DE69705301T2 - Flüssiger protonenleiter - Google Patents
Flüssiger protonenleiterInfo
- Publication number
- DE69705301T2 DE69705301T2 DE69705301T DE69705301T DE69705301T2 DE 69705301 T2 DE69705301 T2 DE 69705301T2 DE 69705301 T DE69705301 T DE 69705301T DE 69705301 T DE69705301 T DE 69705301T DE 69705301 T2 DE69705301 T2 DE 69705301T2
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- proton conductor
- nitrogen
- containing base
- formula
- component
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title description 8
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 93
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 66
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 57
- -1 bisfluorosulfonimide Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 41
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoro-n-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methanesulfonamide Chemical compound FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O Imidazolium Chemical compound C1=C[NH+]=CN1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910005143 FSO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- JNJFONBBNLVENC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1h-imidazole;trifluoromethanesulfonic acid Chemical compound C1=CNC=N1.OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F JNJFONBBNLVENC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- DAPXOJOQSNBLKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hexyl-1h-imidazole Chemical compound CCCCCCC1=NC=CN1 DAPXOJOQSNBLKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazole Chemical compound C=1C=NNC=1 WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- QWENRTYMTSOGBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-1,2,3-Triazole Chemical compound C=1C=NNN=1 QWENRTYMTSOGBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triflic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NSPMIYGKQJPBQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4H-1,2,4-triazole Chemical compound C=1N=CNN=1 NSPMIYGKQJPBQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazoline Chemical compound C1CN=CN1 MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003586 protic polar solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005188 oxoalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006552 photochemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- RMTVZTNPPIWBAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N O=S(C(F)(F)F)(NS(C(F)(F)F)(=O)=O)=O.O=S(C(F)(F)F)(NS(C(F)(F)F)(=O)=O)=O.C1=CN=CN1.C1=CN=CN1 Chemical compound O=S(C(F)(F)F)(NS(C(F)(F)F)(=O)=O)=O.O=S(C(F)(F)F)(NS(C(F)(F)F)(=O)=O)=O.C1=CN=CN1.C1=CN=CN1 RMTVZTNPPIWBAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 13
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 11
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 235000011007 phosphoric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(iv) oxide Chemical compound O=[Ru]=O WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 7
- NVBFHJWHLNUMCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfamide Chemical compound NS(N)(=O)=O NVBFHJWHLNUMCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000010587 phase diagram Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920002873 Polyethylenimine Polymers 0.000 description 4
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229940107698 malachite green Drugs 0.000 description 4
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- ZNOKGRXACCSDPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten trioxide Chemical compound O=[W](=O)=O ZNOKGRXACCSDPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910002012 Aerosil® Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011263 electroactive material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000001425 triazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- RBCAMWKBKXQKLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-imidazole 1,1,1-trifluoro-N-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methanesulfonamide Chemical compound C1=CNC=N1.FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F RBCAMWKBKXQKLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PCFMUWBCZZUMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9,10-Dihydroxyanthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(O)=C(C=CC=C3)C3=C(O)C2=C1 PCFMUWBCZZUMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZLFIOJDLKSPWGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N CCCCCCC1=NC=CN1.O=S(C(F)(F)F)(NS(C(F)(F)F)(=O)=O)=O Chemical compound CCCCCCC1=NC=CN1.O=S(C(F)(F)F)(NS(C(F)(F)F)(=O)=O)=O ZLFIOJDLKSPWGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910004778 HxCoO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000534944 Thia Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- RGCKGOZRHPZPFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N alizarin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=C(O)C(O)=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 RGCKGOZRHPZPFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002877 alkyl aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000003851 azoles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- HJMZMZRCABDKKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonocyanidic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C#N HJMZMZRCABDKKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 2
- FDZZZRQASAIRJF-UHFFFAOYSA-M malachite green Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)=C1C=CC(=[N+](C)C)C=C1 FDZZZRQASAIRJF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- ULOHMAFOISLKBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanetrisulfonyl fluoride Chemical compound FS(=O)(=O)C(S(F)(=O)=O)S(F)(=O)=O ULOHMAFOISLKBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl formate Chemical compound COC=O TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960000907 methylthioninium chloride Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 2
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- UGNWTBMOAKPKBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound ClC1=C(Cl)C(=O)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C1=O UGNWTBMOAKPKBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M triflate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- BIGYLAKFCGVRAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,4-thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione Chemical compound S=C1NNC(=S)S1 BIGYLAKFCGVRAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CJVYYDCBKKKIPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-n,1-n,2-n,2-n-tetramethylbenzene-1,2-diamine Chemical compound CN(C)C1=CC=CC=C1N(C)C CJVYYDCBKKKIPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UANUEMSFWMEFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2h-tetrazol-5-ylmethanethiol Chemical compound SCC1=NN=NN1 UANUEMSFWMEFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AHWMWMNEYBHQNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(naphthalen-1-yldiazenyl)benzene-1,3-diamine Chemical compound NC1=CC(N)=CC=C1N=NC1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C12 AHWMWMNEYBHQNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical class [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylacetamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)=O FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-O Pyrazolium Chemical compound C1=CN[NH+]=C1 WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGHBNWRWKSLGCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene-1,2,9,10-tetrol Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C(O)C3=C(O)C(O)=CC=C3C(O)=C21 VGHBNWRWKSLGCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Cd] OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004042 decolorization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004386 diacrylate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- HTXDPTMKBJXEOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxoiridium Chemical class O=[Ir]=O HTXDPTMKBJXEOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002019 disulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- KTWOOEGAPBSYNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N ferrocene Chemical compound [Fe+2].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 KTWOOEGAPBSYNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011245 gel electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 150000002462 imidazolines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004693 imidazolium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RSAZYXZUJROYKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N indophenol Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1N=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 RSAZYXZUJROYKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- FZGIHSNZYGFUGM-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(ii) fluoride Chemical class [F-].[F-].[Fe+2] FZGIHSNZYGFUGM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical class C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CXKWCBBOMKCUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-M methylene blue Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC2=[S+]C3=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C3N=C21 CXKWCBBOMKCUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001643 poly(ether ketone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005588 protonation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002468 redox effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001925 ruthenium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- QBOFWVRRMVGXIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N trifluoro(trifluoromethylsulfonylmethylsulfonyl)methane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)CS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QBOFWVRRMVGXIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0215—Sulfur-containing compounds
- B01J31/0222—Sulfur-containing compounds comprising sulfonyl groups
- B01J31/0224—Sulfur-containing compounds comprising sulfonyl groups being perfluorinated, i.e. comprising at least one perfluorinated moiety as substructure in case of polyfunctional compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0215—Sulfur-containing compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0215—Sulfur-containing compounds
- B01J31/0222—Sulfur-containing compounds comprising sulfonyl groups
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0215—Sulfur-containing compounds
- B01J31/0225—Sulfur-containing compounds comprising sulfonic acid groups or the corresponding salts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0215—Sulfur-containing compounds
- B01J31/0225—Sulfur-containing compounds comprising sulfonic acid groups or the corresponding salts
- B01J31/0227—Sulfur-containing compounds comprising sulfonic acid groups or the corresponding salts being perfluorinated, i.e. comprising at least one perfluorinated moiety as substructure in case of polyfunctional compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
- B01J31/0235—Nitrogen containing compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
- B01J31/0235—Nitrogen containing compounds
- B01J31/0239—Quaternary ammonium compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
- B01J31/0235—Nitrogen containing compounds
- B01J31/0245—Nitrogen containing compounds being derivatives of carboxylic or carbonic acids
- B01J31/0247—Imides, amides or imidates (R-C=NR(OR))
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
- B01J31/0235—Nitrogen containing compounds
- B01J31/0245—Nitrogen containing compounds being derivatives of carboxylic or carbonic acids
- B01J31/0251—Guanidides (R2N-C(=NR)-NR2)
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
- B01J31/0235—Nitrogen containing compounds
- B01J31/0252—Nitrogen containing compounds with a metal-nitrogen link, e.g. metal amides, metal guanidides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
- B01J31/0255—Phosphorus containing compounds
- B01J31/0267—Phosphines or phosphonium compounds, i.e. phosphorus bonded to at least one carbon atom, including e.g. sp2-hybridised phosphorus compounds such as phosphabenzene, the other atoms bonded to phosphorus being either carbon or hydrogen
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
- B01J31/0271—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds also containing elements or functional groups covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0231
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0277—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature
- B01J31/0278—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature containing nitrogen as cationic centre
- B01J31/0281—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature containing nitrogen as cationic centre the nitrogen being a ring member
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0277—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature
- B01J31/0287—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature containing atoms other than nitrogen as cationic centre
- B01J31/0288—Phosphorus
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0277—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature
- B01J31/0287—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature containing atoms other than nitrogen as cationic centre
- B01J31/0289—Sulfur
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/04—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing carboxylic acids or their salts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/06—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing polymers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/06—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing polymers
- B01J31/068—Polyalkylene glycols
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/12—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/123—Organometallic polymers, e.g. comprising C-Si bonds in the main chain or in subunits grafted to the main chain
- B01J31/124—Silicones or siloxanes or comprising such units
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
- B01J31/1805—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing nitrogen
- B01J31/181—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, comprising at least one complexing nitrogen atom as ring member, e.g. pyridine
- B01J31/1815—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, comprising at least one complexing nitrogen atom as ring member, e.g. pyridine with more than one complexing nitrogen atom, e.g. bipyridyl, 2-aminopyridine
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/22—Organic complexes
- B01J31/2204—Organic complexes the ligands containing oxygen or sulfur as complexing atoms
- B01J31/2208—Oxygen, e.g. acetylacetonates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C07B37/00—Reactions without formation or introduction of functional groups containing hetero atoms, involving either the formation of a carbon-to-carbon bond between two carbon atoms not directly linked already or the disconnection of two directly linked carbon atoms
- C07B37/02—Addition
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C07B37/00—Reactions without formation or introduction of functional groups containing hetero atoms, involving either the formation of a carbon-to-carbon bond between two carbon atoms not directly linked already or the disconnection of two directly linked carbon atoms
- C07B37/10—Cyclisation
- C07B37/12—Diels-Alder reactions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C255/00—Carboxylic acid nitriles
- C07C255/01—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C255/10—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms containing cyano groups and halogen atoms, or nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same acyclic carbon skeleton
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C255/00—Carboxylic acid nitriles
- C07C255/01—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C255/17—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms containing cyano groups and doubly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same acyclic carbon skeleton
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C255/00—Carboxylic acid nitriles
- C07C255/01—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C255/24—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms containing cyano groups and singly-bound nitrogen atoms, not being further bound to other hetero atoms, bound to the same saturated acyclic carbon skeleton
- C07C255/27—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms containing cyano groups and singly-bound nitrogen atoms, not being further bound to other hetero atoms, bound to the same saturated acyclic carbon skeleton containing cyano groups, amino groups and doubly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the carbon skeleton
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C255/00—Carboxylic acid nitriles
- C07C255/45—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to carbon atoms of rings other than six-membered aromatic rings
- C07C255/46—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to carbon atoms of rings other than six-membered aromatic rings to carbon atoms of non-condensed rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C255/00—Carboxylic acid nitriles
- C07C255/63—Carboxylic acid nitriles containing cyano groups and nitrogen atoms further bound to other hetero atoms, other than oxygen atoms of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton
- C07C255/65—Carboxylic acid nitriles containing cyano groups and nitrogen atoms further bound to other hetero atoms, other than oxygen atoms of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton with the nitrogen atoms further bound to nitrogen atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C257/00—Compounds containing carboxyl groups, the doubly-bound oxygen atom of a carboxyl group being replaced by a doubly-bound nitrogen atom, this nitrogen atom not being further bound to an oxygen atom, e.g. imino-ethers, amidines
- C07C257/10—Compounds containing carboxyl groups, the doubly-bound oxygen atom of a carboxyl group being replaced by a doubly-bound nitrogen atom, this nitrogen atom not being further bound to an oxygen atom, e.g. imino-ethers, amidines with replacement of the other oxygen atom of the carboxyl group by nitrogen atoms, e.g. amidines
- C07C257/14—Compounds containing carboxyl groups, the doubly-bound oxygen atom of a carboxyl group being replaced by a doubly-bound nitrogen atom, this nitrogen atom not being further bound to an oxygen atom, e.g. imino-ethers, amidines with replacement of the other oxygen atom of the carboxyl group by nitrogen atoms, e.g. amidines having carbon atoms of amidino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C311/00—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
- C07C311/01—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C311/02—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
- C07C311/03—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton having the nitrogen atoms of the sulfonamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C311/00—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
- C07C311/01—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C311/02—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
- C07C311/03—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton having the nitrogen atoms of the sulfonamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C311/04—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton having the nitrogen atoms of the sulfonamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms to acyclic carbon atoms of hydrocarbon radicals substituted by singly-bound oxygen atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C311/00—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
- C07C311/01—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C311/02—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
- C07C311/09—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by at least two halogen atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C311/00—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
- C07C311/48—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups having nitrogen atoms of sulfonamide groups further bound to another hetero atom
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C317/00—Sulfones; Sulfoxides
- C07C317/02—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C317/04—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C317/00—Sulfones; Sulfoxides
- C07C317/02—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C317/08—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic unsaturated carbon skeleton
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C317/00—Sulfones; Sulfoxides
- C07C317/14—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C317/00—Sulfones; Sulfoxides
- C07C317/16—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton
- C07C317/22—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton with sulfone or sulfoxide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C317/00—Sulfones; Sulfoxides
- C07C317/24—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups and doubly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C317/00—Sulfones; Sulfoxides
- C07C317/26—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups and nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton
- C07C317/32—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups and nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton with sulfone or sulfoxide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton
- C07C317/34—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups and nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton with sulfone or sulfoxide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton having sulfone or sulfoxide groups and amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings being part of the same non-condensed ring or of a condensed ring system containing that ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C317/00—Sulfones; Sulfoxides
- C07C317/44—Sulfones; Sulfoxides having sulfone or sulfoxide groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
- C07C45/45—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by condensation
- C07C45/46—Friedel-Crafts reactions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
- C07C45/61—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups
- C07C45/67—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton
- C07C45/68—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton by increase in the number of carbon atoms
- C07C45/69—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton by increase in the number of carbon atoms by addition to carbon-to-carbon double or triple bonds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D207/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D207/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D207/44—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D207/444—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having two doubly-bound oxygen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 5
- C07D207/448—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having two doubly-bound oxygen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 5 with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms directly attached to other ring carbon atoms, e.g. maleimide
- C07D207/452—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having two doubly-bound oxygen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 5 with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms directly attached to other ring carbon atoms, e.g. maleimide with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by hetero atoms, directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D213/72—Nitrogen atoms
- C07D213/76—Nitrogen atoms to which a second hetero atom is attached
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D219/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing acridine or hydrogenated acridine ring systems
- C07D219/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing acridine or hydrogenated acridine ring systems with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the ring system
- C07D219/08—Nitrogen atoms
- C07D219/10—Nitrogen atoms attached in position 9
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
- C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
- C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D231/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D231/18—One oxygen or sulfur atom
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
- C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D233/66—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D233/90—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D239/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings
- C07D239/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
- C07D239/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D239/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D239/46—Two or more oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms
- C07D239/60—Three or more oxygen or sulfur atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D241/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings
- C07D241/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
- C07D241/38—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atoms
- C07D241/40—Benzopyrazines
- C07D241/42—Benzopyrazines with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D249/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D249/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
- C07D249/04—1,2,3-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,3-triazoles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D249/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D249/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
- C07D249/08—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles
