%、v/v)または低(5%、v/v)酸素状態でインキュベートされた。MTSは3時間前記培地(CELLTITER 96 Aqueous一溶液細胞増殖アッセイ、プロメガ、ウィスコンシン州マディソン)に追加され、前記吸光度は490ナノメーターで測定された(モレキュラーデバイス、カリフォルニア州サニーベール)。
前記MTSアッセイの標準曲線は、吸光度の上昇と細胞数の上昇の間で線形相関を確立した。得られた吸光度の値は推定細胞数に変換され、前記最初の播種に対する変化(%)が計算された。
通常のL−バリンイソ型の代わりにD−バリンを含む培地が利用され、培地で線維芽細胞様の細胞増殖を選択的に抑制させることが報告された(Hongpaisan、2000;Sordilloら、1988)。L−バリンがない状態でD−バリンを含む培地において、分娩後由来細胞の増殖が評価された。
ゼラチンコーティングしたT75フラスコ中、5×103細胞/cm2で胎盤由来細胞(P3)、線維芽細胞(P9)、臍帯由来細胞(P5)が播種された(コーニング、ニューヨーク州コーニング)。24時間後、前記培地が除去され、前記細胞がリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)(ギブコ、ニューヨーク州コーニング)で洗い流され、残りの培地を除去した。前記培地が改変増殖培地(D−バリン(特注、ギブコ)、15%(v/v)透析ウシ胎児血清(ハイクローン、ユタ州ローガン)、0.001%(v/v)ベータメルカプトエタノール(シグマ)、50単位/ミリリットルのペニシリン、50マイクログラム/ミリリットルのストレプトマイシン(ギブコ)を用いたDMEM)で置換された。
透析された血清を含む増殖培地に播種された細胞と異なり、D−バリン含有培地に播種される胎盤由来細胞、臍帯由来細胞、線維芽細胞は増殖しなかった。線維芽細胞は形態学的に変化し、サイズが増加し、形が変化した。前記細胞のすべてが死滅し、最終的に4週間後、フラスコ表面から剥離した。
Hongpaisan J.(2000) Inhibition of proliferation of contaminating fibroblasts by D−valine in cultures of smooth muscle cells from human myometrium.Cell Biol Int.24:1−7.
Sordillo LM,Oliver SP,Akers RM.(1988) Culture of bovine mammary epithelial cells in D−valine modified medium:selective removal of contaminating fibroblasts.Cell Biol Int Rep.12:355−64.
本研究の目的は、分娩後由来細胞の凍結保存用に適した凍結保存培地を決定することであった。
ゼラチンコーティングされたT75フラスコ中、増殖培地(低グルコースDMEM(ギブコ、カリフォルニア州カールズバッド)、15%(v/v)ウシ胎仔血清(カタログ番号SH30070.03、ハイクローン、ユタ州ローガン)、0.001%(v/v)ベータメルカプトエタノール(シグマ、ミズーリー州セントルイス)、50単位/ミリリットルのペニシリン、50マイクログラム/ミリリットルのストレプトマイシン(ギブコ))で増殖された分娩後由来細胞は、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS;ギブコ)で洗浄され、1ミリリットルのトリプシン/EDTA(ギブコ)を用いてトリプシン処理された。前記トリプシン処理は10ミリリットルの増殖培地を追加することで停止された。前記細胞は150×gで遠心分離され、上清が除去され、前記細胞ペレットは1ミリリットルの増殖培地に再懸濁された。一定分量の細胞懸濁液60マイクロリットルが除去され、60マイクロリットルのトリパンブルー(シグマ)に追加された。血球計数板を用い、生細胞数が推定された。前記細胞懸濁液がそれぞれ88×104細胞を含む4等分量に分割された。前記細胞懸濁液が各培地1ミリリットル未満に遠心分離、再懸濁され、Cryovials(ナルゲン)に移された。
2.)細胞凍結培地、DMSOとメチルセルロースを含む、無血清(C6295、シグマ、ミズーリー州セントルイス)
3.)細胞凍結培地、無血清(C2639、シグマ、ミズーリー州セントルイス)
4.)細胞凍結培地、グリセロールを含む(C6039、シグマ、ミズーリー州セントルイス)
凍結乾燥される前記細胞の最初の生存可能性は、トリパンブルー染色で100%と評価された。
単離された幹細胞の他の集団と、分娩後由来細胞の細胞増殖の能力が比較された。老化に対する細胞増殖の方法は、Hayflickの限度として引用される(Hayflick L.The longevity of cultured human cells.J.Am.Geriatr.Soc.22(1):1−12,1974;Hayflick L.The strategy of senescence.Gerontologist 14(1):37−45),1974)。分娩後由来細胞は十分な細胞数に容易に増殖されうるため、治療用として非常に適している。
ゼラチンコーティングフラスコ。組織培養プラスチック製フラスコは、室温で20分間、20ミリリットルの2%(w/v)ブタゼラチン(タイプB:225ブルーム、シグマ、ミズーリー州セントルイス)をT75フラスコ(コーニング、ニューヨーク州コーニング)に追加することでコーティングされた。前記ゼラチン溶液を除去した後、10ミリリットルのリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)(インビトロジェン、カリフォルニア州カールズバッド)が追加され、次に吸引された。
分娩後由来細胞の増殖の可能性と他の幹細胞および非幹細胞集団の比較。臍帯由来および胎盤由来細胞のいずれも、40継代以上増殖し、60日間で細胞収率が>1E17細胞となった。対照的に、MSCと線維芽細胞はそれぞれ25日未満、60日未満経てから老化した。脂肪由来および大網細胞のいずれもほぼ60日間増殖したが、これらの細胞の総細胞収率はそれぞれ4.5E12および4.24E13となった。したがって、利用される前記実験条件下、5,000細胞/cm2で播種された場合、分娩後由来細胞は同じ条件で増殖される他の細胞タイプよりもはるかに増殖した(表5−1)。
1)Hayflick L.The longevity of cultured human cells.J Am Geriatr Soc.1974 Jan;22(1):1−12.
2)Hayflick L.The strategy of senescence.Gerontologist.1974 Feb;14(1):37−45.
3)米国特許番号20040058412
4)米国特許番号20040048372
6)Csete,Marie;(Ann Arbor,MI) ;Doyle,John;(South Pasadena,CA) ;Wold,Barbara J.;(San Marino,CA) ;McKay,Ron;(Bethesda,MD) ;Studer,Lorenz;(New York,NY).Low oxygen culturing of central nervous system progenitor cells.US20040005704.
