JP2015038153A - スピロ−オキシインドール化合物のエナンチオマーおよび治療剤としてのその使用 - Google Patents
スピロ−オキシインドール化合物のエナンチオマーおよび治療剤としてのその使用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、スピロ−オキシインドール化合物の特定のエナンチオマー、具体的には、哺乳動物(好ましくは、ヒト)における、電位開口型ナトリウムチャネルの調節(好ましくは、阻害)によって改善されるかもしくは緩和される疾患もしくは状態を処置するためのヒトもしくは脊椎動物の治療剤におけるエナンチオマーの使用に関する。
特許文献1(その開示は、全てが本明細書に参考として援用される)は、特定のスピロ−オキシインドール化合物、特に、1’−{[5−(トリフルオロメチル)フラン−2−イル]メチル}スピロ[フロ[2,3−f][1,3]ベンゾジオキソール−7,3’−インドール]−2’(1’H)−オン、すなわち、以下の式(I)の化合物:
本発明は、以下の式(I)の化合物:
本発明の好ましい実施形態では、例えば以下が提供される:
(項目1)
以下の式式(I−S):
を有する1’−{[5−(トリフルオロメチル)フラン−2−イル]メチル}スピロ[フロ[2,3−f][1,3]ベンゾジオキソール−7,3’−インドール]−2’(1’H)−オンの(S)−エナンチオマー、またはその薬学的に受容可能な溶媒和物もしくはプロドラッグ。
(項目2)
薬学的に受容可能な賦形剤および項目1に記載の(S)−エナンチオマーまたはその薬学的に受容可能な溶媒和物もしくはプロドラッグを含む、薬学的組成物。
(項目3)
疼痛、鬱病、心血管疾患、呼吸器疾患、精神医学的疾患、神経学的疾患および癲癇発作、ならびにこれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される、哺乳動物における疾患もしくは状態を処置する方法であって、ここで該方法は、投与が必要な該哺乳動物に、治療上有効な量の項目1に記載の(S)−エナンチオマー、またはその薬学的に受容可能な溶媒和物もしくはプロドラッグを投与する工程を包含する、方法。
(項目4)
前記疾患もしくは状態は、神経障害性疼痛、炎症性疼痛、内臓痛、癌性疼痛、歯痛、化学療法性疼痛、外傷性疼痛、手術疼痛、陣痛、神経因性膀胱、潰瘍性大腸炎、慢性疼痛、持続性疼痛、末梢媒介性疼痛、中枢媒介性疼痛、慢性頭痛、片頭痛、副鼻腔性頭痛、緊張型頭痛、幻肢痛、末梢神経損傷、およびこれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される、項目3に記載の方法。
(項目5)
前記疾患もしくは状態は、HIVと関連する疼痛、HIV処置誘導性神経障害、三叉神経痛、疱疹後神経痛、ユージニア(eudynia)、熱感受性、サルコイドーシス、過敏性腸症候群、クローン病、多発性硬化症と関連する疼痛、筋萎縮性側索硬化症、掻痒症、高コレステロール血症、良性前立腺過形成、糖尿病性ニューロパチー、末梢神経障害、関節炎、関節リウマチ、変形性関節症、発作性ジストニー、筋無力症症候群、ミオトニー、悪性高体温、嚢胞性線維症、偽性アルドステロン症、横紋筋融解症、双極性鬱病、不安、統合失調症、ナトリウムチャネル毒素関連疾患、家族性肢端紅痛症、原発性先端紅痛症、家族性直腸痛、発作性エピソード性疼痛障害、癌、癲癇、部分的および全身的な強直発作、不穏下肢症候群、不整脈、線維筋痛症、発作もしくは神経外傷によって引き起こされる虚血状態下の神経保護、頻拍性不整脈、心房細動ならびに心室細動からなる群より選択される、項目3に記載の方法。
(項目6)
哺乳動物における疾患もしくは状態を、該哺乳動物における電位開口型ナトリウムチャネルを介するイオンフラックスの阻害によって処置する方法であって、ここで該方法は、投与が必要な該哺乳動物に、治療上有効な量の項目1に記載の(S)−エナンチオマー、またはその薬学的に受容可能な溶媒和物もしくはプロドラッグを投与する工程を包含する、方法。
(項目7)
哺乳動物における細胞の電位開口型ナトリウムチャネルを介してイオンフラックスを低下させる方法であって、ここで該方法は、該細胞と、項目1に記載の(S)−エナンチオマー、またはその薬学的に受容可能な溶媒和物もしくはプロドラッグとを接触させる工程を包含する、方法。
(項目8)
哺乳動物における電位開口型ナトリウムチャネルの阻害によって改善されるかもしくは緩和される疾患もしくは状態の処置のための医薬の調製における、項目1に記載の(S)−エナンチオマーの使用。
(定義)
本明細書および添付の特許請求の範囲において使用される場合、そうでないと特定されなければ、以下の用語は、示された意味を有する。
