DE911C - Universal astronomical apparatus - Google Patents

Description

1877.

Class 42.

ADOLF MANG in BADEN-BADEN. Universal astronomical apparatus.

Patented in the German Empire on August 18, 1877.

A. The apparatus as a celestial globe.

As is well known, the fixed starry sky forms the solid background on which the movements of the sun, moon and planets seem to take place. The apparatus therefore primarily has to meet the requirements of a celestial globe. These are achieved in that, as FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawing shows, a solid wire frame with the main celestial circles, constellations and the Milky Way is rotatably arranged around an axis. Fig. 2 gives an idea of how the constellations are soldered. If one now imagines the globe in rotation at first, then all fixed stars must rise and fall correctly in relation to the horizon HH lying within. If, however, one imagines the axis AA, Fig. 1, to be vertical, the horizon lifted out and a light held at a suitable distance under the apparatus, a polar projection of the northern starry sky arises through the shadows cast by the stars on the ceiling. This map can be expanded to a diameter of S m; it forces the view upwards; it shows the movement of the constellations due to the rotation and illustrates the creation of a star map.

The following are shown of the sky lines (Fig. 1):

BB - Arctic Circle.

CC - Tropic of Capricorn.

FF- - southern tropic.

DD - Celestial Equator.

CF ecliptic.

ADBDA - Solstitial Circle. '

H - observer with Z (zenith) and N (nadir).

B. Apparent movements of the sun and

Moon.

The sun wanders through the ecliptic every year. There is a wandering from constellation to constellation, connected with higher and lower positions of the sun. The sun rotates with it every day. another point of heaven. From Fig. 1 it can be seen that the mobility of the sleeve a, circular movements of the sun S, as well as a corresponding raising and lowering of the same can take place. In the assumed position z. B. must it the equator, the sleeve is lifted α to γ , describe the northern tropic. That this is a natural shift and regulation of the Aufbezw. It is clear, but it can also easily be proven by the fact that the adjusting screw and sun at 5 can be removed and screwed onto them at every constellation of the ecliptic, since the sleeve has two incisions which lie in the plane of the drawing . Likewise, the moon M can easily be lifted to any height in the sky and set in rotation, which also correctly imitates its movements. An expandable ring placed around the ecliptic serves as a guideline.

Another side of the apparatus that is also extremely invigorating is that the horizon In addition to the usual graduation and indication of the morning and evening distances of the sun, the The area concerned is painted or contains en relief, whereby a dawn also arises if the circumference is provided with a red flowpaper border. Fig. 9 gives such a cyclorama of Baden-Baden.

In general, all apparent movements for the pole, the equator, can be imitated with ease for every place, since the necessary conditions are met, namely the relative mobility of the axis and the horizon. So is z. B. in Fig. 1 of the apparatus for a location below 49 ° north. Latitude (Carlsruhe). The celestial ax AA , which ends in an iron plate, is held in place by the clamping screw Sch ; The spring ρ gives sufficient support to the horizon HH; it is carried by two pins penetrating into the earth E , one of which, labeled ί, is indicated on the drawing. The earth rests on q. In Fig. 4 the horizon is drawn in outline.

The relations described up to now are set in scene in a new and simplest way. The celestial globe is not, as usual, in a thick gradation ring, but plays light and free 'about the axis, which also has a simple movement as it has up to now has not yet been applied.

The graduation and calendar designation, of which Figs. 5, 6 and 7 show examples, step into the background as mere marks, in contrast to other appa-

guess whose wide zodiac belt the sight of the phenomena necessarily impaired, even blurred.

Also new is the idea that constellations and milk punctures exclusively on the northern one To dissolve the polar circle, but to fix them in sleeve bearings, Fig. 8, so that they can also be removed again, whereby the celestial globe is transformed into a tellurium.

C. Functions of the apparatus for real ones Movements.

The apparent annual migration of the sun through the fixed stars of the zodiac arises, as is well known, from the fact that the earth itself moves through space between the sun and those fixed stars. An apparent rise of the sun by 23 ¹ J ₂ ⁰ is due to an actual lowering of the earth towards the celestial equator; In general, the movements of the earth are the mirror image of the apparent movements of the sun.

Using these arguments, the apparatus explains the origin of the seasons by the fact that the earth, following the inclination of the ecliptic, rises and falls within the sphere, whereby it can be fixed at will by the steel pin of the adjusting screw Si, Fig. 11, of its sleeve and must always follow its course when the corresponding guideline for this pen is filed in the axis.

In Fig. 11 already mentioned, BB denotes the celestial equator, S the sun, and arrow C the direction of the ecliptic. If the earth is in B, a ray of sunshine must hit the equator perpendicularly; at the pole, another ray can only be a tangent. In the sun position A, on the other hand, because of the lowering of the earth by 23 '/, °, the light flows by the same amount beyond the pole; the equator can no longer be hit by the vertical sunlight, but the tropic of the tropics can.

