CN1373036A - 用于制造纤维增强塑性材料的方法和设备 - Google Patents
用于制造纤维增强塑性材料的方法和设备 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种用于制造纤维增强塑性材料的方法,该方法使用了一种塑料挤出机,其中,冷的或经预热的浓缩棒粒、回收片料、散纤维或其他纤维材料颗粒通过一个导向筛和一个预热装置进入塑料挤出机的供料口,物料最好平行于挤压轴并且几乎相切于喂料轴进入,而且围绕着挤压轴向前推进并进入到螺杆体的圆柱孔内,此外,在供料口中,还同时将液态塑料膜输送到挤压轴/片上,并且将所述纤维材料放入/压入到液态塑料膜中,接着,在喂料和浸渍区段内部,还在挤压轴上以全面涂抹或整体涂抹的方式用液态塑料膜对所述纤维材料的单纤维进行湿润或浸润,随后引导到一个排出和输送区段中,并且作为可以继续加工的、纤维增强的塑料物料(塑性材料)排出。
Description
本发明涉及一种如权利要求1的前序部分所述的用于制造纤维增强塑性材料的方法。本发明还涉及一种如权利要求4的前序部分所述的用于实现所述方法的设备。
从德国专利文献DE19836787A1中已知一种这样的方法。该方法和其中所述的塑料挤出机在实践中是可用的。但对于特殊应用,特别是对于含有纤维的颗粒物料来说,还有改进的余地。
另外还已知,用于塑料连续挤压的原料是所谓的棒状颗粒,也就是目前大多用玻璃纤维增强的塑料棒粒。在这方面,所述的棒状颗粒通常为25mm长并且在缓慢旋转的单螺杆挤出机中熔化。在这方面,大型的挤出机对适合的熔化功率来说是必要的,因为要尽可能没有剪切能(耗损),而在很大程度上必须通过热传导使这些纤维塑料棒粒熔化。这种不受损的熔化需要以尽可能大的份额保持前面所述的原料纤维的长度。这种棒状颗粒涉及的是半成品,要用它调整制成品中的纤维含量。由于这种半成品的制造相当昂贵,因此近期有一种优选的方法是,在所谓的浓缩棒粒中使用尽可能高的纤维含量。这些浓缩棒粒随后在熔化挤出机中与廉价的塑料颗粒混合至构件中所需的纤维含量。这种方法虽然可以使材料的价格很便宜,但是,所述挤出机不能因此而变小,或是所述熔化功率无法因此而变大。
由于在实践中所要求的熔化功率总是涉及到具有较大材料容量的大型挤出机,因此还加大了纤维的损伤,并且在短循环时间中,有关塑化材料重量偏差和起动特性方面的性能也下降了。
另外还已知,为了将具有很小松装重量的无粘性材料喂入挤出机,通常要借助相当大的螺距和槽形套筒,以增强材料在敞开的喂料区域中的前进运动。
如果要将散料,如切割的纤维与在一个分离式挤出机中熔融的塑料结合在一起,公知的方式是,借助其中喂入了纤维的挤出机,在下游的封闭区域中,向熔融塑料中定量给入散料。而这种方式的缺点是,所述纤维和熔融塑料在相遇时并没有均匀混合,而是形成了纤维和塑料的聚积。必须在下游通过混合单元重新将这些聚积打散,以实现纤维的均匀混合和浸润。这就意味着在带混合单元的挤出机中需要相当长的停留时间,在已知的方法中,这就意味着纤维损伤和很大的材料容量。
在实验中,在挤出机的加料口中同时对熔融塑料和散料进行定量给料并进行混合时,将很快地形成粘合并因此形成交联,它们将阻止或中止定量给料。
本发明的任务在于提出一种方法,借助这一用于长纤维增强热塑材料(LFT)的塑性材料连续挤出法能够以高生产率对纤维散料(纤维材料)和塑料颗粒进行混合,可以在挤压系统中使材料份额最小化并且在熔化过程中使纤维的损伤最小化,并且还提出一种用于实现所述方法的具有塑料挤出机的设备,该设备具有相匹配的挤出机外壳几何形状,外壳带有进料口和所属的螺杆,以此避免上述缺点。
完成上述有关方法的任务的解决方案在于,在一个第一挤出机中,所述塑料颗粒最好在一个较高温度上被熔化,该温度为所需的塑化温度,在一个第二挤出机,即塑料挤出机的供料口中,熔融塑料和纤维材料汇合在一起,并且在塑料挤出机的喂料和浸渍区段内部,所述纤维材料继续均匀地埋入熔融塑料中,并且在排出和输送区段中被完全加热到塑化温度上,
其中,所述纤维材料在汇合之前的预热程度最好使其在尚未出现粘合时即顺利地定量给料到供料口中,并且所述纤维材料与熔融塑料一起,从与纤维材料接触的部位开始,以1/4至3/4的包角进入喂料轴的圆柱孔中,所述圆柱孔在此处的直径D加大了约2至20mm,最好是偏心布置。
完成上述有关设备的任务的解决方案在于,作为塑料挤出机1的同向运行双螺杆挤出机最好设置有大螺距的啮合螺杆,所述挤出机在喂料轴5的上方具有一个狭缝状供料口18,其中从所述供料口18向下并在喂料轴5的区域内,所述喂料轴5的圆柱孔在1/4至3/4的包角u处的直径D加大约2至20mm,最好是偏心布置并且布置在刮料边12的端部,接下来喂料轴5的外壳内孔3的直径减小到螺杆直径d。