細胞療法で利用される細胞株は好ましくは均一であり、混在細胞タイプはない。細胞療法で利用されるヒト細胞は、正常な染色体数(46)と構造を有する必要がある。均一で非分娩後組織由来の分娩後由来胎盤および臍帯細胞株を同定するため、細胞サンプルの核型が分析された。
男性新生児の分娩後組織のPPDCは、増殖培地(低グルコースDMEM(ギブコ、カリフォルニア州カールズバッド)、15%(v/v)ウシ胎仔血清(FBS)(ハイクローン、ユタ州ローガン)、0.001%(v/v)ベータメルカプトエタノール(シグマ、ミズーリー州セントルイス)、50単位/ミリリットルのペニシリン、50マイクログラム/ミリリットルのストレプトマイシン(ギブコ、カリフォルニア州カールズバッド))で培養された。男性新生児(X,Y)の分娩後組織は、新生児由来細胞と母体由来細胞(X,X)を区別できるように選択された。細胞はT25フラスコ(コーニング、ニューヨーク州コーニング)で増殖培地に5,000細胞/平方センチメートルで播種され、約80%コンフルエントに増殖された。細胞を含むT25フラスコは、増殖培地で首の部分まで充填された。サンプルは宅配業者によって臨床細胞遺伝学研究室に配達された(研究室から研究室への推定移動時間は1時間)。染色体分析は、ニュージャージー州ニューアーク、ニュージャージー医科歯科大学医学部のCenter for Human & Molecular Geneticsによって実施された。前記染色体の可視化が最も良い中期に、細胞が分析された。計数された中期の20個の細胞のうち、5個で正常な均一核型数(2)が分析された。2個の核型が観察された場合、細胞サンプルは均一なものとして特徴付けられた。2個以上の核型が観察された場合、細胞サンプルは不均一なものとして特徴付けられた。不均一な核型数(4)が同定されると、追加中期細胞数が計数、分析された。
染色体分析に送られたすべての細胞サンプルは、細胞遺伝学研究室のスタッフにより正常な形態を示すと解釈された。分析された細胞株16種類のうち3種類は均一な表現型を示し(XXおよびXY)、新生児および母体由来の細胞の存在を示した(表6−1)。組織胎盤−N由来細胞は、胎盤の新生児側から単離された。継代0では、この細胞株がXYで均一であるように見えた。しかし、継代9では、細胞株が不均一であり(XX/XY)、母体由来細胞でこれまで未検出の細胞の存在を示していた。
フローサイトメトリーによる細胞表面タンパク質または「マーカー」の特徴は、細胞株の同定を決定するために利用されうる。発現の一貫性は、複数のドナーから、また異なる処理と培養条件に曝露された細胞で、決定される可能性がある。前記胎盤および臍帯から単離した分娩後由来細胞株はフローサイトメトリーで特徴付けられ、それにより本発明の前記細胞を同定するため、プロフィールを提供した。
培地。15%(v/v)ウシ胎仔血清(FBS)(ハイクローン、ユタ州ローガン)、0.001%(v/v)ベータメルカプトエタノール(シグマ、ミズーリー州セントルイス)、50単位/ミリリットルのペニシリン、50マイクログラム/ミリリットルのストレプトマイシン(ギブコ、カリフォルニア州カールズバッド)を含む低グルコースDMEMの増殖培地(ギブコ、カリフォルニア州カールズバッド)で細胞が培養された。
胎盤由来細胞は臍帯由来細胞と比較された。フローサイトメトリーで分析された胎盤および臍帯由来細胞は、CD10、CD13、CD44、CD73、CD90、PDGFr−α、HLA−A、B、Cの生産で陽性であることが示されたが、これは前記IgGコントロールに対する蛍光値が上昇することで示された。これらの細胞はCD31、CD34、CD45、CD117、CD141、HLA−DR、DP、DQの検出可能な発現が陰性であり、これは、前記IgGコントロールと同程度の蛍光値が示された。陽性曲線の蛍光値の変化は説明が付けられた。前記陽性曲線の平均(つまりCD13)と範囲(つまりCD90)はやや変化を示したが、前記曲線は正常に見え、均一な集団であることが確認された。いずれの曲線も、それぞれIgGコントロール以上の値を示した。
Affymetrix GeneChip(登録商標)アレイが使用され、臍帯と胎盤由来細胞の遺伝子発現プロフィールを線維芽細胞、ヒト間質幹細胞、ヒト骨髄由来の別の細胞株と比較した。この分析では前記分娩後由来細胞の特徴を提供し、これらの細胞に独特の分子マーカーを同定した。
細胞の単離と培養
分娩後組織由来細胞。ヒトの臍帯と胎盤は、患者の同意を得て、正常な満期出産において国立疾病研究互助組織(NDRI、ペンシルバニア州フィラデルフィア)から得られた。例1で説明されたとおり、前記組織が受理され、細胞が単離された。ゼラチンコーティングされた組織培養プラスチックフラスコにおいて、増殖培地(15%(v/v)ウシ胎仔血清(ハイクローン、ユタ州ローガン)、100単位/ミリリットルのペニシリン、100マイクログラム/ミリリットルのストレプトマイシン(インビトロジェン、カリフォルニア州カールズバッド)、0.001%(v/v)2−メルカプトエタノール(シグマ、ミズーリー州セントルイス)を用いたダルベッコ改変の基本培地(低グルコースDMEM、インビトロジェン、カリフォルニア州カールズバッド))で細胞が培養された。標準的な大気で前記培養が37℃でインキュベートされた。
この研究では、14種類の異なる細胞集団が分析された。継代情報、培養基質、培地に沿った細胞は表8−1に掲載された。
Lockhartら、Expression monitoring by hybridization to high−density oligonucleotide arrays.Nat.Biotechnol.1996,14(13):1675−1680.