ドール]−2’(1’H)−オンと称される。その対応する(R)−エナンチオマー、以下の式(I−R)の(R)−エナンチオマー:
と称される。
ベンジルアルコール
安息香酸ベンジル
カプリロカプロイルマクロゴールグリセリド(例えば、Labrasol(登録商標))
ジメチルアミン(「DMA」)
エタノール
2−(2−エトキシエトキシ)エタノール(例えば、Transcutol(登録商標))
グルコース(溶液)
グリセリルカプリレート/カプレートおよびPEG−8(ポリエチレングリコール)カプリレート/カプレート複合体(例えば、Labrasol(登録商標))
イソプロピルアルコール
ラウロイルマクロゴール−32グリセリド(例えば、Gelucire(登録商標) 44/14)
マクロゴール−15ヒドロキシステアレート(例えば、Solutol(登録商標)HS15)
中鎖トリグリセリド(例えば、Miglyol(登録商標) 810、Miglyol(登録商標) 840もしくはMiglyol(登録商標) 812)
ラッカセイ油
ポリソルベート80(例えば、Tween(登録商標) 80)
ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)
ポリエチレングリコール400(PEG400、例えば、Lutrol(登録商標) E 400)
ポリエチレングリコール 6000
ポリオキシル35ひまし油(例えば、Cremophor(登録商標) EL)
ポリオキシル40水素化ひまし油(例えば、Cremophor(登録商標) RH 40)
プロピレングリコール(PG)
プロピレングリコールモノカプリレート(Capryol(登録商標) 90)
大豆油
スルホブチルエーテル−β−シクロデキストリン(例えば、Capitsol(登録商標))
TPGS(α−トコフェロールポリエチレングリコールスクシネート)
水。
(i)上記疾患もしくは状態が上記哺乳動物に存在しないように、予防すること(特に、このような哺乳動物に上記状態の素因があるが、それを有しているとは未だ診断されてない場合);
(ii)上記疾患もしくは状態を阻害すること(すなわち、その発生を止めること);
(iii)上記疾患もしくは状態を軽減すること(すなわち、上記疾患もしくは状態の退縮を引き起こすこと);または
(iv)上記疾患もしくは状態から生じる症状を軽減すること(すなわち、根底にある疾患もしくは状態に対処して、もしくは対処することなく、疼痛を軽減すること)。
本発明は、1’−{[5−(トリフルオロメチル)フラン−2−イル]メチル}スピロ[フロ[2,3-f][1,3]ベンゾジオキソール−7,3’−インドール]−2’(
1’H)−オンの(S)−エナンチオマー、本発明の(S)−エナンチオマーを使用する薬学的組成物および方法、ならびに電位開口型ナトリウムチャネルの調節(好ましくは、阻害)によって改善されるかまたは緩和される疾患もしくは状態(好ましくは、疼痛および掻痒に関連した疾患および状態);中枢神経系の状態(例えば、癲癇、不穏下肢症候群、不安、鬱病および双極性疾患);心血管状態(例えば、不整脈、心房細動および心室細動);神経筋状態(例えば、筋麻痺、ミオトニーもしくは持続性筋強直);発作、神経外傷および多発性硬化症に対する神経保護;ならびにチャネロパチー(channelopathy)(例えば、先端紅痛症および家族性直腸痛症候群)の、電位開口型ナトリウムチャネルブロッカー調節(特に、阻害)剤、好ましくは、本発明のエナンチオマーの有効量を、このような処置の必要な患者に投与することによる処置のための薬学的組成物に関する。
agents or factors)を介して間接的に生じ得る。このタンパク質ファミリーは、機能の中に治療的介入の主要なポイントを潜在的に含むとみなされる。電位開口型ナトリウムチャネルタンパク質であるNaV1.1およびNaV1.2は、脳中で高度に発現され(Raymond,C.K.ら,J.Biol.Chem.(2004),279(44):46234−41)、正常な脳機能に極めて重大である。ヒトにおいて、NaV1.1およびNaV1.2における変異は、癲癇状態を生じ、いくらかの場合においては、精神的衰えおよび片頭痛を生じる(Rhodes,T.H.ら,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA(2004),101(30):11147−52;Kamiya,K.ら,J.Biol.Chem.(2004),24(11):2690−8;Pereira,S.ら,Neurology(2004),63(1):191−2;Meisler,M.H.ら,J.Physiol.(Lond.)(印刷中)。よって、両方のチャネルが、癲癇の処置のための確認された標的とみなされてきた(PCT公開特許公報WO 01/38564を参照のこと)。