- C07D249/10—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D249/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D249/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
- C07D249/08—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles
- C07D249/10—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D249/12—Oxygen or sulfur atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D251/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings
- C07D251/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings
- C07D251/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D251/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hetero atoms directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D251/40—Nitrogen atoms
- C07D251/54—Three nitrogen atoms
- C07D251/70—Other substituted melamines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
- C07D277/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
- C07D277/62—Benzothiazoles
- C07D277/64—Benzothiazoles with only hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached in position 2
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
- C07D277/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
- C07D277/62—Benzothiazoles
- C07D277/68—Benzothiazoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached in position 2
- C07D277/82—Nitrogen atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D285/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D275/00 - C07D283/00
- C07D285/01—Five-membered rings
- C07D285/02—Thiadiazoles; Hydrogenated thiadiazoles
- C07D285/04—Thiadiazoles; Hydrogenated thiadiazoles not condensed with other rings
- C07D285/12—1,3,4-Thiadiazoles; Hydrogenated 1,3,4-thiadiazoles
- C07D285/125—1,3,4-Thiadiazoles; Hydrogenated 1,3,4-thiadiazoles with oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atoms, directly attached to ring carbon atoms, the nitrogen atoms not forming part of a nitro radical
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D285/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D275/00 - C07D283/00
- C07D285/01—Five-membered rings
- C07D285/02—Thiadiazoles; Hydrogenated thiadiazoles
- C07D285/04—Thiadiazoles; Hydrogenated thiadiazoles not condensed with other rings
- C07D285/12—1,3,4-Thiadiazoles; Hydrogenated 1,3,4-thiadiazoles
- C07D285/125—1,3,4-Thiadiazoles; Hydrogenated 1,3,4-thiadiazoles with oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atoms, directly attached to ring carbon atoms, the nitrogen atoms not forming part of a nitro radical
- C07D285/135—Nitrogen atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D285/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D275/00 - C07D283/00
- C07D285/15—Six-membered rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D285/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D275/00 - C07D283/00
- C07D285/15—Six-membered rings
- C07D285/16—Thiadiazines; Hydrogenated thiadiazines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D303/00—Compounds containing three-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D303/02—Compounds containing oxirane rings
- C07D303/34—Compounds containing oxirane rings with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by sulphur, selenium or tellurium atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
- C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D307/38—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D307/54—Radicals substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
- C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D307/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D307/64—Sulfur atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D311/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings
- C07D311/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
- C07D311/04—Benzo[b]pyrans, not hydrogenated in the carbocyclic ring
- C07D311/42—Benzo[b]pyrans, not hydrogenated in the carbocyclic ring with oxygen or sulfur atoms in positions 2 and 4
- C07D311/44—Benzo[b]pyrans, not hydrogenated in the carbocyclic ring with oxygen or sulfur atoms in positions 2 and 4 with one hydrogen atom in position 3
- C07D311/46—Benzo[b]pyrans, not hydrogenated in the carbocyclic ring with oxygen or sulfur atoms in positions 2 and 4 with one hydrogen atom in position 3 unsubstituted in the carbocyclic ring
- C07D311/52—Enol-esters or -ethers, or sulfur analogues thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D311/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings
- C07D311/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
- C07D311/04—Benzo[b]pyrans, not hydrogenated in the carbocyclic ring
- C07D311/58—Benzo[b]pyrans, not hydrogenated in the carbocyclic ring other than with oxygen or sulphur atoms in position 2 or 4
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D311/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings
- C07D311/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
- C07D311/78—Ring systems having three or more relevant rings
- C07D311/80—Dibenzopyrans; Hydrogenated dibenzopyrans
- C07D311/82—Xanthenes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D319/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D319/04—1,3-Dioxanes; Hydrogenated 1,3-dioxanes
- C07D319/06—1,3-Dioxanes; Hydrogenated 1,3-dioxanes not condensed with other rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D333/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
- C07D333/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom
- C07D333/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
- C07D333/14—Radicals substituted by singly bound hetero atoms other than halogen
- C07D333/16—Radicals substituted by singly bound hetero atoms other than halogen by oxygen atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D333/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
- C07D333/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom
- C07D333/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
- C07D333/24—Radicals substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
- C07D405/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
- C07D409/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
- C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
- C07D417/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing aromatic rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
- C07D417/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing three or more hetero rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F17/00—Metallocenes
- C07F17/02—Metallocenes of metals of Groups 8, 9 or 10 of the Periodic Table
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
- C08F4/04—Azo-compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G65/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring
- C08G65/32—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08G65/329—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with organic compounds
- C08G65/334—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with organic compounds containing sulfur
- C08G65/3344—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with organic compounds containing sulfur containing oxygen in addition to sulfur
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B69/00—Dyes not provided for by a single group of this subclass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B69/00—Dyes not provided for by a single group of this subclass
- C09B69/02—Dyestuff salts, e.g. salts of acid dyes with basic dyes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B69/00—Dyes not provided for by a single group of this subclass
- C09B69/10—Polymeric dyes; Reaction products of dyes with monomers or with macromolecular compounds
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
- H01B1/12—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances organic substances
- H01B1/122—Ionic conductors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
- H01B1/12—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances organic substances
- H01B1/124—Intrinsically conductive polymers
- H01B1/128—Intrinsically conductive polymers comprising six-membered aromatic rings in the main chain, e.g. polyanilines, polyphenylenes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/02—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof using combined reduction-oxidation reactions, e.g. redox arrangement or solion
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
- H01G11/62—Liquid electrolytes characterised by the solute, e.g. salts, anions or cations therein
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/004—Details
- H01G9/022—Electrolytes; Absorbents
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0565—Polymeric materials, e.g. gel-type or solid-type
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
- H01M4/382—Lithium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/581—Chalcogenides or intercalation compounds thereof
- H01M4/5815—Sulfides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/16—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte
- H01M6/162—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte
- H01M6/166—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte by the solute
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/18—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with solid electrolyte
- H01M6/181—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with solid electrolyte with polymeric electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/18—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with solid electrolyte
- H01M6/182—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with solid electrolyte with halogenide as solid electrolyte
- H01M6/183—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with solid electrolyte with halogenide as solid electrolyte with fluoride as solid electrolyte
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2231/10—Polymerisation reactions involving at least dual use catalysts, e.g. for both oligomerisation and polymerisation
- B01J2231/12—Olefin polymerisation or copolymerisation
- B01J2231/122—Cationic (co)polymerisation, e.g. single-site or Ziegler-Natta type
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2231/10—Polymerisation reactions involving at least dual use catalysts, e.g. for both oligomerisation and polymerisation
- B01J2231/14—Other (co) polymerisation, e.g. of lactides or epoxides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2231/30—Addition reactions at carbon centres, i.e. to either C-C or C-X multiple bonds
- B01J2231/32—Addition reactions to C=C or C-C triple bonds
- B01J2231/324—Cyclisations via conversion of C-C multiple to single or less multiple bonds, e.g. cycloadditions
- B01J2231/326—Diels-Alder or other [4+2] cycloadditions, e.g. hetero-analogues
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2231/30—Addition reactions at carbon centres, i.e. to either C-C or C-X multiple bonds
- B01J2231/34—Other additions, e.g. Monsanto-type carbonylations, addition to 1,2-C=X or 1,2-C-X triplebonds, additions to 1,4-C=C-C=X or 1,4-C=-C-X triple bonds with X, e.g. O, S, NH/N
- B01J2231/341—1,2-additions, e.g. aldol or Knoevenagel condensations
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2231/30—Addition reactions at carbon centres, i.e. to either C-C or C-X multiple bonds
- B01J2231/34—Other additions, e.g. Monsanto-type carbonylations, addition to 1,2-C=X or 1,2-C-X triplebonds, additions to 1,4-C=C-C=X or 1,4-C=-C-X triple bonds with X, e.g. O, S, NH/N
- B01J2231/348—1,4-additions, e.g. conjugate additions
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2231/40—Substitution reactions at carbon centres, e.g. C-C or C-X, i.e. carbon-hetero atom, cross-coupling, C-H activation or ring-opening reactions
- B01J2231/42—Catalytic cross-coupling, i.e. connection of previously not connected C-atoms or C- and X-atoms without rearrangement
- B01J2231/4205—C-C cross-coupling, e.g. metal catalyzed or Friedel-Crafts type
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2231/50—Redistribution or isomerisation reactions of C-C, C=C or C-C triple bonds
- B01J2231/54—Metathesis reactions, e.g. olefin metathesis
- B01J2231/543—Metathesis reactions, e.g. olefin metathesis alkene metathesis
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2531/30—Complexes comprising metals of Group III (IIIA or IIIB) as the central metal
- B01J2531/35—Scandium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
- B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
- B01J2531/824—Palladium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
- C07C2601/06—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a five-membered ring
- C07C2601/10—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a five-membered ring the ring being unsaturated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2602/00—Systems containing two condensed rings
- C07C2602/36—Systems containing two condensed rings the rings having more than two atoms in common
- C07C2602/42—Systems containing two condensed rings the rings having more than two atoms in common the bicyclo ring system containing seven carbon atoms
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect
- G02F1/1514—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material
- G02F1/1523—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material comprising inorganic material
- G02F1/1525—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material comprising inorganic material characterised by a particular ion transporting layer, e.g. electrolyte
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect
- G02F1/1514—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material
- G02F1/1516—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material comprising organic material
- G02F2001/1518—Ferrocene compounds
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/40—Alloys based on alkali metals
- H01M4/405—Alloys based on lithium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/60—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of organic compounds
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
- H01M4/661—Metal or alloys, e.g. alloy coatings
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/04—Cells with aqueous electrolyte
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/16—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte
- H01M6/162—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte
- H01M6/164—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte by the solvent
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/16—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte
- H01M6/162—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte
- H01M6/168—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte by additives
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S430/00—Radiation imagery chemistry: process, composition, or product thereof
- Y10S430/1053—Imaging affecting physical property or radiation sensitive material, or producing nonplanar or printing surface - process, composition, or product: radiation sensitive composition or product or process of making binder containing
- Y10S430/1055—Radiation sensitive composition or product or process of making
- Y10S430/127—Spectral sensitizer containing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49108—Electric battery cell making
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
- Y10T428/2918—Rod, strand, filament or fiber including free carbon or carbide or therewith [not as steel]
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Conductive Materials (AREA)
- Plural Heterocyclic Compounds (AREA)
- Nitrogen- Or Sulfur-Containing Heterocyclic Ring Compounds With Rings Of Six Or More Members (AREA)
- Pyrane Compounds (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Epoxy Compounds (AREA)
- Primary Cells (AREA)
- Pyrrole Compounds (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Macromolecular Compounds Obtained By Forming Nitrogen-Containing Linkages In General (AREA)
- Nitrogen Condensed Heterocyclic Rings (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
- Heterocyclic Compounds Containing Sulfur Atoms (AREA)
- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
- Polymerization Catalysts (AREA)
- Thiazole And Isothizaole Compounds (AREA)
- Polymerisation Methods In General (AREA)
- Pyridine Compounds (AREA)
Description
- Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft neue Protonenleiter in flüssiger Form und ihre Verwendung als Flüssig-, Gel- oder Polymerelektrolyte in verschiedenen elektrochemischen Systemen.
- Die am häufigsten verwendeten Protonenleiter werden durch Zugabe von Wasser zu einer Säure wie HCl oder H&sub2;SO&sub4;, oder einer Base wie KOH oder NH&sub3; erhalten. So zeigen die schwefelsauren Lösungen in Wasser eine ausgezeichnete erhöhte Protonenleitfähigkeit von bis zu 10&supmin;² Scm&supmin;¹, und die gleichermaßen sehr leitfähigen Kaliumhydroxidlösungen werden häufig als Elektrolyt in Nickel-Cadmium-Batterien verwendet.
- Im allgemeinen haben die Protonenleiter, die für ihre Funktion die Gegenwart von Wasser benötigen, bedingt durch die Verdampfung dieses Wassers, einen im Hinblick auf die Temperatur begrenzten Verwendungsbereich und einen Stabilitätsbereich des Redoxsystems, der durch den des Wasser begrenzt ist. Gewöhnlich bewirkt die Gegenwart von Wasser gleichermaßen Korrosionsphänomene in den diese Elektrolyte verwendenden Systemen.
- Um diese beeinträchtigenden Probleme in bezug auf bestimmte Anwendungen zu umgehen, sind viele Arbeiten das Studium wasserfreier Protonenleiter betreffend ausgeführt worden. Unter den unterschiedlichen Materialklassen, die in diesen Recherchen gefunden wurden, hat man insbesondere wasserfreie Protonenleiter erhalten, indem das wäßrige Lösungsmittel durch hydroxylgruppenfreie polymere Lösungsmittel, wie Poly(ethylenoxid), Polyvinylpyrrolidon, Polyethyleneimin oder Poly(aminopropylsiloxan), ersetzt wird.
- Indem diese Polymere den Säuren oder Basen zugegeben werden, werden wasserfreie Protonenleiter erhalten. Zum Beispiel können durch Lösen von Orthophosphorsäure H&sub3;PO&sub4; in Poly(ethylenoxid) (POE) ein saurer Protonenleiter, durch Lösen von Sulfamid H&sub2;NSO&sub2;NH&sub2; in demselben Polymer ein basischer Protonenleiter erhalten werden.
- Diese Elektrolyte werden zur Herstellung von elektrochemischen Systemen verwendet, insbesondere Lichtmodulationssystemen, jedoch zeigen sie dennoch beträchtliche Nachteile. Die Protonenleiter auf der Basis einer Lösung von H&sub3;PO&sub4; in POE sind aufgrund des stark sauren Milieus (pKa 0) korrosiv. Andererseits schränkt die starke Basizität (pKa 11-12) der Protonenleiter auf der Basis einer Lösung von Sulfamid in POE ihre Verwendungsmöglichkeiten ein, da aufgrund der Gegenwart zahlreicher Elektrodenmaterialien, die metallische Materialien enthalten, sich ein nur wenig leitfähiger Passivierungsüberzug aus Metallkationkomplexen mit Sulfamid bildet. Andererseits sind diese Elektrolyte bei niedriger Temperatur schlechte Leiter.
- DE-196 32 285 beschreibt Protonenleiter, die aus einer Mischung aus einer stickstoffhaltigen nicht wäßrigen Base und einer Säure erhalten werden, wobei die jeweiligen Anteile der Bestandteile von 1% bis 99% variieren. Eine Protonenleitermembran wird auf diese Weise erhalten, indem Pyrazol, beziehungsweise Imidazol, mit einer Membran aus sulfoniertem Polyetherketon bei einer Temperatur von etwa 80-90ºC für das Pyrazol und von 100-110ºC für das Imidazol in Kontakt gebracht wird. Die Leitfähigkeit der Membrane beträgt bei erhöhter Temperatur (200ºC) 0,02, beziehungsweise 0,01 S/cm.
- Um die obigen Nachteile zu überwinden, haben die Erfinder herausgefunden, daß überraschenderweise die binären Mischungen bestimmter stickstoffhaltiger Basen, die zur Familie der Azole gehören, und der Additionssalze dieser stickstoffhaltigen Basen mit geeigneten Säuren Protonenleiter bilden, in denen der Schmelzpunkt niedriger als die Umgebungstemperatur ist, die einen niedrigen Dampfdruck haben, in denen die Leitfähigkeit ähnlich derjenigen ist, die im wäßrigen Milieu erhalten wird, und in denen die Leitfähigkeit bei einer niedrigen Temperatur höher ist als die Leitfähigkeit der Protonenleiter des Standes der Technik bei einer niedrigen Temperatur.
- Die vorliegende Erfindung hat einen Protonenleiter in flüssiger Form zum Gegenstand, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß er aus einer Mischung der folgenden Bestandteile (a) und (b) besteht:
- a) einem Additionssalz einer stickstoffhaltigen Base mit einer Säure, gemäß der Formel:
- in der:
- Z&sub1;, Z&sub2;, Z&sub3; und Z&sub4;, die gleich oder verschieden sind, für eine Gruppe -N = oder -C(Yi) = stehen, in der Yi ein Wasserstoffatom, ein lineares oder verzweigtes Alkylradikal mit 1 bis 20 Kohlenstoffatomen, ein Fluoralkykadikal mit 1 bis 20 Kohlenstoffatomen, oder ein Oxoalkyl- oder Azaalkylradikal mit 1 bis 20 Kohlenstoffatomen bedeutet, unter der Bedingung, daß mindestens eine und maximal zwei Gruppen Z&sub1;, Z&sub2;, Z&sub3; und Z&sub4; für -N= stehen, wobei zwei benachbarte Kohlenstoffatome gegebenenfalls hydriert sind und die stickstoffhaltige Base gegebenenfalls Teil einer Polymerkette bildet, und
- X für ein Säureanion steht, ausgewählt aus der Gruppe, die aus Sulfonsäuren der Formel RFSO&sub3;H, Sulfonimiden der Formel (RFSO&sub2;)(R'FSO&sub2;)NH und Methanverbindungen der Formel (RFSO&sub2;)(R'FSO&sub2;)CH&sub2; oder (RFSO&sub2;)(R'FSO&sub2;)(R"FSO&sub2;)CH besteht, in denen RF, R'F, R"F unabhängig voneinander für ein F(CF&sub2;)n-Radikal stehen, wobei n im Bereich von 0 bis 6 liegt und die Säure gegebenenfalls einen Teil einer Polymerkette bildet; und
- b) einer stickstoffhaltige Base gemäß der Formel:
- in der Z&sub1;, Z&sub2;, Z&sub3; und Z&sub4; die oben erwähnten Bedeutungen haben, wobei die stickstoffhaltige Base gegebenenfalls einen Teil einer Polymerkette bildet;
- wobei die Bestandteile (a) und (b) in solchen Anteilen vorliegen, daß sie eine Verbindung mit einem Schmelzpunkt von weniger als 25ºC bilden.
- Gegenstand der Erfindung ist gleichermaßen ein Flüssigelektrolyt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß er aus einem wie oben definierten Protonenleiter besteht.
- Die Erfindung betrifft gleichermaßen einen Polymerelektrolyten, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß er einen Protonenleiter enthält, wie er oben definiert ist, der in einem Polymer, das mindestens eine polare Gruppe enthält, gelöst ist.
- Bevorzugt weist die Zusammensetzung, die aus der Mischung aus den Bestandteilen (a) und (b) gebildet ist, ein ausgeprägtes Eutektikum auf.
- Als Beispiele für die stickstoffhaltigen Basen können die Azole der Formel:
- genannt werden, in denen Yi die oben erwähnte Bedeutung hat.
- Gleichermaßen sind teilhydrierte Azole in Betracht zu ziehen, wie die Imidazoline der Formel:
- in denen Yi die oben erwähnte Bedeutung hat.
- Die Auswahl der stickstoffhaltigen Base erlaubt es, den pH-Wert des erfindungsgemäßen Protonenleiters einzustellen. So haben die binäre Mischung Triazol/Triazolium einen pKa von etwa 2, die binäre Mischung Imidazol/Imidazolium einen pKa von etwa 7, und die binäre Mischung Imadazolin/Imidazolinium einen pKa von etwa 10.
- Als Beispiel für die Säuren sind Trifluormethansulfonsäure, Bisfluorsulfonimid, Bistrifluormethansulfonimid, Bistrifluormethansulfonylmethan, Tristrifluormethansulfonylmethan und Trifluorsulfonylmethan zu nennen.
- Die binären Mischungen, die die oben angegebenen Bestandteile (a) und (b) enthalten, sind wasserfreie Protonenleiter. Tatsächlich kann eine protonierte stickstoffhaltige Base ihr Proton nach einem Mechanismus von Grotthus auf eine nicht protonierte stickstoffhaltige Base übertragen, womit die Übertragung von Protonen in diesen Milieus möglich wird. Zum Beispiel ist im Fall der binären Mischung Imidazol/Imidazoliumtrifluormethansulfonat in der eutektischen Zusammensetzung (3 : 1 molar) die Leitfähigkeit dieser Mischung bei 25ºC größer als 10&supmin;³ Ω&supmin;¹cm&supmin;¹. Eine solche Mischung bildet auf diese Weise einen neutralen wasserfreien Protonenleiter, der eine erhöhte Leitfähigkeit zeigt.
- Die erfindungsgemäßen Protonenleiter sind insbesondere für Lichtmodulationssysteme, das heißt elektrochrome interessant. Die elektrochromen Systeme verwenden im allgemeinen Halbleiterfilme mit einer breiten Bandlücke, wie HxWO&sub3; oder IrO&sub2;Hx, HxTiO&sub2;, HxTa&sub2;O&sub5;, HxMnO&sub2;, HxCoO&sub2;, HxNiO&sub2;, wobei x normalerweise zwischen 0 und 0,4 liegt, in denen der gleichzeitige Einbau oder das gleichzeitige Herauslösen von Protonen und Elektronen von einer Veränderung der Absorption oder der optischen Reflexion im Sichtbaren oder Infrarot begleitet wird.
- Andere elektrochrome Systeme verwenden lösliche Ausgangsstoffe mit freien Radikalen, die stark farbig sind, wie Viologene ("Weitz-Blau"), in denen die Farbigkeit durch Reduktion erhalten wird, oder Tetraalkyl-1,4-aryldiamine ("Wurster-Blau"), in denen die Farbigkeit durch Oxidation erhalten wird. Diese Verbindungen zeigen im farbigen Zustand jedoch nur eine begrenzte Stabilität, insbesondere gegenüber Licht und Sauerstoffund können für Verglasungen oder Anzeigesystemen, die natürlichem Licht ausgesetzt sind, nicht verwendet werden.
- Die erfindungsgemäßen Protonenleiter erlauben es, ein neues Prinzip der reversiblen Bildung farbiger Spezies über elektrochemische Reaktionen zu entwickeln, die den Einbau von zwei Elektronen und ein oder zwei Protonen beinhalten, wie folgt:
- [ox]&spplus; + 2e&supmin; + H&spplus; → [red]
- [ox]&supmin; + 2e&supmin; + 2H&spplus; → [red]&supmin;
- [ox] + 2e&supmin; + 2H&spplus; → [red]
- Die Übergänge von ox zu red entsprechen einem Farbumschlag. In diesem Fall sind die farbigen Spezies keine Radikale und zeigen im Vergleich zu Radikalsystemen eine deutlich bessere Stabilität. Die erfindungsgemäßen Protonenleiter haben nicht nur eine erhöhte Protonierungsfähigkeit, einen pH-Wert, der durch die Wahl des Heteroatoms des Azol-Typs einstellbar ist, sondern auch, im Vergleich zum wäßrigen Milieu einen deutlich größeren Funktionsbereich im Hinblick auf die Temperatur und die Fähigkeit, organische Moleküle zu lösen.