前記ヒト胎盤と前記ヒト臍帯に由来する細胞の類似性と違いは、(アフィメトリクスGENECHIPアレイを用い、)その遺伝子発現プロフィールと他の供給源由来の細胞を比較することで評価された。同定された6種類の「シグネチャー」遺伝子は、酸化LDL受容体1、インターロイキン−8、レニン、レチキュロン、ケモカイン受容体リガンド3(CXCリガンド3)、顆粒球走化性タンパク質2(GCP−2)であった。これらの「シグネチャー」遺伝子は、分娩後由来細胞で比較的高レベルで発現された。
細胞。胎盤由来細胞(核型分析により同定されるとおり、主に新生児の1種類の単離株を含む3種類の単離株)、臍帯由来細胞(4種類の単離株)、正常ヒト皮膚線維芽細胞(NHDF、新生児および成人)が、ゼラチンコーティングされたT75フラスコの増殖培地(低グルコースDMEM(ギブコ、カリフォルニア州カールズバッド)、15%(v/v)ウシ胎仔血清(カタログ番号SH30070.03;ハイクローン、ユタ州ローガン)、0.001%(v/v)ベータ−メルカプトエタノール(シグマ、ミズーリー州セントルイス)、50単位/ミリリットルのペニシリン、50マイクログラム/ミリリットルのストレプトマイシン(ギブコ、カリフォルニア州カールズバッド)で増殖された。間葉幹細胞(MSC)は、間葉幹細胞の増殖培地一括キット(MSCGM;ケンブレックス、メリーランド州ウォーカーズビル)で増殖された。
ヒト胎盤由来細胞、成人および新生児の線維芽細胞、間葉幹細胞(MSC)のcDNAに実施された、選択された「シグネチャー」遺伝子のリアルタイムPCRの結果は、他の細胞と比べ、前記胎盤由来細胞で酸化LDL受容体およびレニンが高レベルで発現されたことを示している。リアルタイムPCRから得られたデータは、前記ΔΔCT法によって分析され、対数スケールで表現された。レチキュロンと酸化LDL受容体の発現レベルは、他の細胞と比べて臍帯由来細胞で高かった。分娩後由来細胞と対照では、CXCリガンド3とGCP−2の発現レベルに有意な差は認められなかった(データは示されていない)。CXC−リガンド3は非常に低レベルで発現された。GCP−2はヒト成人および新生児の線維芽細胞と同等のレベルで発現された。リアルタイムPCRの結果は従来のPCRで確認された。PCR産物の配列決定は、さらにこれらの観察の妥当性を確認した。表9−1に掲載された従来のPCR CXCリガンド3プライマーを用い、分娩後由来細胞と対照との間でCXCリガンド3の発現レベルに有意な差は認められなかった。
ヒト分娩後組織、つまり臍帯と胎盤内に認められる細胞の表現型が、免疫組織化学的に分析された。
組織標本。ヒト臍帯および胎盤組織が採取され、4%(w/v)パラホルムアルデヒド中、一晩4℃で浸漬固定された。ビメンチン(1:500、シグマ、ミズーリー州セントルイス)、デスミン(1:150、ウサギに対して作成、シグマ、または1:300、マウスに対して作成、ケミコン、カリフォルニア州テメキュラ)、α−平滑筋アクチン(SMA;1:400;シグマ)、サイトケラチン18(CK18;1:400;シグマ)、フォン・ヴィレブランド因子(vWF;1:200;シグマ)、CD34(ヒトCD34クラスIII;1:100;ダコサイトメーション、カリフォルニア州カーピンテリア)のエピトープに対する抗体を用い、免疫組織化学検査が実施された。さらに、抗ヒトGROα−PE(1:100;ベクトン・ディッキンソン、ニュージャージー州フランクリンレイクス)、抗ヒトGCP−2(1:100;サンタクルーズ・バイオテック、カリフォルニア州サンタクルーズ)、抗ヒト酸化LDL受容体1(ox−LDL R1;1:100;サンタクルーズ・バイオテック)、抗ヒトNOGA−A(1:100;サンタクルーズ・バイオテック)のマーカーが検討された。固定された標本が外科用メスで削られ、エタノールを含むドライアイス浴でOCT包埋化合物(Tissue−Tek OCT;Sakura、カリフォルニア州トランス)内に入れられた。次に標準的なクライオスタット(ライカマイクロシステムズ)を用い、冷凍ブロックが切片にされ(厚さ10ミクロン)、染色用ガラススライドに載せられた。
臍帯の特徴。ビメンチン、デスミン、SMA、CK18、vWF、CD34マーカーは、臍帯に認められる細胞のサブセットで発現された(データは示されていない)。特に、vWFとCD34の発現は前記臍帯に含まれる血管に制限された。CD34+細胞は最も内側の層(内腔側)にあった。ビメンチンの発現は、前記臍帯の基質と血管から認められた。SMAは前記動脈および静脈の基質と外壁に限定されていたが、前記血管自体には含まれなかった。CK18とデスミンは前記血管内のみに観察され、デスミンは前記中間層と外層に限定されていた。
分娩後由来細胞株が、in vivo移植の際に誘発するであろう前記免疫学的反応を予測する試みとして、これらの細胞の免疫学的特徴がin vitroで評価された。分娩後由来細胞株がHLA−DR、HLA−DP、HLA−DQ、CD80、CD86、B7−H2の発現について、フローサイトメトリーによりアッセイされた。これらのタンパク質は抗原提示細胞(APC)により発現され、ナイーブCD4+ T細胞の直接刺激が必要とされる(Abbas & Lichtman,CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY,第5版(2003) Saunders,Philadelphia,171ページ)。前記細胞株も、HLA−G(Abbas & Lichtman,CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY,第5版(2003) Saunders,Philadelphia,171ページ)、CD 178(Coumansら、(1999) Journal of Immunological Methods 224,185−196)、およびPD−L2(Abbas & Lichtman,CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY,第5版(2003) Saunders,Philadelphia,171ページ;Brownら、(2003) The Journal of Immunology 170,1257−1266)の発現でフローサイトメトリーにより分析された。胎盤組織に存在する細胞によるこれらのタンパク質の発現は、子宮内の胎盤組織の免疫に特別の状態を媒介すると考えられる。分娩後胎盤および臍帯由来細胞株がin vivoで免疫反応を誘発する程度を予測するため、前記細胞株は一方向混合リンパ球反応(MLR)で検査される。
