JP2014221058A - デュシェンヌ型筋ジストロフィーにおける効率的なエクソン(44)スキッピングのための方法及び関連手段 - Google Patents
デュシェンヌ型筋ジストロフィーにおける効率的なエクソン(44)スキッピングのための方法及び関連手段 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
分子がCpGを含まない、
分子がGカルテットモチーフを含まない、
分子が、許容されるRNA結合反応速度及び/又は熱力学的特性を有する。
材料及び方法
AONの設計は、m−foldプログラム(Mathewsetら、J Mol Biol 1999;288(5):911−40)によって予測されるような標的エクソンRNAのオープン二次構造の(部分的な)オーバーラップ、ESE−finderソフトウェア(rulai.cshl.edu/tools/ESE/)(Cartegniら、Nucleic Acids Res 2003;31(13):3568−71)によって予測されるような推測上のSRタンパク質結合部位の(部分的な)オーバーラップ、及び3つ以上のヌクレオチドのG伸長又はCpG対の回避にもとづいた。AON(表1を参照されたい)は、Eurogentec(Belgium)及びProsensa Therapeutics BV(ライデン、オランダ)により合成し、2’−O−メチルRNA及び完全長ホスホロチオエート骨格を含む。
健康な個体(「ヒト対照」)又はエクソン45欠失を有するDMD患者に由来する筋管培養物を、以前に記載されたように処理した(Aartsma−Rusら、Hum Mol Genet 2003;12(8):907−14;Havengaら、J Virol 2002;76(9):4612−20)。AONの選別のために、筋管培養物に、150及び/又は400nMの各AONをトランスフェクトした。トランスフェクト剤ポリエチレンイミン(PEI、ExGen500 MBI Fermentas)又は誘導体(UNIFectylin、Prosensa Therapeutics BV、オランダ)を、AON1μgにつき、2μlのExGen500又はUNIFectylinで使用した。フルオレセイン標識を有する対照AONを、最適なトランスフェクト効率を確認するために使用した(概して90%以上の蛍光の核が得られた)。RNAを、記載のようにトランスフェクトして24から48時間後に単離した(Aartsma−Rusら、Neuromuscul Disord 2002;12 Suppl:S71)。エクソンスキッピングの効率を、エクソン44に隣接するエクソン中のプライマーを使用して(Aartsma−Rusら、Neuromuscul Disord 2002;12 Suppl:S71)、ネステッドRT−PCR解析によって決定した。BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reactionキット(PE Applied Biosystems)及びABI 3700 Sequencer(PE Applied Biosystems)を使用する、Leiden Genome Technology Center (LGTC)による配列検証のために、QIAquick Gel Extractionキット(QIAGEN)を使用して、PCRフラグメントをアガロースゲルから単離した。定量化のために、Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer(Agilent Technologies、USA)のDNA 1000 LabChipsキットを使用して、PCR産物を解析した。
エクソン44内の配列を標的にする一連のAONを設計し、トランスフェクト及びそれに続くRT−PCR及び単離したRNAの配列解析によって、健康な対照及び患者由来の筋管培養物中の両方で試験した。エクソン45の欠失を有するDMD患者に由来する筋管では、特異的なエクソン44スキッピングは、試験したAONごとに(PS187からPS201)150nMで誘導され、PS188(配列番号5)、PS190(h44AON2として以前に出版された;Aartsma−Rusら、Neuromuscul Disord 2002;12 Suppl:S71)、PS191(配列番号47)、PS193(配列番号48)、PS194(配列番号46)及びPS196(配列番号51)は、最高レベルのスキッピング(150nMで84%及び94%の間)を実際に示した(図1A)。
材料と方法