injury model)において達成された。NaV1.8の選択的ブロッカーが既に報告されており、これは、神経障害性疼痛および炎症性疼痛の両方をブロックすることにおいて有用である(Jarvis,M.F.ら,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA(2007),104(20),8520−5)。PCT公開特許出願 WO03/037274A2は、中枢神経系状態もしくは末梢神経系状態(特に、上記示された状態の始まりもしくは再発と関連したナトリウムチャネルをブロックすることによる疼痛および慢性疼痛)の処置のためのピラゾール−アミドおよびスルホンアミドを記載する。PCT公開特許出願 WO03/037890A2は、中枢神経系状態もしくは末梢神経系状態(特に、上記示された状態の始まりもしくは再発と関連したナトリウムチャネルをブロックすることによる疼痛および慢性疼痛)の処置のためのピペリジンを記載する。これら発明の化合物、組成物および方法は、PN3(NaV1.8)サブユニットを含むチャネルを介したイオンフラックスの阻害によって、神経障害性疼痛もしくは炎症性疼痛を処置するために特に有用である。
Chen,L.L, Pain(2000),87:7−17)。これらラッドモデルにおいて有用な用量のアロメトリックスケーリング(allimetric scaling)は、ヒトにおいて有効であることが示される用量に類似の用量へと変換される(Tanelian,D.L.and Brose,W.G.,Anesthesiology(1991),74(5):949−951)。さらに、皮膚パッチの形態で適用されるリドカインであるLidoderm(登録商標)は、疱疹後神経痛の現在FDAが認可している治療薬である(Devers,A.and Glaler,B.S.,Clin.J.Pain(2000),16(3):205−8)。
pain)、陣痛、反射性交感神経性ジストロフィー、腕神経叢引き抜き損傷(brachial plexus avulsion)、神経因性膀胱、急性疼痛、筋骨格痛、術後疼痛、慢性疼痛、持続性疼痛、末梢媒介性疼痛、中枢媒介性疼痛、慢性頭痛、緊張型頭痛、群発性頭痛、片頭痛、家族性片麻痺性片頭痛、頭部痛と関連した状態、副鼻腔性頭痛、緊張型頭痛、幻肢痛、末梢神経損傷、発作後疼痛、視床病変、神経根症、HIV疼痛、疱疹後疼痛、非心臓性胸痛、過敏性腸症候群ならびに腸障害と消化不良とに関連した疼痛、ならびにこれらの組み合わせが挙げられるが、これらに限定されないことが理解される。
Medicine 102:584−585,1997;Rossら,Neuron 65:886−898,2010))によってブロックされ得る。掻痒を軽減するために必要とされるリドカインの用量は、疼痛を処置することにおいて有効な用量に匹敵する。両方の感覚回路は、共通するメディエーターおよび関連するニューロン経路を共有する(Ikomaら,Nature Reviews Neuroscience,7:535−547,2006)。しかし、疼痛のための他の治療薬は、掻痒に対しては無効であり、掻痒症を軽減するよりむしろ、増悪させ得る。例えば、オピオイド(特に)は、疼痛を軽減することにおいて有効であるが、重篤な掻痒症を生じ得る。従って、電位開口型ナトリウムチャネルブロックは、疼痛および掻痒の両方についての特に見込みのある治療である。
a)乾癬性の掻痒、血液透析に起因する掻痒、水源性(aguagenic)掻痒、および皮膚障害によって引き起こされる掻痒(例えば、接触性皮膚炎)、全身性障害、ニューロパチー、心因性の要因もしくはこれらの混合;
b)アレルギー反応、昆虫咬創、過敏によって引き起こされる掻痒(例えば、乾燥肌、ざ瘡、湿疹、乾癬)、炎症性状態もしくは傷害;
c)外陰部前庭炎と関連した掻痒;
d)別の治療剤(例えば、抗生物質、抗ウイルス剤および抗ヒスタミン剤)の投与に由来する皮膚刺激もしくは炎症的影響;ならびに
e)PAR−2 G−プロテイン共役レセプターの活性化に起因する掻痒。
明の(S)−エナンチオマーはまた、上記内部空洞の外側の部位と相互作用し、上記チャネルの孔を介してナトリウムイオン伝導に対してアロステリック効果を有するようであり得る。
本発明はまた、本発明の(S)−エナンチオマーを含む薬学的組成物に関する。一実施形態において、本発明は、薬学的に受容可能なキャリア中に、および電位開口型ナトリウムチャネルを介するイオンフラックスを調節して(好ましくは、阻害して)、動物(好ましくは、哺乳動物、最も好ましくは、ヒト患者)に投与される場合に疾患(例えば、疼痛)を処置するのに有効な量で、本発明の(S)−エナンチオマーを含む組成物に関する。