細胞培養。2%ゼラチン(シグマ、ミズーリー州セントルイス)でコーティングしたT75フラスコ(Corning、ニューヨーク州コーニング)において、コンフルエントまで、細胞が増殖培地(低グルコースDMEM(ギブコ、カリフォルニア州カールズバッド)、15%(v/v)ウシ胎仔血清(FBS)(ハイクローン、ユタ州ローガン)、0.001%(v/v)ベータメルカプトエタノール(シグマ、ミズーリー州セントルイス)、50単位/ミリリットルのペニシリン、50マイクログラム/ミリリットルのストレプトマイシン(ギブコ、カリフォルニア州カールズバッド))で培養された。
混合リンパ球反応−胎盤。7つのヒトボランティア血液ドナーがスクリーニングされ、他の6つの血液ドナーを用いた混合リンパ球反応において、強固な増殖反応を示す単一の同種ドナーを同定した。このドナーは、前記同種ポジティブコントロールドナーとして選択された。前記残りの6つの血液ドナーはレシピエントとして選択された。前記同種ポジティブコントロールドナーと胎盤由来細胞株がマイトマイシンCで処理され、前記6つの個別同種レシーバーを用いた混合リンパ球反応で培養された。1プレート当たり3つのレシーバーを用いた2細胞培養プレートを用い、反応は3回繰り返された(表11−2)。前記平均刺激指数は1.3(プレート2)から3(プレート1)の範囲であり、前記同種ドナーのポジティブコントロールは46.25(プレート2)から279(プレート1)の範囲であった(表11−3)。
Bruder SP ら、米国特許6,355,239 B1 (2002)
Abbas,AK,Lichtman,AH Cellular and Molecular Immunology 第5版.(2003) Saunders,Philadelphia,171ページ
Bouteiller P.Leら、(2003) Placenta 24;S10−S15
Coumans B ら、(1999) Journal of Immunological Methods 224,185−196]
Brown,Juliaら、(2003) The Journal of Immunology 170,1257−1266
胎盤および臍帯由来PPDCから選択された栄養因子の分泌が測定された。血管形成活性(つまり、肝細胞増殖因子(HGF)(Rosenら、(1997) Ciba Found.Symp.212:215−26)、単球走化性因子1(MCP−1)(Salcedoら、(2000) Blood 96;34−40)、インターロイキン−8(IL−8)( Liら、(2003) J.Immunol.170:3369−76)、角化細胞増殖因子(KGF)、塩基性線維芽細胞増殖因子(bFGF)、血管内皮細胞増殖因子(VEGF)(Hughesら、(2004) Ann.Thorac.Surg.77:812−8)、組織マトリックスメタロプロテアーゼ阻害物質1(TIMP1)、アンジオポエチン2(ANG2)、血小板由来増殖因子(PDGF−bb)、トロンボポエチン(TPO)、ヘパリン結合上皮細胞増殖因子(HB−EGF)、間質由来因子1a(SDF−1a))、神経栄養性/神経保護活性(脳由来神経栄養因子(BDNF)(Chengら、(2003) Dev.Biol.258;319−33)、インターロイキン−6(IL−6)、顆粒球走化性タンパク質−2(GCP−2)、トランスフォーミング増殖因子β2(TGFβ2))、またはケモカイン活性(マクロファージ炎症性タンパク質1a(MIP1a)、マクロファージ炎症性タンパク質1β(MIP1b)、単球走化性因子−1(MCP−1)、Rantes(活性制御、正常T細胞の発現と分泌)、I309、TARC(thymus and activation−regulated chemokine)、エオタキシン、マクロファージ由来ケモカイン(MDC)、IL−8)を有する因子が選択された。
細胞培養。胎盤と臍帯由来のPPDC、およびヒト新生児包皮由来のヒト線維芽細胞は、ゼラチンコーティングしたT75フラスコで増殖培地(低グルコースDMEM(ギブコ、カリフォルニア州カールズバッド)、15%(v/v)ウシ胎仔血清(SH30070.03;ハイクローン、ユタ州ローガン)、50単位/ミリリットルのペニシリン、50マイクログラム/ミリリットルのストレプトマイシン(ギブコ))に培養された。細胞は継代11で凍結保存され、液体窒素に保存された。前記細胞を解凍後、増殖培地が前記細胞に追加された後、15ミリリットルの遠心分離管に移し、150×gで5分間、前記細胞を遠心分離した。前記上清は廃棄された。前記細胞ペレットは4ミリリットルの増殖培地に再懸濁され、細胞が計数された。細胞は増殖培地15ミリリットルを含むT75フラスコに5,000細胞/cm2で播種され、24時間培養された。前記培地は8時間、無血清培地(低グルコースDMEM(ギブコ)、0.1%(w/v)ウシ血清アルブミン(シグマ)、50単位/ミリリットルのペニシリン、50マイクログラム/ミリリットルのストレプトマイシン(ギブコ))に変更された。無血清の条件培地はインキュベーションの最後に回収され、14,000×gで5分間遠心分離され、0℃で保存された。各フラスコの細胞数を推定するため、細胞はリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)で洗浄され、2ミリリットルのトリプシン/EDTA(ギブコ)を用いて分離された。トリプシン活性は8ミリリットルの増殖培地を加えることで抑制された。細胞は150×gで5分間遠心分離された。上清は除去され、細胞は1ミリリットルの増殖培地に再懸濁された。血球計数板を用い、細胞数が推定された。
ELISAアッセイ。MCP−1およびIL−6は、胎盤および臍帯由来PPDCと皮膚線維芽細胞により分泌された(表12−1)。臍帯由来細胞は、他の細胞集団よりも少なくとも10倍多い量のMCP−1とIL6を分泌した。GCP−2およびIL−8は、臍帯由来PPDCにより多く発現された。TGF−β2は検出されなかった。VEGFは線維芽細胞培地で検出された。
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Li A,Dubey S,Varney ML,Dave BJ,Singh RK (2003) IL−8 directly enhanced endothelial cell survival,proliferation,and matrix metalloproteinases production and regulated angiogenesis.J Immunol.170;3369−76.
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Cheng A,Wang S,Cai J,Rao MS,Mattson MP (2003) Nitric oxide acts in a positive feedback loop with BDNF to regulate neural progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in the mammalian brain.Dev Biol.258;319−33.