- Die vorliegende Erfindung hat gleichermaßen ein elektrochromes System zum Gegenstand, das zwei transparente Halbleiterelektroden, die einander gegenüberliegend angeordnet sind und voneinander beabstandet sind, wobei jede Elektrode an einer Seite an einem transparenten Träger befestigt ist und an der anderen Seite eine Halbleiterbeschichtung mit einer breiten Bandlücke aufweist, und einen wie oben definierten Polymerelektrolyten aufweist, der zwischen den Elektroden angeordnet ist und in Kontakt mit den Halbleiterbeschichtungen steht.
- Die Erfindung betrifft ebenfalls ein elektrochromes System, das zwei transparente Halbleiterelektroden, die einander gegenüberliegend angeordnet sind und voneinander beabstandet sind, wobei jede dieser Elektroden an einer Seite an einem transparenten Träger befestigt ist, und einen wie oben definierten Polymerelektrolyten enthält, der zwischen den Elektroden angeordnet ist und die andere Seite jeder Elektrode berührt, wobei dem Polymerelektrolyten mindestens ein Redoxfarbstoff zugefügt ist.
- Die Erfindung betrifft gleichermaßen ein elektrochromes System, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es zwei transparente Halbleiterelektroden, die einander gegenüberliegend angeordnet sind und voneinander beabstandet sind, wobei jede Elektrode an einer Seite an einem transparenten Träger befestigt ist und eine der Elektroden an der anderen Seite eine Halbleiterbeschichtung mit einer breiten Bandlücke aufweist, und einen wie oben definierten Polymerelektrolyten enthält, der zwischen den Elektroden angeordnet ist und in Kontakt mit der Halbleiterbeschichtung steht, wobei dem Polymerelektrolyten mindestens ein Redoxpaar zugefügt ist, das komplementär zu dem Halbleiter mit der breiten Bandlücke ist.
- Als nicht einschränkende Beispiele werden die Moleküle, die für reversible Farbübergänge geeignet sind, aus den folgenden ausgewählt:
- In den obigen Formeln bedeuten R&sub1; bis R&sub1;&sub0; Alkyl-, Aryl-, Arylalkyl- oder Alkylarylgruppen, die gegebenenfalls die Substituenten Oxa, Aza, Thia oder Halogene, Nitro-, Cyano-, Carboxylat-, Sulfonat-, Oniumgruppen in den Alkylketten oder Ringen enthalten.
- R&sub1;&sub1; bis R&sub1;&sub6; bedeuten Aryl-, Alkylaryl-, heterocyclische Gruppen, die gegebenenfalls die Substituenten Oxa, Aza, Thia oder Halogen, Nitro-, Cyano-, Carboxylat-, Sulfonat-, Oniumgruppen in den Alkylketten oder Ringen enthalten.
- Als Beispiele für Farbstoffe oder Redoxpaare, die bei Anlegen eines Stroms eine Farbveränderung vollziehen, sind zu nennen:
- - Leuko-(Kristallviolett) Kristallviolett (violette oxidierte Form),
- - Leuko-(Malachitgrün) Malachitgrün (grüne oxidierte Form),
- - Leuko-(Methylenblau) Methylenblau (blaue oxidierte Form),
- - Bis(4-hydroxyphenylamin) Imidazoliumsalz von Indophenol (rote oxidierte Form),
- - 3,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthrachinon (Alizarin, rote reduzierte Form) 3,4,9,10-Tetrahydroxyanthracen,
- - 4,4'-Bis(4-nitrophenylformazan)-3,3'-methoxy-biphenyl (blaue reduzierte Form) Tetranitrotetrazoliumblaukation,
- - Triphenylformazan (blaue reduzierte Form) 2,3,5-Triphenyl-2H-tetrazoliumkation,
- - 1,4-Diaminophenylhydrazin-1-naphthalin 1,4-Diaminophenyl-azo-1-naphthalin ("fat brown RR", braune oxidierte Form).
- Die Redoxpaare können auf komplementäre Weise miteinander in Beziehung stehen, das bedeutet, daß einer der Reaktionspartner sich durch Reduktion färbt, während sein Gegenpart sich durch Oxidation färbt. Es ist auch möglich, in das Milieu Moleküle einzubeziehen, die Redoxreaktionen ohne Veränderung der Farbe durchlaufen, womit die Bildungsreaktion eines Farbstoffs an einer einzigen Elektrode ermöglicht wird. Als Beispiel sind die Verbindungen zu nennen, die die Bildung und Spaltung von Disulfidverbindungen, wie Dimercaptothiadiazol, Mercaptomethyltetrazol bewirken, deren korrespondierende Anionen in dem erfindungsgemäßen Elektrolytmilieu stabil sind.
- Es ist auch möglich, die Farbstoffe aus den oben erwähnten Familien mit organometallischen Molekülen zu kombinieren, die stabile Redoxpaare darstellen, wie Ferrocen oder dessen Derivate, oder ferner Gegenelektroden zu verwenden, auf die ein Halbleiter mit einer breiten Bandlücke, wie HxWO&sub3;, IrO&sub2;Hx, HxTiO&sub2;, HxTa&sub2;O&sub5;, HxMnO&sub2;, HxNiO&sub2;, HxCoO&sub2; (x liegt normalerweise zwischen 0 und 0,4), aufgebracht ist.
- Die erfindungsgemäßen Protonenleiter sind ebenfalls interessant für elektrochemische Generatoren, elektrochemische Superkondensatoren, die mindestens eine Kohlenstoffelektrode oder mindestens eine Elektrode aus einem Metalloxid oder mindestens ein Polymer mit Redoxeigenschaften enthalten. Die erfindungsgemäßen Protonenleiter können wie wasserfreie protische Lösungsmittel verwendet werden, wobei sie eine starke Fähigkeit zeigen, zu lösen und gleichermaßen wie Lösungsmittel chemische, photochemische oder elektrochemische Reaktionen auszuführen.
- Zu allen oben angeführten Vorteilen bilden die erfindungsgemäßen Protonenleiter Polymerelektrolyte, wenn sie in Mischungen mit Polymeren, die polare Gruppen enthalten, vorliegen, wie Polyether, Polyester, Polyethylenimin, Polyacrylnitril, Polyvinylidenfluorid oder Polyvinylbutyral. Auf diese Weise erhält man Membrane, die zugleich eine gute mechanische Stabilität und eine erhöhte Leitfähigkeit besitzen. Darüber hinaus kann die Leitfähigkeit der protische Flüssig-, Gel- oder Polymerleiter gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung eventuell verbessert werden, indem mindestens ein schwerflüchtiges polares Lösungsmittel, wie Dimethylformamid, Dimethylacetamid, Tetraalkylsulfamid oder ein Glykolether, zugegeben wird.
- Andere Vorteile und Merkmale der Erfindung werden durch die Lektüre der unten angegebenen Beschreibung der bevorzugten Ausführungsformen in bezug auf die beiliegenden Zeichnungen verdeutlicht, in denen:
- Fig. 1 einen schematischen Ausschnitt aus einem elektrochromen System zeigt, das einen erfindungsgemäßen Polymerelektrolyten enthält,
- Fig. 2 einen schematischen Ausschnitt aus einem anderen elektrochromen System zeigt, das einen erfindungsgemäßen Polymerelektrolyten enthält,
- Fig. 3 das Phasendiagramm der binären Mischung Imidazol/Imidazoliumtrifluormethansulfonat zeigt,
- Fig. 4 das Phasendiagramm der binären Mischung Imidazol/Imidazoliumbis(trifluormethansulfonimid) zeigt,
- Fig. 5 die Phasendiagramme der binären Mischung Imidazol/Imidazoliumtrifluormethansulfonat in Abwesenheit und in Gegenwart von Poly(ethylenoxid) oder Poly(ethylenglykol) zeigt,
- Fig. 6 ein Diagramm zeigt, das die Veränderung der Leitfähigkeit der binären Mischung Imidazol/Imidazoliumtriflourmethansulfonat als Funktion der Temperatur im Vergleich mit anderen Elektrolyten wiedergibt,
- Fig. 7 die Entladungskurve eines elektrochemischen Generators zeigt, der eine binäre Mischung Triazol/Triazoliumbisfluorsulfonimid enthält, und
- Fig. 8 die Zyklenkurve zeigt, die ausgehend von einem elektrochromen System erhalten wird, das einen Polymerelektrolyten enthält, der aus der binären Mischung 1,2,3-Triazol/1,2,3- Triazoliumbis(trifluormethansulfonimid) gebildet wird, die in Poly(ethylenoxid) gelöst ist.
- Das in der Fig. 1 gezeigte elektrochrome System enthält zwei transparente Halbleiterelektroden 10, die einander gegenüberliegend angeordnet und voneinander beabstandet sind, wobei jede dieser Elektroden 10 an einer Seite an einem transparenten Träger 12, wie Glas, befestigt ist und an der anderen Seite eine Halbleiterbeschichtung 14 mit einer breiten Bandlücke aufweist. Ein erfindungsgemäßer Polymerelektrolyt 16 ist zwischen den Elektroden 10 angeordnet und steht mit den Halbleiterbeschichtungen 14 in Kontakt. Das in Fig. 2 dargestellte elektrochrome System ist mit dem in Fig. 1 vergleichbar, mit der Ausnahme, daß die Elektroden 10 nicht mit einer Beschichtung 14 überzogen sind, wobei dem Polymerelektrolyten 16' vielmehr zwei komplementäre Redoxfarbstoffe zugefügt sind. Das Anlegen eines Potentials an die Elektroden 10 erzeugt einen Farbwechsel der Beschichtungen 14 im Fall des elektrochromen Systems der Fig. 1 und einen Farbwechsel der Redoxfarbstoffe, die in dem protischen Polymerelektrolyten 16' im Fall des elektrochromen Systems der Fig. 2 vorliegen.
- Die Fig. 3 zeigt das Phasendiagramm der binären Mischung Imidazol/Imidazoliumtrifluormethansulfonat. Wie gezeigt ist, hat diese binäre Mischung einen eutektischen Punkt für ein molares Verhältnis Imidazol/Salz (I/S) gleich 3 bei einem Schmelzpunkt von etwa 12ºC. Fig. 4 zeigt wiederum das Phasendiagramm der binären Mischung Imidazol/Imidazoliumbistrifluormethansulfonimid. Wie in Fig. 4 dargestellt ist, hat diese binäre Mischung einen eutektischen Punkt für ein molares Verhältnis I/S gleich 4 bei einem Schmelzpunkt von etwa -10ºC. Gleichermaßen hat die binäre Mischung Imidazol/Imidazoliumbisfluorsulfonimid bei ihrer eutektischen Zusammensetzung (molares Verhältnis I/S gleich 4) einen Schmelzpunkt von weniger als -20ºC. Die Art der Substituenten beeinflußt gleichermaßen die Eigenschaften der Flüssigleiter; so ist die Temperatur für die binäre Mischung 2-Hexylimidazol/2-Hexyl-imidazoliumtrifluormethansulfonat, am eutektischen Punkt bei einem molaren Verhältnis I/S gleich 3 oder 4 niedriger als -10ºC.
- Die Fig. 5 zeigt die Tatsache, daß die Zugabe von 20 Gew.-% Poly(ethylenoxid) zu einer binären Mischung Imidazol/Imidazoliumtrifluormethansulfonat mit einem molaren Verhältnis I/S gleich 4 das Phasendiagramm des Systems nur wenig verändert, obgleich das System jetzt in Form eines Polymerelektrolytfilms vorliegt, welcher insbesondere für die Herstellung von elektrochemischen Systemen als Dünnfilme geeignet ist: Lichtmodulationssystemen, wie sie oben beschrieben wurden, Generatoren, Superkondensatoren, Meßwertgeber, etc.. Fig. 6 zeigt die Leitfähigkeit dieses protischen Polymerelektrolyten und erlaubt den Vergleich seiner Leitfähigkeit mit der anderer leitenden protischen Polymerelektrolyte: einem Elektrolyten, der aus einer Mischung aus Orthophosphorsäure und Poly(ethylenoxid) (POE/H&sub3;PO&sub4;) erhalten wird, einem Elektrolyten, der aus einer Mischung aus Orthophosphorsäure und Polyethylenimin (PEI/H&sub3;PO&sub4;) erhalten wird, und einem Elektrolyten, der aus einer Mischung aus Sulfamid und Poly(ethylenoxid) (POE/Sulfamid) erhalten wird. Schließlich kann die Leitfähigkeit des Flüssig- oder Polymerelektrolyten, welcher aus den erfindungsgemäßen binären Mischungen erhalten wird, erhöht werden, indem ein schwerflüchtiges polares Lösungsmittel, wie Dimethylformamid oder Glykolether, zugegeben wird.
- Die nicht einschränkenden folgenden Beispiele veranschaulichen die Erfindung.
- Zu einer Lösung von 1,36 g (20 mmol) Imidazol in 15 ml Ether werden 5,62 g (20 mmol) Bistrifluormethansulfonimid (CF&sub3;SO&sub2;)&sub2;NH (vertrieben von Fluka) gegeben, anschließend 1 Stunde gerührt, und der Niederschlag über eine Glasfritte (Nr. 3) abfiltriert. Nach dem Trocknen wird quantitativ das Salz von Imidazoliumbistrifluormethansulfonimid der Formel erhalten:
- Durch Zerreiben einer molaren Mischung aus vier Mol Imidazol auf ein Mol Imidazoliumsalz in einer Handschuhbox kann ein Flüssigleiter mit einer Schmelztemperatur von weniger als der Umgebungstemperatur erhalten werden. Dieser Flüssigleiter zeigt bei 20ºC eine erhöhte Protonenleitfähigkeit nahe bei 10&supmin;³ S cm&supmin;¹.
- In einer Handschuhbox wird unter Argon eine Lösung von 6,81 g (100 mmol) Imidazol, 5,62 g (20 mmol) Bistrifluormethansulfonimid (CF&sub3;SO&sub2;)&sub2;NH (vertrieben von Fluka) und 2,49 g Poly(ethylenoxid) der Masse Mw = 5·10&sup6; (20 Gew.-% in bezug auf das Salz) in 50 ml Methylformiat hergestellt. Diese Lösung wird anschließend auf einen Polypropylenfilm aufgebracht. Nach 24 Stunden in einer Handschuhbox wird ein Film eines transparenten Polymerelektrolyten erhalten, der gute mechanische Eigenschaften aufweist.
- In einer Handschuhbox wird unter Argon ein elektrochemischer Generator als Dünnfilm nach der Polymertechnologie bereitgestellt, wobei die binäre Mischung Imidazol/Imidazoliumbistrifluormethansulfonimid in ihrer eutektischen Zusammensetzung (4 : 1 molar) als Elektrolyt verwendet wird, wobei die folgenden Beschichtungen aufgebracht werden:
- - eine Anode bestehend aus einer Mischung aus Titandioxid TiO&sub2;-Anatas (45 Vol.%), Shawinigan-Schwarz (5 Vol.%), dem unten angegebenen Flüssigelektrolyten (40 Vol.%) und Poly(ethylenoxid) der Masse Mw = 3·10&sup5; (10 Vol.-%), welche auf einen Stromkollektor aus rostfreiem Stahl aufgebracht wird,
- - eine Kathode bestehend aus einer Mischung, die mit der der Anode vergleichbar ist, wobei jedoch TiO&sub2; durch Mangandioxid MnO&sub2; ersetzt wird, welches zuvor durch ein Äquivalent Hydrazin reduziert worden ist, und die auf einen Stromkollektor aus rostfreiem Stahl aufgebracht wird, und
- - ein Elektrolytfilm, bestehend aus einer Mischung des oben angegebenen Flüssigelektrolyten (80 Gew.-%) und Poly(ethylenoxid) (20 Gew.-%).
- Nach dem Zusammenbau wurde die Vorrichtung in einem Knopfzellengehäuse verschlossen. Dieser elektrochemische Generator, der zunächst im Entladungszustand vorliegt, durchläuft Zyklen zwischen 1,2 V und 500 mV bei einer Lade-/Entladestärke von C/10. Auf diese Weise werden Hundert Zyklen ermöglicht, wobei 90% der Kapazität der ersten Entladung beibehalten werden. Dieser Generator hat eine praktische Energiedichte in der Größenordnung von 100 Wh/kg, wobei die aus den Eigenschaften der elektroaktiven Materialien berechnete theoretische Energiedichte bei 160 Ah/kg oder 709 Ah/l liegt.
- Gleichermaßen wurde ein elektrochemischer Generator bereitgestellt, der ähnliche Leistungen aufweist, wobei die binäre Mischung Imidazolin/Imidazoliniumbistrifluormethansulfonimid in ihrer eutektischen Zusammensetzung verwendet wird.
- In einem Extruder von Warner & Pfilder werden unter Argonatmosphäre, wobei in einer wasserfreien Kammer gearbeitet wird, am äußersten Ende Poly(ethylenoxid) der Masse Mw = 3·10&sup5; in Tablettenform mit einem Durchmesser von 2 mm eingeführt und in den Extruder eine Mischung aus Imidazol, 2-Hexylimidazoliumbistrifluormethansulfonimid, hydrogeniertem Eisenfluorid HxFeF&sub3;, das zu Teilchen von weniger als 5 um zerkleinert wurde, Shawinigan-Schwarz, KETJENBLACK® K600 (Marke, von der Firma AKZO vertrieben) und Kieselerdepartikel (unter dem Markennamen AEROSIL R974 von der Firma Degussa verkauft) gegeben. Die Bestandteile werden in einer Zusammensetzung eingeführt, so daß die Anteile von HxFeF&sub3; 45% des Gesamtvolumens, Shawinigan-Schwarz 3%, KETJENBLACK® K600 1%, Kieselerdepartikel 1%, Polyethylenoxid 5% und die übrigen Bestandteile 45% des Gesamtvolumens ausmachen. Das molare Verhältnis Imidazol/2-Hexylimidazolium-bistrifluormethansulfonimid beträgt 4 zu 1. Die Mischung wird anschließend bei einer Temperatur von 100ºC in Form eines Streifens von 14 cm Breite und einer Stärke von 120 um extrudiert, wobei dieser Kathodenfilm direkt auf ein Blech aus rostfreiem Stahl mit einer Stärke von 8 um aufgebracht wird.
