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EP1507071B1 - Silencieux d'échappement - Google Patents

Silencieux d'échappement Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1507071B1
EP1507071B1 EP04019054.8A EP04019054A EP1507071B1 EP 1507071 B1 EP1507071 B1 EP 1507071B1 EP 04019054 A EP04019054 A EP 04019054A EP 1507071 B1 EP1507071 B1 EP 1507071B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
housing
micro
perforated
exhaust silencer
silencer according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP04019054.8A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1507071A1 (fr
EP1507071B8 (fr
EP1507071B2 (fr
Inventor
Udo Fechtner
Helmut Venghaus
Klaus Spindler
Bernhard Bachner
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Faurecia Emissions Control Technologies Germany GmbH
Original Assignee
Emcon Technologies Germany Augsburg GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Priority claimed from DE2003137111 external-priority patent/DE10337111A1/de
Priority claimed from DE2003137110 external-priority patent/DE10337110A1/de
Application filed by Emcon Technologies Germany Augsburg GmbH filed Critical Emcon Technologies Germany Augsburg GmbH
Priority to EP14190957.2A priority Critical patent/EP2851526B1/fr
Publication of EP1507071A1 publication Critical patent/EP1507071A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1507071B1 publication Critical patent/EP1507071B1/fr
Publication of EP1507071B8 publication Critical patent/EP1507071B8/fr
Publication of EP1507071B2 publication Critical patent/EP1507071B2/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/16—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/161—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general in systems with fluid flow
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
    • F01N1/003—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by using dead chambers communicating with exhaust gas flow passages
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
    • F01N1/08—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
    • F01N1/08—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling
    • F01N1/082—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling by passing the exhaust gases through porous members
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
    • F01N1/08—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling
    • F01N1/083—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling using transversal baffles defining a tortuous path for the exhaust gases or successively throttling exhaust gas flow
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2470/00—Structure or shape of exhaust gas passages, pipes or tubes
    • F01N2470/02—Tubes being perforated
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2470/00—Structure or shape of exhaust gas passages, pipes or tubes
    • F01N2470/02—Tubes being perforated
    • F01N2470/04—Tubes being perforated characterised by shape, disposition or dimensions of apertures