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細胞が前記作用部位を標的とすることができる特定の応用について、細胞療法は全身に注入されてもよい。注入された細胞が、致死的と考えられる血栓症を引き起こさないことが重要である。組織因子、つまり膜結合凝血促進性糖タンパク質は外因性凝固カスケードのイニシエーターであり、これはin vivoで主な凝固経路である。組織因子も、例えば、前記原始的血管壁の形成において、胚血管形成に重要な役割を果たす(Brodsky et al.(2002) Exp.Nephrol.10:299−306)。最初の凝固に対してPPDCの可能性を決定するため、臍帯と胎盤由来PPDCで組織因子の発現とその能力が評価され、血漿凝固を開始した。
ヒト組織因子。ヒト組織因子のSIMPLASTIN(Organon Tekailca Corporation、ノースカロライナ州ダラム)は、20ミリリットルの蒸留水でもどされた。前記原液は8本のチューブに順に希釈された(1:2)。正常なヒト血漿(George King Bio−Medical、カンザス州オーバーランドパーク)が水浴中37℃で解凍され、使用前に氷中に保存された。96ウェルプレートの各ウェルに、100マイクロリットルのリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)、10マイクロリットルの希釈Simplastin(登録商標)(ブランクのウェルを除く)、30マイクロリットルの0.1モル塩化カルシウム、100マイクロリットルの正常ヒト血漿が追加された。前記プレートは直ちに温度制御マイクロプレートリーダーに設置され、吸光度は405ナノメーター、40秒間隔で、30分測定した。
フローサイトメトリー分析では、胎盤および臍帯由来分娩後細胞のいずれも組織因子を発現していることが明らかとなった。血漿凝固アッセイは、組織因子が活性であることを証明した。胎盤および臍帯由来細胞のいずれにおいても、半値吸光度までの時間(T1/2から最大までの時間、表13−1)で示されるとおり、凝固速度が上昇した。凝固は初期(P5)および後期(P18)細胞の両方で観察された。前記T1/2から最大までの時間はJ82細胞の数値と反比例している。組織因子に対する抗体であるCNTO 859を用いた臍帯細胞のプレインキュベーションは前記凝固反応を抑制し、それによって組織因子が前記凝固の原因となっていることを示した。
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骨髄由来間葉幹細胞(MSC)は、アルカリホスファターゼを石灰化および発現する骨芽細胞様細胞に分化することができる。骨芽細胞様細胞への分化を証明するため、オステオカルシンと骨シアロタンパク質など、骨芽細胞で発現される追加マーカーが使用された。骨形成培地で、骨形態形成タンパク質(BMP)−2(Rickardら、1994)または−4およびトランスフォーミング増殖因子β1の存在下で培養することで、分娩後由来細胞も骨形成表現型に分化することができるか否かについて判定した。
細胞培養。骨形成開始前に、間葉幹細胞(MSC)は、間葉幹細胞の増殖培地一括キット(MSCGM;ケンブレックス、メリーランド州ウォーカーズビル)で増殖された。ゼラチンコーティングされたT75フラスコ中、増殖培地(低グルコースDMEM(ギブコ、カリフォルニア州カールズバッド)、15%(v/v)ウシ胎仔血清(カタログ番号SH30070.03、ハイクローン、ユタ州ローガン)、0.001%(v/v)ベータメルカプトエタノール(シグマ、ミズーリー州セントルイス)、ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン(ギブコ))で他の細胞が培養された。
プロトコール1。胎盤由来細胞単離株1、P3、胎盤由来細胞単離株2、P4(事前に核型が判定され、主に新生児由来細胞であることが示された)、臍帯由来細胞単離株1、P4、およびP3のMSCが増殖培地中、24ウェルプレートと6ウェル培養皿で5×103細胞/cm2にて播種され、一晩インキュベートされた。前記培地は除去され、骨形成培地(低グルコースDMEM、10%(v/v)ウシ胎仔血清、10ミリモルのβグリセロリン酸(シグマ)、100ナノモルのデキサメタゾン(シグマ、ミズーリー州セントルイス)、50マイクロモルのアスコルビン酸リン酸塩(シグマ)、ファンギゾン(ギブコ)、ペニシリンおよびストレプトマイシン(ギブコ))で置換された。骨形成培地に20ナノグラム/ミリリットルのhTGF−β1(シグマ)、40ナノグラム/ミリリットルのhrBMP−2(シグマ)、または40ナノグラム/ミリリットルのhrBMP−4(シグマ)が補充された。合計14、21、28日間培養が処理され、培地は3〜4日ごとに取り替えられた。
プロトコール1。オステオカルシンと骨シアロタンパク質のリアルタイム遺伝子発現におけるポジティブコントロールとして、骨芽細胞から抽出されたRNAが使用された。オステオカルシンとBSPの増殖培地で増殖された胎盤由来細胞に対する骨芽細胞の発現レベルは、それぞれ2.5倍、8000倍であった。28日間、骨形成培地で増殖されたMSCは石灰化され、von Kossa染色は陽性であった。主に新生児由来細胞である1種類の胎盤単離株で、広範な石灰化が観察された。また、1種類の胎盤単離株は、骨形成培地でBSP発現レベルの誘導と、低レベルのオステオカルシン誘導を示している。
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軟骨の障害と欠陥のため、米国のみで毎年約600,000件の手術が行われている(1)。これらの疾患を治療するために多数の戦略が開発されたが、その成功は限られていた。1つのアプローチであるCartecel(ジェンザイム)は、患者から回収され、in vitroで増殖され、次に前記患者に移植された自己軟骨細胞を利用している(1)。このアプローチは、健康な軟骨を回収し、前記培養細胞を移植する2回目の処置が必要となるという欠点を有する。1つの新しい可能性は、幹細胞療法であり、その治療では、細胞が、前記欠陥部位、またはその付近に挿入され、直接に前記障害部位を置換する。細胞は前記適用前に軟骨細胞に分化されうるか、生体内で分化することができる前駆細胞が利用されてもよい。そのような移植細胞は、前記欠陥部で失われた軟骨細胞を置きかわる。
細胞培養
