JP2009512798A - 熱電併給システム及び炭化水素含有地層の処理方法 - Google Patents
熱電併給システム及び炭化水素含有地層の処理方法 Download PDFInfo
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- B60L1/00—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles
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- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
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- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/002—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal in combination with oil conversion- or refining processes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
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- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
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- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
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- E21B43/28—Dissolving minerals other than hydrocarbons, e.g. by an alkaline or acid leaching agent
- E21B43/281—Dissolving minerals other than hydrocarbons, e.g. by an alkaline or acid leaching agent using heat
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Abstract
【解決手段】炭化水素含有地層(212)の処理システムは水蒸気・電気併給設備(218)を備える。地層の第一部分には、前記併給設備からの水蒸気を該第一部分に供給するように構成された少なくとも1つの注入坑井(216)を配置する。前記第一部分には、第一の炭化水素を製造するように構成された少なくとも1つの製造坑井(206A)を配置する。地層の第一部分及び/又は第二部分には、前記併給設備からの電気により出力するように構成された少なくとも1つの電気ヒーター(214)を配置する。地層の第一部分及び/又は第二部分には、第二の炭化水素を製造するように構成された少なくとも1つの製造坑井を配置する。前記併給設備は、第一炭化水素及び/又は第二炭化水素を用いて発電するように構成される。
【選択図】図3
Description
1. 発明の分野
本発明は、一般に炭化水素含有地層のような各種地表下地層から炭化水素、水素、及び/又はその他の生成物を製造する方法及びシステムに関する。特に特定の実施態様は、水蒸気・電気併給設備と、炭化水素含有地層の水蒸気注入回収及び現場処理との組合わせ使用に関する。
地下地層から得られる炭化水素は、エネルギー資源、供給原料、及び消費製品として使用されることが多い。有用な炭化水素資源の枯渇に対する関心及び製造される炭化水素の全体的品質低下に対する関心から、一層効率的な回収、処理、及び/又は有用な炭化水素資源の使用方法が発展してきた。現場方法を用いて地下地層から炭化水素材料を取出すことができる。地下地層から炭化水素材料を一層容易に取出すには、地下地層中の炭化水素材料の化学的、及び/又は物理的特性を変化させる必要があるかも知れない。化学的、及び/又は物理的変化としては、移動可能な流体を生成する現場反応、地層中の炭化水素の組成変化、溶解度変化、密度変化、相変化、及び/又は粘度変化が挙げられる。流体は、限定されるものではないが、ガス、液体、エマルジョン、スラリー、及び/又は液体流と同様な流れ特性を有する固体粒子の流れであってよい。
Ljungstromの米国特許2,780,450には、ビチュメン地質の地層を現場で加熱して、液体タール状物質を油及びガスに転化又は分解することが記載されている。
Ware等の米国特許4,597,441には油、熱、及び水素を油層中で同時に接触させることが記載されている。水素化は、油層からの油の回収を促進できる。
ここに記載した実施態様は一般に、地表下地層を処理する方法、システム及びヒーターに関する。また、ここに記載した実施態様は一般に、新規な構成成分を有するヒーターに関する。このようなヒーターは、ここに記載したシステム、方法を用いて得られる。
を含む、炭化水素含有地層の処理方法を提供する。
別の実施態様では地表下地層の処理は、ここに記載した方法、システム又はヒーターのいずれかを用いて行なわれる。
別の実施態様では追加の特徴をここに記載した特定の実施態様に追加してよい。
本発明の利点は、以下の詳細な説明により、また添付図面を参照すれば、当業者に明らかとなり得る。
図1は、炭化水素含有地層の加熱段階を示す。
図2は、炭化水素含有地層を処理する現場熱処理システムの一部の実施態様の概略図である。
図3は、炭化水素含有地層から炭化水素を製造する実施態様を示す。
以下の説明は、一般に地層中の炭化水素を処理するシステム及び方法に関する。このような地層は、炭化水素生成物、水素、その他の生成物を生成させるために処理できる。
