DE20022981U1 - Protective hood for motor vehicles, machines or the like. - Google Patents

Description

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Heinrich Heiland GmbH GM60/02

071106 Magstadt

Protective cover for motor vehicles, machines or the like

Protective cover for motor vehicles, machines or the like, especially for the preventive protection of the surface against abrasive or chemical emissions such as dust, rust, bird droppings, condensation and waterlogging and penetrating moisture as well as against mechanical damage such as scratching and grinding damage and damage resulting therefrom, during downtime, storage and transport.

In addition to protection against mechanical damage by means of protective strips made of polystyrene, for example, there is a known protective measure against surface damage during transport and long periods of downtime of motor vehicles, machines and other objects that require protection, which involves applying a layer of wax to the surface of the object. This protective measure has the disadvantage that the objects that require protection must be dewaxed after delivery. This is usually done using chemical agents, which creates waste water contaminated with chemicals that must be disposed of as hazardous waste.

Another protective measure involves applying adhesive films with a doctor blade. This protective measure is time-consuming because no air bubbles can form between the paint and the film when it is applied, as these can later become permanent marks on the paint. In addition, films applied in this way can only remain on the product to be protected for a limited time. Another disadvantage of this measure is that these films can only protect relatively flat surface areas due to their limited degree of stretching.

Protective covers made of plastic or plastic-coated textile tarpaulins are also known, in which motor vehicles, machines or other objects to be protected are wrapped, whereby the tarpaulin cover is attached by additional adhesive strips.

or lashed with lines or ropes. These tarpaulins are characterized by the fact that during transport the airflow creates a speed-dependent negative pressure, which sucks in the covering material lying over the outer skin of the object to be protected. This in turn leads to the ballooning or fluttering of the covering material and thus to mechanical stress, particularly on the surface of the object to be protected, and to its damage.

&iacgr;&ogr; A brochure from Transhield Europe AS, 0151 Oslo, also describes a three-layer plastic film, in which a protective cover that has previously been sewn to a suitable shape is shrunk onto the outer skin of a vehicle. In areas of the vehicle that must be accessible, the shrunk film is either cut open and the cut edges are fixed with adhesive tape or a zipper is incorporated. Due to the shrinking properties of the material, the three-layer plastic film cannot be welded but can only be sewn, which in turn leads to sealing problems in the seam areas. The three-layer plastic film is characterized by an outer ethylene, copolymer vinyl acetate film, a middle copolymer thermoplastic and an inner polyester-knitted material, which has, among other things, waterproof and absorbent properties. The three-layer plastic film, which fits tightly onto the outer skin of a vehicle, for example, thus forms an almost impermeable barrier layer between the vehicle surface and the environment. The waterproofness of the material prevents external moisture from penetrating the vehicle surface, but causes condensation to form between the vehicle surface and the plastic film when exposed to heat, for example from the sun's rays. In addition, the absorbing effect of the inner polyester-knitted material is limited. For example, water penetrating from the environment through the seams under the protective cover or moisture caused by condensation is absorbed by the protective cover material to a certain extent, but is released again once a certain level of saturation has been reached. This is particularly problematic during long-term transport and storage, as the saturated polyester-knitted material releases the absorbed moisture between the packaged goods surface and the protective cover, causing

Waterlogging can occur, with adverse effects on the paint surface or seals. At sub-zero temperatures, the water and the protective covers can freeze, and in hot, humid climates, mold can form between the vehicle surface and the protective cover. Finally, shrinking the three-layer plastic film is labor-intensive and location-dependent.

It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a protective cover for motor vehicles, machines or the like for the preventive protection of both the

&iacgr;&ogr; surface against abrasive or chemical emissions as well as against mechanical damage and resulting consequential damage, particularly during downtime, storage and transport of objects to be protected, which is breathable, permeable to air and vapor, impermeable to water and dust and alkali-resistant, which is inexpensive to produce and flexibly adaptable to different and complicated surface shapes of objects to be protected, is easy and repeatedly to use and handle in any location and ensures the movement of mobile objects to be protected and their moving parts with a protective cover without destroying the protective cover or parts of it or parts of the object.

According to the invention, the object is achieved by a protective hood for motor vehicles, machines or the like with the characterizing features of claim 1.