分娩後組織由来細胞。ヒト臍帯および胎盤が受理され、細胞は前記説明どおりに単離された。ゼラチンコーティングした組織培養プラスチックフラスコで、増殖培地(ダルベッコ改変基本培地(DMEM)、15%(v/v)ウシ胎仔血清(ハイクローン、ユタ州ローガン)、ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン(インビトロジェン、カリフォルニア州カールズバッド)、0.001%(v/v)2−メルカプトエタノール(シグマ、ミズーリー州セントルイス))中、細胞が培養された。前記培地は37℃で5%CO2によりインキュベートされた。実験に使用する細胞は継代4〜12とした。
ペレットが調製、培養され、「方法」に説明された。ペレットは培地(対照)で増殖されるか、TGF−β3(10ナノグラム/ミリリットル)またはGDF−5(100ナノグラム/ミリリットル)で補充され、これは2〜3日ごとに置換された。21日間の培養後にペレットが回収され、グリコサミノグリカンの有無を検討するため、サフラニンOで染色された。TGFβ3およびGDF−5で処理されたペレットは、対照細胞と比べ、陽性サフラニンO染色を示した。前記臍帯細胞の形態は、やや限定的な軟骨細胞様の形態を示した。
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この実施例では、in vitroペレット培養アッセイにより、胎盤または臍帯組織由来細胞の軟骨形成の能力評価について説明している。初期の継代(P3)と後半の継代(P12)の臍帯および胎盤の細胞が利用された。トランスフォーミング増殖因子β−3(TGFβ−3)、GDF−5(組み換え型ヒト増殖および分化因子5)、またはその組み合わせが補充された培地において、軟骨形成誘導条件下、ペレット培養アッセイで前記細胞の軟骨形成の能力が評価された。
試薬。ダルベッコ改変基本培地(DMEM)、ペニシリンおよびストレプトマイシンがインビトロジェン、カリフォルニア州カールズバッドから入手された。ウシ胎仔血清(FCS)はハイクローン(ユタ州ローガン)から入手された。間葉幹細胞増殖培地(MSCGM)およびhMSC軟骨形成分化一括キットはバイオウィッタカー、メリーランド州ウォーカーズビルから入手された。TGFβ−3は、オンコジーン・リサーチプロダクツ、(カリフォルニア州サンディエゴ)から入手された。GDF−5はバイオファーム(ドイツ、ハイデルベルク)(WO9601316 A1,US5994094 A)から入手された。
A.胎盤由来細胞初期継代(P EP)+GDF−5
B.胎盤由来細胞後期継代(P LP)+GDF−5
C.臍帯由来細胞初期継代(U EP)+GDF−5
D.臍帯由来細胞後期継代(U LP)+GDF−5、n=2
E.ヒト間葉幹細胞(HMSC)+GDF−5
F.ヒト成人線維芽細胞(HAF)+GDF−5
G.胎盤由来細胞初期継代(P EP)+TGFβ−5
H.胎盤由来細胞後期継代(P LP)+TGFβ−3
I.臍帯由来細胞初期継代(U EP)+TGFβ−3
J.臍帯由来細胞後期継代(U LP)+TGFβ−3、n=2
K.ヒト間葉幹細胞(HMSC)+TGFβ−3
L.ヒト成人線維芽細胞(HAF)+TGFβ−3
M.胎盤由来細胞初期継代(P EP)+GDF−5+TGFβ−3、n=1
N.胎盤由来細胞後期継代(P LP)+GDF−5+TGFβ−3
O.臍帯由来細胞初期継代(U EP)+GDF−5+TGFβ−3
P.臍帯由来細胞後期継代(U LP)+GDF−5+TGFβ−3、n=2
Q.ヒト間葉幹細胞(HMSC)+GDF−5+TGFβ−3
R.ヒト成人線維芽細胞(HAF)+GDF−5+TGFβ−3
S.ヒト新生児線維芽細胞(HNF)+GDF−5+TGFβ−3
T.胎盤由来細胞初期継代(P EP)
U.胎盤由来細胞後期継代(P LP)
V.臍帯由来細胞初期継代(U EP)
W.臍帯由来細胞後期継代(U LP)
X.ヒト間葉幹細胞(HMSC)
Y.ヒト成人線維芽細胞(HAF)
異なる増殖因子を含む軟骨形成誘導培地で、胎盤および臍帯由来細胞、MSC、線維芽細胞が細胞ペレットを形成した。培養期間の最後での前記ペレットのサイズは、細胞タイプによって異なっていた。胎盤由来細胞で形成したペレットはサイズが同様で、MSCおよび線維芽細胞で形成したペレットよりもわずかに大きかった。前記臍帯由来細胞で形成されたペレットは、他の群よりも大きく、ゆるい傾向があった。すべての細胞タイプで形成され、対照培地で培養されたペレットは、軟骨形成誘導培地で培養されたペレットよりも小さかった。
血管形成、または新しい脈管構造の形成は、新しい組織の増殖に必要である。血管形成の誘導は、多くの病的状態で重要な治療目的である。本研究は、in vitroアッセイで前記分娩後由来細胞の血管形成活性能力を同定することを目的としていた。前記研究は、基底膜抽出物であるMATRIGEL(BD Discovery Labware、マサチューセッツ州ベッドフォード)でコーティングした培養皿に内皮細胞を播種する、十分に確立された方法に従った(Nicosia and Ottinetti (1990) In Vitro Cell Dev.Biol.26(2):119−28)。MATRIGEL(BD Discovery Labware、マサチューセッツ州ベッドフォード)上で内皮細胞を血管形成因子で処理すると、前記細胞が刺激され、毛細管と同様のネットワークを形成する。これは、血管形成の刺激物質と阻害物質を検討する一般的なin vitroアッセイである(Itoら、(1996) Int.J.Cancer 67(1):148−52)。本研究では共培養系を利用し、前記分娩後由来細胞を培養ウェルインサートに播種した。これらの透過性インサートは、前記内皮および前記分娩後由来細胞の培地成分を受動的に交換させる。
細胞培地。分娩後組織由来細胞。ヒト臍帯および胎盤が受理され、細胞はこれまでの説明どおり単離された(例1)。ゼラチンコーティングした組織培養プラスチックフラスコで、増殖培地(ダルベッコ改変基本培地(DMEM;インビトロジェン、カリフォルニア州カールズバッド)、15%(v/v)ウシ胎仔血清(ハイクローン、ユタ州ローガン)、100単位/ミリリットルのペニシリン、100マイクログラム/ミリリットルのストレプトマイシン(インビトロジェン)、0.001%(v/v)2−メルカプトエタノール(シグマ、ミズーリー州セントルイス))中、細胞が培養された。前記培地は37℃で5%CO2によりインキュベートされた。実験に使用された細胞は、継代4〜12であった。