EDTA管中に採取した、健康なヒトの新鮮な対照血液試料を、HistoPaque勾配の最上層に重ねた。遠心分離において(最上部から最下部まで4層のうち)単核細胞を有する第2層を採取し、洗浄し、再び遠心分離した。細胞ペレットを、増殖培養液中で再懸濁し、計数した。6穴プレート中に、1穴につき8x106個の細胞を蒔き、37℃、5%CO2で3時間インキュベートした。次いで細胞に、二連で1ディッシュにつき0又は200nMのPS188(配列番号5;2’OMePS RNA;Prosensa Therapeutics BV)をトランスフェクトした。トランスフェクトして72時間後にRNAを単離し、エクソン44に隣接するDMD遺伝子特異的プライマーを使用するRT−PCR解析によって解析した(Aartsma−Rusら、Neuromuscul Disord 2002;12 Suppl:S71)。BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reactionキット(PE Applied Biosystems)及びABI 3700 Sequencer(PE Applied Biosystems)を使用するLeiden Genome Technology Center(LGTC)による配列解析を、QlAquick Gel Extractionキット(QIAGEN)を使用してRNAレベルで特異的エクソン44スキッピングを確認した単離PCR産物において行った。
健康な対照個体由来のトランスフェクトした末梢血単核球(PB−MNC)中では、PS188は、200nMで加えたときに、新規のより短い転写物フラグメントの産生を誘導した(図2B)。このフラグメントを単離し、配列決定し、特異的なエクソン44スキッピングのための確認をした。トランスフェクトしていないPB−MNCでは、エクソン44スキッピングは観察されなかった。これらの結果は、PS188が、インビトロでのヒトのエクソン44スキッピングを誘導する効率的な化合物であることを示す。
材料及び方法
アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチド(AON)
正常及びmdxマウス(Sicinskiら(1989).Science 244:1578−1580)に、マウス特異的m46AON4(van Deutekomら(2001)Hum Mol Genet 10:1547−1554)を注射し、一方、hDMDマウスに、ヒト特異的PS196(配列番号51)又はPS188(配列番号5)を注射した。どちらのAONも、完全長ホスホロチオエート骨格及び2’−O−メチル修飾リボース分子を含んでいた(PS196:Eurogentec、Belgium;PS188:Prosensa Therapeutics BV)。
正常なマウス(C57B1/6NCrL)及びmdxマウス(C57B1/10ScSn−mdx/J)は、Charles River Laboratories(オランダ)から入手した。トランスジェニックhDMDマウスは、発明者等自身のLUMC実験室で操作した。簡潔には、胚性幹(ES)細胞を、完全長(2.4Mb)ヒトDMD遺伝子を含む2.7MbのYACを保有する酵母スフェロプラストと融合することにより、遺伝子改変した。このYACは、酵母におけるより小さいオーバーラップYACの相同遺伝子組換えによって以前に再構築した(Den Dunnenら(1992)Hum Mol Genet1:19−28)。PFGEマッピング、全体の遺伝子にわたるエクソンPCR解析、及び分裂中期のFISH解析により評価されるような、完全サイズのYACの1つのコピーの組込みを示すES細胞を、次いでホモ接合体hDMDマウスの作製に使用した(’t Hoenら、J.Biol.Chem.2008)。トランスジェニックhDMDマウスは、遺伝子改変による身体的影響を受けないようである。ヒトDMD遺伝子の適切な発現は、筋肉においてRNA及びタンパク質の両レベルで実際に示すことができた。これらのマウスの操作は、Dutch Ministry of Agriculture(LNV);project nr.VVA/BD01.284(E21)により認可された。
マウスにおける筋肉内AON注射の実験は、Leiden University医学部の動物実験委員会(UDEC)により認可された(prpject no.00095,03027)。AONは、純粋、又は製品説明書にしたがい、5%w/vグルコース溶液中でAON1nmolにつきPEI1mlの比率の陽イオン性ポリマーのポリエチレンイミン(PEI;ExGen 500(20x)、MBI Fermentas)との複合体、若しくは15nmolのSAINT−18TM(Synvolux Therapeutics B.V.、オランダ)との複合体のいずれかで、注射した。SAINT−18TM送達系は、陽イオン性ピリジニウム頭部基にもとづき、アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドの非毒性送達を可能にする。マウスを1:1(v/v)ヒプノルム/ドルミカム溶液(Janssen Pharmaceutica、Belgium/Roche、オランダ)の腹腔内注射により麻酔した。純粋AON(PS188)を、22ゲージ針のハミルトンシリンジを用いるマウスの両腓腹筋への筋肉内注射により、最終注射量40μlで投与した。マウスは、24時間間隔で40μgの2つの注射を受けた。マウスを、注射後の異なる時点;PS188を注射したhDMDマウスに関しては最後に注射して10日後で屠殺した。筋肉を単離し、液体窒素冷却した2−メチルブタン中で凍結した。
