DE6353C - Improvements to a universal astronomical apparatus - Google Patents

Description

1879.

Class 42.

ADOLF MANG in BADEN-BADEN. Improvements to a universal astronomical apparatus.

Patent addition to No. 911 of August 18, 1877.

Patented in the German Empire from ϊ. February 1879 onwards. Longest duration: August 17, 1892.

The main disadvantage of the processes described in Patent No. The construction shown in 911 lay in the continuous axis of the sky, which stood in the way of central lighting. This deficiency was modified by screwing the axis into two parts, so that in Fig. 4 the light> S is freely screwed onto the axis. The same momentarily illuminates the likewise freely movable earth in the summer position, so that the rays still pass over the pole P.

The earth can easily move horizontally around the sun because of the rotatability of the sleeve H. In order to establish the constant parallelism of the earth axis, the earth axis ends in the thread part E. The disc WF S is attached below the knee of the earth axis. This whole device is easily movable in the sleeve V. If screw Y is loosened, one can grasp the axis of the earth at X and guide it around the sun by hand so that it always remains parallel to itself. The WFS disc turns once. But since the pointer Z is fixed on the arm of the earth guide, it shows exactly the relevant seasons, months and week positions. So is z. B. in Fig. 4 to the left of the sun 5 summer position, in Fig. 6 winter position. Accordingly, Z in Fig. 4 also points to S, in Fig. 6 W.

The WFS disc has been pinned out with a pencil so that it cannot be confused. If the earth is to be fixed in any position, the screw Y and that of the sleeve H are tightened.

For sharp illumination, the light 5 is provided with a glare which is medium Screws is held. The light itself is in a sheet metal sleeve and is through a Always keep the spiral at the same height.

The axis of the celestial space can be dismantled in that, as can be seen in Fig. 1 at H , part of it ends in a thread, the other in a sleeve with a screw nut, so that both can be screwed onto one another.

The ecliptic EE, which is drawn for Berlin in Fig. 1, was placed horizontally by sliding the whole sphere over the long sleeve SE, which is soldered into the south pole of the ecliptic, Fig. 4. The screw S gives the sphere Stop.

How the apparent motions are reproduced from the real ones is shown in Fig. 7. On the axis A the pin St is screwed instead of the sun S, Fig. 4. The earth is in winter position. For a location on the equator, e.g. B. for Quito, the tangential plane JVS is set up as a horizon. It sits firmly enough thanks to an elastic, drum-like attachment. The point C of the pin corresponds exactly to the center of the earth, therefore / _ ß, which the Centrale CC makes with the earth axis, = 90 ° - 23 % ° = 66% °. But since the earth is assumed to be much too large in relation to the orbit, the point X assumed for Quito is much too high. In order to compensate for this apparent error, the sleeve must be pushed so high above C that the thread running to X is parallel with CC or the arm of the earth guide; because only then is l_ a - / _ β = 66% °. In order to be able to tie in the thread, the horizon cut out in the middle has a continuous wire, as shown in the drawn horizon.

In order to be able to measure all midday heights, elastic holders are attached at the north and south point (.Wund S) , under which the folded foot of a transporter is pushed so that it remains upright by itself. If, however, the midday heights can be represented precisely using this method, then the sunrise times and locations are just as accurate. In order to read off the times, a pointer Z with a hinge is attached to the southern point .S ¹ , which rotates around the fixed hour circle 12, 12 when the earth rotates. The hours "12 o'clock" are strongly marked. At the (apparent) sunset, the

bright yellow silk thread on the edge of the horizon and so the evening distances result.

Of course, the horizon can be set up for any point, which means in the different seasons of the year all relationships of midday heights, morning and evening distances as well as the times can be explained. Thus also the effect and meaning of the universal horizon that explains the Ptolomean system from the Copernican set out.