The fact that here too the axis of the earth advances parallel to itself at an inclination of 23Y ₂ ⁰ to the orbit, which we say "as the key to explaining the seasons" when using the tellurium, appears here conversely as a necessary conclusion (Fig. 11) angle δ - go ⁰ - 23% "= 66 % °.

Fig. 13 shows the earth drilled through in such a way that one can use a sight and a stick can follow the beam path of sunlight more precisely, also a novelty. Even the antipodes, Fig. 12, or a sheet of paper, Fig. 14, can be used for instruction will. In general, all the relationships between the secondary and opposing residents etc. clearly. Instead of the observer, a very reduced horizon can also be used in the area concerned. When the earth is at different positions rotates, the various arcs of the day and points of rise of the sun arise as a result of this real movement of the earth.

Like the earth on the celestial axis, so the moon can be raised and lowered on the earth axis; but it can revolve on Earth, Fig. 15, about the axis X. As is well known, the lunar orbit makes an angle of 5 ° 8 'with the ecliptic; its ideal point of rotation is therefore just as far from the pole PE, Fig. 16, of the ecliptic and since the lunar orbit makes a full circle on the ecliptic in a period of about 18 years, it must make a small circle around this pole of the ecliptic (1, 2, 3, 4), which contains all the starting points for Ax X during this time. Fig. 15 shows the position of the lunar orbit when the moon has passed the ascending knot, which is assumed in the spring equinox, and when the earth is in the summer position as a full or new moon in the sky, namely 5 ° 8 'above the northern one and just as much under the Tropic of Capricorn, so no eclipses can arise.

The conditions of the latter, as well as the phases, are clearly shown by the apparatus from the orbit relationships described; only in the case of the eclipses of the moon and earth must be assumed appropriately small, as is the case with any such apparatus, since the moon z. B. yes only ¹ J ₂ ⁰ , the earth's shadow in the lunar distance is approx. 1 ¹ J ₂ ° wide.

D. Demonstration of the planetary relationships.

Just as all the moon's pseudo-movements can be carried out on the apparatus, this also applies to every planet. But all real movements can also be carried out. The sun always sits in the middle as light. If you use z. If, for example, the use of the earth for Mercury or Venus, but the earlier use of the moon for the earth, both clockwise and reverse, "as well as the phases of Venus and Mercury, can be produced sharply and arbitrarily. In Fig. 17 means again S the sun, V the Venus, E the earth. Venus is seen under α and is the morning star.

In Fig. 18 Jupiter and its system are indicated in equinoctial position and Fig. 19 illustrates how Saturn, with a suitable axis position and constant parallelism of the same, presents different phases to the earth E during its 30-year orbit. If the adjusting screw β of the insert is unscrewed, it can easily be moved around by hand, while lifting the sleeve a at the same time, so that the axis X remains parallel to itself, whereupon the seasons of the planets arise, as is the case with the earth is based. Instead of bending the axis X , it can also be soldered to a sleeve, which can be pushed over the pin y and screwed onto it.

E. Precession and Nutation.

In order to finally explain the precession and nutation, a small ring, as large as the polar circle, is placed around the pole P (Fig. 20) of the ecliptic. If one thinks of the latter as fixed, but the horizon as an equator and movable, and lets it _{always intersect against the signs of the ecliptic under 2 3 '/ 2} °, then one has the process of precession through this simple new procedure. A perpendicular to each new position of the disc, e.g. B. R on CC, or rods, S on BB, indicates the direction of the celestial axis within 25,000 years. The stick follows the hoop Q.

The nutation is symbolized by bent copper wire.

F. Summary.
As new pages, which. The apparatus described above should mainly include the following:

a. For sham movements.
The very simple mechanics of the celestial ax and the horizon, adjustable for all places; the possibility of creating a huge movable star map, the simple arrangement of the celestial globe with removable polar and tropic circles, to which the Milky Way and constellations, spherically curved, are soldered; the lifelike horizon within the transparent globe, whereby the phenomena are only based on the correct starting point, since one can easily put oneself in the place of the observer inside and experience it; the daily and annual movement of the sun, moon, planets by simple rotations, by raising and lowering or screwing on.

jS. For real movement.

The simplest demonstration of the seasons by raising and lowering the earth as a reciprocum the apparent movements of the sun; the sharp pursuit of the sun's rays in different situations on earth and the explanation of appearances from the truth by placing the horizon on the really moving earth; the simple explanation the real moon movements and eclipse conditions; the representation of the planetary movements, as well as the optical conditions of the same (seasons); the very simple sensualization of precession and nutation.

The guiding thought for the construction of the apparatus is through all movements the idea has been maintained, with the simplest conceivable means, the great original model, to imitate nature in its main features in miniature as truthfully as possible and all of them To derive appearances logically and organically from one another.

The diameter of the apparatus can be about 130 cm; smaller ones of about 30 cm Diameters allow (with smaller balls) very sharp contrasts and could be theirs Equities for their own sake can also be introduced into families and even poor schools.

1 sheet of drawings.