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EP1710863B1 - Electrical contact element having wire protection spring - Google Patents

Electrical contact element having wire protection spring Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1710863B1
EP1710863B1 EP06110712A EP06110712A EP1710863B1 EP 1710863 B1 EP1710863 B1 EP 1710863B1 EP 06110712 A EP06110712 A EP 06110712A EP 06110712 A EP06110712 A EP 06110712A EP 1710863 B1 EP1710863 B1 EP 1710863B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
contact element
wire protection
protection spring
accordance
hole
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP06110712A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1710863A1 (en
Inventor
Christian Neese
Jürgen Beymann
Klaus Rabbe
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Weidmueller Interface GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Weidmueller Interface GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Weidmueller Interface GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Weidmueller Interface GmbH and Co KG
Publication of EP1710863A1 publication Critical patent/EP1710863A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1710863B1 publication Critical patent/EP1710863B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R4/00—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation
    • H01R4/28—Clamped connections, spring connections
    • H01R4/30—Clamped connections, spring connections utilising a screw or nut clamping member
    • H01R4/36—Conductive members located under tip of screw
    • H01R4/363—Conductive members located under tip of screw with intermediate part between tip and conductive member
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R13/00—Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
    • H01R13/02—Contact members
    • H01R13/04—Pins or blades for co-operation with sockets
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R13/00—Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
    • H01R13/02—Contact members
    • H01R13/10—Sockets for co-operation with pins or blades

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electrical contact element provided with a wire protection spring, comprising a housing part which has a blind hole for receiving the wire protection spring and a lateral threaded hole for screwing in a clamping screw, with which an electrical conductor inserted into the wire protection spring can be clamped.
  • a wire protection spring is used, which partially envelops the conductor and on which the clamping screw is supported.
  • Such a contact element is from the EP 1 434 312 A2 known.
  • the wire protection spring shown therein and described is formed as a U-shaped bracket, one leg of which protrudes with an angled end into a hole in a side wall of the housing part, whereby an axial displacement protection of the wire protection spring is produced.
  • the mounting of the wire protection spring is a bit awkward. This applies even more to a disassembly, as the angled End area must be pressed with a suitable tool out of the hole in order to pull out the wire protection spring can.
  • this wire guard spring Moreover, special requirements are placed on the material properties of this wire guard spring, as they must be compressed relatively strong when plugged into the blind hole, so that sufficiently high restoring forces are required to spread apart the compressed legs apart and engage the angled end in the hole to let.
  • the present invention is therefore based on the object to develop a contact element of the generic type so that its wire protection spring is easy and inexpensive to assemble or disassemble.
  • the two, adjoining the bulge thighs starting from the bulge to let go in the sense of spreading, with a shorter leg with a free edge on the wall of the blind hole under pressure at the the wire protection spring inherent restoring forces.
  • a bore may be provided which is parallel to the threaded bore into which a clamping screw can be screwed.
  • the threaded hole and the bore are introduced into the same wall of the housing part.
  • the bore tip When carrying out the bore into the opposite wall region of the housing part, the bore tip forms a further lateral recess, in which the bulge protrudes, so that the wire protection spring rests on two opposite sides axially secured as well as secured against rotation.
  • a provided with a bow-shaped wire protection spring 4 electrical contact element is shown, which is generally designated by the reference numeral 1.
  • This contact element 1 has a housing part 2, to which a contact pin 3 is connected in the example shown in FIGS. 1 to 4, while in the example shown in FIG. 5 a contact bush 13 is provided instead of the contact pin 3.
  • a blind hole 12 is provided in which an approximately U-shaped wire protection spring 4 displaced and secured against rotation rests, which is supported at the bottom of the blind hole 12.
  • the wire protection spring 4 is at its the insertion opening for an electrical conductor opposite, the bottom of the blind hole 12 facing end portion formed as a bulge 5, to each of which a leg 6, 7 is connected.
  • legs 6, 7 are, starting from the bulge 5 spread, the leg 7 is shorter than the leg 6 and rests with an edge 8 on the wall of the blind hole 12.
  • the shorter leg 7 of this is adapted in cross-section of the cross-sectional contour of the blind hole 12 so that the edge 8 rests against the wall of the blind hole 12 over its entire length or almost entire length with frictional engagement.
  • a threaded bore 11 is introduced into the housing part 2, which extends transversely to the blind hole 12 and into which a clamping screw, also not shown, is screwed.
  • This clamping screw is supported on the longer leg 6 of the wire protection spring 4 and presses against the opposite wall of the blind hole 12 and against the shorter leg.
  • a bore 10 is provided, which is aligned parallel to the threaded bore 11 and which forms a recess into which the bulge 5 protrudes.
  • the bore 10 is guided into the opposite wall region of the housing part 2, wherein a resulting bore tip 9 also forms such a recess for receiving part of the bulge 5.