To illustrate the irradiation conditions of the earth, FIG. 6, the same pen is used as in FIG. 7, in order to draw the sun rays, which are to be assumed to be parallel, for both hemispheres. The yellow silk thread ι runs over a slotted pin at the north pole P, receives its direction through this, runs over the south pole to 2, 3 and 4, then through the equatorial hole of the earth and ends at 5 in the heavy needle Y. Since the earth in If the winter position is, the dotted part enclosed by 1 and 4 corresponds to the quantity of sun rays which the northern hemisphere receives. One can just as easily show the symmetrical irradiation in the equinoxes, and this manner could be called the quantitative representation of the seasons. But the seasons can also be explained indirectly. If one unscrews X in FIG. 5, the axis can be removed from the sleeve V and others screwed in, which can be straight or bent at right angles. If the earth is now placed on the ground, then all the effects and consequences of the assumption of a perpendicular or lying position of the axis of the earth to the orbit will result. In the same way, all the optical relationships of the planets result when their axes are attached with appropriate bends.

The actual motion of the moon has also been made more precise. In Fig. 4, the orientation disc WS can be seen to the right of the sun. Immediately above it is a second oblique disc, which actually consists of two discs: the inner, punctured disc has a groove-like depression, like a roll; the outer part lies concentrically around it. Three little screws embedded in the latter grip into the groove, thus giving the outer part support and guidance, so that the moon fixed on the outer ring piece can be led very uniformly and obliquely to the earth's orbit. In the position shown, he has z. B. its highest level above the ecliptic. The screw r is used to determine a certain position of the nodal line marked on the washer; the latter can be adjusted by means of two little pins soldered on there. Should z. If, for example, the ring-shaped Sonnenfmsternifs for July 19th are shown, the earth is first moved into this position and the oblique disc of the moon is now turned until the pen of the nodal line points to this date or at least to the corresponding point of the orientation disc WS .

Because of the knee of the axis of the earth on the one hand and the sleeve of the orientation disc on the other, on which the moon guide sits, the latter must always remain at the same height. As long as the moon does not work, it can Leadership are taken out, so does not bother the student ·.

In addition to this remarkable advantage, a further novelty is the representation of the total and partial eclipses are made possible more sharply by using one for earth and moon takes smaller balls and intercepts the shadow direction, such as B. in Fig. 4, where lunar and Earth shadows fall apart. If you put an elastic ring (lunar orbit) over the wire the earth's orbit, one can catch the shadow of the earth's and lunar orbit at the same time and it is z. B. very instructive to see how the moon is in the intersection of the shadows emotional. .

The terrestrial globe is put on for the optical processes; while before the light was used without glare, this is now added. Extremely sharp umbra and penumbra in a suitable width are created. By shifting the glare by means of the sleeve w , ring-shaped or total eclipses arise because of the different distance of the concave mirror from the moon.

Another novelty is the sensualization of the earth's and lunar orbits using wires. In Fig. 8 η m means the earth's orbit for one month, the digits 1, 2, 3, 4 the week positions of the earth in its orbit (silver wire), around which the lunar orbit (copper wire) loops as an epicyclic.

If the earth is moved and if one tries at the same time to impart a circular motion to the moon, one will easily notice that the latter forms the curve shown, because both motions combine. One part of the lunar orbit is curved upwards, the punctured downwards. This device is to be inserted between the screw q and the moon m via the guide of the moon, Fig. 1, while a straight axis is used for the earth.

Venus υ (representative of an inner planet) can also be screwed to the same wire. In Fig. 8 it is in conjunction with the earth E. The positions of Venus are easily obtained from the pointer Z, Fig. I, and the small disc to which it refers and on which the orbit of Venus around the sun in 7 Months. When the light is burning at the same time, the earth is moved after its deployment, Venus after the moon deployment in FIG. 1.