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an exhaust silencer for the internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle having a gas inlet housing and an exhaust gas outlet having a gas-tight housing and at least one fgas choirtenschalldämpfenden function chamber, also called damping chamber, and inside the housing at least one Mikroperfor isten facing, the pulsating exhaust flow exposed wall, preferably made of flat material ,
  • absorption silencers in this case comprise at least one absorption chamber filled with a fibrous sound-absorbing material, the absorption chamber generally being coupled to the exhaust gas flow via a perforated wall, in particular a perforated pipe.
  • the DE 297 10 491 U1 describes a silencer with an inner tube formed by a microperforated layer, but which is provided exclusively for use in a ventilation duct.
  • the present invention is directed to an exhaust muffler of the type specified, which, although it has the advantages of conventional absorption muffler in particular with regard to the damping characteristic, manages without fibrous Schallschluckstoff.
  • the exhaust muffler according to the invention has at least one two functional chambers defining intermediate bottom, which comprises microperforated sheet. It is particularly advantageous if the respective intermediate floor, with a total thickness of 10 to 20 mm comprises a corrugated or folded microperforated carrier film and two on both sides applied to them microperforated coating films. In this way, limited individual chambers are defined in the space between the two coating films by the corrugated or folded microperforated carrier film, which are coupled by the micro-perforations of the three films to the two adjacent functional chambers.
  • the silencer according to the invention is free from any fibrous sound-absorbing material.
  • the present invention takes advantage of the finding that microperforated material in the case of using a suitable material under the conditions prevailing in exhaust systems of internal combustion engines, which are characterized in particular by high flow velocities, strong pulsations and high temperatures for effective sound attenuation is suitable.
  • a micro-perforated flat material in the context of the present invention such a perforated sheet material is considered, the pore size is a maximum of 2.0 mm 2 .
  • Preferred pore sizes are between 0.15 mm 2 and 1.5 mm 2 .
  • the degree of perforation was found to be from 1 to 3% and the equivalent hole diameter from 0.4 to 1.5 mm.
  • micro-perforated flat material used in the context of the present invention apart from the material, essentially correspond to the microperforated flat materials known as such in connection with other applications, in particular so-called microperforated films.
  • the micro-perforated flat material used in the context of the present invention consists of a metallic material, aluminum in particular, namely AL99.5H24, and heat-resistant stainless steel, namely 1.4301 or 1.4828, being considered.
  • a microperforated flat material with a wall thickness between 0.4 mm and 0.8 mm is particularly preferably used.
  • the microperforated sheet especially those in the form of a microperforated film for Forming a multi-layer micro-perforated wall flat against a stiff, perforated support wall and, if necessary, firmly connected to this.
  • a Swissbodein is provided with micro perforations.
  • At least one exhaust-carrying pipe of the exhaust silencer according to the invention has, at least in sections, a microperforated wall.
  • the tube may comprise a corrugated or folded microperforated carrier film and two microperforated coating films applied to both sides.
  • the tube with the at least partially perforated wall passes through the housing.
  • the housing extends in accordance with the preferred embodiment substantially concentric with the tube, which has proven to be particularly advantageous.
  • the ratio of the outer diameter of the housing to the outer diameter of the tube, which passes through the housing, is in the range of 2.5 to 4 including, in this context, preferably pipe wall thicknesses between 0.4 to 1.5 mm are provided.
  • At least one radial intermediate space extending between the inside of the housing and the lateral surface of the tube should be arranged in the housing, the ratio of the distance of the end faces of the housing from the distance of the bottom from the end face of the housing closer to 1.8 to 2.2 or from 2.8 to 3.2.
  • the housing at least two spaced-apart radial, are provided between the inner sides of the housing and the lateral surface of the tube extending shelves.
  • the ratio of the distance of the end faces of the housing to the distance of the first intermediate bottom of the nearer end face is in the range of 1.8 to 2.2, and the ratio of the distance of the end faces of the housing to the distance of the second intermediate bottom of the closer him Front side is in the range of 2.8 to 3.2.
  • the ratio of the perforated surface to the total area of the microperforated section Very important for the sound attenuation is the so-called perforation, the ratio of the perforated surface to the total area of the microperforated section.
  • the pipe and / or the intermediate floor should have a degree of perforation of 1 to 3%. This ratio has proved to be advantageous.
  • At least one functional chamber of the exhaust muffler is lined at least in regions with microperforated flat material.
  • the microperforated flat material can be arranged in particular with a greater or lesser distance from the gas-tight housing wall.
  • At least one functional chamber has a filling of microperforated flat material.
  • the inventive muffler in the frequency range below about 100 Hz compared to conventional absorption mufflers of the same dimensions improved damping behavior.
  • a particularly favorable damping behavior results when the filling of microperforated flat material comprises a plurality of mutually substantially parallel, spaced-apart layers. The distance between the two individual layers of the filling is on the order of between 12 times and 80 times, ideally between 15 times and 40 times the thickness of the microperforated sheet.
  • such a filling, depending on the installation conditions, of a continuous strip of microperforated sheet wound or folded in this case, particularly low production costs arise.
  • the tubes of microperforated sheet material can in particular surround an inner, exhaust-carrying, perforated tube.
  • Suitable pore forms include circles, segments, ovals, trapezoids, slits and the like. With regard to the pore sizes, widths of between 0.05 mm and 0.15 mm and lengths of between 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm have proven to be particularly favorable for non-round pores.
  • the in Fig. 1 illustrated muffler comprises a tube 1 and a cylindrical housing 2, which in turn consists of two end floors 3 and 4 and a jacket 5.
  • the concentric to the housing 2 tube 1 comprises an exhaust gas inlet nozzle 6, an exhaust outlet nozzle 7 and, arranged between the two end floors 3 and 4, a perforated, preferably microperforated middle section 8.
  • the exhaust pipe 1 is coupled to the functional chamber 10, which surrounds the central portion 8 of the exhaust gas pipe 1 and is limited by this, the two end floors 3 and 4 and the jacket 5 of the housing.
  • a unit comprising a zigzag-folded or corrugated carrier film and a coating film applied thereon can also be used for lining, as can be deduced from the above explanations the housing and / or for application to pipes, z.
  • FIG. 3 an exhaust muffler in the form of a concentric tube resonator.
  • the tube 1 is microperforated over almost the entire distance in the interior of the housing 2 on the entire outer circumference.
  • the microperforated portion of the tube 1 in the interior of the housing 2 is at least 90% of the distance 1 of the end faces 31, 32 of the housing 2.
  • Inside the housing 2 are two spaced apart, radially extending and between the inside of the housing 2 and the outside the lateral surface of the tube 1 extending shelves 33, 34 are provided. These shelves 33, 34 are fastened on the one hand to the housing 2 and on the other hand to the tube 1. If necessary, the tube 1 has no microperforations in the region of the connection of the intermediate floors 33, 34.
  • the ratio of the outer diameter d a of the housing 2 to the outer diameter d i of the tube 1 in the region inside the housing 2 should be in the range of 2.5 to 4.
  • the wall thicknesses of the pipe and the shelves should be in the range of 0.4 to 1.5 mm, the degree of perforation in the range of 1 to 3%. These conditions are, as I said, particularly advantageous.
  • the equivalent hole diameter is in the range of 0.4 to 1.5 mm.
  • the microperforations usually do not give circular but slit or sickle-shaped holes in the wall. The cross-sectional area of these non-circular holes is converted to an equivalent hole diameter.
  • the intermediate floors 33, 34 may be made of microperforated sheet material, similar to FIG. 2 but you do not have to. Even intermediate floors without throughflow already achieve relatively good sound absorption values.
  • the tube 1 in the area inside the housing consists e.g. made of wound flat material, whereby a multiple winding is possible.
  • the microperforated part of the tube 1 may be welded to a non-perforated tube section which protrudes from the housing 2.
  • the shelves 33, 34 may e.g. be attached by crimping or other plastic deformation of the tube 1 and / or the housing 2.
  • a welding or radial clamping connection is of course conceivable.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Exhaust Silencers (AREA)