“炭化水素”は、主として炭素及び水素で形成された分子として定義される。炭化水素は、限定されるものではないが、ハロゲン、金属元素、窒素、酸素及び/又は硫黄のような他の元素を含有してもよい。炭化水素は、限定されるものではないが、ケロジェン、ビチュメン、ピロ(pyro)ビチュメン、油、天然鉱物蝋及びアスファルト鉱であってよい。炭化水素は、地球の鉱物基盤中又はその近くに定着している可能性がある。基盤としては、限定されるものではないが、堆積岩、砂、シリシライト(silicilyte)、炭酸塩、珪藻土、その他の多孔質媒体が挙げられる。“炭化水素流体”は、炭化水素を含有する流体である。炭化水素流体は、水素、窒素、一酸化炭素、二酸化炭素、硫化水素、水及びアンモニアのような非炭化水素流体を含有又は連行してもよいし、非炭化水素流体に連行されていてもよい。
“熱源”は、実質的に導電性及び/又は放射性熱伝達により地層の少なくとも一部に熱を与えるシステムである。熱源としては、例えば絶縁した導電体、長い部材(elongated member)、及び/又は導管中に配置した導電体のような電気ヒーターが挙げられる。熱源としては、地層中又は地層外部の燃料を燃焼させて、熱を発生するシステムであってもよい。このようなシステムは、表面バーナー、下降孔(downhole)ガスバーナー、無炎分配燃焼器、及び自然分配燃焼器であってもよい。幾つかの実施態様では、1種以上の熱源で供給され、又は発生した熱は、他のエネルギー源で供給できる。他のエネルギー源は、地層を直接加熱できるか、或いはこのエネルギーは、地層を直接又は間接的に加熱する伝達媒体に供給してよい。地層を加熱する熱源は、異なるエネルギー源を使用できると理解すべきである。したがって、例えば所定の地層に、幾つかの熱源は電気抵抗ヒーターから供給できるし、幾つかの熱源は燃焼熱を供給できるし、また幾つかの熱源は1種以上の他のエネルギー源(例えば化学反応、太陽エネルギー、風エネルギー、バイオマス、又はその他の更新可能なエネルギー)から熱を供給できる。化学反応としては、発熱反応(例えば酸化反応)がある。熱源は、ヒーター坑井のような加熱場所に近い、及び/又は加熱場所を囲む帯域に熱を供給するヒーターであってもよい。
“現場熱処理法”とは、炭化水素含有地層中に流動化流体、粘度低減化流体、及び/又は熱分解流体が生成するように、地層の少なくとも一部を、流動化流体、炭化水素含有材料の粘度低減化(visbreaking)、及び/又は熱分解が生じる温度より高い温度に上がるまで、炭化水素含有地層を熱源で加熱する方法のことである。
“温度制限ヒーター”とは、一般に温度調節器、出力レギュレーター、整流器、又はその他の装置のような外部制御を用いずに、熱出力を調整する(例えば熱出力を低下させる)ヒーターのことである。温度制限ヒーターは、AC(交流)又はDC(直流)で出力される電気抵抗ヒーターであってよい。
“u形坑井孔”とは、地層の第一開口から伸びて、地層の少なくとも一部を経由し、地層の第二開口経由で出る坑井孔のことである。これに関連して坑井孔は、単に大凡“v”又は“u”の形状であって、“u”の脚が 、“u”形とみなされる坑井孔の“u”底部に対し互いに平行か、或いは垂直である必要はないと理解する。
“熱分解”は、加熱により化学結合を破壊することである。熱分解は、例えば1つの化合物を熱単独で1種以上の他の化合物に変成することである。熱は、地層の或る部分に伝達させて、熱分解を起こすことができる。
“分解”とは、有機化合物の分解及び再結合により初期に存在していた分子の数よりも多い分子を生成する方法のことである。分解では、分子間の水素原子の移動を伴う一連の反応が起こる。例えばナフサは、熱分解反応を受けてエチレン及びH2を形成できる。
“流体圧力”は、地層中の流体により発生した圧力である。“岩石(litho)静圧”(時には“岩石応力”という)は、上に乗った(overlying)岩石塊の単位面積当たりの重量に等しい地層内の圧力である。“静水圧”は、水の柱(column)により示される地層内の圧力である。
“API比重”とは、15.5℃(60°F)でのAPI比重のことである。API比重はASTM法D6822により測定される。
層の“厚さ”とは、層の断面の厚さのことで、断面は、普通、層の面に対してである。
“タールサンド地層”は、炭化水素が大部分、重質炭化水素の形態で存在する地層である、及び/又は鉱物粒組織(framework)又はその他の宿主岩石(host lithology)(例えば砂又は炭酸塩)中に連行されたタールである。タールサンド地層の例としては、カナダ、AlbertaのAthabasca地層、Grosmont地層及びPeace River地層;及びベネゼラのOrimoco地帯にあるFaja地層がある。
重質炭化水素を含む特定種類の地層としては、限定されるものではないが、天然鉱物蝋又は天然アスファルト鉱が挙げられる。“天然鉱物蝋”は、通常、幅数メートル、長さ数キロ、深さ数百メートルの可能性があるほぼ管状鉱脈に産出する。“天然アスファルト鉱”は、芳香族組成の固体炭化水素を含有し、通常、大きな鉱脈に産出する。天然鉱物蝋及び天然アスファルト鉱のような地層から炭化水素の現場回収法には、溶融による炭化水素の形成及び/又は地層からの炭化水素の溶液採鉱がある。
202 熱源
204 供給ライン
206 製造坑井
206A 製造坑井
206B 製造坑井
208 収集配管
210 処理設備
212 炭化水素含有地層又は炭化水素層
214 電気ヒーター
216 注入坑井
218 水蒸気・電気併給設備
220 処理設備
Claims (23)
- 水蒸気・電気併給設備;
炭化水素含有地層の第一部分に配置され、該水蒸気・電気併給設備からの水蒸気を該第一部分に供給するように構成された少なくとも1つの注入坑井;
該地層の第一部分に配置され、第一の炭化水素を製造するように構成された少なくとも1つの製造坑井;