The protective hood according to the invention according to claim 1 has the advantage that it can be easily adapted to the basic shape of the object to be protected or parts thereof in one piece and can be connected to one another by welding, gluing or sewing. It is particularly advantageous to combine the protective hood with separate covers for protruding parts such as side mirrors on motor vehicles and/or with partial covers for movable or removable parts such as hard or soft tops on motor vehicles and/or with partial covers for transparent parts such as viewing windows, headlights and the like as well as for movable parts such as windscreen wipers and parts that must be opened or kept open such as doors, flaps, hoods, ventilation areas and exhaust systems and the like. The flexible and easy-to-handle

The protective cover ensures a design that is adapted to all the wishes of the respective customer and the various shapes of the objects to be protected. In addition, the manufacture of the protective cover in combination with separate covers and partial covers is made much easier by less complicated gluing or welding work, which makes their handling much easier and ensures their repeated use.

Of particular advantage are the optional

&iacgr;&ogr; protective hood and/or the separate covers or partial covers. Depending on requirements, they ensure the arrangement of precisely fitting openings on movable, transparent, necessary to be opened and kept open as well as removable parts of the object to be protected, for example in vehicles on the windshield, rear window, side windows, engine grill, wheel arches, headlights, hard and soft tops and the like, which can be kept free as required by simply fixing and holding the edges of the cutting areas to the windows, headlights or doors with fastening means such as adhesive strips. The edges of the cutting areas can also be fixed and closed by means of fasteners that can be opened and closed repeatedly, on the one hand to the edges of the cutting areas of the protective hood and on the other hand to the cutting areas of the partial covers. The partial covers, which can be arranged on a case-by-case basis and can be opened and closed repeatedly, for example for door elements, windscreen and/or headlight covers and the like, ensure easy access to the object to be protected, for example in the rear of the car, in the trunk or in the engine compartment, and its movement with a protective cover when driving at up to around 200 km/h and its subsequent reclosure. If required, the area of the windscreen can also be covered with a partial cover that can be opened and closed. Such a partial cover can also be made of transparent material, whereby spacers arranged between the object to be protected and the partial cover mean that the windscreen wipers can also be used when the partial cover is partially or completely closed. If required, protruding parts of the object such as side mirrors can be protected with separate covers.

The protective hood, which is optimally adapted to the shape of the object and the customer's requirements, and its combination parts can easily be put over the object to be protected and clamped using molded-on material flaps, for example under a bonnet or trunk lid, or fixed and anchored to the object to be protected using receptacles for elastic bands and/or other fastening devices arranged on the edges of the trimming areas of the protective hood and/or the separate covers or partial covers. The edges of the protective hood should be particularly protected against deformation.

Areas that require additional protection, such as wheel arches, can be additionally protected by plastic or rubber profiles. In addition, heat-resistant fastening systems allow the protective cover to be held securely in place even in areas that heat up, such as exhaust systems. The flexibility of the protective cover's structure and its ability to open and close as required, as well as the flexibility and properties of the material used, ultimately ensure that the protective cover according to the invention can be used multiple times.

Particularly noteworthy is the use of the material for the protective hood according to the invention and/or for the separate covers and partial covers that is permeable to air, water vapor and light on the inside and stable against UV rays on the outside, alkali-resistant, water- and dust-impermeable and printable. This ensures that the protective hood and the separate covers and partial covers are breathable. Therefore, no condensation can form under the hood and no water and no dust can penetrate under the hood from the outside and cause freezing, corrosion, abrasion, scratching and other damage to the surface of the object to be protected. The material, which is stable against UV rays on the outside, also ensures that no bleaching or cracking occurs in the paint on the surface of the object to be protected. Splashes of alkaline solutions from the outside cannot damage the protective cover and its separate parts or the surface of the object to be protected, and the printability of the material also allows technical information, advertising logos or company symbols to be applied anywhere on the protective cover and its separate covers and partial covers as required.