Landscapes

  • Details Of Connecting Devices For Male And Female Coupling (AREA)
  • Connections Arranged To Contact A Plurality Of Conductors (AREA)
  • Connector Housings Or Holding Contact Members (AREA)
  • Push-Button Switches (AREA)
  • Connections By Means Of Piercing Elements, Nuts, Or Screws (AREA)

Abstract

The terminal has U-shaped protective spring (4) having a bridging portion (5) and a pair of leg portions (6,7) extending vertically upward from the portion (5). The portion (5) has a circular convex configuration that bulges beyond the leg portions for engagement with recesses of bore (12). A screw (S) mounted on bore (11) is operable when a bare conductor is inserted within to clamp the portion (6) against the conductor.

Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein mit einer Drahtschutzfeder versehenes elektrisches Kontaktelement, mit einem Gehäuseteil, das ein Sackloch zur Aufnahme der Drahtschutzfeder sowie eine seitliche Gewindebohrung zum Eindrehen einer Klemmschraube aufweist, mit der ein in die Drahtschutzfeder eingeführter elektrischer Leiter festklemmbar ist.The present invention relates to an electrical contact element provided with a wire protection spring, comprising a housing part which has a blind hole for receiving the wire protection spring and a lateral threaded hole for screwing in a clamping screw, with which an electrical conductor inserted into the wire protection spring can be clamped.

Um zu verhindern, dass ein eingeführter elektrischer Leiter beim Festklemmen mittels der Klemmschraube beschädigt wird, kommt eine Drahtschutzfeder zum Einsatz, die den Leiter teilweise umhüllt und an der sich die Klemmschraube abstützt.In order to prevent that an inserted electrical conductor is damaged when clamping by means of the clamping screw, a wire protection spring is used, which partially envelops the conductor and on which the clamping screw is supported.

Ein derartiges Kontaktelement ist aus der EP 1 434 312 A2 bekannt. Die darin gezeigte und beschriebene Drahtschutzfeder ist als U-förmiger Bügel ausgebildet, dessen einer Schenkel mit einem abgewinkelten Ende in ein Loch einer Seitenwand des Gehäuseteiles ragt, wodurch eine axiale Verschiebesicherung der Drahtschutzfeder hergestellt wird.Such a contact element is from the EP 1 434 312 A2 known. The wire protection spring shown therein and described is formed as a U-shaped bracket, one leg of which protrudes with an angled end into a hole in a side wall of the housing part, whereby an axial displacement protection of the wire protection spring is produced.

Allerdings gestaltet sich die Montage der Drahtschutzfeder etwas umständlich. Dies trifft in noch stärkerem Maße auf eine Demontage zu, da der abgewinkelte Endbereich mit einem geeigneten Werkzeug aus dem Loch heraus gedrückt werden muss, um die Drahtschutzfeder herausziehen zu können.However, the mounting of the wire protection spring is a bit awkward. This applies even more to a disassembly, as the angled End area must be pressed with a suitable tool out of the hole in order to pull out the wire protection spring can.

Im übrigen sind besondere Anforderungen an die Materialeigenschaften dieser Drahtschutzfeder gestellt, da diese beim Einstecken in das Sackloch relativ stark zusammengedrückt werden muss, so dass ausreichend hohe Rückstellkräfte erforderlich sind, um die zusammen gedrückten Schenkel auseinander zu spreizen und das abgewinkelte Ende in dem Loch einrasten zu lassen.Moreover, special requirements are placed on the material properties of this wire guard spring, as they must be compressed relatively strong when plugged into the blind hole, so that sufficiently high restoring forces are required to spread apart the compressed legs apart and engage the angled end in the hole to let.

Alles in allem ist die bekannte Drahtschutzfeder nicht geeignet, eine hinsichtlich der Kosten optimierte Herstellung zu ermöglichen. Dies ist vor allem deshalb problematisch, weil gattungsgemäße Kontaktelemente als Serienteile in großen Stückzahlen hergestellt werden.All in all, the known wire-protection spring is not suitable to allow a production optimized in terms of cost. This is especially problematic because generic contact elements are produced as series parts in large quantities.