オマーの濃度を含み得る。
本発明の(S)−エナンチオマーは、通常は、1種以上の他の治療剤と合わせられ得るか、またはこれらの任意の組み合わせとして、電位開口型ナトリウムチャネルの調節(好ましくは、阻害)によって改善されるかもしくは緩和される哺乳動物(好ましくは、ヒト)における疾患もしくは状態の処置において、合わせられ得る。例えば、本発明の(S)−エナンチオマーは、他の治療剤と組み合わせて、同時、逐次的にもしくは別個に投与され得る。上記他の治療剤としては、以下が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない:
・オピエート鎮痛剤(例えば、モルフィン、ヘロイン、コカイン、オキシモルフィン、レボルファノール、レバロルファン、オキシコドン、コデイン、ジヒドロコデイン、プロポキシフェン、ナルメフェン、フェンタニル、ヒドロコドン、ヒドロモルフィン、メリピジン(meripidine)、メタドン、ナロルフィン、ナロキソン、ナルトレキソン、ブプレノルフィン、ブトルファノール、ナルブフィンおよびペンタゾシン);
・非オピエート鎮痛剤(例えば、アセトメニフェン(acetomeniphen)、サリチレート(例えば、アスピリン);
・非ステロイド系抗炎症薬(NSAID)(例えば、イブプロフェン、ナプロキセン、フェノプロフェン、ケトプロフェン、セレコキシブ、ジクロフェナク、ジフルシナル(diflusinal)、エトドラク、フェンブフェン、フェノプロフェン、フルフェニサール、フルルビプロフェン、イブプロフェン、インドメタシン、ケトプロフェン、ケトロラク、メクロフェナム酸、メフェナム酸、メロキシカム、ナブメトン、ナプロキセン、ニメスルリド、ニトロフルルビプロフェン、オルサラジン、オキサプロジン、フェニルブタゾン、ピロキシカム、スルファサラジン、スリンダク、トルメチンおよびゾメピラック);・抗痙攣薬(例えば、カルバマゼピン、オクスカルバゼピン、ラモトリギン、バルプロエート、トピラメート、ガバペンチンおよびプレガバリン);
・抗鬱剤(例えば、三環系抗鬱剤(例えば、アミトリプチリン、クロミプラミン、デスプラミン、イミプラミンおよびノルトリプチリン));
・COX−2選択的インヒビター(例えば、セレコキシブ、ロフェコキシブ、パレコキシブ、バルデコキシブ、デラコキシブ、エトリコキシブ、およびルミラコキシブ);
・αアドレナリン作動薬(例えば、ドキサゾシン、タムスロシン、クロニジン、グアンファシン、デクスメタトミジン、モダフィニル、および4−アミノ−6,7−ジメトキシ−2−(5−メタンスルホンアミド−1,2,3,4−テトラヒドロイソキノール−2−イル)−5−(2−ピリジル)キナゾリン);
・バルビツレート鎮静剤(例えば、アモバルビタール、アプロバルビタール、ブタバルビタール、ブタビタール(butabital)、メフォバルビタール、メタルビタール、メトヘキシタール、ペントバルビタール、フェノバルビタール、セコバルビタール、タルブタール、テアミラール(theamylal)およびチオペンタール);
・タキキニン(NK)アンタゴニスト、特に、NK−3アンタゴニスト、NK−2アンタゴニストもしくはNK−1アンタゴニスト、例えば、(R,9R)−7−[3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)ベンジル)]−8,9,10,11−テトラヒドロ−9−メチル−5−(4−メチルフェニル)−7H−[1,4]ジアゾシノ[2,1−g][1,7]−ナフチリジン−6−13−ジオン(TAK−637)、5−[[2R,3S)−2−[(1R)−1−[3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチルフェニル]エトキシ−3−(4−フルオロフェニル)−4−モルホリニル]−メチル]−1,2−ジヒドロ−3H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−3−オン(MK−869)、アプレピタント、ラネピタント、ダピタントもしくは3−[[2−メトキシ5−(トリフルオロメトキシ)フェニル]−メチルアミノ]−2−フェニルピペリジン(2S,3S);
・コールタール鎮痛剤(coal−tar analgesics)、特に、パラセタモール;
・セロトニン再取り込みインヒビター(例えば、パロキセチン、セルトラリン、ノルフルオキセチン(フルオキセチンデスメチル代謝産物)、代謝産物デメチルセルトラリン、’3 フルボキサミン、パロキセチン、シタロプラム、シタロプラム代謝産物デスメチルシタロプラム、エスシタロプラム、d,l−フェンフルラミン、フェモキセチン、イホキセチン、シアノドチエピン、リトキセチン、ダポキセチン、ネファゾドン、セリクラミン、トラゾドンおよびフルオキセチン);