The material used for the protective cover according to claim 2, in contrast to previously used waterproof films, has the property of being water-repellent but permeable to air and water vapor from the inside due to the glued or welded nonwoven fabric made of chemical or natural fibers. The film material glued and needled on the outside also prevents dust and moisture from penetrating from the outside. Another great advantage is achieved by the air permeability of the protective cover material, as the protective cover does not expand during transport and the resulting large

&iacgr;&ogr; cannot inflate at high wind speeds because the air permeability minimizes the formation of negative pressure. In addition, the problem of seam sealing can be eliminated by making the parts of the protective cover weldable, which means that the connections on contours or on repeatedly opening and closing fasteners on the protective cover and its combination parts are also waterproof and the penetration of rainwater, for example, between the protective cover and the object to be protected is prevented. Since the protective cover rests loosely on the object to be protected, staining on the paintwork caused by air bubbles, such as those that can form under shrink-fitted or squeegeed films, is also avoided.

The fleece material is also translucent, which means that a vehicle with a protective hood in place is completely roadworthy. The light signals are visible and in the area of the vehicle grille no cutting area is usually required to ensure adequate ventilation of the engine. In addition, the protective hood and its separate covers and partial covers can be washed without shrinkage due to the material used and can therefore be reused.

Last but not least, the high labor and time expenditure for shrinking films to be carried out on site by a specialist is avoided and replaced by an easily manageable and repeatable application of the protective cover according to the invention by any person.

The features of claims 3 to 13 advantageously support the variability of the embodiments and fastening forms of the protective hood according to the invention and its separate covers and partial covers

the simple and quick handling as well as the adaptation of the protective cover to different objects to be protected.

The variety of variants of the repeatedly closable and detachable closures, according to claim 4, on the edges of trimming areas and/or on the free cut edges of repeatedly opening and closing partial covers also enable optimal adaptation of the protective hood to the individual wishes of the customer.

&iacgr;&ogr; The separate protective covers according to claim 5 for protruding parts of the objects to be protected have also proven to be particularly advantageous. The same applies to the partial covers for movable or removable parts according to claim 6. They are also suitable as storage protection for such parts, for example for storing removed hardtops from vehicles in the summer.

The attachment of the repeatedly opening and closing elements according to claim 7, for example on vehicle doors or windscreens, ensures the rapid and easy access that may be required from time to time, for example to the rear of a vehicle, its movement and the subsequent reclosure of the protective cover.

The various fastening elements according to claim 8 provide additional support for the protective hood and its separate covers and partial covers. If contact with parts that heat up cannot be avoided, for example with the exhaust system of a vehicle, the heat-resistant fastening systems according to claim 9 can be used.

The spacers according to claim 12 can also be used advantageously if, for example, the windshield area of a motor vehicle is protected with a partial cover and the windshield wipers are to be used with the partial cover fully or partially closed. The spacers 13, together with fastening means 11, create the clearance required for the windshield wipers between the partial cover and the windshield. The spacers can of course also be used in other areas of an object to be protected where moving parts are to be used with the protective cover closed.

The inventive application of the material according to claim 14 and other conceivable application areas, such as the transport of machines and equipment as well as other particularly moisture-sensitive goods, has the great advantage that no water can penetrate from the outside. Moisture penetrating under the protective cover through leaky seams or possible damaged areas of the material or condensation formed by sunlight can escape as water vapor through the tiny pores in the material. Damage to the vehicle, for example due to standing

&iacgr;&ogr; Wetness is therefore largely impossible.

If movement is required, the object to be protected can be accessed and re-locked via parts of the protective cover that can be repeatedly locked. Arranged elastic bands also allow access to parts such as the engine compartment and/or the trunk as well as the rear compartment, whereby the protective cover can be re-locked without being destroyed. Finally, a key advantage of the protective cover is that it can be attached or removed independently of the location once it has been completed. This means that it is also suitable for private use, for example when transporting vehicles by rail, plane or ship.

The invention will be described in more detail below using an exemplary embodiment. The drawing shows in

Fig.1 the side view of an object to be protected with a protective hood in place, whereby the closer representation of the passenger side of the protective hood has been neglected,

Fig.2 the front view of a separate protective cover with closure,

Fig.3 the partial view of a protruding part with closed, separate protective cover,

Fig.4 shows a partial view of the movable part of an object to be protected with the partial cover pulled up.

Fig.5 shows a partial view of a transparent partial cover with spacers and freely moving parts when the partial cover is closed.