Claims (17)

  1. Silencieux d'échappement pour le moteur à combustion interne d'un véhicule automobile, comportant un boîtier (2 ; 14) étanche aux gaz présentant une entrée de gaz d'échappement et une sortie de gaz d'échappement, et au moins une chambre fonctionnelle (10 ; 20, 21, 22, 23) insonorisante traversée par du gaz et, à l'intérieur du boîtier (2 ; 14), au moins une paroi qui présente des micro-perforations et qui est exposée au flux de gaz d'échappement pulsé,
    caractérisé en ce que
    un fond intermédiaire (17, 18) est prévu, lequel définit au moins deux chambres fonctionnelles (20, 21, 22) et comporte un matériau plat micro-perforé dont la grosseur de pore est de 2,0 mm2 au maximum.
  2. Silencieux d'échappement selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisé en ce que
    il présente une paroi micro-performée constituée de plusieurs couches, laquelle comporte une paroi de support rigide et ajourée et au moins un matériau plat micro-perforé en appui de manière plane sur celle-ci sous forme de feuille micro-perforée.
  3. Silencieux d'échappement selon la revendication 1 ou la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que
    le fond intermédiaire comporte une feuille support micro-perforée (26) ondulée ou pliée et deux feuilles de revêtement (27, 28) micro-perforée appliquées des deux côtés de celle-ci.
  4. Silencieux d'échappement selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que
    au moins un tube transportant du gaz présente au moins par tronçons une paroi micro-perforée.
  5. Silencieux d'échappement selon la revendication 4,
    caractérisé en ce que
    le tube est constitué, au moins par tronçons, d'une feuille support micro-perforée ondulée ou pliée et de deux feuilles de revêtement micro-perforées appliquées des deux côtés sur celle-ci.
  6. Silencieux d'échappement selon la revendication 4 ou 5,
    caractérisé en ce que
    le tube (1) passe à travers le boîtier (2).
  7. Silencieux d'échappement selon la revendication 6,
    caractérisé en ce que
    le tube (1) est micro-perforé sensiblement sur pratiquement tout le parcours traversant le boîtier (2).
  8. Silencieux d'échappement selon la revendication 6 ou 7,
    caractérisé en ce que
    le boîtier (2) s'étend sensiblement de manière concentrique par rapport au tube (1).
  9. Silencieux d'échappement selon la revendication 8,
    caractérisé en ce que
    le rapport entre le diamètre extérieur (da) du boîtier (2) et le diamètre extérieur (di) du tube (1) passant à travers le boîtier (2) est compris dans la plage de 2,5 à 4.
  10. Silencieux d'échappement selon l'une des revendications 6 à 9, caractérisé en ce que
    au moins un fond intermédiaire (33, 34) radial qui s'étend entre le côté intérieur du boîtier (2) et la surface enveloppante du tube (1) est agencé dans le boîtier (2), le rapport entre la distance (I) des faces frontales (31, 32) du boîtier (2) et la distance (I1, I2) du fond intermédiaire (33, 34) de la face frontale (31, 32) proche de celui-ci étant dans la plage de 1,8 à 2,2 ou dans la plage de 2,8 à 3,2.
  11. Silencieux d'échappement selon la revendication 10,
    caractérisé en ce que
    au moins deux fonds intermédiaires (33, 34) radiaux qui sont espacés l'un de l'autre et qui s'étendent entre le côté intérieur du boîtier (2) et la surface enveloppante du tube (1) sont agencés dans le boîtier (2), le rapport entre la distance (I) des faces frontales (31, 32) du boîtier (2) et la distance (I1) d'un fond intermédiaire (33) de la face frontale (31) proche de celui-ci étant dans la plage de 1,8 à 2,2, et le rapport entre la distance (I) des faces frontales (31, 32) du boîtier (2) et la distance (I2) de l'autre fond intermédiaire (34) de la face frontale (32) proche de celui-ci étant dans la plage de 2,5 à 3,2.
  12. Silencieux d'échappement selon l'une des revendications 4 à 11, caractérisé en ce que
    le tube (1) et/ou le fond intermédiaire (33, 34) présente un degré de perforation (rapport surface ajourée/surface totale) dans la plage de 1 à 3 %.
  13. Silencieux d'échappement selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que
    au moins une chambre fonctionnelle (10) est recouverte, au moins par zones, d'un matériau plat micro-perforé ou présente un remplissage (11) en matériau plat micro-perforé.
  14. Silencieux d'échappement selon la revendication 13,
    caractérisé en ce que
    le remplissage (11) en matériau plat micro-perforé comprend plusieurs couches sensiblement parallèles les unes aux autres.
  15. Silencieux d'échappement selon la revendication 14,
    caractérisé en ce que
    la distance entre les couches individuelles est comprise entre 12 fois et 80 fois, de préférence de 15 à 40 fois la valeur de l'épaisseur du matériau plat micro-perforé.
  16. Silencieux d'échappement selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que
    la paroi est formée par une bande enroulée ou pliée en matériau plat micro-perforé.
  17. Silencieux d'échappement selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que
    il est prévu plusieurs tubes (12, 13) sensiblement concentriques les uns par rapport aux autres en matériau plat micro-perforé.
EP04019054.8A 2003-08-11 2004-08-11 Silencieux d'échappement Expired - Lifetime EP1507071B2 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP14190957.2A EP2851526B1 (fr) 2003-08-11 2004-08-11 Silencieux d'échappement