Claims (13)

As a representative of an outer planet, Mars is placed as a globule on the solar insert q 'S, Fig. I, and the earth is again left in its place, whereby direct and retrograde movements as well as all constellations take place appropriately, because Mars is the correct one. Possesses earth distance. To illustrate the schematic movements, a pin runs in the sleeve S E, FIG. I, onto which the sun globe S is attached with a needle. Since .S E is seated on the south pole of the ecliptic, the needle itself must run sharply in the plane of the ecliptic. If the sun is placed anywhere in its orbit and the solar insert is firmly connected to the sphere by means of the screw S ', the sun must also rotate with the latter. The double pointer ν w, Fig. Ι, is now placed over the location of the sun in order to obtain the rising times. If the screw / is loosened, while II is tightened, it is no longer in contact with the axis drawn in black, but with the sleeve of the sphere, which is left white, and must therefore rotate with the latter itself. Since the hour circle 12, 12 is now precisely and correctly watched on the celestial axis by means of a filing, the interaction of the needle of the sun ball and the pointer r becomes very easy when the sun rises and sets, and more precisely than on a merely attached hour circle that surrendered time. If, on the other hand, the double pointer ν 1W is placed over the north-south line and firmly connected to the celestial axis by means of the screw /, it has become a solid meridian. With the aid of the sleeve 2, Fig. 1, the moon can also be moved correctly in its orbit. But since this itself wanders around the ecliptic at 50 8 ', the sleeve 2 can be fixed by the pin of the sleeve 1 by the stated amount from the pole of the ecliptic. Currently z. B. the point M of the lunar orbit MM '5 ° 8' below the ecliptic; therefore the sleeve 2 is turned to this side. This arrangement is not new in principle, but only in relation to its application to a continuous celestial axis which none of the known spheres have. The difficulty arises here, however, that the use of the sun and the moon does not go all the way around, but touches the axis. This hindrance is happily eliminated by the fact that the inserts for this case can be dismantled and screwed together again through the sleeves q and q 'with square holes. The continuous sky ax can therefore remain; it gives stability to the whole, is, moreover, a concept to be represented and, in addition, enables a clear representation of time (by the pointer vw) as well as the fixed meridian. For the lunar orbit, an elastic ring is pushed over the ecliptic as a very practical sensualization. If a small, shiny disc is placed for the sun, as in Fig. 3 a, and a black one for the moon, Fig. 3 b, the eclipses can also be clearly represented for apparent movements. In Fig. 2, the sun is also shown as a light. The cone r is suspended in such a way that the heavy side holds the equilibrium with the light in all positions. If the really shining sun now rises (which is only shown with spheres on similar apparatuses), then true-to-nature effects arise on the relief. The phases of the moon are natural and informal when the balls are painted white, while other devices use black and yellow balls. An improvement has also been made with regard to the horizon insofar as it has received a very secure guidance by means of the sleeve Y, Fig. 1. At the north point, a needle can be folded out, which sharpens the graduation for the pole height, here especially on 5 2 ] / 2 ° shows. In the same figure (1) the movable tongue Z falls into the teeth of the quadrant by virtue of the heavy ball K, for better adjustability of the axis, and thus gives the axis sufficient support. Finally, the improved precession device is shown in FIG. . A movable celestial equator (omitted in the drawing) has its pivot point in the pole of the ecliptic P E. The pointer ν, which points to the reverse of the earth's hour circle, is soldered to its support. On the latter, the 25 millennia of the platonic world year are recorded. If the earth E now wanders with its axis around the pole of the ecliptic, one finds the respective positions of the earth and / or. Heavenly ax slightly after the hour circle. In E 'is z. B. the axis of the earth after 13 millennia, d. H. it is then directed to Wega in der Leyer. This also explains the tropical year and how other stars become polar stars when the stars are placed on the surface. Patent claims; On a universal astronomical apparatus: 1. The application of a continuous and ' nevertheless screwable sky ax with the described adjustability. 2. The orientation disc, which is a simple representation of the earth's seasons and planets. 3. The sliding glare. 4. The universal horizon of the earth for determining the midday height and the rising times and places. 5. The description of the irradiation conditions of the earth as described. 6. The detachable moon guide, the nodal line of which is centered on pins on the orientation disc show are directable. 7. The described representation of the true earth and moon orbit. 8. The use of the apparatus for planetary motions. 9. The improvement of the greater horizon by means of guidance and folding out the needle. 10. The more precise method of determining time by means of double hands, as well as the one that can be dismantled Sun and moon tours. 11. The use of two discs for Explanation of the eclipses in the case of apparent movements. 12. The center of gravity device for the apparent Solar movement. 13. The described improvement in precession. 1 sheet of drawings.