Probleme bei der Montage der Drahtschutzfeder ergeben sich auch bei einem gattungsfremden Kontaktelement, das aus der DE 198 04 702 C1 bekannt ist. In dieser Schrift wird vorgeschlagen, die Drahtschutzfeder mittels seitlicher, widerhakenförmiger Anformungen im Gehäuseteil zu verrasten, wobei sich diese Anformungen in das Gehäusematerial eingraben. Hierbei sind naturgemäß Verformungskräfte zu überwinden, die eine einfache und schnelle Montage behindern.Problems with the installation of the wire protection spring also result in a non-generic contact element, which from the DE 198 04 702 C1 is known. In this document, it is proposed to lock the wire protection spring by means of lateral, barb-shaped projections in the housing part, wherein these projections dig into the housing material. This naturally deformation forces are overcome, which hinder a simple and quick installation.

Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Kontaktelement der gattungsgemäßen Art so weiter zu entwickeln, dass seine Drahtschutzfeder einfach und kostengünstig montier- bzw. demontierbar ist.The present invention is therefore based on the object to develop a contact element of the generic type so that its wire protection spring is easy and inexpensive to assemble or disassemble.

Diese Aufgabe wird durch ein Kontaktelement mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1 gelöst.This object is achieved by a contact element with the features of claim 1.

Durch diese konstruktive Ausgestaltung ist zum einen eine sehr einfache Montage möglich, da die Drahtschutzfeder ohne großen Kraftaufwand in das Sackloch einsteckbar ist, und zum anderen eine ausreichende Verrastung gewährleistet, die einen sicheren Halt der Drahtschutzfeder im Gehäuseteil garantiert.This structural design is on the one hand a very simple installation possible because the wire guard spring can be inserted without much effort into the blind hole, and on the other hand ensures sufficient locking, which guarantees a secure hold of the wire protection spring in the housing part.

Nach einer vorteilhaften Weiterbildung der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, die beiden, sich an die Ausbauchung anschließenden Schenkel, ausgehend von der Ausbauchung, sich im Sinne eines Aufspreizens verlaufen zu lassen, wobei ein kürzerer Schenkel mit einer freien Kante an der Wandung des Sackloches unter Druck an der der Drahtschutzfeder innewohnenden Rückstellkräfte anliegt.According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the two, adjoining the bulge thighs, starting from the bulge to let go in the sense of spreading, with a shorter leg with a free edge on the wall of the blind hole under pressure at the the wire protection spring inherent restoring forces.

Als seitliche Ausnehmung des Sackloches, in die die Ausbauchung ragt, kann eine Bohrung vorgesehen sein, die parallel zur Gewindebohrung verläuft, in die eine Klemmschraube eindrehbar ist. Aus fertigungstechnischen Gründen sind die Gewindebohrung und die Bohrung in dieselbe Wandung des Gehäuseteiles eingebracht.As a lateral recess of the blind hole into which the bulge protrudes, a bore may be provided which is parallel to the threaded bore into which a clamping screw can be screwed. For manufacturing reasons, the threaded hole and the bore are introduced into the same wall of the housing part.

Bei Durchführung der Bohrung bis in den gegenüber liegenden Wandungsbereich des Gehäuseteiles bildet die Bohrungsspitze eine weitere seitliche Ausnehmung, in die die Ausbauchung ragt, so dass die Drahtschutzfeder an zwei sich gegenüber liegenden Seiten sowohl axial gesichert wie auch verdrehgesichert einliegt.When carrying out the bore into the opposite wall region of the housing part, the bore tip forms a further lateral recess, in which the bulge protrudes, so that the wire protection spring rests on two opposite sides axially secured as well as secured against rotation.

Weitere vorteilhafte Ausbildungen der Erfindung sind in den Unteransprüchen gekennzeichnet.Further advantageous embodiments of the invention are characterized in the subclaims.

Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung werden nachfolgend anhand der beigefügten Zeichnungen beschrieben.Embodiments of the invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Es zeigen:

Figur 1
ein erfindungsgemäßes Kontaktelement in einer perspektivischen Ansicht
Figur 2
eine Seitenansicht des Kontaktelementes
Figur 3
einen Längsschnitt durch das Kontaktelement gemäß der Linie III - III in Figur 2
Figur 4
eine Draufsicht auf das Kontaktelement
Figur 5
ein weiteres Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung in einer geschnittenen Seitenansicht
Show it:
FIG. 1
an inventive contact element in a perspective view
FIG. 2
a side view of the contact element
FIG. 3
a longitudinal section through the contact element according to the line III - III in Figure 2
FIG. 4
a plan view of the contact element
FIG. 5
a further embodiment of the invention in a sectional side view

In den Figuren ist ein mit einer bügelförmigen Drahtschutzfeder 4 versehenes elektrisches Kontaktelement dargestellt, das insgesamt mit dem Bezugszeichen 1 versehen ist.In the figures, a provided with a bow-shaped wire protection spring 4 electrical contact element is shown, which is generally designated by the reference numeral 1.