优选之处特别在于,采用了一种同向运行的双螺杆挤出机,其中,在一个螺杆轴的上方具有一个狭缝状的、相当长的进料口。这个螺杆轴在下面的说明书中被称作喂料轴。在所述喂料轴区域内,所述螺杆的外壳的直径要按以下方式加大,以便熔融塑料带贴靠在螺杆片上相对于螺杆的外壳还具有自由空间。为了在转动过程中,在外壳的直径加大部分上,不会出现材料聚积在喂料轴的螺杆片上的现象,在新接收熔融塑料带之前,螺杆的外壳内孔减小到螺杆直径。这最好借助一个置入的刮料板来实现。为了在喂料区域中尽可能均匀地对散料和熔融塑料带/塑料膜进行混合,所述散料被设计成扁平状(没有形成堆积)进行供给,几乎以所述塑料带的宽度进行供给。在喂料区域中,最好使用具有相对较大螺距的啮合螺杆。
对于散料(例如浓缩棒粒、切割纤维、杂散纤维、颗粒或类似材料)的喂料来说,处在外壳内孔中的第二螺杆轴的区域最好不加大。
有利的方案还在于,在与浓缩棒粒或纤维材料汇合之前,加入浓缩棒粒并且将构件纤维含量所需的塑料熔化。就是说,用于混合材料的熔化热量在没有长纤维情况下被存储了。因此在该区域可以以很高的转速和很大的耗损运转。有利的方案还在于,所述塑料在一个较高的温度上被熔化,该温度为塑化所需的温度,并且所述纤维材料一直被预热到这样的温度上,在该温度上,所述材料还没有出现粘合的趋势并且仍然可以毫无问题地被定量给料。
与此同时,分别按照散料和构件纤维含量的纤维浓缩度,热量已经在很大程度上存在于材料中,因此,只要再向埋在液态塑料中的浓缩棒粒传热,就一定会实现熔化和温度平衡。
在具有很小的材料容量的挤出机中,在输送区段相当小的情况下会出现这种情况。同时采用同向运行的双螺杆挤出机是很有利的。根据纤维的组织结构和浸润性质,所述喂料区域内的直径加大部分或多或少地伸到双螺杆挤出机的下游封闭区域中。与此同时,加大了的圆柱直径最好呈螺旋状在螺杆的旋转方向上结束,从而使所述螺杆片在过渡到小直径部分时不会将纤维或棒粒切断。作为喂入松散料的另一种改进方案是,所述喂料侧的结构具有一个带刮料板的驱动辊或一个振动壁。此外所述辊还以等于或大于喂料轴的圆周速度被驱动,这样便可将所述颗粒物料喂入。为了进一步对喂入过程进行改进,所述挤出机外壳在加大的直径处还设置有一个锥形喂料区域。
本发明主题的其他优选措施和结构见从属权利要求和说明书及其附图。
其中:
图1是实现本发明所述方法的设备沿图2中B-B剖面的侧视图,
图2是本发明塑料挤出机沿图1中的A-A剖面的视图,
图3是图2所示的塑料挤出机,但具有较小包角u,
图4是图2所示的塑料挤出机,但在供料口中有喂料轴,并且
图5是图2所示的塑料挤出机,但具有进料口颚板。
图1是实现本发明所述方法的设备,它包括塑料挤出机1和塑料熔化挤出机30。在图2至5中所描述的本发明所述塑料挤出机1是具有长度L的双轴挤出机。如图1所示,塑料挤出机1的长度分成两个功能区域并且为此相应设计成一个喂料和浸渍区段m以及一个排出和输送区段n。在端部安装了一个出口喷嘴8用于最终产品24(纤维增强塑性材料)的成形排出。图2是沿图1中的A-A剖面的视图,显示了作为散料输入的纤维材料10喂入到供料口18中的情况。所述塑料挤出机1还包括在喂料和浸渍区段m上的具有外壳内孔2和3以及用于喂料轴5和同步轴4的挤压轴6和7的外壳25、具有用于排出和输送区段n的挤压轴4′和5′的内孔2′和3′的外壳26。根据图1,用于对塑料进行加工的塑料熔化挤出机30包括用于塑料颗粒供给的料斗19和塑料输送装置29。此外该塑料输送装置29还通过塑料输入装置28将加工好的塑料膜11输送到排出喷嘴13中。所述驱动装置20用于驱动挤压轴4/5和4′/5′。在生产过程中,所述的纤维材料10在输送运动中被输送到喂料通道27中并从此处借助所述塑料挤出机1的螺杆通过螺杆片9和螺杆底22朝产品排出方向输送。此外在同向旋转的双螺杆挤出机1中,在排出方向上,所述纤维材料10还与熔融塑料一起在从喂料轴5到同步轴4的方向上和相反的方向上进行移动。这就是说,所述纤维材料10以缠绕方式,根据给料宽度b,或多或少有所重叠地向出口喷嘴8的方向上输送。在这种滑动输送运动过程中,夹带有所述纤维材料10的液态塑料膜11摩擦进入到具有单纤维的纤维材料10中。如图1至5所示进一步可以见到的那样,所述纤维材料10以其宽度b进入到塑料挤出机1的供料口18的入口中,该宽度b平行于挤压轴6和7并且以1/4至3/4的圆周包角u大致相切于喂料轴5,物料从直径D加大了约2至20mm的、必要时偏心布置的外壳内孔3喂入。在供料口18中,液态塑料膜11直接被涂布到落下来的纤维材料10上,所述涂布是通过挤压从排出喷嘴13落到喂料轴5上的液态塑料膜11实现的。此外在喂料和浸渍区段m内部,还以全面涂抹的方式在挤压轴4和5上用液态塑料膜11对所述纤维材料10进行湿润或浸润。接下来,将被塑料膜完全浸透或完全润透的纤维材料10的单纤维从喂料和浸渍区段m引导到排出和输送区段n中,在此,在棒状颗粒情况下,要将其完全熔化并且进行纤维分布。根据纤维材料10的厚度S和塑料熔融体相适应的组成,适当的方式是,在直径加大的外壳内孔3的端部,借助一个刮料边12或刮料板21将所述纤维材料10压入到凹槽中以及压到喂料轴5的螺杆片23上。通过一个布置在供料口18中的喂料辊15可以使纤维材料10的喂料情况得到改善,见图4所示。