該地層の第一部分及び/又は該地層の第二部分に配置され、該水蒸気・電気併給設備からの電気により出力するように構成された少なくとも1つの電気ヒーター;
該地層の第一部分及び/又は該地層の第二部分に配置され、第二の炭化水素を製造するように構成された少なくとも1つの製造坑井;
を備えると共に、該水蒸気・電気併給設備は、該第一炭化水素及び/又は該第二炭化水素を用いて発電するように構成された、炭化水素含有地層の処理システム。 - 前記設備が、炭化水素を使用して電気を生成するように構成された請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記設備が、炭化水素を使用して水蒸気を製造するように構成された請求項1又は2に記載のシステム。
- 第一炭化水素のAPI比重が15°以下である請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載のシステム。
- 第二炭化水素のAPI比重が20°以上である請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載のシステム。
- 前記システムが、第一炭化水素の少なくとも一部と第二炭化水素の少なくとも一部とを混合するように構成された請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載のシステム。
- 前記システムが、電気の発生量及び水蒸気の製造量を変化して、第一炭化水素及び/又は第二炭化水素の製造量を変化するように構成された請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載のシステム。
- 前記システムが、第一炭化水素及び/又は第二炭化水素を水蒸気・電気併給設備に使用する前に、第一炭化水素及び/又は第二炭化水素を処理するための処理設備を更に備える請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載のシステム。
- 前記システムが、地層の第二部分に配置され、かつ水蒸気・電気併給設備からの水蒸気を該第二部分に供給するように構成された少なくとも1つの注入坑井を更に備える請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載のシステム。
- 水蒸気・電気併給設備が、ガス状及び液体の両炭化水素を燃焼するように構成された請求項1〜9のいずれか1項に記載のシステム。
- 炭化水素含有地層の第一部分に水蒸気を供給する工程、
該地層の第一部分から第一の炭化水素を製造する工程、
該地層の第一部分及び/又は該地層の第二部分に1つ以上のヒーターから熱を供給する工程、
該供給熱をヒーターから地層の第一部分及び/又は地層の第二部分に伝達する工程、
該地層の第二部分から第二の炭化水素を製造する工程、及び
該第一炭化水素及び/又は該第二炭化水素を、地層の第一部分には水蒸気を供給すると共に、ヒーターには電気を供給する水蒸気・電気併給設備に使用する工程、
を含む、請求項1〜10のいずれか1項に記載のシステムを用いて炭化水素含有地層を処理する方法。 - 第一炭化水素及び/又は該第二炭化水素を使用して電気を発生する工程を更に含む請求項11に記載の方法。
- 第一炭化水素及び/又は第二炭化水素を使用して水蒸気を製造する工程を更に含む請求項11又は12に記載の方法。
- 第一炭化水素のAPI比重が10°以下である請求項11〜13のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 第二炭化水素のAPI比重が15°以上である請求項11〜14のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 第一炭化水素の少なくとも一部と第二炭化水素の少なくとも一部とを混合する工程を更に含む請求項11〜15のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 第一炭化水素の少なくとも一部と第二炭化水素の少なくとも一部とを混合して、発電機用燃料を製造する工程を更に含む請求項11〜16のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 第二炭化水素の少なくとも一部を前記地層の1つ以上のヒーター用ガスとして使用する工程を更に含む請求項11〜17のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 第一炭化水素及び/又は第二炭化水素の全部を発電用及び/又は水蒸気の製造用燃料として使用する工程を更に含む請求項11〜18のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 電気の発生量及び水蒸気の製造量を変化して、第一炭化水素及び/又は第二炭化水素の製造量を変化させる工程を更に含む請求項11〜19のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 電気ヒーターから熱を供給する前に、前記第二部分に水蒸気を供給する工程を更に含む請求項11〜20のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記システムが、第一炭化水素及び/又は第二炭化水素を水蒸気・電気併給設備に使用する前に、第一炭化水素及び/又は第二炭化水素を処理する工程を更に含む請求項11〜21のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 第一炭化水素及び/又は第二炭化水素を水蒸気・電気併給設備に使用する前に、第一炭化水素及び/又は第二炭化水素を処理する工程を更に含む請求項11〜22のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
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