Dieses Kontaktelement 1 weist ein Gehäuseteil 2 auf, an das sich bei dem in den Figuren 1 bis 4 gezeigten Beispiel ein Kontaktstift 3 anschließt, während bei dem in der Figur 5 gezeigten Beispiel statt des Kontaktstiftes 3 eine Kontaktbuchse 13 vorgesehen ist.This contact element 1 has a housing part 2, to which a contact pin 3 is connected in the example shown in FIGS. 1 to 4, while in the example shown in FIG. 5 a contact bush 13 is provided instead of the contact pin 3.

In dem Gehäuseteil 2, sich in axialer Richtung zum Kontaktstift 3 bzw. zur Kontaktbuchse 13 erstreckend, ist ein Sackloch 12 vorgesehen, in dem eine etwa U-förmige Drahtschutzfeder 4 verschiebe- und verdrehgesichert einliegt, die sich am Grund des Sackloches 12 abstützt.In the housing part 2, extending in the axial direction to the contact pin 3 and the contact bushing 13, a blind hole 12 is provided in which an approximately U-shaped wire protection spring 4 displaced and secured against rotation rests, which is supported at the bottom of the blind hole 12.

Die Drahtschutzfeder 4 ist an ihrem der Einführöffnung für einen elektrischen Leiter gegenüber liegenden, dem Grund des Sackloches 12 zugewandten Endbereich als Ausbauchung 5 geformt, an die sich jeweils ein Schenkel 6, 7 anschließt.The wire protection spring 4 is at its the insertion opening for an electrical conductor opposite, the bottom of the blind hole 12 facing end portion formed as a bulge 5, to each of which a leg 6, 7 is connected.

Diese Schenkel 6, 7 sind, ausgehend von der Ausbauchung 5 gespreizt, wobei der Schenkel 7 kürzer ist als der Schenkel 6 und mit einer Kante 8 an der Wandung des Sackloches 12 anliegt. Durch entsprechende Umformung des kürzeren Schenkels 7 ist dieser im Querschnitt der Querschnittskontur des Sackloches 12 angepasst, so dass die Kante 8 über ihre gesamte Länge oder nahezu gesamte Länge unter Reibschluss an der Wandung des Sackloches 12 anliegt.These legs 6, 7 are, starting from the bulge 5 spread, the leg 7 is shorter than the leg 6 and rests with an edge 8 on the wall of the blind hole 12. By appropriate deformation of the shorter leg 7 of this is adapted in cross-section of the cross-sectional contour of the blind hole 12 so that the edge 8 rests against the wall of the blind hole 12 over its entire length or almost entire length with frictional engagement.

Zum Festklemmen eines nicht dargestellten elektrischen Leiters, der von oben in die Sacklochbohrung 12 bzw. die Drahtschutzfeder 4 eingesteckt wird, ist in dem Gehäuseteil 2 eine Gewindebohrung 11 eingebracht, die quer zum Sackloch 12 verläuft und in die eine gleichfalls nicht gezeigte Klemmschraube einschraubbar ist. Diese Klemmschraube stützt sich an dem längeren Schenkel 6 der Drahtschutzfeder 4 ab und drückt diesen gegen die gegenüber liegende Wandung des Sackloches 12 bzw. gegen den kürzeren Schenkel 7.For clamping an electrical conductor, not shown, which is inserted from above into the blind bore 12 and the wire protection spring 4, a threaded bore 11 is introduced into the housing part 2, which extends transversely to the blind hole 12 and into which a clamping screw, also not shown, is screwed. This clamping screw is supported on the longer leg 6 of the wire protection spring 4 and presses against the opposite wall of the blind hole 12 and against the shorter leg. 7

Im unteren Bereich des Sackloches 12 ist eine Bohrung 10 vorgesehen, die parallel zur Gewindebohrung 11 ausgerichtet ist und die eine Ausnehmung bildet, in die die Ausbauchung 5 hinein ragt. Die Bohrung 10 ist bis in den gegenüber liegenden Wandungsbereich des Gehäuseteiles 2 geführt, wobei eine sich ergebende Bohrungsspitze 9 ebenfalls eine solche Ausnehmung bildet, zur Aufnahme eines Teils der Ausbauchung 5.In the lower region of the blind hole 12, a bore 10 is provided, which is aligned parallel to the threaded bore 11 and which forms a recess into which the bulge 5 protrudes. The bore 10 is guided into the opposite wall region of the housing part 2, wherein a resulting bore tip 9 also forms such a recess for receiving part of the bulge 5.