For the protective hood 1 according to the invention, a polypropylene fleece according to DIN 60001, called PP fleece for short, was preferably selected, the fleece construction of which is characterized by a filament fleece according to DIN 61210 and the fleece consolidation according to DIN 611210 by thermal bonding. The fleece material has, for example, a

γ tear strength in the longitudinal direction of at least 40N/5cm ² and in the transverse direction > 25 N. The weight of the material in this case is 70 g/m2 +/-10g/m2. Of course, other material thicknesses can also be used. The fleece material is connected on one side to a needled film material using an adhesive. In one embodiment, the protective cover 1 according to the invention was optimally adapted to the dimensions of a car and preferably welded together at two connections 1', for example by means of ultrasound. A small preferably welded connection V in the area of the wheel arches of the front wheels and in the area of the trunk lid ensures that the protective cover 1 is optimally adapted to the shape of the vehicle. In accordance with the customer's request, trimming areas 3 were attached to the windshield, the engine grille, the wheel arches and the side window of the rear, which are fixed, held and closed to the vehicle with fasteners 7, preferably made of adhesive tape.

The fasteners 7 are glued to the edges of the trimming areas 3 of the protective hood 1 on the one hand and to the vehicle parts on the other. When using a Velcro fastener or a lockable profile, one fastener or profile half is welded and/or glued to the edge of the trimming area 3 of the protective hood 3, for example, and the respective counterpart of the fastener or profile half is glued to the edges of the windshield, for example. An opening and closing partial cover 4 is preferably arranged on the driver's door, which is molded onto the protective hood 1 in the area of the driver's door upper edge and is connected to the protective hood 1 in the area of the long sides and the entrance of the driver's door, for example by means of an adhesive tape or a welded-on zipper. The edge areas of the protective hood 1 are secured by rubber-equipped receptacles 1" with a

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Elastic bands that hold the protective cover 1 under the vehicle body. In addition, two heat-resistant fastening systems 5 are preferably attached to the edges of the protective cover 1 and are guided underneath the vehicle and are additionally connected to the protective cover 1 by adhesive tape. In the area of the wheel arches, the edges of the trimming areas 3 of the protective cover 1 are attached to the wheel arches by means of attached profiles 6, preferably made of rubber. For example, on the side area of the protective cover 1, there is also an openable and closable, removable outer pocket 14 made of

γ for example transparent material, preferably arranged detachably by means of Velcro points, which serves to hold accompanying documents of the object 2 to be protected. The protruding parts 2', not shown in detail in Fig.1, such as side mirrors, can be protected with covers welded to the protective hood 1. In the embodiment according to Fig.3, they are preferably closed with a separate cover 8 according to Fig.2, the closure 8' being a Velcro fastener. In addition, the receptacles 1" of the separate cover 8 can be fitted with rubber and kept flexible and equipped with a trimming area 3 and/or a transparent partial cover 12 for the mirror surface. If the vehicle is to be moved during transport, only the adhesive tapes or the zipper on the partial cover 4 of the driver's door must be loosened, the partial cover 4 on the roof fixed to the protective hood 1 with the adhesive tapes and the interior of the vehicle is accessible. After the vehicle has been moved, the adhesive tapes on the protective hood 1 are loosened, the partial cover 4 pulled down again and closed again with the adhesive tapes or the zipper on the edges of the trimming areas 3. If required, the area of the driver's door can also be designed as a trimming area 3, the edges of which are glued and closed to the vehicle as with the other trimming areas 3 already described and in which the driver's door remains free. In a further embodiment with an object 2 to be protected, with a movable part 2'", for example in a car with a Softtop, the softtop is covered with the cover areas 10' of a partial cover 10, for example, and the softtop covered with the partial cover 10 is closed on the outside. This form of partial cover 10 can also be used for removable hardtops on cars. In this case, the partial cover can also be used as a protective cover

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for storage of the hardtop. In a third embodiment according to Fig.5, at the customer's request, the windshield of a car was protected with a partial cover 12 made of transparent material, which is partially molded onto the roof area of the protective hood 1 and which is preferably equipped with a welded zipper as an opening and closing closure 7 on the inner edge areas. So that the windshield wipers of the vehicle can be used as movable parts 2" even when the partial cover 12 is closed or only partially opened.