胎盤由来細胞または臍帯由来細胞を用いた共培養系で、HUVECは細胞ネットワークを形成する(データは示されていない)。HUVEC細胞は、hMSCおよび10ナノモルのbFGFを用い、共培養実験で限定された細胞ネットワークを形成する(データは示されていない)。いずれの処置を受けなかったHUVEC細胞で示されたネットワークの形成は、非常に少ないか、全くなかった(データは示されていない)。これらの結果は、前記分娩後由来細胞が前記HUVECを刺激する血管形成因子を放出することを示唆している。
前記分娩後臍帯と胎盤由来の細胞は、再生治療に有用である。生分解性物質を用い、SCIDマウスに移植した分娩後由来細胞で作られた組織が評価された。評価された物質は、VICRYL不織布、35/65 PCL/PGA発泡体、RAD 16自己組織化ペプチドヒドロゲルであった。
細胞培養。胎盤由来細胞と臍帯由来細胞は、ゼラチンコーティングしたフラスコ中、増殖培地(低グルコースDMEM(ギブコ、カリフォルニア州カールズバッド)、15%(v/v)ウシ胎仔血清(カタログ番号SH30070.03;ハイクローン、ユタ州ローガン)、0.001%(v/v)βメルカプトエタノール(シグマ、ミズーリー州セントルイス)、50単位/ミリリットルのペニシリン、50マイクログラム/ミリリットルのストレプトマイシン(ギブコ))で増殖された。
1.VICRYL不織布+1×106臍帯由来細胞
2.35/65 PCL/PGA発泡体+1×106臍帯由来細胞
3.RAD 16自己組織化ペプチド+1×106臍帯由来細胞
4.VICRYL不織布+1×106臍帯由来細胞
5.35/65 PCL/PGA発泡体+1×106胎盤由来細胞
6.RAD 16自己組織化ペプチド+1×106胎盤由来細胞
7.35/65 PCL/PGA発泡体
8.VICRYL不織布
30日後、SCIDマウスに皮下移植された発泡体への組織の成長は最小限であった(データは示されていない)。対照的に、臍帯由来細胞または胎盤由来細胞が移植された発泡体には広範な組織の充填があった(データは示されていない)。
臍帯または胎盤組織由来細胞が、生体再吸収性で、増殖因子を充填した骨格に播種され、SCIDマウスに移植された後、軟骨形成の能力が評価された。
試薬。ダルベッコ改変基本培地(DMEM)、ペニシリンおよびストレプトマイシンがインビトロジェン、カリフォルニア州カールズバッドから入手された。ウシ胎仔血清(FCS)はハイクローン(ユタ州ローガン)から入手された。間葉幹細胞の増殖培地(MSCGM)は、バイオウィッタカー(メリーランド州ウォーカーズビル)から入手された。TGFβ−3は、オンコジーンリサーチプロダクツ(カリフォルニア州サンディエゴ)から入手された。GDF−5はバイオファーム(ドイツ、ハイデンベルク)から入手された(国際PCT公開番号WO96/01316 A1、米国特許番号5,994,094A)。軟骨細胞増殖培地は、10%ウシ胎仔血清(FCS)、10ミリモルのHEPES、0.1ミリモルの非必須アミノ酸、20マイクログラム/ミリリットルのL−プロリン、50マイクログラム/ミリリットルのアスコルビン酸、100単位/ミリリットルのペニシリン、100マイクログラム/ミリリットルのストレプトマイシン、0.25マイクログラム/ミリリットルのアンフォテリシンBが補充された高グルコースDMEMから成る。ウシフィブリノーゲンはCalbiochemから入手された。
A.体重
麻酔される前、剖検時に各動物の体重を測定した。
前記SCIDマウスのすべての取扱いは、フード下で行った。マウスの体重が個別に測定され、KETASET(塩酸ケタミン[60ミリグラム/キログラム])、ROMPUN(キシラジン[10ミリグラム/キログラム])、生理食塩水の混合物を腹腔内注射で麻酔された。
脊柱と平行な胸椎のちょうど外側に、約2cmの皮膚切開が行われた。前記皮膚は、鈍的切開で下にある結合組織から分離された。各SCIDマウスに2回の治療を行い、これは1回の皮膚切開により、各半胸郭に鈍的切開により作られた皮下ポケットに行われた。5−0 ETHIBOND EXCEL(ポリエステル)の仮縫い用縫合糸が利用され、各骨格の周囲の筋肉組織に前記皮膚をつなぎ、皮下移動を予防した。骨格は6週間移植された後、取り出された。前記実験デザインは表19−1に要点がまとめられている。
前記研究の経過中に死亡したか、瀕死の状態で安楽死された動物で肉眼的検査が行われた。選択された組織は、試験責任者および/または病理学者の自由裁量で保存された。
増殖因子が充填され、細胞が播種された骨格、細胞が播種されたコントロール骨格、増殖因子のみを充填した骨格を含むサンプルの大部分で、新しい軟骨および骨形成が観察された。新しい軟骨と骨形成の程度は、前記治療群と対照群の中で変化した。
Claims (44)
- 骨疾患又は軟骨疾患の治療において使用される実質的に均一な細胞集団を有する細胞組成物であって、この細胞集団は、実質的に血液を含まないヒト臍帯組織から単離された、単離された臍帯組織の細胞を有し、この集団は、培養において自己複製および増殖することができ、他の表現型の細胞に分化する能力を有し、少なくとも40回の倍加能力を有し、且つ以下の、
(a)CD10、CD13、CD44、CD73、CD90、PDGFr−アルファ、PD−L2、及びHLA−A、B、Cのそれぞれを発現し、
(b)CD31、CD34、CD45、CD80、CD86、CD117、CD141、CD178、B7−H2、HLA−G、又はHLA−DR、DP、DQのいずれも発現せず、且つ
(c)繊維芽細胞、間葉系幹細胞、または腸骨稜骨髄細胞であるヒト細胞と比較して、インターロイキン−8;レチキュロン(reticulon)1;及びケモカイン(C−X−Cモチーフ)リガンド3の発現が増加している、
という特徴を有するものである、細胞組成物。 - 請求項1記載の細胞組成物であって、前記単離された臍帯組織の細胞集団は、さらに、以下の、
(a)継代において核型を維持し、
(b)MCP−1、MIP1ベータ、IL6、IL8、GCP−2、HGF、KGF、FGF、HB−EGF、BDNF、TPO、RANTES、及びTIMP1の各因子を分泌し、且つ
(c)SDF−1アルファ、TGF−ベータ2、ANG2、PDGFbb、MIP1a、及びVEGFのいずれの因子も分泌しない、
という特徴の1若しくはそれ以上を有するものである、細胞組成物。 - 請求項1記載の細胞組成物において、前記細胞集団は、マトリックスメタロプロテアーゼ、中性プロテアーゼ、ヒアルロン酸を消化する粘液溶解酵素の少なくとも1つを用いた酵素解離によって、臍帯組織またはその断片から単離されるものである、細胞組成物。
- 請求項1記載の細胞組成物における細胞集団の分化を軟骨形成表現型に誘導する方法であって、前記細胞集団を、1若しくはそれ以上の軟骨形成分化誘導剤に曝露する工程を有するものである、方法。