- Im weiteren Verlauf wird dieser Kathodenfilm, der gleichermaßen zusammengesetzt ist, mit einem Elektrolytfilm von 30 um Stärke beschichtet, der durch Extrusion einer Mischung aus Poly(ethylenoxid) mit einer Masse MW = 9·10&sup5; (17 Gew.-%), Kieselerdepartikel (AEROSIL R974) und einer Mischung aus Imidazol und 2-Hexylimidazoliumbistrifluormethansulfonimid (80 Gew.-%, molares Verhältnis 4 : 1) erhalten wird.
- Im weiteren Verlauf wird dieser auf die Kathode aufgebrachte Elektrolytfilm selbst mit einem Anodenfilm bedeckt, der unter den gleichen Bedingungen wie der Kathodenfilm erhalten wird, wobei jedoch HxFeF&sub3; durch TiO&sub2;-Anatas ersetzt wird. Die Anordnung wird anschließend mit einem Blech aus rostfreiem Stahl von 8 um Stärke laminiert.
- Dieser elektrochemische Generator, der zunächst im Entladungszustand vorliegt, durchläuft Zyklen zwischen 1,2 V und 500 mV bei einer Lade-/Entladestärke von C/10. Auf diese Weise werden 1000 Zyklen ermöglicht, wobei 78% der Kapazität der ersten Entladung beibehalten werden.
- Es wird ein elektrochemischer Generator bereitgestellt, vergleichbar mit dem in Beispiel 3 beschriebenen, jedoch wird als elektroaktives organisches Material einerseits eine Anode auf der Basis von Anthrahydrochinon (Oxanthranol) und eine Kathode auf der Basis von Tetrachlorchinon (Chloranil), und andererseits eine binäre Mischung aus Triazoi/Bisfluorsulfononimid in ihrer eutektischen Zusammensetzung, geliert mit Polyvinylidenfluorid (vertrieben von der Firma Montedison) anstelle von Poly(ethylenoxid), verwendet.
- Die Entladungskurve im Entladungszustand von C/30 ist in Fig. 7 angegeben. In dieser Figur sind die Spannung des Generators, U, in mV angegeben, auf der Ordinate, und der Nutzungsgrad der elektroaktiven Materialien, x, in % angegeben, auf der Abszisse aufgetragen.
- Dieser Generator hat eine aus den Eigenschaften der elektroaktiven Materialien berechnete theoretische Energiedichte von 120 Ah/kg.
- Es wird ein elektrochemischer Superkondensator bereitgestellt, wobei Elektroden auf der Basis von Rutheniumdioxid RuO&sub2; verwendet werden. Dieser Typ Superkondensator macht sich das Phänomen der Pseudoinsertion eines Protons in diese Oxide zunutze. Die Elektroden werden durch Abscheidung im Vakuum erhalten. Es wurde ein Superkondensator aufgebaut, wobei zwei dieser Elektroden und ein Elektrolyt, der aus der binären Mischung 1,3,4-Triazol/1,3,4- Triazoliumtrisfluorsulfonylmethan in ihrer eutektischen Zusammensetzung besteht, verwendet werden.
- Dieser Superkondensator durchläuft Zyklen zwischen 0 und 1 V bei einer Lade-/Entladestärke von 10C. Unter diesen Bedingungen können mehr als 300000 Zyklen durchlaufen werden, wobei die Kapazität beim 300000. Zyklus immer noch 70% der Kapazität des ersten Zyklus beträgt. Dieser Superkondensator weist eine Energiedichte von mehr als 5 Wh/kg auf und kann eine erhöhte Leistung von 1 kW/kg bereitstellen.
- Es wird ein elektrochemischer Superkondensator bereitgestellt, wobei Elektroden auf der Basis von Aktivkohle verwendet werden. Diese Elektroden sind Verbundstoffe, die aus Kohlefasern und Aluminiumfasern in einem Reduktionsmilieu erhalten werden. Auf die Elektroden, die eine Dicke von 150 um haben, wird beidseitig mikroporöses Polyethylen in einer Stärke von 40 um aufbracht, der Aufbau wird mit der binären Mischung Pyrazol/Pyrazoliumbis(trifluormethansulfonyl)methan in ihrer eutektischen Zusammensetzung getränkt und anschließend in einer Handschuhbox in einer Knopfzelle verschlossen. Dieser Superkondensator hat eine gute Leistung, es konnten auf diese Weise mehr als 200000 Zyklen von Ladung/Entladung zwischen 0 und 1 V bei einer Energiedichte von mehr als 10 Wh/l und eine erhöhte Leistung von mehr als 1500 W/l realisiert werden.
- In einer Handschuhbox wird unter Argon ein elektrochromes System bereitgestellt, wobei die binäre Mischung 1,2,3-Triazol/1,2,3-Triazoliumbistrifluormethansulfonimid in ihrer eutektischen Zusammensetzung (molares Verhältnis 4 : 1) als Elektrolyt verwendet wird, wobei die folgenden Beschichtungen aufgebracht werden:
- - eine transparente Elektrode, die durch Aufbringen einer Schicht aus hydrogeniertem Iridiumdioxid HxIrO&sub2; und einer leitfähigen Unterbeschichtung aus Zinnoxid hergestellt ist;
- - ein transparenter Polymerelektrolytfilm, der aus einer Mischung aus dem obigen Flüssigelektrolyten (80 Gew.-%) und Poly(ethylenoxid) (20 Gew.-%) besteht; und
- - eine transparente Elektrode, die aus einer Beschichtung aus Wolframtrioxid WO&sub3; und einer leitfähigen Unterbeschichtung aus Zinnoxid besteht.
- Dieses elektrochrome System ermöglicht Variationen der optischen Absorption im Bereich von 80% im farblosen Zustand und 30% im farbigen Zustand.
- Die Zyklenkurve, die mit dem obigen elektrochromen System im Bereich der Lade-/Entladestärke von 10C erhalten wird, ist in Fig. 8 wiedergegeben. In dieser Figur ist die Coulombsche Kapazität in Bezug auf die des ersten Zyklus, C, in % ausgedrückt, auf der Ordinate und die Anzahl der Zyklen, n, die in Tausend Zyklen angegeben sind, auf der Abszisse aufgetragen.
- Es wird ein elektrochromes System bereitgestellt, indem zwei komplementäre Farbstoffe in die binäre Mischung Imidazol/Imidazoliumbistrifluormethansulfonimid in ihrer eutektischen Zusammensetzung gegeben werden. In einer Handschuhbox werden 1,75 g (5 mmol) Imidazoliumbistrifluormethansulfonimid mit 1,36 g (20 mmol) Imidazol verrieben. Anschließend werden zu der binären Mischung 16,5 mg (50 umol) Leuko-(Malachit-Grün) im farblosen reduzierten Zustand und 30,8 mg (50 umol) 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazolyl-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H- tetrazoliumbistrifluormethansulfonimid (MTT) im oxidierten farblosen Zustand (über Ionenaustausch in Wasser aus dem Bromid erhalten) gegeben. Darauf werden 8 Gew.-% Kieselerdepartikel (AEROSIL R 974) zugegeben. Die erhaltene viskose Flüssigkeit wird zwischen zwei Glasplatten gegeben, die mit einem leitfähigen Überzug aus Zinnoxid und Indiumoxid (ITO) beschichtet sind. Nachdem die Apparatur verschlossen worden ist, um sie wieder abzuschirmen, wird mit Hilfe eines Spannungsgebers von außen eine Spannung von 1300 mV angelegt. Das System färbt sich daraufhin, wobei die Oxidierte Form von Leuko(malachitgrün) und die reduzierte Form von MTT jeweils eine intensive Absorptionsbande im sichtbaren Bereich zeigen. Beim Anlegen eines Potentials von -500 mV ist eine relativ schnelle Entfärbung des Systems (weniger als 60 s) zu beobachten. Ein solches elektrochromes System, das eine beträchtliche Lebensdauer aufweist, ist leicht zu verwirklichen, auch für Systeme mit großen Abmessungen (mehr als m²), die sowohl Glas als auch ein in entsprechender Weise behandeltes Polymer als transparente leitfähige Elektrode verwenden. Außerdem ist die Energie, die zur Aufrechterhaltung der Färbung notwendig ist, relativ gering, geringer als 1 W/m².
- Es wird ein elektrochromes System bereitgestellt, das mit dem in Beispiel 9 beschriebenen vergleichbar ist, als Farbstoff werden jedoch N,N,N',N'-Tetramethylphenylendiamin (im reduzierten farblosen Zustand) und Dimethylviologenbistrifluormethansulfonimid (im oxidiertem farblosen Zustand) verwendet. Dieses elektrochrome System färbt sich ebenfalls, indem eine Spannung an zwei Elektroden angelegt wird. Überraschender Weise zeigt dieses System eine bedeutende Stabilität trotz des radikalischen Mechanismus, der die Färbung hervorruft. Neben dem Lösen der Farbstoffe ermöglicht es der Flüssigelektrolyt, die Radikale zu stabilisieren.
- Es wird ein elektrochemischer Superkondensator bereitgestellt, wobei die binäre Mischung Triazol/Triazolbistrifluormethansulfonimid und Elektroden aus Rutheniumoxid RuO&sub2; verwendet werden.
- Es wird ein elektrochemischer Superkondensator bereitgestellt, wobei die binäre Mischung Imidazolium/Imidazoliumtris(fluorsulfonyl)methan und Elektroden aus Oxid von Aktivkohle verwendet werden und ein Glykolether als Weichmacher zugefügt wird.
- Es wird ein elektrochromes System HxIrO&sub2;/WO&sub3; bereitgestellt, indem die binäre Mischung Triazol/Triazoliumtrifluormethansulfonat, der Poly(ethylenoxid)diacrylat zugegeben wird, und ein Sensibilisierungsmittel (Irgacure) verwendet werden, und das Ganze mit UV-Strahlung vernetzt wird.
- Es wird ein elektrochromes System bereitgestellt, wobei als Farbstoffe zwei komplementäre Farbstoffe verwendet werden, die in einem Tristrifluormethansulfonylmethansalz gelöst sind.
Claims (33)
1. Protonenleiter, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß er aus einer Mischung aus den folgenden
Bestandteilen (a) und (b) besteht:
a) einem Additionssalz einer stickstoffhaltigen Base mit einer Säure gemäß der
Formel:
in der:
Z&sub1;, Z&sub2;, Z&sub3; und Z&sub4;, die gleich oder verschieden sind, für eine Gruppe-N= oder -C(Yi)=
stehen, in der Yi ein Wasserstoffatom, ein lineares oder verzweigtes Alkylradikal mit 1
bis 20 Kohlenstoffatomen, ein Fluoralkylradikal mit 1 bis 20 Kohlenstoffatomen, oder
ein Oxoalkyl- oder Azaalkylradikal mit 1 bis 20 Kohlenstoffatomen bedeutet, unter
der Bedingung, daß mindestens eine und maximal zwei Gruppen Z&sub1;, Z&sub2;, Z&sub3; und Z&sub4; für
-N= stehen, wobei zwei benachbarte Kohlenstoffatome gegebenenfalls hydriert sind
und die stickstoffhaltige Base gegebenenfalls einen Teil einer Polymerkette bildet, und
X&supmin; für ein Säureanion steht, ausgewählt aus der Gruppe, die aus Sulfonsäuren der
Formel RFSO&sub3;H, Sulfonimiden der Formel (RFSO&sub2;)(R'FSO&sub2;)NH und methylures der
Formel (RFSO&sub2;)(R'FSO&sub2;)CH&sub2; oder (RFSO&sub2;)(R'FSO&sub2;)(R"FSO&sub2;)CH besteht, in denen RF,
R'F, R"F unabhängig voneinander für ein F(CF&sub2;)n-Radikal stehen, wobei n im Bereich
von 0 bis 6 liegt und die Säure gegebenenfalls einen Teil einer Polymerkette bildet;
und
b) eine stickstoffhaltige Base gemäß der Formel:
in der Z&sub1;, Z&sub2;, Z&sub3; und Z&sub4; die oben erwähnten Bedeutungen haben und die
stickstoffhaltige Base gegebenenfalls einen Teil einer Polymerkette bildet;
wobei die Bestandteile (a) und (b) in solchen Anteilen vorliegen, daß sie eine
Verbindung mit einem Schmelzpunkt von weniger als 25ºC bilden.
2. Protonenleiter nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Bestandteil (a) ein
Additionssalz einer stickstoffhaltigen Base mit einer Säure ist, in dem die
stickstoffhaltige Base ein Imidazol gemäß der Formel:
ist, in der Yi die oben erwähnte Bedeutung hat.
3. Protonenleiter nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Bestandteil (a) ein
Additionssalz einer stickstoffhaltigen Base mit einer Säure ist, in dem die
stickstoffhaltige Base ein 1,2,3-Triazol gemäß der Formel:
ist, in der Yi die oben erwähnte Bedeutung hat.
4. Protonenleiter nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Bestandteil (a) ein
Additionssalz einer stickstoffhaltigen Base mit einer Säure ist, in der die
stickstoffhaltige Base ein 1,3,4-Triazol gemäß der Formel:
ist, in der Yi die oben erwähnte Bedeutung hat.
5. Protonenleiter nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Bestandteil (a) ein
Additionssalz einer stickstoffhaltigen Base mit einer Säure ist, in dem die
stickstoffhaltige Base ein Pyrazol gemäß der Formel:
ist, in der Yi die oben erwähnte Bedeutung hat.
6. . Protonenleiter nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Bestandteil (a) ein
Additionssalz einer stickstoffhaltigen Base mit einer Säure ist, in dem die
stickstoffhaltige Base ein Imidazolin gemäß der Formel:
ist, in der Yi die oben erwähnte Bedeutung hat.
7. Protonenleiter nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die
Säure aus der Gruppe ausgewählt ist, die aus Trifluormethansulfonsäure,
Bisfluorsulfonimid, Bistrifluormethansulfonimid, Bistrifluormethansulfonylmethan,
Tristrifluormethansulfonylmethan und Trisfluorsulfonylmethan besteht.
8. Protonenleiter nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Bestandteil (a) ein
Additionssalz von Imidazol mit Trifluormethansulfonsäure ist.
9. Protonenleiter nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Bestandteil (a) ein
Additionssalz von Imidazol mit Bisfluorsulfonimid ist.
10. Protonenleiter nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Bestandteil (a) ein
Additionsalz von Imidazol mit Bistrifluormethansulfonimid ist.
11. Protonenleiter nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Bestandteil (a) ein
Additionssalz von 2-Hexylimidazol mit Trifluormethansulfonsäure ist.
12. Protonenleiter einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der
Bestandteil (b) eine stickstoffhaltige Base ist, die aus einem Imidazol gemäß der Formel:
gebildet ist, in der Yi die oben erwähnte Bedeutung hat.
13. Protonenleiter nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der
Bestandteil (b) eine stickstoffhaltige Base ist, die aus einem 1,2,3-Triazol gemäß der
Formel:
gebildet ist, in der Yi die oben erwähnte Bedeutung hat.
14. Protonenleiter nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der
Bestandteil (b) eine stickstoffhaltige Base ist, die aus einem 1,3,4-Triazol gemäß der
Formel:
gebildet ist, in der Yi die oben erwähnte Bedeutung hat.
15. Protonenleiter nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der
Bestandteil (b) eine stickstoffhaltige Base ist, die aus einem Pyrazol gemäß der
Formel:
gebildet ist, in der Yi die oben erwähnte Bedeutung hat.
16. Protonenleiter nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der
Bestandteil (b) eine stickstoffhaltige Base ist, die aus einem Imidazolin gemäß der
Formel:
gebildet ist, in der Yi die oben erwähnte Bedeutung hat.
17. Protonenleiter nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der
Bestandteil (b) eine stickstoffhaltige Base ist, die aus Imidazol gebildet ist.
18. Protonenleiter nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der
Bestandteil (b) eine stickstoffhaltige Base ist, die aus 2-Hexylimidazol gebildet ist.
19. Protonenleiter nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß er aus einer Mischung
aus 3 mol Imidazol und einem Mol Imidazoliumtrifluormethansulfonat besteht.
20. Protonenleiter nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß er aus einer Mischung
von 4 mol Imidazol und einem Mol Imidazoliumbis(trifluormethansulfonimid)
besteht.
21. Protonenleiter nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß er aus einer Mischung
von 4 mol Imidazol und einem Mol Imidazoliumbisfluorsulfonimid besteht.
22. Protonenleiter nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, er aus einer Mischung von 3
oder 4 mol 2-Hexylimidazol und einem Mol 2-Hexylimidazolium besteht.
23. Flüssigelektrolyt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß er aus einem Protonenleiter besteht,
wie er in einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 22 definiert ist.
24. Polymerelektrolyt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß er einen Protonenleiter enthält, wie er
in einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 22 definiert ist, welcher in einem Polymer gelöst ist, das
mindestens eine polare Gruppe aufweist.
25. Polymerelektrolyt nach Anspruch 24, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es sich bei dem
Polymer um Poly(ethylenoxid) handelt.
26. Elektrochromes System, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es zwei transparente
Halbleiterelektroden, die einander gegenüberliegend angeordnet sind und voneinander
beabstandet sind, wobei jede dieser Elektroden an einer Seite an einem transparenten
Träger befestigt ist und an der anderen Seite eine Halbleiterbeschichtung mit einer breiten
Bandlücke aufweist, und einen Polymerelektrolyten enthält, wie er in Anspruch 24
oder 25 definiert ist, der zwischen diesen Elektroden angeordnet ist und in Kontakt mit
den Halbleiterbeschichtungen steht.
27. Elektrochromes System, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es zwei transparente
Halbleiterelektroden enthält, die einander gegenüberliegend angeordnet sind und voneinander
beabstandet sind, wobei jeder dieser Elektroden an einer Seite an einem transparenten
Träger befestigt ist, und einen Polymerelektrolyten, wie er im Anspruch 24 oder 25
definiert ist, der zwischen den Elektroden angeordnet ist und die andere Seite jeder
Elektrode berührt, wobei dem Polymerelektrolyten mindestens ein Redoxfarbstoff
zugefügt ist.
28. Elektrochromes System, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es zwei transparente
Halbleiterelektroden, die einander gegenüberliegend angeordnet sind und voneinander
beabstandet sind, wobei jede Elektrode an einer Seite an einem transparenten Träger
befestigt ist und eine dieser Elektroden an der anderen Seite eine Halbleiterbeschichtung
mit einer breiten Bandlücke aufweist, und einen Polymerelektrolyten enthält, wie er in
Anspruch 24 oder 25 definiert ist, der zwischen diesen Elektroden und angeordnet ist
und mit der Halbleiterbeschichtung in Kontakt steht, wobei dem Polymerelektrolyten
mindestens ein Redoxpaar zugefügt ist, das zu dem Halbleiter mit einer breiten
Bandlücke komplementär ist.
29. Elektrochemischer Generator, der aus einer Anode, einer Kathode und einem
Elektrolyten besteht, wie er in einem der Ansprüche 23 bis 25 definiert ist, welcher zwischen
der Anode und der Kathode angeordnet ist.
30. Elektrochemischer Superkondensator, der aus einer Anode, einer Kathode und einem
Elektrolyten besteht, wie er in einem der Ansprüche 23 bis 26 definiert ist, welcher
zwischen der Anode und der Kathode angeordnet ist.