・ノルアドレナリン(ノルエピネフリン)再取り込みインヒビター(例えば、マプロチリン、ロフェプラミン、ミルタザピン(mirtazepine)、オキサプロチリン、フェゾラミン、アトモキセチン(tomoxetine)、ミアンセリン、ブプロピオン(buproprion)、ブプロピオン代謝産物ヒドロキシブプロピオン、ノミフェンシンおよびビロキサジン(Vivalan(登録商標)))、特に、選択的ノルアドレナリン再取り込みインヒビター(例えば、レボキセチン、特に、(S,S)−レボキセチン、およびベンラファキシン、デュロキセチン神経弛緩薬 鎮静薬/抗不安薬;
・二重セロトニン−ノルアドレナリン再取り込みインヒビター(例えば、ベンラファキシン、ベンラファキシン代謝産物O−デスメチルベンラファキシン、クロミプラミン、クロミプラミン代謝産物デスメチルクロミプラミン、デュロキセチン、ミルナシプランおよびイミプラミン);
・アセチルコリンエステラーゼインヒビター(例えば、ドネペジル);
・5−HT3アンタゴニスト(例えば、オンダンセトロン);
・代謝調節型グルタメートレセプター(mGluR)アンタゴニストもしくはアゴニストまたはmGluRにおけるグルタメートのアロステリック増強剤;
・局所麻酔剤(例えば、メキシレチンおよびリドカイン);
・コルチコステロイド(例えば、デキサメタゾン);
・抗不整脈薬(例えば、メキシレチンおよびフェニトイン);
・ムスカリンアンタゴニスト(例えば、トルテロジン、プロピベリン、塩化トロスピウム(tropsium t chloride)、ダリフェナシン、ソリフェナシン、テミベリンおよびイプラトロピウム);
・ムスカリンアゴニストもしくはムスカリンレセプターにおけるアセチルコリンのアロステリック増強剤
・カンナビノイドもしくはカンナビノイドレセプターにおけるエンドルフィンのアロステリック増強剤;
・バニロイドレセプターアゴニスト(例えば、レシニフェラトキシン(resinferatoxin))もしくはバニロイドレセプターアンタゴニスト(例えば、カプサゼピン);
・鎮静薬(例えば、グルテチミド、メプロバメート、メタカロン、およびジクロラールフェナゾン);
・抗不安薬(例えば、ベンゾジアゼピン)、
・抗鬱剤(例えば、ミルタザピン)、
・局所剤(topical agent)(例えば、リドカイン、カプサシン(capsacin)およびレシニフェラトキシン(resiniferotoxin));
・筋弛緩剤(例えば、ベンゾジアゼピン、バクロフェン、カリソプロドール、クロルゾキサゾン、シクロベンザプリン、メトカルバモールおよびオルフェナドリン(orphrenadine);
・抗ヒスタミン剤もしくはH1アンタゴニスト;
・NMDAレセプターアンタゴニスト;
・5−HTレセプターアゴニスト/アンタゴニスト;
・PDEVインヒビター;
・Tramadol(登録商標);
・コリン作動性(ニコチン性)鎮痛剤;
・α−2−δリガンド;
・プロスタグランジンE2サブタイプアンタゴニスト;
・ロイコトリエンB4アンタゴニスト;
・5−リポキシゲナーゼインヒビター;ならびに
・5−HT3アンタゴニスト。
本発明はまた、本発明の薬学的組成物を含むキットを提供する。上記キットはまた、イオンチャネルの活性を調節して疼痛ならびに本明細書で開示される他の有用性のあるものを処置するための、上記薬学的組成物の使用説明書を含む。好ましくは、市販のパッケージは、上記薬学的組成物の1以上の単位用量を含む。例えば、このような単位用量は、静脈内注射の調製物に十分な量であり得る。光感受性および/もしくは空気感受性であるこのような組成物が、特別なパッケージングおよび/もしくは処方を必要とし得ることは、当業者に明らかである。例えば、光に対して不透明なパッケージングが使用され得、そして/または周囲の空気との接触から密封され得、そして/または適切なコーティングもしくは賦形剤とともに処方され得る。
本発明の(S)−エナンチオマーおよび対応する(R)−エナンチオマーは、いずれかのキラル高圧液体クロマトグラフィー法を使用して、もしくは以下の反応スキームにおいて記載されるように、擬似移動層クロマトグラフィー法(simulated moving bed chromatography method)によって、本発明の要旨において上記に示されるように、式(I)の化合物の分割によって調製される。ここで「キラルHPLC」とは、キラル高圧液体クロマトグラフィーに言及し、「SMB」とは、擬似移動層クロマトグラフィーに言及する:
反応スキーム
(1’−{[5−(トリフルオロメチル)フラン−2−イル]メチル}スピロ[フロ[2,3−f][1,3]ベンゾジオキソール−7,3’−インドール]−2’(1’H)−オン(式(I)の化合物)の合成)