筋肉試料を、RNA−Bee溶液(Campro Scientific、オランダ)中でホモジナイズした。全部のRNAを、製品説明書にしたがい単離及び精製した。逆転写酵素C.thermポリメラーゼ又はTranscriptor(Roche Diagnostics、オランダ)によるcDNA合成のために、RNA300ngを、30分間60℃で20μl反応液に使用し、マウス又はヒト特異的プライマーで逆方向刺激した。最初のPCRを、(PS188を注射したマウスに関してはエクソン43−45に隣接する)外側のプライマーセットを用いて、94℃(40秒)、60℃(40秒)及び72℃(60秒)の20周期で行った。この反応液(1:10に希釈)の1μlを、次いで標的エクソン(PS188を注射したマウスに関してはエクソン44)に直接隣接するエクソン中のネステッドプライマーの組合せを使用して、94℃(40秒)、60℃(40秒)及び72℃(60秒)の30周期で再増幅した。PCR産物を2%アガロースゲル上で解析した。スキッピング効率を、DNA1000LabChip(登録商標)キット及びAgilent 2100 bioanalyzer(Agilent Technologies、オランダ)を使用する、PCR産物の定量化によって決定した。プライマーセット及び配列は、以前記載された(Aartsma−Rusら(2002) Neuromuscul Disord 12 Suppl:S71.8,17;van Deutekomら(2001) Hum Mol Genet 10:1547−1554)。
RT−PCR産物を、QIAquick Gel Extractionキット(QIAGEN)を使用して、2%アガロースゲルから単離した。Direct DNA配列決定を、BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reactionキット(PE Applied Biosystems)を使用して、Leiden Genome Technology Center(LGTC)により行い、ABI 3700 Sequencer(PE Applied Biosystems)上で解析した。
RNA−Beeの筋肉ホモジネートを、製品説明書にしたがい96穴スピンプレート(Applied Biosystems)で、核酸精製キット(SequazymeTM Pinpoint SNPキット用Nucleic Acid Purificationキット、Applied Biosystems)を使用して精製した。マトリックス溶液(50%アセトニトリル中の3−ヒドロキシピコリン酸50mg/ml及び二塩基性クエン酸アンモニウム25mM)を、1mlアリコートで、AnchorChipTM試料標的(Bruker Daltonics、ドイツ)に加え、風乾した。試料をマトリックスの結晶上に0.5mlアリコートでスポットし、風乾した。質量決定を、Reflex III MALDI−TOF質量分析法(Bruker Daltonics、ドイツ)で行った。スペクトルを、反射鏡モードで得、およそ900のレーザーショットを蓄積した。標識した及び標識していないm46AON4の試料を比較のために解析した。
野生型筋肉におけるエクソンスキッピング
発明者等はまず、インビボのマウスの筋肉中で標的にしたエクソンスキッピングを設定し、投与の異なるパラメータを最適化した。最初の実験は、野生型マウスで行い、ナンセンス変異依存RNA分解機構により、エクソンスキッピング効率の過小評価が起こることになるが、AONの効果をmRNAレベルのみでモニターした。発明者等は、各アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドを0.9nmolから5.4nmolの用量に増やし注射した。全部の筋肉のRNAのRT−PCR解析では、注射した全試料中に新規のより短い転写物フラグメントの出現が実際に示された。配列解析では、この産物中で正確なエクソン44スキッピングが確認された(データは示していない)。
エクソンスキッピング戦略は、配列特異的な治療アプローチであるため、理想の前臨床検証は、マウスの実験的背景における標的ヒトDMD遺伝子であろう。発明者等は、組み込んだ完全長ヒトDMD遺伝子の機能性コピーを保有する、かかるトランスジェニック「ヒト化」DMD(hDMD)マウスを操作した。hDMDマウスの筋肉中のヒトジストロフィンの発現は、ヒト特異的抗体(MANDYS106)を使用する、断面の免疫組織化学解析によって特異的に検出した。筋肉のRNAレベルでは、マウス又はヒトいずれかの特異的プライマーを使用するRT−PCR解析により、ヒトDMD遺伝子の正しい転写が実際に示された。その上、mdxマウスにわたる使用において、hDMDコンストラクトでは、組織学的及びcDNAマイクロアレイ解析により評価したように(’t Hoenら、J.Biol.Chem.2008)、ジストロフィー欠損の補完が示された。hDMDマウスは、一般的にネイキッドAONの制限された取込みを示す、健康な筋線維を有する。発明者等は、PEIと複合体化したヒト特異的なAON PS196(配列番号51)又はPEIなしのPS188(配列番号5)を、hDMDマウスの腓腹筋に注射した(24時間以内に2x40μgの注射)。注射して7から10日後に、発明者等は、ヒトDMD転写物から標的エクソン44スキッピングを明確に観察した(図3A)。ヒト特異的AONは、相当するマウスの配列に対して、各20塩基長に2又は3つだけのミスマッチを有する高い相同性をもつが、マウスの内在性転写物は、どの検出可能なレベルでも影響を受けなかった。PS188は、配列解析により確認したように、エクソン44スキッピングを誘導した。処置していないhDMD筋肉中で、エクソン44スキッピングは観察されなかった。これらの結果は、PS188が、筋組織中でヒトエクソン44スキッピングを誘導する効率的な化合物であることを示す。