31. Meßwertgeber, der einen wie in einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 22 definierten
Protonenleiter enthält.
32. Wasserfreies protisches Lösungsmittel, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es aus einem
Protonenleiter, wie er in einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 22 definiert ist, besteht.
33. Verwendung eines wasserfreien protischen Lösungsmittels, wie es im Anspruch 32
definiert ist, um chemische, photochemische oder electrochemische Reaktionen zu
bewirken.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002194127A CA2194127A1 (fr) | 1996-12-30 | 1996-12-30 | Anions delocalises utiles en tant que solutes electrolytiques |
| CA002199231A CA2199231A1 (fr) | 1997-03-05 | 1997-03-05 | Nouveaux materiaux ioniques |
| PCT/CA1997/001012 WO1998029877A1 (fr) | 1996-12-30 | 1997-12-30 | Conducteurs protoniques sous forme liquide |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE69705301D1 DE69705301D1 (de) | 2001-07-26 |
| DE69705301T2 true DE69705301T2 (de) | 2002-05-02 |
Family
ID=25678955
Family Applications (6)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE1997636994 Expired - Lifetime DE69736994T2 (de) | 1996-12-30 | 1997-12-30 | Ionische Malonsäuredinitril Derivate und deren Verwendung |
| DE69715361T Expired - Lifetime DE69715361T2 (de) | 1996-12-30 | 1997-12-30 | Ionisch leitfähige Materialien, die Salze von perfluorierten Amiden enthalten, und ihre Verwendungen |
| DE69715799T Expired - Lifetime DE69715799T2 (de) | 1996-12-30 | 1997-12-30 | Ionisch leitfähige Materialien, die eine von Malononitril abgeleitete ionische Verbindung enthalten und ihre Verwendungen |
| DE69705301T Expired - Lifetime DE69705301T2 (de) | 1996-12-30 | 1997-12-30 | Flüssiger protonenleiter |
| DE69739501T Expired - Lifetime DE69739501D1 (de) | 1996-12-30 | 1997-12-30 | Salze von heterocyclischen Anionen und ihre Verwendungen als ionisch leitfähige Materialen |
| DE69721748T Expired - Lifetime DE69721748T2 (de) | 1996-12-30 | 1997-12-30 | Oberflächenmodifizierte kohlenstoffmaterialien |
Family Applications Before (3)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE1997636994 Expired - Lifetime DE69736994T2 (de) | 1996-12-30 | 1997-12-30 | Ionische Malonsäuredinitril Derivate und deren Verwendung |
| DE69715361T Expired - Lifetime DE69715361T2 (de) | 1996-12-30 | 1997-12-30 | Ionisch leitfähige Materialien, die Salze von perfluorierten Amiden enthalten, und ihre Verwendungen |
| DE69715799T Expired - Lifetime DE69715799T2 (de) | 1996-12-30 | 1997-12-30 | Ionisch leitfähige Materialien, die eine von Malononitril abgeleitete ionische Verbindung enthalten und ihre Verwendungen |
Family Applications After (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE69739501T Expired - Lifetime DE69739501D1 (de) | 1996-12-30 | 1997-12-30 | Salze von heterocyclischen Anionen und ihre Verwendungen als ionisch leitfähige Materialen |
| DE69721748T Expired - Lifetime DE69721748T2 (de) | 1996-12-30 | 1997-12-30 | Oberflächenmodifizierte kohlenstoffmaterialien |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (16) | US6395367B1 (de) |
| EP (9) | EP0850921B1 (de) |
| JP (14) | JP4361137B2 (de) |
| CA (9) | CA2244979C (de) |
| DE (6) | DE69736994T2 (de) |
| WO (6) | WO1998029877A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (329)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5962546A (en) | 1996-03-26 | 1999-10-05 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Cationically polymerizable compositions capable of being coated by electrostatic assistance |
| WO1998029877A1 (fr) * | 1996-12-30 | 1998-07-09 | Hydro-Quebec | Conducteurs protoniques sous forme liquide |
| WO1999005100A1 (fr) | 1997-07-25 | 1999-02-04 | Acep Inc | Composes ioniques ayant une charge anionique delocalisee, leur utilisation comme composants de conducteurs ioniques ou de catalyseur |
| US6288187B1 (en) | 1997-07-25 | 2001-09-11 | Acep Inc. | Perfluorovinyl ionic compounds and their use in conductive materials |
| CA2215849A1 (en) | 1997-09-11 | 1999-03-11 | Christophe Michot | New solvent and electrolytic composition with high conductivity and wide stability range |
| DE69829955T2 (de) | 1997-12-01 | 2006-03-02 | Acep Inc., Montreal | Salze von perfluorierten sulfonen und ihre verwendung als ionisch leitfähige materialien |
| GB9726008D0 (en) * | 1997-12-10 | 1998-02-04 | Secr Defence | Eletrolyte |
| DE69904919T2 (de) | 1998-03-03 | 2003-11-13 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Co., Wilmington | Im wesentlichen fluorierte ionomere |
| US6063522A (en) * | 1998-03-24 | 2000-05-16 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Electrolytes containing mixed fluorochemical/hydrocarbon imide and methide salts |
| FR2781932B1 (fr) * | 1998-07-10 | 2000-09-01 | Giat Ind Sa | Electrolyte solide polymere et ses procedes de preparation |
| US6350545B2 (en) * | 1998-08-25 | 2002-02-26 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Sulfonylimide compounds |
| US6294289B1 (en) * | 1998-08-25 | 2001-09-25 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Cyano-substituted methide and amide salts |
| DE19858925A1 (de) * | 1998-12-19 | 2000-06-21 | Aventis Res & Tech Gmbh & Co | Elektrolytsystem für Lithiumbatterien und dessen Verwendung sowie Verfahren zur Erhöhung der Sicherheit von Lithiumbatterien |
| DE60029151T2 (de) * | 1999-03-01 | 2007-05-31 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd., Minami-Ashigara | Photoelektrochemische Zelle mit einem Elektrolyten aus Flüssigkristallverbindungen |
| JP3724252B2 (ja) * | 1999-04-19 | 2005-12-07 | ダイソー株式会社 | 架橋高分子固体電解質及びその用途 |
| AU4987700A (en) * | 1999-05-06 | 2000-11-21 | Cabot Corporation | Polymerized modified particles and methods of making the same |
| US6593690B1 (en) * | 1999-09-03 | 2003-07-15 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Large area organic electronic devices having conducting polymer buffer layers and methods of making same |
| US6384321B1 (en) * | 1999-09-24 | 2002-05-07 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Electrolyte composition, photosensitized solar cell using said electrolyte composition, and method of manufacturing photosensitized solar cell |
| US6765115B1 (en) * | 1999-11-23 | 2004-07-20 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Method for preparing dimetal sulfonyl amide salts |
| KR20020067523A (ko) * | 1999-11-23 | 2002-08-22 | 이 아이 듀폰 디 네모아 앤드 캄파니 | 디메탈 술포닐 아미드 염의 제조 방법 |
| DE60041579D1 (de) * | 1999-11-29 | 2009-04-02 | Panasonic Corp | Nichtwässriger elektrolyt und nichtwässrige elektrolytische zelle |
| DE60012225T2 (de) * | 1999-12-02 | 2005-09-08 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Co., Wilmington | Verfahren zur herstellung von imiden aus sulfonylfluoriden |
| US6692658B2 (en) * | 1999-12-17 | 2004-02-17 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Electrolyte and secondary cell |
| US6852809B2 (en) * | 1999-12-27 | 2005-02-08 | Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited | Catalyst component for addition polymerization, catalyst for addition polymerization, and process for producing addition polymer |
| WO2001052341A1 (en) * | 2000-01-11 | 2001-07-19 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Perfluoroalkanesulfonate salts in electrochemical systems |
| US6395838B1 (en) | 2000-01-19 | 2002-05-28 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Process for making graft copolymers |
| US6522522B2 (en) * | 2000-02-01 | 2003-02-18 | Cabot Corporation | Capacitors and supercapacitors containing modified carbon products |
| DE10004928A1 (de) * | 2000-02-04 | 2001-08-09 | Solvay Fluor & Derivate | Verwendung von Amidinen |
| AU2001262100A1 (en) * | 2000-03-31 | 2001-10-15 | Polimeri Europa S.P.A. | Complex polymerization catalysts for the homopolymerization of ethylene and for the copolymerization of ethylene |
| JP4682395B2 (ja) * | 2000-04-28 | 2011-05-11 | 日産自動車株式会社 | 非水電池 |
| DE10023744A1 (de) * | 2000-05-15 | 2001-12-13 | Bayer Ag | Elektrochrome Anzeigevorrichtung mit hoher Kantenschärfe |
| US6647166B2 (en) | 2000-08-17 | 2003-11-11 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Electrochromic materials, devices and process of making |
| JP4799776B2 (ja) * | 2000-08-22 | 2011-10-26 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 電解質組成物及びそれを用いた電気化学電池 |
| JP2002134113A (ja) * | 2000-10-30 | 2002-05-10 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 非水系二次電池 |
| US6841303B2 (en) * | 2001-01-17 | 2005-01-11 | Skc Co., Ltd. | High ionic conductivity gel polymer electrolyte for rechargeable polymer batteries |
| US7253289B2 (en) * | 2001-01-22 | 2007-08-07 | Covalent Associates, Inc. | One-step process for the preparation of halide-free hydrophobic salts |
| US6998497B2 (en) | 2001-03-12 | 2006-02-14 | The Queen's University Of Belfast | Metal bis-triflimide compounds and methods for synthesis of metal bis-triflimide compounds |
| JP3969077B2 (ja) * | 2001-04-04 | 2007-08-29 | 住友化学株式会社 | 高分子電解質及びその製造方法 |
| US20030054172A1 (en) * | 2001-05-10 | 2003-03-20 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Polyoxyalkylene ammonium salts and their use as antistatic agents |
| JP4752135B2 (ja) * | 2001-05-25 | 2011-08-17 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | リチウム電池 |
| JP4222466B2 (ja) * | 2001-06-14 | 2009-02-12 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 電荷輸送材料、それを用いた光電変換素子及び光電池、並びにピリジン化合物 |
| DE60228572D1 (de) * | 2001-06-22 | 2008-10-09 | Agfa Gevaert | Material mit leitfähigem muster und material sowie methode zur herstellung eines leitfähigen musters |
| US6746751B2 (en) | 2001-06-22 | 2004-06-08 | Agfa-Gevaert | Material having a conductive pattern and a material and method for making a conductive pattern |
| US6545109B2 (en) | 2001-06-29 | 2003-04-08 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Imide salts as emulsifiers for the polymerization of fluoroolefins |
| CN100351294C (zh) * | 2001-08-02 | 2007-11-28 | 3M创新有限公司 | 光学透明和抗静电的压敏粘合剂 |
| JP4036279B2 (ja) * | 2001-10-09 | 2008-01-23 | よこはまティーエルオー株式会社 | プロトン伝導体及びこれを用いた燃料電池 |
| US7241535B2 (en) * | 2001-10-15 | 2007-07-10 | Samsung Sdi Co., Ltd. | Electrolyte for lithium-sulfur batteries and lithium-sulfur batteries comprising the same |
| JP4004769B2 (ja) * | 2001-10-17 | 2007-11-07 | Necトーキン株式会社 | 電解液、並びにこれを用いた電気化学セル |
| DE10155281A1 (de) * | 2001-11-08 | 2003-06-05 | Solvent Innovation Gmbh | Verfahren zur Entfernung polarisierbarer Verunreinigungen aus Kohlenwasserstoffen und Kohlenwasserstoffgemischen durch Extraktion mit ionischen Flüssigkeiten |
| US7303852B2 (en) * | 2001-12-27 | 2007-12-04 | Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. | Photoacid generating compounds, chemically amplified positive resist materials, and pattern forming method |
| WO2003065536A2 (en) * | 2002-01-25 | 2003-08-07 | Engen Group, Inc. | Polymer-modified electrode for energy storage devices and electrochemical supercapacitor based on said polymer-modified electrode |
| US20030153094A1 (en) * | 2002-02-13 | 2003-08-14 | Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University | Conductimetric biosensor device, method and system |
| AU2003224809A1 (en) * | 2002-03-27 | 2003-10-13 | Avery Dennison Corporation | Switchable electro-optical laminates |
| CN1449069A (zh) | 2002-04-02 | 2003-10-15 | 株式会社日本触媒 | 电解质溶液用材料及其用途 |
| US6803152B2 (en) * | 2002-04-19 | 2004-10-12 | Ener1 Battery Company | Nonaqueous electrolytes based on organosilicon ammonium derivatives for high-energy power sources |
| US7709158B1 (en) | 2002-05-09 | 2010-05-04 | Electrochem Solutions, Inc. | Guanidine derivatives as cations for ambient temperature molten sales in electrochemical power sources |
| CA2428420A1 (en) * | 2002-05-09 | 2003-11-09 | Wilson Greatbatch Technologies, Inc. | Guanidine derivatives as cations for ambient temperature molten salts in electrochemical power sources |
| US7042615B2 (en) | 2002-05-17 | 2006-05-09 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Electrochromic devices based on lithium insertion |
| ATE354856T1 (de) * | 2002-05-23 | 2007-03-15 | Columbian Chem | Sulfoniertes leitungs- graftpolymerkohlenstoffmaterial für brennstoffzellenanwendungen |
| US7390441B2 (en) * | 2002-05-23 | 2008-06-24 | Columbian Chemicals Company | Sulfonated conducting polymer-grafted carbon material for fuel cell applications |
| EA009404B1 (ru) * | 2002-05-23 | 2007-12-28 | Коламбиан Кемикалз Компани | Углеродный материал с привитым проводящим полимером для применения в топливных элементах |
| US7459103B2 (en) * | 2002-05-23 | 2008-12-02 | Columbian Chemicals Company | Conducting polymer-grafted carbon material for fuel cell applications |
| US7241334B2 (en) * | 2002-05-23 | 2007-07-10 | Columbian Chemicals Company | Sulfonated carbonaceous materials |
| JP2004031423A (ja) * | 2002-06-21 | 2004-01-29 | Nissan Diesel Motor Co Ltd | グローブボックス装置 |
| US6853472B2 (en) * | 2002-06-21 | 2005-02-08 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Electrolytes for electrooptic devices comprising ionic liquids |
| US7763186B2 (en) * | 2002-06-21 | 2010-07-27 | Los Alamos National Security, Llc | Preparation and purification of ionic liquids and precursors |
| KR100463181B1 (ko) * | 2002-07-12 | 2004-12-23 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 리튬-설퍼 전지용 전해액 및 이를 포함하는 리튬-설퍼 전지 |
| US20040038127A1 (en) * | 2002-08-20 | 2004-02-26 | Schlaikjer Carl Roger | Small cation/delocalizing anion as an ambient temperature molten salt in electrochemical power sources |
| JP2004082365A (ja) * | 2002-08-23 | 2004-03-18 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | 感熱記録材料 |
| ATE404609T1 (de) | 2002-09-24 | 2008-08-15 | Du Pont | Wasserdispergierbare polythiophene hergestellt unter verwendung von kolloiden auf basis von polymersäuren |
| EP2341118A1 (de) | 2002-09-24 | 2011-07-06 | E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company | Elektrisch leitfähige Kompositwerkstoffe basierend auf organischen Polymeren und Nanoteilchen sowie deren Verwendung |
| EP1549696A1 (de) | 2002-09-24 | 2005-07-06 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Mit polymersüurekolloiden hergestellte wasserdispergierbare polyaniline für elektronikanwendungen |
| US7317047B2 (en) | 2002-09-24 | 2008-01-08 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Electrically conducting organic polymer/nanoparticle composites and methods for use thereof |
| EP1406336A1 (de) * | 2002-10-01 | 2004-04-07 | Xoliox SA | Elektrolytzusammensetzung mit verbesserten Korrosionseigenschaften des Aluminiums |
| US7524619B2 (en) * | 2002-11-22 | 2009-04-28 | Japan Carlit Co., Ltd. | Coloring matter absorbing near-infrared ray and filter for cutting off near-infrared ray |
| EP1528580B2 (de) † | 2003-01-15 | 2015-07-01 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | Farbstoffsensibilisierte Solarzelle |
| US20040149472A1 (en) * | 2003-02-03 | 2004-08-05 | Warner Benjamin P. | Radiofrequency attenuator and method |
| JP2004265638A (ja) * | 2003-02-25 | 2004-09-24 | Ebara Corp | 混合伝導カーボンおよび電極 |
| US7390438B2 (en) | 2003-04-22 | 2008-06-24 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Water dispersible substituted polydioxythiophenes made with fluorinated polymeric sulfonic acid colloids |
| US7312100B2 (en) * | 2003-05-27 | 2007-12-25 | The North Carolina State University | In situ patterning of electrolyte for molecular information storage devices |
| WO2005001979A2 (en) * | 2003-06-27 | 2005-01-06 | E.I. Dupont De Nemours And Company | Fluorinated sulfonamide compounds and polymer electrolyte membranes pepared therefrom for use in electrochemical cells |
| US20070102674A1 (en) * | 2003-07-11 | 2007-05-10 | Ube Industries, Ltd. | Acid-base mixture and ion conductor comprising the same |
| US7001936B2 (en) * | 2003-07-16 | 2006-02-21 | Lexmark International, Inc. | Pigmented inkjet ink |
| KR20070012777A (ko) * | 2003-09-30 | 2007-01-29 | 허니웰 인터내셔널 인코포레이티드 | 인디케이터를 포함하는 전해질 |
| US7074491B2 (en) * | 2003-11-04 | 2006-07-11 | Dionex Corporation | Polar silanes for binding to substrates and use of the bound substrates |
| WO2005055286A2 (en) * | 2003-12-01 | 2005-06-16 | Konarka Technologies, Inc. | Zwitterionic compounds and photovoltaic cells containing same |
| US7358012B2 (en) * | 2004-01-06 | 2008-04-15 | Sion Power Corporation | Electrolytes for lithium sulfur cells |