同样,如果喂料区域呈锥形扩大,也可以使纤维材料10向供料口18的喂料状况得到改善。根据图5,另一种有关纤维材料10无障碍进入到供料口18中的改进和一种对这一区域进行清洁的可能性在于,设置一个可移入和移出的进料口颚板16。该进料口颚板16相对于所述外壳25是绝热的,并且借助一个孔17可以进行加热和/或冷却,而且可以设定到一个大约在纤维材料10的粘合温度以下的温度上。此外,有利的方案是,所述进料口颚板16装备有一个振动式驱动装置,并且在供料口18后的下游区域,所述喂料轴5的缩小的直径d呈旋转方向上的螺旋状结束。
标号一览表1.塑料挤出机2.外壳内孔(浸渍部分)3.外壳内孔(浸渍部分)4.同步轴(浸渍部分)5.喂料轴(浸渍部分)6.挤压轴7.挤压轴8.出口喷嘴9.螺杆片10.纤维材料(散料)11.液态塑料膜12.刮料边13.排出喷嘴14.喂料区域15.喂料辊16.进料口颚板17.进料口颚板16上的孔18.供料口19.料斗20.驱动装置21.刮料板22.螺杆底23.螺杆片24.产品25.m段外壳26.n段外壳27.喂料通道28.通向排出喷嘴13的塑料输入装置29.塑料输送装置30.塑料熔化挤出机b给料宽度D加大的外壳直径d标准的外壳直径m喂料和浸渍区段n排出和输送区段L塑料挤出机的长度S纤维材料的厚度u包角
Claims (13)
1.用于制造纤维增强塑性材料的方法,该方法使用了一种塑料挤出机,其中,冷的或经预热的浓缩棒粒、回收片料、散纤维或其他纤维材料颗粒通过一个导向筛和一个预热装置进入塑料挤出机的供料口,物料最好平行于挤压轴并且几乎相切于喂料轴进入,而且围绕着挤压轴向前推进并进入到螺杆体的圆柱孔内,此外,在供料口中,还同时将液态塑料膜输送到挤压轴/片上,并且将所述纤维材料放入/压入到液态塑料膜中,接着,在喂料和浸渍区段内部,还在挤压轴上以全面涂抹或整体涂抹的方式用液态塑料膜对所述纤维材料的单纤维进行湿润或浸润,随后引导到一个排出和输送区段中,并且作为可以继续加工的、纤维增强的塑料物料(塑性材料)排出,本发明的特征在于:在一个第一挤出机中,所述塑料颗粒最好在一个较高温度上被熔化,该温度为所需的塑化温度,在一个第二挤出机,即塑料挤出机的供料口中,熔融塑料和纤维材料汇合在一起,并且在塑料挤出机的喂料和浸渍区段内部,所述纤维材料继续均匀地埋入熔融塑料中,并且在排出和输送区段中被完全加热到塑化温度上,
其中,所述纤维材料在汇合之前的预热程度最好使其在尚未出现粘合时即顺利地定量给料到供料口中,
并且所述纤维材料与熔融塑料一起,从与纤维材料接触的部位开始,以1/4至3/4的包角进入喂料轴的圆柱孔中,所述圆柱孔在此处的直径D加大了约2至20mm,最好是偏心布置。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:所述纤维材料是通过重力计量方式定量给料到供料口中的。
3.根据权利要求1和2所述的方法,其特征在于:所述纤维材料被设计成带状和扁平状供料并定量给料到塑料挤出机的一个狭缝状供料口中,均匀进入熔融塑料膜中。
4.一种用纤维材料和熔融塑料制造纤维增强塑性材料的设备,它包括一个塑料挤出机和一个塑料熔化挤出机,在通向塑料挤出机的输料线上设置有对所述纤维材料进行加热的加热装置,在塑料挤出机中设置有一个用于输入的纤维材料的浸渍装置,为进行混合,所述塑料挤出机包括一个带有两个孔和两个旋转驱动的挤压轴的外壳,其中在所述外壳内设置有一个用于将纤维材料输入到所述孔中的供料口,所述设备用于实现权利要求1至3所述的方法,其特征在于:作为塑料挤出机(1)的同向运行双螺杆挤出机最好设置有大螺距的啮合螺杆,所述挤出机在喂料轴(5)的上方具有一个狭缝状供料口(18),其中从所述供料口(18)向下并在喂料轴(5)的区域内,所述喂料轴(5)的圆柱孔在1/4至3/4的包角(u)处的直径(D)加大约2至20mm,最好是偏心布置并且布置在刮料边(12)的端部,接下来喂料轴(5)的外壳内孔(3)的直径减小到螺杆直径(d)。
5.根据权利要求4所述的设备,其特征在于:所述喂料区域(14)呈锥形扩大到喂料轴(5)上。
6.根据权利要求4所述的设备,其特征在于:根据纤维的组织结构和浸润性质,所述喂料区域(14)内的直径加大部分或多或少地伸到双螺杆挤出机(1)的下游封闭区域中。