Der durch das Einliegen der Ausbauchung 5 in der Bohrung 10 bzw. der Bohrungsspitze 9 gebildete Formschluss führt zu einer Verschiebe- und Verdrehsicherung der Drahtschutzfeder 4, so dass diese vor einem Einsetzen und Festklemmen des elektrischen Leiters unverlierbar in dem Gehäuseteil 2 gehalten ist.The positive connection formed by the engagement of the bulge 5 in the bore 10 and the bore tip 9 leads to a displacement and anti-rotation of the wire protection spring 4, so that it is held captive in the housing part 2 before inserting and clamping the electrical conductor.

BezugszeichenlisteLIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

11
Kontaktelementcontact element
22
Gehäuseteilhousing part
33
Kontaktstiftpin
44
DrahtschutzfederWire protection spring
55
Ausbauchungbulge
66
Schenkelleg
77
Schenkelleg
88th
Kanteedge
99
Bohrungsspitzedrilling tip
1010
Bohrungdrilling
1111
Gewindebohrungthreaded hole
1212
Sacklochblind
1313
KontaktbuchseContact socket

Claims (10)

  1. An electrical contact element (1) having a wire protection spring (4) with a housing part (2) having a blind hole (12) for receiving the approximately U-shaped wire protection spring (4) and a lateral tapped hole (11) for taking a clamping screw which is able to clamp an electrical conductor which can be inserted into the wire protection spring (4),
    characterised in that
    the end area of the wire protection spring (4) opposite the insertion opening for the conductor has a barrel-shaped section (5) which projects into at least one lateral recess (9, 10) in the blind hole (12).
  2. A contact element in accordance with claim 1,
    characterised in that
    the legs (6, 7) adjoining the barrel-shaped section (5) splay out from the barrel section (5).
  3. A contact element in accordance with claim 1 or 2,
    characterised in that
    an edge (8) of the shorter clamp leg (7) located opposite the tapped hole (11) lies adjacent to the wall of the blind hole (12) under the pressure of the restoring force of the wire protection spring (12).
  4. A contact element in accordance with one of the preceding claims,
    characterised in that
    the cross-sectional outline of the shorter leg (7) matches the curvature of the blind hole (12).
  5. A contact element in accordance with one of the preceding claims,
    characterised in that
    provided on two opposite sides of the blind hole wall are recesses into which the barrel-shaped section (5) projects.
  6. A contact element in accordance with one of the preceding claims,
    characterised in that
    one recess takes the form of a hole (10).
  7. A contact element in accordance with one of the preceding claims,
    characterised in that
    the second recess takes the form of a tip (9) of a hole.
  8. A contact element in accordance with one of preceding claims 6 or 7,
    characterised in that
    the hole (10) runs parallel to the tapped hole (11).
  9. A contact element in accordance with one of preceding claims 6 to 8,
    characterised in that
    the tapped hole (11) and the hole (10) are provided in the same side of the housing part (2).
  10. A contact element in accordance with one of the preceding claims,
    characterised in that
    the wire protection spring (4) rests on the base of the blind hole (12).
EP06110712A 2005-04-08 2006-03-06 Electrical contact element having wire protection spring Not-in-force EP1710863B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE202005005548U DE202005005548U1 (en) 2005-04-08 2005-04-08 With a bow-shaped wire protection spring provided electrical contact element

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1710863A1 EP1710863A1 (en) 2006-10-11
EP1710863B1 true EP1710863B1 (en) 2007-10-17

Family

ID=36646161

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP06110712A Not-in-force EP1710863B1 (en) 2005-04-08 2006-03-06 Electrical contact element having wire protection spring

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US7445526B2 (en)
EP (1) EP1710863B1 (en)
CN (1) CN100418271C (en)
AT (1) ATE376266T1 (en)
DE (2) DE202005005548U1 (en)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1710863A1 (en) 2006-10-11
DE502006000136D1 (en) 2007-11-29
US20060228949A1 (en) 2006-10-12
DE202005005548U1 (en) 2006-08-17
US7445526B2 (en) 2008-11-04
ATE376266T1 (en) 2007-11-15
CN100418271C (en) 2008-09-10
CN1845382A (en) 2006-10-11

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