| US8828610B2 (en) | 2004-01-06 | 2014-09-09 | Sion Power Corporation | Electrolytes for lithium sulfur cells |
| US10629947B2 (en) | 2008-08-05 | 2020-04-21 | Sion Power Corporation | Electrochemical cell |
| US10297827B2 (en) | 2004-01-06 | 2019-05-21 | Sion Power Corporation | Electrochemical cell, components thereof, and methods of making and using same |
| TWI302760B (en) * | 2004-01-15 | 2008-11-01 | Lg Chemical Ltd | Electrochemical device comprising aliphatic nitrile compound |
| JP4433165B2 (ja) * | 2004-02-16 | 2010-03-17 | ソニー株式会社 | カチオン伝導体およびこれを用いた電気化学デバイス |
| JP4507629B2 (ja) * | 2004-02-20 | 2010-07-21 | 東洋インキ製造株式会社 | 樹脂グラフトカーボンブラック組成物 |
| US7566385B2 (en) * | 2004-02-23 | 2009-07-28 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Apparatus adapted for membrane-mediated electropolishing |
| US7351358B2 (en) | 2004-03-17 | 2008-04-01 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Water dispersible polypyrroles made with polymeric acid colloids for electronics applications |
| US7785740B2 (en) * | 2004-04-09 | 2010-08-31 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Overcharge protection for electrochemical cells |
| US8147962B2 (en) | 2004-04-13 | 2012-04-03 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Conductive polymer composites |
| TW200606970A (en) | 2004-05-10 | 2006-02-16 | Nippon Catalytic Chem Ind | Material for electrolytic solution, ionic material-containing composition and use thereof |
| US7960057B2 (en) * | 2004-05-17 | 2011-06-14 | Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. | Battery with molten salt electrolyte and phosphorus-containing cathode |
| US20050287441A1 (en) * | 2004-06-23 | 2005-12-29 | Stefano Passerini | Lithium polymer electrolyte batteries and methods of making |
| JP2006008454A (ja) * | 2004-06-25 | 2006-01-12 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | 炭素微粒子構造体とその製造方法、およびこれを製造するための炭素微粒子転写体と炭素微粒子構造体製造用溶液、並びに炭素微粒子構造体を用いた炭素微粒子構造体電子素子とその製造方法、そして集積回路 |
| JP4731132B2 (ja) * | 2004-06-29 | 2011-07-20 | 株式会社Adeka | 非水電解液及び該電解液を用いた非水電解液二次電池 |
| JP4412598B2 (ja) * | 2004-07-20 | 2010-02-10 | 第一工業製薬株式会社 | イオンポリマーゲル電解質およびその前駆体組成物 |
| AU2004240178A1 (en) * | 2004-08-20 | 2006-03-09 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | Zwitterionic additives for electrochemical devices |
| EP1634867A1 (de) * | 2004-08-25 | 2006-03-15 | Lonza AG | Tricyanomethansalze organischer Kationen |
| EP1796193B1 (de) * | 2004-09-03 | 2011-12-14 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Protonenleiter und brennstoffzelle damit |
| KR100663032B1 (ko) * | 2004-09-21 | 2006-12-28 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 공융혼합물을 포함하는 전해질 및 이를 이용한 전기 변색소자 |
| US20060068987A1 (en) * | 2004-09-24 | 2006-03-30 | Srinivas Bollepalli | Carbon supported catalyst having reduced water retention |
| JP4709518B2 (ja) * | 2004-09-29 | 2011-06-22 | 株式会社東芝 | プロトン伝導膜及び燃料電池 |
| EP1838800A4 (de) * | 2004-12-13 | 2012-08-01 | Transfert Plus Sec | Zusammensetzungen, redox-paare und deren verwendung |
| FR2879458B1 (fr) * | 2004-12-21 | 2007-07-20 | Centre Nat Rech Scient Cnrse | Sulfamides et sulfinimides fluores |
| BRPI0606722B1 (pt) | 2005-01-10 | 2016-11-29 | Avery Dennison Corp | rótulo que pode ser preso adesivamente a um artigo e retirado novamente, e método para desprender um rótulo em relação a um artigo |
| KR100616666B1 (ko) | 2005-01-27 | 2006-08-28 | 삼성전기주식회사 | 카본나노튜브에 구아니딘기를 형성하는 방법,구아니딘기가 형성된 카본나노튜브를 기판에 부착하는방법 및 이에 따라 제조된 카본나노튜브 및 기판 |
| JP2006257288A (ja) * | 2005-03-17 | 2006-09-28 | Kaneka Corp | 金属表面コーティング用組成物、導電性高分子の製造方法、金属表面のコーティング方法、ならびに電解コンデンサおよびその製造方法 |
| WO2006088033A1 (ja) * | 2005-02-17 | 2006-08-24 | Kaneka Corporation | 金属表面コーティング用組成物、導電性高分子の製造方法、金属表面のコーティング方法、ならびに電解コンデンサおよびその製造方法 |
| JP4856883B2 (ja) * | 2005-03-03 | 2012-01-18 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 機能性素子、エレクトロクロミック素子、光学デバイス及び撮影ユニット |
| DE102005013790B4 (de) * | 2005-03-24 | 2007-03-29 | Polymaterials Ag | Polymerelektrolyt, Verwendung des Polymerelektrolyten und elektrochemische Vorrichtung, die den Polymerelektrolyten umfasst |
| CA2506104A1 (en) | 2005-05-06 | 2006-11-06 | Michel Gauthier | Surface modified redox compounds and composite electrode obtain from them |
| EP1887416B1 (de) * | 2005-05-31 | 2015-09-02 | Konica Minolta Holdings, Inc. | Elektrochromes anzeigeelement und vollfarbiges elektrochromes anzeigeelement |
| US7579184B2 (en) * | 2005-06-02 | 2009-08-25 | Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University | Methods to increase dynamic range and improve quantitative analysis in rapid biosensors |
| WO2007002740A2 (en) | 2005-06-28 | 2007-01-04 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Buffer compositions |
| JP5489458B2 (ja) * | 2005-06-28 | 2014-05-14 | イー・アイ・デュポン・ドウ・ヌムール・アンド・カンパニー | 高仕事関数の透明コンダクタ |
| CA2619346A1 (en) * | 2005-08-22 | 2007-03-01 | Transfert Plus, S.E.C. | Process for preparing sulfonylimides and derivatives thereof |
| EP1952477B1 (de) * | 2005-10-27 | 2010-09-15 | LG Chem. Ltd. | Sekundärbatterie mit eutektischer mischung und herstellungsverfahren dafür |
| WO2007055392A1 (en) * | 2005-11-11 | 2007-05-18 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | Ionic compound |
| WO2007068822A2 (fr) * | 2005-12-12 | 2007-06-21 | Phostech Lithium Inc. | Sels de sulfonyl-1, 2, 4-triazole |
| US7901660B2 (en) * | 2005-12-29 | 2011-03-08 | The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois | Quaternary oxides and catalysts containing quaternary oxides |
| WO2008005055A2 (en) * | 2005-12-29 | 2008-01-10 | The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois | Nanoparticles containing titanium oxide |
| US8216680B2 (en) * | 2006-02-03 | 2012-07-10 | E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Transparent composite conductors having high work function |
| JP4682057B2 (ja) * | 2006-02-20 | 2011-05-11 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 感光性組成物、該感光性組成物を用いたパターン形成方法及び該感光性組成物に用いられる化合物 |
| WO2007104144A1 (en) * | 2006-03-10 | 2007-09-20 | Transfert Plus, S.E.C. | Compounds, ionic liquids, molten salts and uses thereof |
| JP5683104B2 (ja) * | 2006-03-21 | 2015-03-11 | ノヴァレッド・アクチエンゲゼルシャフト | ドープされた有機半導体材料の製造方法及びそのために用いられる配合物 |
| WO2007115540A1 (de) * | 2006-03-30 | 2007-10-18 | Novaled Ag | Verwendung von bora-tetraazapentalenen |
| WO2007142731A2 (en) * | 2006-04-04 | 2007-12-13 | The Regents Of The University Of California | High elastic modulus polymer electrolytes |
| US8268197B2 (en) * | 2006-04-04 | 2012-09-18 | Seeo, Inc. | Solid electrolyte material manufacturable by polymer processing methods |
| US7696122B2 (en) * | 2006-07-05 | 2010-04-13 | Cabot Corporation | Electrocatalyst inks for fuel cell applications |
| US20080214814A1 (en) * | 2006-07-18 | 2008-09-04 | Zaiwei Li | Stable ionic liquid complexes and methods for determining stability thereof |
| WO2008013095A1 (en) | 2006-07-27 | 2008-01-31 | Nichicon Corporation | Ionic compound |
| EP1903029A1 (de) * | 2006-08-16 | 2008-03-26 | Lonza Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Alkali- oder Erdalkalimetalltricyanomethaniden |
| KR101395403B1 (ko) * | 2006-08-17 | 2014-05-14 | 미쓰비시 가가꾸 가부시키가이샤 | 리튬 이온 2차 전지용 부극 활물질 및 그 제조 방법, 및 그것을 이용한 리튬 이온 2차 전지용 부극 및 리튬 이온 2차 전지 |
| US7833660B1 (en) | 2006-09-07 | 2010-11-16 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Fluorohaloborate salts, synthesis and use thereof |
| US7820323B1 (en) | 2006-09-07 | 2010-10-26 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Metal borate synthesis process |
| BRPI0717895B1 (pt) | 2006-11-02 | 2017-03-21 | Avery Dennison Corp | composição adesiva sensível à pressão baseada em emulsão, rótulos removíveis e método para desprender um rótulo em relação a um artigo |
| EP2081082A4 (de) * | 2006-11-08 | 2010-12-08 | Konica Minolta Holdings Inc | Anzeigeelement |
| US7864397B2 (en) * | 2006-12-04 | 2011-01-04 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Curable electrolyte |
| US8043418B2 (en) * | 2006-12-08 | 2011-10-25 | General Electric Company | Gas separator apparatus |
| KR100767427B1 (ko) * | 2006-12-21 | 2007-10-17 | 제일모직주식회사 | 리튬 2차전지용 비수성 전해액 및 이를 포함하는 리튬2차전지 |
| US20080191172A1 (en) | 2006-12-29 | 2008-08-14 | Che-Hsiung Hsu | High work-function and high conductivity compositions of electrically conducting polymers |
| JP5110625B2 (ja) * | 2007-02-02 | 2012-12-26 | パナソニック株式会社 | 蓄電デバイス |
| JP2010518581A (ja) * | 2007-02-06 | 2010-05-27 | スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー | 新規結合剤を含む電極、並びにその製造方法及び使用方法 |
| US7820347B1 (en) * | 2007-02-06 | 2010-10-26 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Conversion of salt halides to nitrate salts |
| US7875388B2 (en) | 2007-02-06 | 2011-01-25 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Electrodes including polyacrylate binders and methods of making and using the same |
| US8540899B2 (en) * | 2007-02-07 | 2013-09-24 | Esionic Es, Inc. | Liquid composite compositions using non-volatile liquids and nanoparticles and uses thereof |
| WO2008128073A2 (en) * | 2007-04-13 | 2008-10-23 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Antistatic optically clear pressure sensitive adhesive |
| US8012277B2 (en) * | 2007-04-13 | 2011-09-06 | Alliant Techsystems Inc. | Ionic liquid and a method of synthesizing an ionic liquid |
| JP2008266155A (ja) * | 2007-04-17 | 2008-11-06 | Asahi Kasei Corp | スルホンイミドリチウム塩の製造方法 |
| US7901503B2 (en) * | 2007-04-24 | 2011-03-08 | Sun Chemical Corporation | Pigments for non-aqueous inks and coatings |
| US8241526B2 (en) * | 2007-05-18 | 2012-08-14 | E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Aqueous dispersions of electrically conducting polymers containing high boiling solvent and additives |
| US8936946B2 (en) * | 2007-06-20 | 2015-01-20 | Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University | Biologically enhanced electrically-active magnetic nanoparticles for concentration, separation, and detection applications |
| KR101451802B1 (ko) * | 2007-07-31 | 2014-10-16 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 글리시딜 에테르계 화합물을 채용한 유기전해액 및 리튬전지 |
| CA2794002A1 (en) * | 2007-08-16 | 2009-02-19 | Lonza Ltd | Process for recrystallizing alkali metal and alkaline earth metal tricyanomethanides |
| JP4936069B2 (ja) * | 2007-10-31 | 2012-05-23 | 株式会社デンソー | モータ制御装置 |
| US20090122389A1 (en) | 2007-11-14 | 2009-05-14 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic assemblies, and adhesives and binders for use therein |
| US20090181441A1 (en) * | 2007-11-27 | 2009-07-16 | Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University | Porous silicon-polymer composites for biosensor applications |
| KR20100049680A (ko) * | 2007-11-30 | 2010-05-12 | 가부시키가이샤후지쿠라 | 전해질 조성물 및 이를 이용한 광전변환소자 |
| FR2925181B1 (fr) * | 2007-12-12 | 2010-09-10 | Hydro Quebec | Lentille optique electrochrome |
| KR101509278B1 (ko) * | 2007-12-27 | 2015-04-06 | 도까이 카본 가부시끼가이샤 | 표면 처리 카본 블랙 수성 분산체와 그 제조 방법 |
| CN101939862B (zh) * | 2008-01-08 | 2014-03-12 | 赛昂能源有限公司 | 多孔电极以及相关联的方法 |
| WO2009092058A1 (en) * | 2008-01-16 | 2009-07-23 | Seeo, Inc | Gel polymer electrolytes for batteries |
| KR101013328B1 (ko) * | 2008-01-18 | 2011-02-09 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 공융혼합물을 포함하는 전해질 및 이를 구비한전기화학소자 |
| US8034485B2 (en) | 2008-05-29 | 2011-10-11 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Metal oxide negative electrodes for lithium-ion electrochemical cells and batteries |
| US9782949B2 (en) | 2008-05-30 | 2017-10-10 | Corning Incorporated | Glass laminated articles and layered articles |
| JP5471036B2 (ja) * | 2008-06-05 | 2014-04-16 | ソニー株式会社 | マグネシウムイオン含有非水電解液及びこれを用いた電気化学デバイス |
| US7715082B2 (en) * | 2008-06-30 | 2010-05-11 | Soladigm, Inc. | Electrochromic devices based on lithium insertion |
| JP2010047751A (ja) * | 2008-07-24 | 2010-03-04 | Sumitomo Chemical Co Ltd | イオン交換ポリマー |
| FR2935382B1 (fr) | 2008-08-29 | 2010-10-08 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Sel d'anion pentacylique et son utilisation comme electrolyte |
| JP4444355B2 (ja) * | 2008-09-03 | 2010-03-31 | 株式会社東芝 | 燃料電池 |
| US7951525B2 (en) * | 2008-09-08 | 2011-05-31 | International Business Machines Corporation | Low outgassing photoresist compositions |
| US8129448B2 (en) * | 2008-12-18 | 2012-03-06 | Cabot Corporation | Method of preparing polymer modified pigments |
| US20100193449A1 (en) * | 2009-02-02 | 2010-08-05 | Jian-Ku Shang | Materials and methods for removing arsenic from water |
| EP2406796A2 (de) | 2009-03-12 | 2012-01-18 | E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company | Elektrisch leitfähige polymerzusammensetzungen für beschichtungsanwendungen |
| RU2635037C1 (ru) | 2009-03-30 | 2017-11-08 | Авери Деннисон Корпорейшн | Удаляемая самоклеящаяся этикетка, включающая слой полимерной пленки с высоким модулем упругости при растяжении |
| WO2010117771A1 (en) | 2009-03-30 | 2010-10-14 | Avery Dennison Corporation | Removable adhesive label containing inherently shrinkable polymeric film |
| WO2010117774A1 (en) | 2009-03-30 | 2010-10-14 | Avery Dennison Corporation | Removable adhesive label containing polymeric film layer having water affinity |
| US8432603B2 (en) * | 2009-03-31 | 2013-04-30 | View, Inc. | Electrochromic devices |
| FR2944149B1 (fr) * | 2009-04-06 | 2011-04-29 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Electrode composite. |
| TW201100481A (en) | 2009-04-21 | 2011-01-01 | Du Pont | Electrically conductive polymer compositions and films made therefrom |
| TW201100482A (en) | 2009-04-24 | 2011-01-01 | Du Pont | Electrically conductive polymer compositions and films made therefrom |
| JP5645459B2 (ja) * | 2009-07-10 | 2014-12-24 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 感活性光線性または感放射線性樹脂組成物およびこれを用いたパターン形成方法 |
| US20110070494A1 (en) | 2009-08-28 | 2011-03-24 | Sion Power Corporation | Electrochemical cells comprising porous structures comprising sulfur |
| EP2314572A1 (de) | 2009-10-20 | 2011-04-27 | Philipps-Universität Marburg | Lithiumsalze von Pentafluorphenylamid-Anionen, ihre Herstellung und ihre Verwendung |
| US9951008B2 (en) | 2009-11-03 | 2018-04-24 | University Of Notre Dame Du Lac | Ionic liquids comprising heteraromatic anions |
| TW201117245A (en) | 2009-11-11 | 2011-05-16 | Taiwan Textile Res Inst | Water-based electrolyte for electric double layer capacitor and electric double layer capacitor having the same |
| JP5629510B2 (ja) * | 2009-11-30 | 2014-11-19 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | トリアリールメタン系染料 |
| KR101311933B1 (ko) * | 2009-12-29 | 2013-09-27 | 제일모직주식회사 | 전도성 고분자 중합체, 전도성 고분자 조성물, 전도성 고분자 조성물막 및 이를 이용한 유기광전소자 |
| US8730649B2 (en) | 2010-03-12 | 2014-05-20 | Taiwan Textile Research Institute | Aqueous electrolyte solution for electric double-layer capacitor and electric double-layer capacitor having the same |
| JP2011198508A (ja) * | 2010-03-17 | 2011-10-06 | Sony Corp | リチウム二次電池、リチウム二次電池用電解液、電動工具、電気自動車および電力貯蔵システム |
| KR101346977B1 (ko) | 2010-06-04 | 2014-01-02 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 하이드로포르밀화 반응 부산물 제거용 장치 및 방법 |
| CN103283064B (zh) | 2010-08-24 | 2017-07-11 | 锡安能量公司 | 用于在电化学电池中使用的电解质材料 |
| JP5398801B2 (ja) * | 2010-10-29 | 2014-01-29 | 旭化成株式会社 | 高分子電解質 |
| US8828346B2 (en) | 2011-03-08 | 2014-09-09 | Trinapco, Inc. | Method of making fluorosulfonylamine |
| JP5673258B2 (ja) * | 2011-03-17 | 2015-02-18 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | カラーフィルター用着色組成物及びそれを用いたカラーフィルター、並びに表示装置 |
| US8859297B2 (en) | 2011-05-23 | 2014-10-14 | Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University | Detection of conductive polymer-labeled analytes |
| US8735002B2 (en) | 2011-09-07 | 2014-05-27 | Sion Power Corporation | Lithium sulfur electrochemical cell including insoluble nitrogen-containing compound |
| KR101807911B1 (ko) | 2011-06-17 | 2017-12-11 | 시온 파워 코퍼레이션 | 전극 도금 기술 |
| JP6060478B2 (ja) * | 2011-08-03 | 2017-01-18 | 住友化学株式会社 | 化合物及びその製造方法 |
| JP5268123B2 (ja) * | 2011-08-26 | 2013-08-21 | 株式会社 東北テクノアーチ | リチウム電池 |
| US10739337B2 (en) | 2011-08-30 | 2020-08-11 | Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University | Extraction and detection of pathogens using carbohydrate-functionalized biosensors |
| JP2013053208A (ja) * | 2011-09-02 | 2013-03-21 | Dic Corp | 活性エネルギー線硬化型インクジェット記録用インク組成物及び画像形成方法 |
| FR2979630B1 (fr) * | 2011-09-05 | 2013-10-04 | Univ Provence Aix Marseille 1 | Copolymeres a blocs dont un polyanionique base sur un monomere anion de type tfsili comme electrolyte de batterie. |