139−141℃;
(キラルHPLCによる式(I)の化合物の分割)
式(I)の化合物を、本発明の(S)−エナンチオマーおよび対応する(R)−エナンチオマーへと、以下の条件下でキラルHPLCによって分割した:
カラム:Chiralcel(登録商標)OJ−RH; 20mm I.D.×250mm, 5 mic; Lot: OJRH CJ−EH001(Daicel Chemical Industries,Ltd)
溶出液:アセトニトリル/水(60/40, v/v, 均一濃度)
流速:10mL/分
実行時間:60分
負荷:1mLのアセトニトリル中100mgの式(I)の化合物
温度:周囲
上記キラルHPLC条件下で、式(I)の化合物の(R)−エナンチオマー(すなわち、(R)−1’−{[5−(トリフルオロメチル)フラン−2−イル]メチル}スピロ[フロ[2,3-f][1,3]−ベンゾジオキソール−7,3’−インドール]−2’(
1’H)−オン)を、白色固体として第1の画分として単離した;ee(エナンチオマー過剰)>99%(分析OJ−RH, 水中55%アセトニトリル);mp103-105 °C;
ベンゾジオキソール−7,3’−インドール]−2’(1’H)−オン)を、白色固体として第2の画分として単離した;ee>99%(分析OJ−RH,水中55%アセトニトリル);mp100-102 °C;
(SMBクロマトグラフィーによる式(I)の化合物の分割)
式(I)の化合物を、以下の条件下で、SMBクロマトグラフィーによって本発明の(S)−エナンチオマーおよび対応する(R)−エナンチオマーへと分割した:
抽出物:147.05mL/分
ラフィネート:76.13mL/分
溶離液:183.18mL/分
供給:40mL/分
リサイクリング:407.88mL/分
実行時間:0.57分
温度:25℃
圧力:46バール
供給溶液(1.0Lの移動相(アセトニトリル/メタノール/トリフルオロ酢酸の25:75:0.1(v:v:v)混合物))中の式(I)の化合物25g)を、固定相として110g(1カラムあたり,9.6cm,4.8cm I.D.)のキラルPAK−ADを含む2−2−2−2配置で8つの同一カラムを備えたSMBシステム(Novasep Licosep Lab Unit)へと連続して注入した。第1の溶出エナンチオマー(式(I)の化合物の(R)−エナンチオマー)は、ラフィネートストリーム中に含まれ、第2の溶出エナンチオマー(式(I)の化合物の(S)−エナンチオマー)は、抽出物ストリーム中に含まれていた。上記SMB分割から得られた(S)−エナンチオマーおよび(R)−エナンチオマーの特徴付けデータは、キラルHPLCを利用して、上記で得られたものに同一であった。
種々の技術は、本発明の化合物の活性を試験することについて、もしくは公知の薬学的に受容可能な賦形剤中でのそれらの溶解度を決定することについて、当該分野で公知である。本明細書に記載される発明が、より十分に理解され得るように、以下の生物学的アッセイが示される。これら実施例は、例示目的に過ぎず、いかなる様式においても本発明を限定するとして解釈されるべきでないことが理解されるものとする。
(グアニジンインフラックスアッセイ(インビトロアッセイ))
この実施例は、内因性に発現された起源もしくは異種で発現された起源のいずれかの細胞において安定に発現された、ヒトもしくはラットの電位開口型ナトリウムチャネルに対する試験薬剤を試験し、かつプロファイリングするためのインビトロアッセイを記載する。このアッセイはまた、電位開口型ナトリウムチャネルを調節する(好ましくは、ブロックする)化合物のIC50を決定するために有用である。上記アッセイは、Reddy,N.L.,ら,J.Med.Chem.(1998),41(17):3298−302によって記載されるグアニジンインフラックスアッセイに基づく。
(電気生理学的アッセイ(インビトロアッセイ))
hNaV1.7を発現するHEK293細胞を、0.5mg/mL G418、±1%
PSG、および10% 熱不活性化ウシ胎仔血清を含むDMEM増殖培地(Gibco)中、37℃および5% CO2で培養した。電気生理学的記録については、細胞を、10mmディッシュ上に播種した。
(インビボアッセイ)
(急性疼痛(ホルマリン試験))
上記ホルマリン試験を、急性疼痛の動物モデルとして使用する。上記ホルマリン試験において、動物を、20分間にわたって、実験日の前日に、プレキシグラス試験チャンバに短時間ならす。試験日に、動物に、上記試験物品を無作為に注射する。薬物投与の30分後に、ラットの左後脚の足底表面に、50μLの10% ホルマリンを皮下注射する。ビデオデータ取得を、90分の期間にわたって、ホルマリン投与直後に開始する。