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE2003137111 DE10337111A1 (de) 2003-08-11 2003-08-11 Schalldämpfungsvorrichtung für pulsierendes Heißgas
DE10337110 2003-08-11
DE2003137110 DE10337110A1 (de) 2003-08-11 2003-08-11 Abgasschalldämpfer
DE10337111 2003-08-11

Related Child Applications (4)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP14190957.2A Division-Into EP2851526B1 (fr) 2003-08-11 2004-08-11 Silencieux d'échappement
EP14190957.2A Division EP2851526B1 (fr) 2003-08-11 2004-08-11 Silencieux d'échappement
EP08000648A Division-Into EP1953354A1 (fr) 2003-08-11 2004-08-11 Silencieux d'échappement
EP08000648A Division EP1953354A1 (fr) 2003-08-11 2004-08-11 Silencieux d'échappement

Publications (4)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1507071A1 EP1507071A1 (fr) 2005-02-16
EP1507071B1 true EP1507071B1 (fr) 2016-07-13
EP1507071B8 EP1507071B8 (fr) 2016-09-21
EP1507071B2 EP1507071B2 (fr) 2019-10-16

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ID=33566035

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04019054.8A Expired - Lifetime EP1507071B2 (fr) 2003-08-11 2004-08-11 Silencieux d'échappement
EP14190957.2A Expired - Lifetime EP2851526B1 (fr) 2003-08-11 2004-08-11 Silencieux d'échappement

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP14190957.2A Expired - Lifetime EP2851526B1 (fr) 2003-08-11 2004-08-11 Silencieux d'échappement

Country Status (1)

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EP (2) EP1507071B2 (fr)

Families Citing this family (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102005054397C5 (de) * 2005-11-15 2010-02-11 Westa-Holding Gmbh & Co. Kg Rohrschalldämpfer mit Mikroöffnungen
DE102006020155A1 (de) * 2005-12-15 2007-06-21 Friedrich Boysen Gmbh & Co. Kg Abgasanlage für Brennkraftmaschinen
DE102010061994A1 (de) * 2010-11-25 2012-05-31 Gardner Denver Deutschland Gmbh Gebläse-Anordnung
CN104995378B (zh) * 2013-02-12 2019-06-25 佛吉亚排放控制技术美国有限公司 具有共振阻尼的车辆排气系统
JP6625118B2 (ja) 2014-09-09 2019-12-25 スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー 音響デバイス
CN106368863A (zh) 2015-07-23 2017-02-01 曼胡默尔有限责任公司 消音器以及包括该消音器的进气系统
EP3646316A1 (fr) * 2017-06-28 2020-05-06 3M Innovative Properties Company Conduit microperforé
CN110847980A (zh) * 2019-11-19 2020-02-28 上海钟音环保设备有限公司 一种管道多层微穿孔板消声器及其加工方法
US12326310B2 (en) * 2021-06-04 2025-06-10 Daren BERG Firearm noise suppressor
US12492654B2 (en) * 2022-03-04 2025-12-09 Acs Industries, Inc. Sound absorbing element with low profile micro-louver slits and muffler assembly using the same

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US3113635A (en) 1959-03-31 1963-12-10 Bolt Beranek & Newman Apparatus for silencing vibrational energy
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EP1507071A1 (fr) 2005-02-16
EP1507071B8 (fr) 2016-09-21
EP1507071B2 (fr) 2019-10-16
EP2851526B1 (fr) 2018-05-23
EP2851526A1 (fr) 2015-03-25

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