| WO2013040100A1 (en) * | 2011-09-13 | 2013-03-21 | Wildcat Discovery Technologies, Inc. | Electrolyte materials for batteries and methods for use |
| WO2013039173A1 (ja) * | 2011-09-16 | 2013-03-21 | 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 | 非水系水素イオン導電性電解質層を介設した反射型調光エレクトロクロミック素子及びそれを用いた調光部材 |
| WO2013042939A2 (ko) * | 2011-09-19 | 2013-03-28 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 케이블형 이차전지 |
| US8936870B2 (en) | 2011-10-13 | 2015-01-20 | Sion Power Corporation | Electrode structure and method for making the same |
| DE102011055028A1 (de) | 2011-11-04 | 2013-05-08 | Jacobs University Bremen Ggmbh | Elektrolyt-Zusatz für Lithium-basierte Energiespeicher |
| JP5871209B2 (ja) * | 2011-11-15 | 2016-03-01 | 国立大学法人山形大学 | ビススルホンイミド構造を持つポリマー及びこれを含む電極ならびに電池 |
| WO2013072470A1 (en) * | 2011-11-17 | 2013-05-23 | Jonsson Erlendur | Anions and derived salts with high dissociation in non-protogenic solvents |
| JP2013114934A (ja) * | 2011-11-29 | 2013-06-10 | Nippon Synthetic Chem Ind Co Ltd:The | 金属塩、電極保護膜形成剤、それを用いた二次電池用電解質、及び二次電池 |
| US9825331B2 (en) * | 2011-11-30 | 2017-11-21 | Solvay Sa | Fluorinated derivatives of meldrum's acid, a method for the preparation of the same, and their use as a solvent additive |
| EP2791733B1 (de) | 2011-12-12 | 2017-10-25 | View, Inc. | Dünnfilmbauelemente und ihre herstellung |
| TWI447993B (zh) * | 2011-12-30 | 2014-08-01 | Ind Tech Res Inst | 負極材料與負極極板 |
| DE102012201942B8 (de) * | 2012-02-09 | 2015-02-26 | Ewe-Forschungszentrum Für Energietechnologie E. V. | Verwendung eines aktivierten kohlenstoffhaltigen Materials, Verfahren zur Herstellung einer kohlenstoffhaltigen Elektrode, kohlestoffhaltige Elektrode, deren Verwendung sowie Vanadium-Redox-Flow-Zelle |
| WO2013123131A1 (en) | 2012-02-14 | 2013-08-22 | Sion Power Corporation | Electrode structure for electrochemical cell |
| DE102012102162A1 (de) * | 2012-03-14 | 2013-09-19 | Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts | Ionenleitende polymere Verbindung für elektrochemische Zellen |
| CA2868399C (en) * | 2012-03-28 | 2017-07-04 | Cabot Corporation | Oxidized carbon blacks treated with polyetheramines and coating compositions comprising same |
| WO2013142994A1 (en) * | 2012-03-30 | 2013-10-03 | Valorisation-Recherche, Limited Partnership | Redox-active ionic liquids |
| CA2776178A1 (en) | 2012-04-05 | 2013-10-05 | Hydro-Quebec | Ionic compounds |
| JP5660112B2 (ja) * | 2012-04-27 | 2015-01-28 | 株式会社豊田自動織機 | リチウムイオン二次電池用正極及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
| WO2014078725A1 (en) | 2012-11-16 | 2014-05-22 | Trinapco, Inc. | Synthesis of tetrabutylammonium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide and related salts |
| JP6268833B2 (ja) * | 2012-12-17 | 2018-01-31 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | 非水電解液二次電池及び非水電解液二次電池の製造方法 |
| US9577289B2 (en) | 2012-12-17 | 2017-02-21 | Sion Power Corporation | Lithium-ion electrochemical cell, components thereof, and methods of making and using same |
| WO2014095483A1 (en) | 2012-12-19 | 2014-06-26 | Basf Se | Electrode structure and method for making same |
| CN104885286B (zh) * | 2012-12-20 | 2018-03-13 | 索尔维公司 | 含n杂环阴离子的盐作为电解质中的组分 |
| CN102993196B (zh) * | 2012-12-20 | 2015-01-28 | 北京科技大学 | 三唑类衍生物、其制备方法及其纳米粒子和纳米粒子的应用 |
| US12261284B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2025-03-25 | Sion Power Corporation | Protective structures for electrodes |
| JP6201363B2 (ja) * | 2013-03-25 | 2017-09-27 | 三菱ケミカル株式会社 | 非水系電解液及びそれを用いた非水系電解液電池 |
| WO2015029248A1 (ja) * | 2013-09-02 | 2015-03-05 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 負極活物質被覆材並びにこれを用いた負極材料、負極、リチウムイオン二次電池及び電池システム並びにモノマー及びその合成方法 |
| JP6162084B2 (ja) * | 2013-09-06 | 2017-07-12 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 着色組成物、硬化膜、カラーフィルタ、カラーフィルタの製造方法、固体撮像素子、画像表示装置、ポリマー、キサンテン色素 |
| US10385251B2 (en) | 2013-09-30 | 2019-08-20 | University Of Notre Dame Du Lac | Compounds, complexes, compositions, methods and systems for heating and cooling |
| FR3011683A1 (fr) * | 2013-10-03 | 2015-04-10 | Arkema France | Sel d'anion pentacyclique : composition pour batteries |
| FR3012462B1 (fr) * | 2013-10-31 | 2016-01-01 | Arkema France | Compositions stables de poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) et de stabilisants anioniques a acidite limitee |
| WO2015069799A1 (en) | 2013-11-05 | 2015-05-14 | University Of Notre Dame Du Lac | Carbon dioxide capture using phase change ionic liquids |
| JP2017515277A (ja) | 2014-05-01 | 2017-06-08 | ビーエイエスエフ・ソシエタス・エウロパエアBasf Se | 電極製造方法および関連システムおよび物品 |
| CA2948001C (en) | 2014-05-12 | 2023-03-14 | Johna Leddy | Lanthanide electrochemistry |
| WO2015185731A2 (de) | 2014-06-06 | 2015-12-10 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Polymerelektrolyt für lithium-schwefel-zelle |
| JP6541508B2 (ja) * | 2014-08-25 | 2019-07-10 | 住友化学株式会社 | 塩、樹脂、レジスト組成物及びレジストパターンの製造方法 |
| CN104600357B (zh) * | 2014-12-08 | 2017-05-31 | 上海大学 | 聚合物复合材料固态电解质及其制备方法 |
| US10068715B2 (en) | 2014-12-12 | 2018-09-04 | Corning Incorporated | Activated carbon and electric double layer capacitor thereof |
| US10826113B2 (en) * | 2015-04-13 | 2020-11-03 | Global Graphene Group, Inc. | Zinc ion-exchanging energy storage device |
| JP6658204B2 (ja) * | 2015-04-28 | 2020-03-04 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 光酸発生剤、レジスト組成物及びパターン形成方法 |
| DE102015210388A1 (de) * | 2015-06-05 | 2016-12-08 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Organische Heterozyklische Alkalimetallsalze als n-Dotierstoffe in der Organischen Elektronik |
| EP3113275B1 (de) * | 2015-06-29 | 2021-06-09 | VARTA Micro Innovation GmbH | Sekundäre magnesiumbatterie und elektrolytsystem sowie elektrode für eine sekundäre magnesiumbatterie |
| WO2017011759A1 (en) * | 2015-07-15 | 2017-01-19 | Trustees Of Boston University | Ionic liquid electrolytes and electrochemical devices comprising same |
| JP2017066377A (ja) * | 2015-09-29 | 2017-04-06 | Jsr株式会社 | 着色組成物、着色硬化膜、並びに表示素子及び固体撮像素子 |
| GB2544495B (en) | 2015-11-17 | 2018-12-05 | Nexeon Ltd | Surface modified electrochemically active material |
| CN108604677B (zh) * | 2015-11-17 | 2021-09-17 | 奈克松有限公司 | 官能化的电化学活性材料和官能化方法 |
| KR102056591B1 (ko) | 2015-12-07 | 2019-12-17 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 점착제 조성물 |
| TWI619699B (zh) * | 2015-12-31 | 2018-04-01 | Rohm And Haas Electronic Materials Llc | 光酸產生劑 |
| TWI662364B (zh) | 2015-12-31 | 2019-06-11 | Rohm And Haas Electronic Materials Llc | 光致抗蝕劑組合物、包含光致抗蝕劑組合物的經塗佈基板及形成電子裝置的方法 |
| JP6946294B2 (ja) * | 2016-07-26 | 2021-10-06 | 東ソー・ファインケム株式会社 | ハロゲン化物が低減された重合性官能基を有するスルホンイミドの有機溶剤溶液 |
| JP6853636B2 (ja) * | 2016-09-08 | 2021-03-31 | 三菱マテリアル電子化成株式会社 | ペルフルオロアルキルスルホンアミドの製造方法 |
| JP6744848B2 (ja) * | 2016-09-13 | 2020-08-19 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 粘着剤組成物、生体電極、及び生体電極の製造方法 |
| JP6761384B2 (ja) * | 2016-09-29 | 2020-09-23 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 粘着剤組成物、生体電極、及び生体電極の製造方法 |
| JP6761386B2 (ja) * | 2016-09-29 | 2020-09-23 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 粘着剤組成物、生体電極、生体電極の製造方法、及び塩 |
| KR102141267B1 (ko) * | 2016-11-04 | 2020-08-04 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 방향족 고리를 포함하는 화합물 및 이를 포함하는 중합체 |
| JP6919993B2 (ja) | 2017-01-06 | 2021-08-18 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 生体電極組成物、生体電極及び生体電極の製造方法 |
| JP6966310B2 (ja) * | 2017-02-06 | 2021-11-10 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 生体電極組成物、生体電極、生体電極の製造方法、及び高分子化合物 |
| JP6892376B2 (ja) * | 2017-02-14 | 2021-06-23 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 生体電極組成物、生体電極、生体電極の製造方法、及び高分子化合物 |
| JP6661212B2 (ja) * | 2017-02-22 | 2020-03-11 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 導電性ポリマー複合体及び基板 |
| JP6765988B2 (ja) | 2017-02-22 | 2020-10-07 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 導電性ポリマー用高分子化合物及びその製造方法 |
| KR20250084983A (ko) * | 2017-03-27 | 2025-06-11 | 하이드로-퀘벡 | 전해질 조성물에서 또는 전극 첨가제로서 사용하기 위한 염 |
| ES2693587A1 (es) * | 2017-06-09 | 2018-12-12 | Universidad Carlos Iii De Madrid | Sales a base de aniones orgánicos de sulfonamidas y sus usos |
| US11719606B2 (en) * | 2017-07-06 | 2023-08-08 | University Public Corporation Osaka | Method and reagent for clearing biological tissue |
| US10774191B2 (en) * | 2017-08-08 | 2020-09-15 | Gentex Corporation | Electro-optical device having a transparent ion exchange membrane |
| US10232360B1 (en) | 2017-09-12 | 2019-03-19 | Chevron Phillips Chemical Company, Lp | Use of organic dopants to enhance acetylene hydrogenation catalysts |
| US10245583B1 (en) * | 2017-09-12 | 2019-04-02 | Chevron Phillips Chemical Company, Lp | Use of charge-containing molecules linked with covalent bonds to enhance acetylene hydrogenation catalysts |
| JP6845191B2 (ja) * | 2017-10-19 | 2021-03-17 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 生体電極組成物、生体電極、及び生体電極の製造方法 |
| JP6920000B2 (ja) * | 2017-10-26 | 2021-08-18 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 生体電極組成物、生体電極、及び生体電極の製造方法 |
| KR102228070B1 (ko) * | 2017-11-01 | 2021-03-12 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 화학 증폭형 포토레지스트 조성물 및 이를 이용한 포토레지스트 필름 |
| JP6850279B2 (ja) * | 2017-11-21 | 2021-03-31 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 生体電極組成物、生体電極、及び生体電極の製造方法 |
| CN107706463B (zh) * | 2017-11-23 | 2018-11-06 | 林宝领 | 一种锂电池的亚硝基接枝碳酸酯电解液及制备方法 |
| CN109860471B (zh) * | 2017-11-30 | 2020-12-25 | 比亚迪股份有限公司 | 聚合物隔膜及其制备方法和应用及锂电池 |
| CN109851703B (zh) * | 2017-11-30 | 2020-10-23 | 比亚迪股份有限公司 | 适用于粘结剂的偏二氟乙烯类共聚物及其制备方法和应用 |
| CN109851704B (zh) * | 2017-11-30 | 2020-06-19 | 比亚迪股份有限公司 | 聚合物隔膜及其制备方法和应用及锂电池 |
| CN109935902B (zh) * | 2017-12-19 | 2021-10-19 | 成都大超科技有限公司 | 固态电解质及其锂电池电芯、锂电池 |
| JP6839125B2 (ja) | 2018-04-02 | 2021-03-03 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 生体電極組成物、生体電極、及び生体電極の製造方法 |
| JP7080732B2 (ja) * | 2018-06-01 | 2022-06-06 | 三菱マテリアル電子化成株式会社 | 含フッ素スルホニルイミド塩基含有シリコーン化合物とそれを含有する導電性シリコーン組成物 |
| US11394056B2 (en) * | 2018-06-08 | 2022-07-19 | Solid State Battery Incorporated | Composite solid polymer electrolytes for energy storage devices |
| JP7111653B2 (ja) * | 2018-06-25 | 2022-08-02 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 生体電極組成物、生体電極、及び生体電極の製造方法 |
| JP7099990B2 (ja) * | 2018-06-26 | 2022-07-12 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 生体電極組成物、生体電極、及び生体電極の製造方法 |
| JP7222396B2 (ja) | 2018-07-20 | 2023-02-15 | 株式会社ニコン | カメラアクセサリおよび情報送信方法 |
| EP3605698A1 (de) | 2018-07-31 | 2020-02-05 | Solvay Sa | Neue komponenten für elektrolytzusammensetzungen |
| WO2020025499A1 (en) | 2018-07-31 | 2020-02-06 | Solvay Sa | New components for electrolyte compositions |
| EP3605700A1 (de) | 2018-07-31 | 2020-02-05 | Solvay Sa | Neue komponenten für elektrolytzusammensetzungen |
| WO2020025502A1 (en) | 2018-07-31 | 2020-02-06 | Solvay Sa | New components for electrolyte compositions |
| WO2020025501A1 (en) | 2018-07-31 | 2020-02-06 | Solvay Sa | New components for electrolyte compositions |
| EP3604276A1 (de) | 2018-07-31 | 2020-02-05 | Solvay Sa | Neue komponenten für elektrolytzusammensetzungen |
| EP3605699A1 (de) | 2018-07-31 | 2020-02-05 | Solvay Sa | Neue komponenten für elektrolytzusammensetzungen |
| JP6966396B2 (ja) * | 2018-08-23 | 2021-11-17 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 生体電極組成物、生体電極、及び生体電極の製造方法 |
| KR102650658B1 (ko) * | 2018-11-15 | 2024-03-25 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 헤테로고리 방향족 구조의 음이온을 포함하는 금속염 및 그 제조방법, 그리고 상기 금속염을 포함하는 전해질 및 전기화학소자 |
| CN109776709B (zh) * | 2018-12-25 | 2021-09-07 | 广东工业大学 | 一种聚对苯乙烯磺酰(三氟甲基磺酰)亚胺锂-聚碳酸亚乙烯基酯共聚物及其应用 |
| JP7226891B2 (ja) * | 2019-01-17 | 2023-02-21 | エルジー エナジー ソリューション リミテッド | リチウム二次電池用電解質及びこれを含むリチウム二次電池 |
| JP7237606B2 (ja) * | 2019-01-25 | 2023-03-13 | 国立大学法人東京農工大学 | 4-スチレン誘導体を重合したポリマー並びに、これを用いたマグネシウム二次電池用バインダーもしくはコート剤、及びマグネシウム二次電池 |
| EP3705035A1 (de) * | 2019-03-07 | 2020-09-09 | Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast- natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO | Herstellung von hautverträglichen elektroden |
| DE102019208914A1 (de) * | 2019-06-19 | 2020-12-24 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Salz mit Anion mit unfluorierter Dialkylamid-Sulfonyl- und/oder -Sulfoximid-Gruppe und mit Perfluoralkyl-Sulfonyl-Gruppe |
| CN110305172B (zh) * | 2019-06-26 | 2020-09-01 | 武汉大学 | 一种钴膦酸盐及其制备方法和作为宽温域质子传导材料的应用 |
| CN110368899A (zh) * | 2019-07-16 | 2019-10-25 | 邱越 | 一种活性炭复合材料及其制备方法和应用 |
| CN110721745B (zh) * | 2019-09-25 | 2020-09-08 | 中山大学 | 一种抗中毒的水溶性过氧化物分解催化剂及其制备方法和应用 |
| KR102735774B1 (ko) * | 2019-12-05 | 2024-11-29 | 주식회사 엘지에너지솔루션 | 리튬 이차전지용 비수전해액 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 |
| KR20210094491A (ko) * | 2020-01-21 | 2021-07-29 | 하이드로메이트 코팅스, 인크. | 비닐 아미노 비방향족고리 화합물로 표면개질된 기질 및 그의 표면개질 방법 |
| US12077646B2 (en) | 2020-01-21 | 2024-09-03 | Quantum MicroMaterials, Inc. | Coating substrate by polymerization of amine compound and apparatus having polymer coated substrate |
| WO2021158581A1 (en) * | 2020-02-05 | 2021-08-12 | Gentex Corporation | Electrochromic compounds |
| CN111477962B (zh) * | 2020-05-29 | 2021-07-20 | 珠海市赛纬电子材料股份有限公司 | 一种锂离子电池非水电解液及含该非水电解液的锂离子电池 |
| CN111883836A (zh) * | 2020-07-24 | 2020-11-03 | 香河昆仑化学制品有限公司 | 一种锂离子电池非水电解液和锂离子电池 |
| CN111883834B (zh) * | 2020-07-24 | 2022-12-13 | 香河昆仑新能源材料股份有限公司 | 一种非水锂离子电池电解液添加剂、包含其的电解液以及锂离子电池 |
| CN111934015B (zh) * | 2020-08-28 | 2022-08-19 | 珠海市赛纬电子材料股份有限公司 | 一种锂离子电池非水电解液及含该非水电解液的锂离子电池 |
| CN116783734A (zh) * | 2020-12-29 | 2023-09-19 | 川崎摩托株式会社 | 质子传导型二次电池用正极活性物质材料及具备该正极活性物质材料的质子传导型二次电池 |
| JP2024516719A (ja) | 2021-05-12 | 2024-04-16 | リトロニック バッテリーテクノロジー ゲーエムベーハー | ジェミナルジニトリル添加剤を含む一次アルカリ金属電池 |
| KR20240009438A (ko) * | 2021-05-17 | 2024-01-22 | 샌트랄 글래스 컴퍼니 리미티드 | 비수계 전해액 및 그것을 사용한 비수계 전해액 이차전지 |
| KR102913782B1 (ko) * | 2021-11-16 | 2026-01-15 | 주식회사 엘지에너지솔루션 | 신규한 비수계 전해액용 첨가제 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 |
| CN115286587B (zh) * | 2022-07-06 | 2024-02-23 | 珠海中科先进技术研究院有限公司 | 一种高离域的碱金属化合物及其制备方法和应用 |
| CN120129968A (zh) | 2022-11-29 | 2025-06-10 | 利特罗尼克电池技术有限公司 | 具有氰基环烷烃添加剂的一次碱金属单元电池 |
| WO2025019663A2 (en) * | 2023-07-18 | 2025-01-23 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Fluorinated sulfonamide-based electrolytes for non-lithium batteries thereof |
| WO2025057907A1 (ja) * | 2023-09-12 | 2025-03-20 | 住友化学株式会社 | 電解質組成物、及び電池 |
| WO2025057818A1 (ja) * | 2023-09-12 | 2025-03-20 | 住友化学株式会社 | 電解質組成物及び電池 |
| WO2025094896A1 (ja) * | 2023-10-31 | 2025-05-08 | 住友化学株式会社 | 電池 |
| FR3155529A1 (fr) | 2023-11-16 | 2025-05-23 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Procédé de synthèse de sels comportant un anion organique utiles comme matériaux conducteurs ioniques |
| WO2025197682A1 (ja) * | 2024-03-18 | 2025-09-25 | 住友化学株式会社 | 電池 |
| WO2026017310A1 (en) | 2024-07-16 | 2026-01-22 | Litronik Batterietechnologie Gmbh | Primary alkali metal cells with cyano-cycloalkenes additives |
Family Cites Families (68)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3054800A (en) * | 1949-09-17 | 1962-09-18 | Harry P Burchfield | 3, 5-dinitro-1, 2, 4-triazoles and process for preparing same |
| US2959475A (en) * | 1957-02-19 | 1960-11-08 | Du Pont | Method for the control of weeds |
| CH484920A (de) * | 1966-05-13 | 1970-03-13 | Sandoz Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Aminsalzen von 1,2,4-Triazolen |
| NL174644C (nl) * | 1970-04-13 | 1984-07-16 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Werkwijze ter bereiding van een herbicide verbinding; tevens werkwijze voor de bereiding van een preparaat met herbicide werking. |
| FR2097745A5 (en) * | 1970-04-13 | 1972-03-03 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Fluoroalkyl sulphonamido-diaryl-(thio)-ethers and derivs - herbicides antiinflamma |
| BE791595A (fr) | 1971-11-18 | 1973-05-17 | Omf California Inc | Electrolyte pour accumulateur |
| JPS5148516B2 (de) * | 1973-02-07 | 1976-12-21 | ||
| DD118433A1 (de) * | 1975-03-17 | 1976-03-05 | ||
| US4226873A (en) * | 1977-02-23 | 1980-10-07 | Gulf Oil Corporation | 5-Substituted-3-fluorosulfonyl-4H-1,2,4-triazoles and use as insecticides and miticides |
| JPS53117094A (en) * | 1977-03-23 | 1978-10-13 | Mitsubishi Gas Chem Co Inc | Preparation of composition and high polymer |
| US4105525A (en) * | 1978-01-23 | 1978-08-08 | Orion Research Incorporated | Internal standard electrolyte for ammonia sensor |