MPIE(%)=100−[(処置合計/平均ビヒクル値)×100%]。
疼痛評価=[0(To)+1(T1)+2(T2)+3(T3)]/(To+T1+T2+T3)。
この試験において、接触性異痛を、較正したvon Freyフィラメントで評価する。まる1週間の飼育施設への順応の後に、150μLの「完全フロイントアジュバント」(CFA)エマルジョン(CFA0.5mg/mLの濃度での油/食塩水(1:1)エマルジョン中の懸濁物)を、軽いイソフルラン麻酔下で、ラットの左後脚の足底表面の皮下に注射した。動物を麻酔から回復させ、全ての動物のベースライン温度閾値および機械的侵害受容閾値を、CFAの投与後1週間、評価した。全ての動物を、実験開始の前日に20分間にわたって、実験装置になれさせた。上記試験物品およびコントロール物品を上記動物に投与し、上記侵害受容閾値を、薬物投与後の規定された時間で測定して、6種の利用可能な処置の各々に対する鎮痛応答を決定した。使用した時間点は、各試験化合物についての最高の鎮痛効果を示すために予め決定された。
2290 Electrovonfrey触覚計(IITC Life Science,Woodland Hills,CA)を用いて測定した。上記動物を、ワイヤメッシュ表面上に設置した高所のプレキシグラス囲いに配置した。15分間の順応後、予め較正したVon Frey毛様物を、十分な力で、上記動物の同側後脚の足底に対して直角に適用し、グラム単位で測定して、上記脚の鮮明な応答(crisp response)を誘発した。上記応答は、疼痛刺激からの引っ込めを示し、効力のエンドポイントを構成した。上記脚による迅速な払いのけを最低の力で誘導する上記毛様物が決定されるまで、または約20gのカットオフ力(cut off force)に達する場合、試験は継続する。このカットオフ力は、上記動物の体重のうちの約10%を表し、この力はより硬い毛様物(これは、上記刺激の性質を変化させる)の使用に起因する脚全体の挙上を防止するように働くので、使用される。上記データを、グラム単位で測定したベースライン閾値からの%増加として表した。
このモデルにおいて、脚の平面内切開によって引き起こされる痛覚過敏(hypealgesia)は、上記動物が適用された刺激からその脚を引っ込めるまで、脚に増大した触覚刺激を適用することによって測定される。動物を、ノーズコーンを介して送達される3.5% イソフルラン下で麻酔する間に、1cmの長軸方向の切開を、左後脚の足底面に皮膚および筋膜を貫通して、踵の近位端の0.5cmから始まって、足指の方向へ延びて、ナンバー10の外科用メスの刃を使用して作製した。切開後、皮膚を、2,3−0滅菌絹縫合糸を使用してあわせする。傷害した部位をPolysporinおよびBetadineで覆う。動物を、一晩の回復のために、彼らのホームケージに戻す。
このモデルにおいて、約3cmの切開を、ナンバー10外科用メスの刃を使用して、上記動物の左後脚の大腿中央レベルにおいて、皮膚および筋膜を貫通して作製した。左坐骨神経を、出血を最小限にするように気をつけながら、大腿二頭筋を介する鈍的な切開によって露出させた。4つのゆるい結紮糸を、4−0非分解性滅菌絹縫合糸を使用して、1〜2mmの間隔で、坐骨神経に沿って結んだ。上記ゆるい結紮糸の張力は、4倍の倍率で解剖顕微鏡下で観察した場合に、坐骨神経のわずかな緊縮を誘導するに十分堅い。偽手術した動物において、左の坐骨神経を、さらなる操作なしに露出させた。抗菌軟膏剤を創傷に直接適用し、筋肉を、滅菌縫合糸を使用して閉じた。Betadineを、上記筋肉の上およびその周りに適用し、続いて、手術用クリップで皮膚の閉鎖を行った。
(アコニチン誘導性不整脈アッセイ)
本発明の化合物の抗不整脈活性は、以下に試験によって実証される。不整脈は、生理食塩水中に溶解したアコニチン(2.0μg/Kg)の静脈内投与によって誘発される。本発明の試験化合物は、アコニチンの投与後5分で静脈内投与される。上記抗不整脈活性の評価を、上記アコニチン投与から期外収縮(ES)の発生までの時間および上記アコニチン投与から心室頻拍(VT)の発生までの時間を測定することによって行う。
(虚血誘導性不整脈アッセイ)
心室不整脈の齧歯類モデルは、迅速な電気的除細動および予防パラダイムの両方において、ヒトにおける心房不整脈および心室不整脈の両方について潜在的な治療剤を試験することにおいて使用されてきた。心筋梗塞をもたらす心虚血は、罹病率および死亡率の一般的な原因である。虚血誘導性心室頻拍および心室細動を予防する化合物の能力は、心房頻拍および心室頻拍ならびに心房細動および心室細動の両方についての臨床的設定において、化合物の効力を決定するための受け入れられたモデルである。