&iacgr;&ogr;, spacers 13 were held in receptacles on the back of the partial cover 12, preferably in the edge area to the roof and the bonnet, which are stretched and fastened by a tape that is preferably glued over the entire area of the partial cover 12 between the two spacers 13, on the one hand to the roof area of the protective hood 1 and on the other hand by slight tension in the area of the bonnet of the protective hood 1, forming a relative hollow space between the windshield and the partial cover 12 and allowing the windshield wipers to move freely. The spacers 13 were preferably made of Styrofoam. If the partial cover 12 for the windshield is to be partially opened, all that is needed is to open the zipper, fold the partial cover 12 over to the passenger side and fasten it to the still closed part of the partial cover 12 using Velcro fasteners. When the partial cover 12 is folded over, gripping straps 15, which are preferably arranged on the inside, are released at the same time, making it easier to close the partial cover 12. In addition, at the customer's request, the protective cover 1 was preferably printed with the emblem of the vehicle type.

Of course, the protective hood 1, the separate covers 8 and the partial covers 4, 10 and 12 made of the preferred material can also be used for other objects to be protected, such as for example for construction or other machines, for plant parts, for small boats, ship superstructures, aircraft parts and the like.

Claims (14)

1. Protective hood ( 1 ) for motor vehicles, machines or the like, consisting of one or more assembled parts which are adapted to the overall external shape or the shape of individual parts of an object ( 2 ) to be protected, characterized in that the protective hood ( 1 ) is formed from one piece and/or is combined with one or more opening and closing partial covers ( 4 , 12 ) for movable, transparent and necessarily accessible parts ( 2 ") and/or with separate partial covers ( 10 ) for movable and removable parts ( 2 ''') and/or with separate covers ( 8 ) for protruding parts ( 2 ') and/or with removable separate outer pockets ( 14 ) for holding documents, that the protective hood ( 1 ) and/or the separate partial covers ( 4 , 10 , 12 ) and/or the separate covers ( 8 ) and/or the outer pockets ( 14 ) have trimming areas ( 3 ), the edges of which are fixed and held on the object to be protected ( 2 ) and/or on the protruding, movable, transparent, necessary accessible and/or removable parts ( 2 ', 2 " , 2 ''') via protruding material flaps and/or via receptacles ( 1 " ) in combination with heat-resistant fastening systems ( 5 ), profiles ( 6 ) and/or fastening means ( 11 ) and/or are connected to the opening and closing partial covers ( 4 , 12 ) via repeatedly opening and closing fasteners ( 7 ) and loosely envelop the object to be protected ( 2 ) and/or that movable parts ( 2 ") can be held in place when the partial covers ( 4 , 12 ) are closed or partially opened by spacers ( 13 ) arranged between the protective hood ( 1 ), the partial covers ( 4 , 12 ) and the object ( 2 ) . 12 ) can be moved without causing any damage and that the protective hood ( 1 ), the covers ( 8 ), the partial covers ( 4 , 10 , 12 ) and the outer pockets ( 14 ) are made of a material that is permeable to air, vapour and light from the inside and stable against UV rays from the outside, is alkali-resistant, water and dust-impermeable and can be printed on and/or the partial covers ( 4 , 12 ) and the outer pockets ( 14 ) are made at least partially of a transparent material. 2. Protective hood according to claim 1, characterized in that the material, which is permeable to air, vapor and light from the inside and stable against UV rays from the outside, alkali-resistant, water and dust-impermeable and printable, consists of a nonwoven fabric which is connected on one side to a needled film material via an adhesive, wherein the nonwoven fabric consists of a thermoplastic copolymer which is connected on one side to a needled film material made of plastic, also made of a thermoplastic copolymer, via an acrylic-based or one- or two-component-based cold or warm-curing adhesive or with a reactive or warm-curing adhesive, and that the nonwoven fabric is a glued or welded nonwoven fabric made of chemical and/or natural fibers, wherein the nonwoven fabric side loosely covers the surface of the object to be protected ( 2 ) and the side of the material provided with the needled film material faces the environment. 