7.根据权利要求4至6中一项或多项所述的设备,其特征在于:在供料口(18)的喂料区域(14)中设置一个带刮料板(21)的驱动喂料辊(15)。
8.根据权利要求4至7中一项或多项所述的设备,其特征在于:在散料喂料侧(16)设置一个可移入和移出的进料口颚板(16)。
9.根据权利要求4至8中一项或多项所述的设备,其特征在于:在进料口颚板(16)之后,所述加大的直径(D)在旋转方向上呈螺旋状结束。
10.根据权利要求4至9中一项或多项所述的设备,其特征在于:所述进料口颚板(16)相对于所述外壳(25)是绝热布置的。
11.根据权利要求4至10中一项或多项所述的设备,其特征在于:带有一个振动驱动装置的所述进料口颚板(16)是活动的。
12.根据权利要求4至11中一项或多项所述的设备,其特征在于:所述进料口颚板(16)的温度设定在所述纤维材料(10)的粘合温度以下。
13.根据权利要求4至12中一项或多项所述的设备,其特征在于:在供料口(18)中设置有可替换的刮料板(21)。
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| DE10152246A1 (de) * | 2001-10-23 | 2003-05-08 | Krauss Maffei Kunststofftech | Kunststoffverarbeitende Maschine zum Herstellen von faserbeladenen thermoplastischen Kunststoffprodukten |
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| JP5200477B2 (ja) * | 2007-10-05 | 2013-06-05 | Nok株式会社 | 押出機 |
| US7917438B2 (en) * | 2008-09-10 | 2011-03-29 | Expanse Networks, Inc. | System for secure mobile healthcare selection |
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| WO2011005706A2 (en) * | 2009-07-06 | 2011-01-13 | Boral Material Technologies Inc. | Fiber feed system for extruder for use in filled polymeric products |
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| WO2014168633A1 (en) | 2013-04-12 | 2014-10-16 | Boral Ip Holdings (Australia) Pty Limited | Composites formed from an absorptive filler and a polyurethane |
| CN104669646A (zh) * | 2013-11-30 | 2015-06-03 | 林世平 | 熔融共挤纤维毡增强多层复合板的制造设备及其使用方法 |
| US10428189B2 (en) | 2014-07-18 | 2019-10-01 | Chroma Color Corporation | Process and composition for well dispersed, highly loaded color masterbatch |
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| JP6172101B2 (ja) | 2014-09-25 | 2017-08-02 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 繊維強化樹脂成形体の製造方法 |
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| CN107576593A (zh) * | 2017-08-22 | 2018-01-12 | 巨石集团有限公司 | 一种玻璃纤维浸润性测试方法 |
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| CA3095942A1 (en) * | 2018-04-04 | 2019-10-10 | ProForm Innovation Pty Limited | Process for the manufacture of a textured protein foodstuff |