ラセミ体(すなわち、式(I)の化合物)と比較すると、上記(R)−エナンチオマーを実質的に含まない上記(S)−エナンチオマーは、種々の薬学的に受容可能な賦形剤においてより良好な溶解度プロフィールを有する。従って、上記(S)−エナンチオマーは、上記ラセミ体より少ない数の投与単位で処方され得る。この特性は、効力を達成するために投与を必要とされる場合、より高レベルで患者の投与を容易にする。溶解度の差異の例は、以下の表5に示される:
(掻痒症の処置のためのインビボアッセイ)
ヒスタミンは、ヒトにおいて掻痒症(掻痒)を誘導する。よって、このアッセイは、雄性ICRマウスにおけるヒスタミン誘導性掻痒症に対して局所投与および経口投与した本発明の(S)−エナンチオマーの効力を評価する。
皮膚へのヒスタミン注射は、上記動物に、1〜2秒持続する発作での掻痒を単発的に引き起こした。上記未処置群において、掻痒発作は、注射後直ぐに始まり、その後およそ40分間にわたって続いた(図4を参照のこと)。8% (w/v)の局所的(S)−エナンチオマーで処置した群は、有意に低下した掻痒を示した(図5を参照のこと)。ビヒクルのみで処置した動物は、合計回数134.3±13.31(n=16)掻痒発作を有したのに対して、局所的(S)−エナンチオマー出処置したマウスは、89.00±10.51(n=16)掻痒発作を有した。これら群の間の差異は、p値0.0122で統計的に有意であった。50mg/Kg 経口的(S)−エナンチオマーで処置した群は、有意に低下した掻痒を同様に示した(図6を参照のこと)。ビヒクルのみで処置した動物は、合計回数42.88±6.667(n=8)の掻痒発作を有したのに対して、(S)−エナンチオマーで処置したマウスは、17.25±6.310(n=8)掻痒発作を有した。上記経口処置した群の間の差異はまた、p値0.0144で統計的に有意であった。上記結果は、経口投与したおよび局所投与した(S)−エナンチオマーが、掻痒を低下させることを実証した。さらに、2種の一般的薬物送達様式(経口および局所)は、(S)−エナンチオマーを送達して、この治療効果を達成するために使用され得ることが明らかである。
(原発性/遺伝性先端紅痛症(IEM)の処置のためのヒトにおける臨床試験)
原発性/遺伝性先端紅痛症(IEM)は、稀な遺伝性疼痛状態である。IEMの根底にある原因は、本発明の(S)−エナンチオマーが阻害することが示されたNaV1.7電位開口型ナトリウムチャネルにおける1つ以上の機能獲得変異(gain−of−function mutation)であり得る。
(歯痛の処置のためのヒトにおける臨床試験)
この臨床試験の目的は、埋伏第3臼歯の抜歯後の疼痛の軽減について、単一の500mg用量の本発明の(S)−エナンチオマー 対 プラセボ用量の安全性および効力(始まり、軽減の期間、および全体的な効力)を比較することであった。
(本発明の(S)−エナンチオマーの安全性についてのヒトにおける臨床試験)
この臨床試験は、本発明の(S)−エナンチオマーを含む局所適用される軟膏剤の安全性および薬物動態を評価するための、健康な被験体におけるフェーズ1の、無作為化した二重盲検のプラセボ対照研究であった。
(疱疹後神経痛の処置のためのヒトにおける臨床試験)
疱疹後神経痛(PHN)は、神経障害性疼痛を研究するための十分に確立されかつ十分に認識されたモデルである。さらに、PHNは、ナトリウムチャネルブロッカー効力の強力な証拠を示す。以下の研究は、PHNを有する患者に局所的に投与した本発明の(S)−エナンチオマーの安全性、許容性、予備的効力および全身曝露を評価するために、無作為化した二重盲検プラセボ対照の2種の処置、2種の期間のクロスオーバー研究を表す。主な目的は、(a)PHNを有する患者における疼痛の軽減について、(S)−エナンチオマーを含む軟膏剤の安全性および効力と、プラセボのそれとを比較すること、および(b)PHNを有する患者における(S)−エナンチオマーの局所適用後の、上記(S)−エナンチオマーへの全身曝露の程度を評価すること、である。上記処置は、(S)−エナンチオマー 8%(w/w)軟膏剤およびマッチングするプラセボ軟膏剤からなる。
1.初期スクリーニングおよび洗い出し期間(最大3週間まで);
2.一重盲検のプラセボ導入期間(1週間);
3.2週間の洗い出し/一重盲検プラセボ導入で分けられた、各々3週間続く2種の処置期間(合計で8週間)からなるクロスオーバー処置期間;および
4.安全性の追跡期間(2週間)。
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- 明細書中に記載の発明。
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