3. Protective hood according to claim 1, characterized in that the protective hood ( 1 ), the separate covers ( 8 ) and/or the partial covers ( 4 , 10 , 12 ) are formed by connections ( 1 ') to the object ( 2 ) or to the protruding, movable, transparent and/or removable parts ( 2 ', 2 ", 2 ''') of the object ( 2 ) and/or are equipped on the edges of trimming areas ( 3 ) with protruding material flaps, with receptacles ( 1 ") for fastening means ( 11 ), for repeatedly opening and closing closures ( 7 ), for heat-resistant fastening systems ( 5 ), profiles ( 6 ), and/or spacers ( 13 ). 4. Protective hood according to claim 1, characterized in that the opening and closing partial covers ( 4 , 12 ) are partially formed on the protective hood ( 1 ) and are provided with repeatedly opening and closing closures ( 7 ) on the edges of their cutting areas ( 3 ) and are connected via these to the edges of the cutting areas ( 3 ) of the protective hood ( 1 ) and that the partial covers ( 4 , 12 ) on movable, transparent and/or necessarily accessible parts ( 2 ") of the object ( 2 ) can be opened and closed by the closures ( 7 ), can be locked in the open state by fastening means ( 11 ) and can be easily closed again by gripping straps ( 15 ) and the closures ( 7 ). 5. Protective hood according to claim 1, characterized in that the separate covers ( 8 ) consist of a container composed of material parts, the opening of which can be closed or opened with a closure ( 8 ') on a protruding part ( 2 ') of the object ( 2 ) to be protected and/or that the cover ( 8 ) has elastic edges ( 8 ") through receptacles ( 1 ") equipped with rubber or other fastening means ( 11 ). 6. Protective hood according to claim 1, characterized in that the partial covers ( 10 ) consist of a material part which is adapted to the shape and size of movable or removable parts ( 2 ''') of the object ( 2 ) to be protected and are held thereon by folded-over edge regions ( 10 ') and are fixed and held on the object ( 2 ) and the parts ( 2 ''') by fastening means ( 11 ) and/or profiles ( 6 ). 7. Protective hood according to claim 1, characterized in that the repeatedly opening and closing fasteners ( 7 ) are adhesive, Velcro or zipper fasteners or lockable plastic profiles, which are fixed and held by adhesive or welded connections on the one hand to the edges of the trimmed areas ( 3 ) and on the other hand to the object to be protected ( 2 ) and/or to the free edges of the trimmed areas ( 3 ) of the repeatedly opening and closing partial covers ( 4 , 12 ) and the protective hood ( 1 ). 8. Protective hood according to claim 1, characterized in that fastening elements ( 11 ) are adhesive tapes, adhesive and fleece tapes connected to form Velcro fasteners, adhesives, rubbers, snap fasteners, eyelets, cords, hooks, ropes and that the profiles ( 6 ) are made of plastic or rubber. 9. Protective hood according to claim 1, characterized in that the heat-resistant fastening systems ( 5 ) in the region of heated parts of the object ( 2 ) consist of heat-resistant materials which are fixed and held by fastening means ( 11 ) on the object ( 2 ) and on the protective hood ( 1 ). 10. Protective hood according to claim 1, characterized in that the connections ( 1 ') are glued or welded, that the receptacles ( 1 ") are areas for receiving elastic bands, cords and other fastening means ( 11 ). 11. Protective hood according to claim 1, characterized in that the movable, transparent and/or necessarily accessible parts ( 2 ") are doors, flaps, hoods, windows, windscreen wipers, lifting windows and the like and the movable and removable parts ( 2 ''') are hardtops, softtops and the like on the object to be protected ( 2 ). 12. Protective hood according to claim 1, characterized in that the spacers ( 13 ) are arranged in additional receptacles on the inner surface of the protective hood ( 1 ) and/or the partial covers ( 4 , 10 , 12 ) and are slightly braced by fastening means ( 11 ) arranged in a force-fitting manner at the required location on the outer surface of the protective hood ( 1 ) and/or the partial covers ( 4 , 10 , 12 ) at two opposite locations of the object ( 2 ) of the protective hood ( 1 ) and/or the partial covers ( 4 , 10 , 12 ). 13. Protective hood according to claim 1, characterized in that the removable separate outer pockets ( 14 ) can be repeatedly opened and closed and can be repeatedly detached from the protective hood ( 1 ). 14. Protective hood according to claim 1, characterized in that the material, which is permeable to air, vapour and light from the inside and stable against UV rays from the outside, impermeable to water and dust, consists of a nonwoven fabric, is connected on one side to a needled film material via an adhesive and can be printed on, is used for protective hoods ( 1 ) in one piece, separate covers ( 8 ), partial covers ( 4 , 10 , 12 ) and/or the like, which are adapted to the overall external shape or the shape of individual parts of an object ( 2 ) to be protected.