材料及び方法
PS188に関する大規模毒性プログラムの一部として、非絶食のカニクイザルを、PS188(配列番号5;2’OMePS RNA;Agilent Life Sciences、USA)の用量レベル6mg/kgで、29日間4日ごとに、1時間静脈内注入(5ml/kg/h)により処置した。PS188製剤は、投与開始の直前(可能な限り早く、すなわち投与を始める1時間以内前の最も早く)に、各処置日(1、5、9、13、17、21、25及び29日目の試験)に新鮮に調製した。製剤は、リン酸緩衝液中でPS188を溶解することによって調製した;純度及び含水量は、薬物物質の分析証明書に提示したように考慮した。PS188の量は、各動物の現在の体重に適合させた。動物は、最後に投与して96時間後に屠殺した(33日目)。全体の血液試料(10ml)をEDTA管に採取し、(室温で夜間輸送した後)HistoPaque勾配の最上層に重ねた。遠心分離において、(最上層から最下層まで4層のうち)単核細胞を有する第2層を採取し、洗浄し、再び遠心分離した。RNAを、結果として生じた細胞ペレットから単離し、エクソン44に隣接するDMD遺伝子特異的プライマーを使用するRT−PCR解析によって解析した(Aartsma−Rusら、Neuromuscul Disord 2002;12 Suppl:S71)。配列解析は、BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reactionキット(PE Applied Biosystems)、及びABI3700Sequencer(PE Applied Biosystems)を使用して、Leiden Genome Technology Center(LGTC)によって単離したPCR産物において行ったQIAquick Gel Extractionキット(QIAGEN)を使用して、RNAレベルでの特異的エクソン44スキッピングを確認した。
PS188の用量レベル6mg/kgで、29日間4日ごとに1時間静脈内注入により処置したサルにおいて、末梢血単核球では低いレベルのジストロフィンのみが発現されるという事実にも関わらず、エクソン44スキッピングが、末梢血単核球中で観察された(図3B)。PS188により標的にしたヒト及びサルのDMD配列は、実際100%同一である。処置していないサルでは、エクソン44スキッピングは観察されなかった。これらの結果は、PS188が、インビボでエクソン44スキッピングを誘導する効率的な化合物であることを示す。
Claims (11)
- ヌクレオチド配列:
5’−GUGGCUAACAGAAGCU(配列番号1)
を有するヌクレオチドに結合し、且つ/又は相補的である核酸分子。 - 8から60ヌクレオチドを含む、又はそれからなるアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドを含む、請求項1に記載の分子。
- 前記アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドが、配列番号5から配列番号42、配列番号49又は配列番号54を含む、又はそれからなる、請求項2に記載の分子。
- 配列番号5のヌクレオチド配列を含む、又はそれからなる、請求項3に記載の分子。
- 2’−Oアルキルホスホロチオエートアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドを含む、請求項1から4までのいずれか一項に記載の分子。
- 2’−Oメチルホスホロチオエートリボースを含む、請求項5に記載の分子。
- 請求項1から6までのいずれか一項で規定される分子を発現させるためのPolIIIプロモーター駆動型発現カセットを含み、好ましくは、前記分子が、ヌクレオチド配列
5’−GUGGCUAACAGAAGCU(配列番号1)
に結合し、且つ/又は相補的であるウイルスベースのベクター。 - 請求項1から6までのいずれか一項で規定される分子、又は請求項7に記載のベクター、及び薬学的に許容される担体を含む医薬品組成物。
- DMDプレmRNAのスプライシングを調節するための、請求項1から6までのいずれか一項で規定される分子、又は請求項7に記載のベクターの使用。
- DMD又はBMD患者の治療用の薬剤を調製するための、請求項1から6までのいずれか一項で規定される分子、又は請求項7に記載のベクターの使用。
- 細胞中でDMD遺伝子のエクソン44スキッピングを誘導するための方法であって、請求項1から6までのいずれか一項で規定される分子、又は請求項7に記載のベクターを有する前記細胞に提供するステップを含む上記方法。
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