| EP0010396A1 (de) * | 1978-10-24 | 1980-04-30 | Fbc Limited | Fungizide und herbizide Zusammensetzungen, bestimmte Wirkstoffe hiervon darstellende Cyanomethan- und Cyanoäthylenderivate, die Herstellung dieser Derivate und Pilz- und Unkrautbekämpfungsverfahren |
| FR2527602A1 (fr) * | 1982-06-01 | 1983-12-02 | Anvar | Bis perhalogenoacyl- ou sulfonyl- imidures de metaux alcalins, leurs solutions solides avec des matieres plastiques et leur application a la constitution d'elements conducteurs pour des generateurs electrochimiques |
| DE3230923A1 (de) * | 1982-08-20 | 1984-02-23 | Basf Ag, 6700 Ludwigshafen | Thiadiazinone, verfahren zu ihrer herstellung und diese enthaltende fungizide |
| JPS6020950A (ja) * | 1983-07-13 | 1985-02-02 | Nippon Zeon Co Ltd | 硬質用塩化ビニル樹脂組成物 |
| US5232940A (en) * | 1985-12-20 | 1993-08-03 | Hatton Leslie R | Derivatives of N-phenylpyrazoles |
| US4664757A (en) * | 1985-12-27 | 1987-05-12 | Uop Inc. | Method and apparatus for gas detection using proton-conducting polymers |
| US4664761A (en) * | 1985-12-27 | 1987-05-12 | Uop Inc. | Electrochemical method and apparatus using proton-conducting polymers |
| JPH0654686B2 (ja) * | 1986-01-14 | 1994-07-20 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 二次電池 |
| JPS62219908A (ja) * | 1986-03-20 | 1987-09-28 | 日本ケミコン株式会社 | 電解コンデンサ用電解液 |
| US4714569A (en) * | 1986-07-22 | 1987-12-22 | Toska Co., Ltd. | Process for preparing conductive coating composition |
| FR2606216A1 (fr) * | 1986-10-30 | 1988-05-06 | Elf Aquitaine | Materiau a conduction ionique |
| FR2606217B1 (fr) * | 1986-10-30 | 1990-12-14 | Elf Aquitaine | Nouveau materiau a conduction ionique constitue par un sel en solution dans un electrolyte liquide |
| WO1988003545A1 (fr) * | 1986-11-10 | 1988-05-19 | Nippon Shokubai Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Fines particules spheriques colorees, procede de production et utilisations |
| US4966954A (en) * | 1987-03-04 | 1990-10-30 | Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute | Production and processing of thermally stable polyenaminonitriles and polyaminoquinolines therefrom |
| US4882244A (en) * | 1987-04-02 | 1989-11-21 | The University Of Michigan-Ann Arbor | Battery containing a metal anode and an electrolyte providing high rates of metal electrolysis at near ambient temperatures |
| US4835074A (en) * | 1987-09-25 | 1989-05-30 | The Electrosynthesis Company, Inc. | Modified carbons and electrochemical cells containing the same |
| JPH01152165A (ja) * | 1987-12-09 | 1989-06-14 | Nippon Shokubai Kagaku Kogyo Co Ltd | 表面処理されたカーボンブラツクの製造方法 |
| JP2724377B2 (ja) * | 1988-05-12 | 1998-03-09 | 汪芳 白井 | イオン伝導性組成物 |
| FR2645533B1 (fr) | 1989-04-06 | 1991-07-12 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Procede de synthese de sulfonylimidures |
| NL9001075A (de) * | 1990-05-04 | 1991-12-02 | Duphar Int Res | |
| IT1246357B (it) * | 1990-07-12 | 1994-11-17 | Ausimont Spa | Processo per la preparazione di composti perfluoroalcossisolfonici |
| US5273840A (en) * | 1990-08-01 | 1993-12-28 | Covalent Associates Incorporated | Methide salts, formulations, electrolytes and batteries formed therefrom |
| US5281261A (en) * | 1990-08-31 | 1994-01-25 | Xerox Corporation | Ink compositions containing modified pigment particles |
| FR2673769B1 (fr) * | 1991-03-07 | 1993-06-18 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Materiaux polymeriques a conduction ionique. |
| EP0532408A1 (de) * | 1991-09-13 | 1993-03-17 | Saint-Gobain Vitrage International | Protonenleitendes Polymer und seine Verwendung als Elektrolyt in elektrochemischen Verbindungen |
| FR2683524A1 (fr) | 1991-11-08 | 1993-05-14 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Derives des bis(perfluorosulfonyl)methanes, leur procede de preparation, et leurs utilisations . |
| FR2687671B1 (fr) * | 1992-02-21 | 1994-05-20 | Centre Nal Recherc Scientifique | Monomeres derives de sultones perhalogenees et polymeres obtenus a partir de ces monomeres. |
| JP2845389B2 (ja) * | 1992-03-10 | 1999-01-13 | 大日精化工業株式会社 | 熱転写記録用着色組成物 |
| DE4217366A1 (de) | 1992-05-26 | 1993-12-02 | Bayer Ag | Imide und deren Salze sowie deren Verwendung |
| US5354784A (en) * | 1992-08-10 | 1994-10-11 | Arakawa Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Cyclopentadienyliron complex salt, process for preparing the same and photopolymerizable composition containing the same |
| US5518841A (en) * | 1993-02-12 | 1996-05-21 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Composite cathode |
| US5538812A (en) * | 1994-02-04 | 1996-07-23 | Moltech Corporation | Electrolyte materials containing highly dissociated metal ion salts |
| CA2163336C (fr) * | 1994-03-21 | 2006-05-09 | Christophe Michot | Materiau a conduction ionique presentant de bonnes proprietes anti-corrosion |
| JP3499916B2 (ja) | 1994-05-30 | 2004-02-23 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 高分子固体電解質電池とその製造方法 |
| FR2723098B1 (fr) * | 1994-07-28 | 1996-10-04 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Materiau macromoleculaire comportant des substituants ioniques et son utilisation dans les systemes electrochimiques |
| JP3117369B2 (ja) * | 1994-09-12 | 2000-12-11 | セントラル硝子株式会社 | スルホンイミドの製造方法 |
| US5525436A (en) * | 1994-11-01 | 1996-06-11 | Case Western Reserve University | Proton conducting polymers used as membranes |
| EP0813740B1 (de) | 1995-02-08 | 1998-08-26 | Imation Corp (a Delaware Corporation) | Antistatikhartschicht |
| US5609990A (en) | 1995-02-08 | 1997-03-11 | Imation Corp. | Optical recording disk having a sealcoat layer |
| US5514493A (en) | 1995-03-06 | 1996-05-07 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Perfluoroalkylsulfonates, sulfonimides, and sulfonyl methides, and electrolytes containing them |
| US5874616A (en) | 1995-03-06 | 1999-02-23 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Preparation of bis (fluoroalkylenesulfonyl) imides and (fluoroalkysulfony) (fluorosulfonyl) imides |
| US5748439A (en) * | 1995-06-06 | 1998-05-05 | Telectronics Pacing Systems, Inc. | Capacitors having high strength electrolytic capacitor separators |
| JPH0912920A (ja) * | 1995-06-28 | 1997-01-14 | Nippon Oil Co Ltd | 炭素材料の製造方法 |
| US5831108A (en) * | 1995-08-03 | 1998-11-03 | California Institute Of Technology | High metathesis activity ruthenium and osmium metal carbene complexes |
| US5691081A (en) | 1995-09-21 | 1997-11-25 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Battery containing bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)imide and cyclic perfluoroalkylene disulfonylimide salts |
| US5795496A (en) * | 1995-11-22 | 1998-08-18 | California Institute Of Technology | Polymer material for electrolytic membranes in fuel cells |
| FR2742437B1 (fr) * | 1995-12-14 | 1998-01-09 | Electricite De France | Bis(phenylsulfonyl)imidures, leur procede de preparation et materiaux a conduction ionique les comprenant |
| US5817376A (en) | 1996-03-26 | 1998-10-06 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Free-radically polymerizable compositions capable of being coated by electrostatic assistance |
| US5962546A (en) | 1996-03-26 | 1999-10-05 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Cationically polymerizable compositions capable of being coated by electrostatic assistance |
| AU6485196A (en) | 1996-03-26 | 1997-10-17 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Cationically polymerizable compositions capable of being applied by electrostatic assistance |
| US5688613A (en) * | 1996-04-08 | 1997-11-18 | Motorola, Inc. | Electrochemical cell having a polymer electrolyte |
| DE19632285A1 (de) * | 1996-08-09 | 1998-02-19 | Hoechst Ag | Protonenleiter mit einer Temperaturbeständigkeit in einem weiten Bereich und guten Protonenleitfähigkeiten |
| WO1998029877A1 (fr) * | 1996-12-30 | 1998-07-09 | Hydro-Quebec | Conducteurs protoniques sous forme liquide |
| US6063522A (en) | 1998-03-24 | 2000-05-16 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Electrolytes containing mixed fluorochemical/hydrocarbon imide and methide salts |
| US5874606A (en) | 1998-03-31 | 1999-02-23 | Occidental Chemical Corporation | Process for making o-arylbenzonitriles |
| US6294289B1 (en) | 1998-08-25 | 2001-09-25 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Cyano-substituted methide and amide salts |
| US6350545B2 (en) | 1998-08-25 | 2002-02-26 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Sulfonylimide compounds |
-
1997
- 1997-12-30 WO PCT/CA1997/001012 patent/WO1998029877A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 1997-12-30 JP JP52951798A patent/JP4361137B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 EP EP19970403189 patent/EP0850921B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 US US09/125,799 patent/US6395367B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 CA CA002244979A patent/CA2244979C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 CA CA2248303A patent/CA2248303C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 CA CA2248242A patent/CA2248242C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 DE DE1997636994 patent/DE69736994T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 JP JP52951498A patent/JP4124487B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 EP EP20090166055 patent/EP2380882B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 US US09/101,811 patent/US6171522B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 WO PCT/CA1997/001008 patent/WO1998029358A2/fr not_active Ceased
- 1997-12-30 CA CA2805188A patent/CA2805188C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 EP EP97951051A patent/EP0889863B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 WO PCT/CA1997/001013 patent/WO1998029388A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 1997-12-30 CA CA2248246A patent/CA2248246C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 WO PCT/CA1997/001009 patent/WO1998029399A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 1997-12-30 US US09/125,797 patent/US6319428B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 EP EP20010129670 patent/EP1201650B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 EP EP19970403188 patent/EP0850933A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1997-12-30 DE DE69715361T patent/DE69715361T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 US US09/125,792 patent/US6120696A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 DE DE69715799T patent/DE69715799T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 US US09/125,798 patent/US6228942B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 WO PCT/CA1997/001011 patent/WO1998029396A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 1997-12-30 CA CA002248304A patent/CA2248304C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 EP EP97951052A patent/EP0890176B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 JP JP52951398A patent/JP4070244B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 CA CA2248244A patent/CA2248244C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 US US09/101,810 patent/US6333425B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 DE DE69705301T patent/DE69705301T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 EP EP19970403187 patent/EP0850920B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 JP JP52951698A patent/JP4683675B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 DE DE69739501T patent/DE69739501D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 WO PCT/CA1997/001010 patent/WO1998029389A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 1997-12-30 DE DE69721748T patent/DE69721748T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 JP JP52951598A patent/JP2000508677A/ja active Pending
- 1997-12-30 EP EP19970403190 patent/EP0850932B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 CA CA2683826A patent/CA2683826C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 CA CA2704986A patent/CA2704986C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-30 EP EP03292436.7A patent/EP1391952A3/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1997-12-30 JP JP52951898A patent/JP4823401B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2000
- 2000-06-30 US US09/609,362 patent/US6365068B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-08-09 US US09/638,793 patent/US6576159B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2001
- 2001-04-06 US US09/826,941 patent/US6506517B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-05-16 US US09/858,439 patent/US20020009650A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2002
- 2002-03-27 US US10/107,742 patent/US6835495B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-09-24 US US10/253,970 patent/US20030066988A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-09-24 US US10/253,035 patent/US20030052310A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2004
- 2004-02-27 US US10/789,453 patent/US20050074668A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-08-25 US US10/926,283 patent/US7906235B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2007
- 2007-07-25 JP JP2007193021A patent/JP2008007781A/ja active Pending
- 2007-10-05 US US11/867,898 patent/US20240253023A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2008
- 2008-05-30 JP JP2008143090A patent/JP2009004374A/ja active Pending
-
2009
- 2009-01-21 JP JP2009010733A patent/JP4927108B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2009-05-18 JP JP2009120239A patent/JP5629061B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2010
- 2010-01-15 JP JP2010006864A patent/JP5209649B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2013
- 2013-02-22 JP JP2013033109A patent/JP2013173740A/ja active Pending
-
2014
- 2014-01-08 JP JP2014001687A patent/JP2014169271A/ja not_active Withdrawn
-
2015
- 2015-12-01 JP JP2015234934A patent/JP2016104739A/ja active Pending
Also Published As
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| DE69705301T2 (de) | Flüssiger protonenleiter | |
| DE69829955T2 (de) | Salze von perfluorierten sulfonen und ihre verwendung als ionisch leitfähige materialien | |
| EP2681620B1 (de) | Stabiles elektrochromes modul | |
| DE69535612T2 (de) | Ionenleitendes material mit guten korrosionshemmenden eigenschaften | |
| DE3688615T2 (de) | Selbstdopierte polymere. | |
| DE3829541C2 (de) | ||
| DE3811415C2 (de) | ||
| EP0099984B1 (de) | Elektrisch leitfähige Copolymere von Pyrrolen sowie Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung | |
| US10545387B2 (en) | Electrochromic device for applying voltage to electrodes | |
| DE102009024207A1 (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung fester Polymerelektrolyte unter Verwendung ionischer Flüssigkeiten | |
| DE68926984T2 (de) | Festelektrolytkondensator und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung | |
| EP0158047A1 (de) | Elektrochemische Zelle oder Batterie | |
| DE69217759T2 (de) | Fluorierte Thiophene, von diesen Thiophenen abgeleitete Polymere, leitfähige Polymere, die diese Polymere enthalten, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung, ihre Anwendung sowie Vorrichtungen die diese leitfähigen Polymere enthalten | |
| EP3888174A2 (de) | Wässriger elektrolyt, redox-flow-batterie und deren verwendung | |
| DE2324495A1 (de) | Anode fuer galvanische elemente und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung | |
| DE3701495C2 (de) | Polymer einer fünfgliedrigen heterocyclischen Verbindung und dessen Herstellung | |
| DE3617777C2 (de) | ||
| EP0471242A2 (de) | Festelektrolytkondensator | |
| DE3717917C2 (de) | ||
| EP0166980B1 (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung von elektrisch leitfähigen Homo- und Copolymerisaten von Pyrrolen sowie deren Verwendung | |
| DE3201909A1 (de) | Polyacetylenzelle mit keramischem festkoerperelektrolyten | |
| DE3328635A1 (de) | Elektrochemisches element oder batterie | |
| DE3508266A1 (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung von verbundstoffen aus metallen und elektrisch leitfaehigen polymeren | |
| EP0142089A1 (de) | Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Herstellung von filmförmigen Polymeren von Pyrrolen | |
| JPS62207324A (ja) | 置換ピロ−ル重合体 |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8364 | No opposition during term of opposition | ||
| 8328 | Change in the person/name/address of the agent |
Representative=s name: 2K PATENTANWAELTE BLASBERG KEWITZ & REICHEL, PARTN |