- 請求項4記載の方法において、前記軟骨形成分化誘導剤は、形質転換成長因子−β3(TGFβ3)、並びに増殖および分化因子−5(GDF−5)、の少なくとも1つを有するものである、方法。
- 請求項4記載の方法であって、この方法は、さらに、軟骨形成培地で前記細胞集団を培養する工程を有するものである、方法。
- 請求項6記載の方法において、前記軟骨形成培地は、ダルベッコ改変イーグル培地、L−グルタミン、ピルビン酸ナトリウム、L−プロリン、デキサメタゾン、L−アスコルビン酸、インスリン、トランスフェリン、セレニウム、及び抗生剤を有するものである、方法。
- 請求項7記載の方法において、前記軟骨形成培地は、さらに、コラーゲン及び水酸化ナトリウムの少なくとも1つを有するものである、方法。
- 請求項4記載の方法であって、この方法は、さらに、ペレット培養アッセイにより前記細胞集団の分化を評価する工程を有するものである、方法。
- 請求項4記載の方法であって、この方法は、さらに、グリコサミノグリカンまたはコラーゲンの有無を検出することで、前記細胞集団の分化を評価する工程を有するものである、方法。
- 請求項10記載の方法において、前記評価する工程は、サフラニン−Oまたはヘマトキシリン/エオシンを用いて前記細胞を染色する工程を有するものである、方法。
- 請求項1記載の細胞組成物において、この細胞組成物は、さらに、骨髄細胞、軟骨細胞、軟骨芽細胞、軟骨細胞前駆細胞、または幹細胞の少なくとも1つの細胞タイプを有するものである、細胞組成物。
- 請求項1記載の細胞組成物において、この組成物は、前記細胞集団から調整される細胞溶解物を有するものである、細胞組成物。
- 請求項13記載の細胞組成物において、この組成物は、前記細胞溶解物から調整される溶解性細胞分画を有するものである、細胞組成物。
- 請求項1記載の細胞組成物において、この組成物は、前記細胞集団の細胞外マトリックスを有するものである、細胞組成物。
- 請求項1記載の細胞組成物において、この組成物は、さらに、1若しくはそれ以上の生理活性因子を有するものである、細胞組成物。
- 請求項16記載の細胞組成物において、前記生理活性因子は、軟骨形成分化誘導因子である、細胞組成物。
- 請求項1又は13〜15のいずれか記載の細胞組成物と、薬学的に許容可能な担体とを有する薬学的組成物。
- 培地において請求項1記載の細胞組成物を有する細胞培養物。
- 請求項19記載の細胞培養物において、前記培地は、軟骨形成培地を有するものである、細胞培養物。
- 請求項19記載の細胞培養物において、この細胞培養物は、さらに、軟骨形成分化誘導因子の少なくとも1つを有するものである、細胞培養物。
- 請求項21記載の細胞培養物において、前記軟骨形成分化誘導因子は、形質転換成長因子−β3、並びに増殖および分化因子−5の少なくとも1つである、細胞培養物。
- 請求項19記載の細胞培養物であって、この細胞培養物は、さらに、
少なくとも1つの形質転換成長因子−β1、骨形成タンパク質(BMP)−2、またはBMP4を有するものである、細胞培養物。 - 請求項15記載の細胞組成物において、前記マトリックスは、3次元足場を有するものである、細胞組成物。
- 請求項1記載の細胞組成物において、前記骨疾患または前記軟骨疾患は、先天性な骨または軟骨の欠陥、半月板の損傷または欠陥、骨/脊髄変形、骨肉腫、骨髄腫、骨異形成症または脊柱側弯症、骨粗鬆症、歯周病、歯骨の喪失、骨軟化症、くる病、線維性骨炎、腎性骨ジストロフィー、脊椎固定術、椎間板の再構築または除去、骨パジェット病、関節リウマチ、変形性関節症、または外傷または外科的損傷である、細胞組成物。
- 請求項1記載の細胞組成物において、前記臍帯組織の細胞集団は、少なくとも1種類の他の細胞タイプと共に投与されるものである、細胞組成物。
- 請求項1記載の細胞組成物において、前記臍帯組織の細胞集団は、マトリックス上に接種されるものである、細胞組成物。
- 請求項27記載の細胞組成物において、前記マトリックスは、前記患者に移植されるものである、細胞組成物。
- 請求項1記載の細胞組成物において、前記臍帯組織の細胞集団は、投与する工程の前に、軟骨形成または骨形成表現型に分化するように誘導されるものである、細胞組成物。
- 請求項1記載の細胞組成物において、前記臍帯組織の細胞集団は、少なくとも1種類の生理活性因子と同時に投与されるものである、細胞組成物。
- 請求項1記載の細胞組成物において、前記臍帯組織の細胞集団は、前記患者の骨に投与されるものである、細胞組成物。
- 請求項1記載の細胞組成物において、前記臍帯組織の細胞集団は、前記患者の軟骨に投与されるものである、細胞組成物。
- 組織の再生を必要とする患者において前記組織を再生するための請求項1記載の細胞組成物。
- 請求項33記載の細胞組成物において、前記組織は、軟骨である、細胞組成物。
- 臍帯組織の細胞集団の軟骨形成を刺激する化合物を同定する方法であって、請求項1記載の細胞組成物と前記化合物とを接触させる工程と、前記細胞の軟骨形成マーカーをモニタリングする工程とを有する、方法。
- 臍帯組織の細胞に対して毒性がある化合物を同定する方法であって、請求項1記載の細胞組成物と前記化合物とを接触させる工程と、前記細胞の生存をモニタリングする工程とを有する、方法。
- 請求項1記載の細胞組成物と、マトリックス、水和剤、細胞培養基質、分化誘導剤、および細胞培地の少なくとも1つの成分とを有するキット。
- 請求項37記載のキットにおいて、前記マトリックスは、3次元足場である、キット。
- 請求項38記載のキットにおいて、前記細胞は、前記足場に播種されるものである、キット。
- 請求項37記載のキットにおいて、前記分化誘導剤は、軟骨形成分化誘導剤である、キット。
- 請求項1記載の細胞組成物であって、この細胞組成物は、さらに、
軟骨疾患を有する患者の治療において使用するための細胞外マトリックスを有するものである、細胞組成物。 - 軟骨疾患を有する患者の治療において使用するための請求項13記載の細胞組成物。
- 軟骨疾患を有する患者の治療において使用するための請求項18記載の薬学的組成物。
- 請求項43記載の薬学的組成物において、この薬学的組成物は、さらに、幹細胞、骨髄細胞、軟骨細胞、軟骨芽細胞、骨細胞、骨芽細胞、破骨細胞、骨裏打ち細胞、他の骨または軟骨前駆細胞の他の細胞タイプの少なくとも1種類を有するものである、薬学的組成物。
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