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| EP3974138A1 (en) | 2020-09-28 | 2022-03-30 | Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast- natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO | Method of producing long fibre thermoplastic material |
| WO2022066021A1 (en) | 2020-09-28 | 2022-03-31 | Nederlandse Organisatie Voor Toegepast-Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek Tno | Method and single screw extrusion system for long fibre thermoplastic material processing |
| JP2025014461A (ja) * | 2023-07-18 | 2025-01-30 | 株式会社日本製鋼所 | 繊維強化樹脂の射出成形装置および射出成形方法 |
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| DE4016784A1 (de) * | 1990-05-25 | 1991-11-28 | Werner & Pfleiderer | Extruder zum aufbereiten von kunststoff unter zufuehrung mindestens eines faserstranges |
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| SI1075377T1 (en) * | 1998-05-07 | 2003-12-31 | Ato Bv | Process and apparatus for continuously manufacturing composites of polymer and cellulosic fibres |
| DE19836787A1 (de) * | 1998-08-13 | 2000-02-17 | Dieffenbacher Gmbh Maschf | Verfahren und Plastifizierextruder zur Herstellung von faserverstärkten Kunststoffmassen |
| DE19959525A1 (de) | 1999-12-09 | 2001-06-13 | Bayer Ag | Katalysatoren auf Basis Edelmetall- und Titan-haltiger, organisch-anorganisch Hybridmaterialien zur selektiven Oxidation von Kohlenwasserstoffen |
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- 2000-11-30 DE DE2000159525 patent/DE10059525A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2001
- 2001-11-29 CN CNB011456620A patent/CN1226129C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-11-30 PT PT01128630T patent/PT1211045E/pt unknown
- 2001-11-30 DE DE50112366T patent/DE50112366D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-11-30 AT AT01128630T patent/ATE359903T1/de active
- 2001-11-30 US US09/997,253 patent/US6776596B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-11-30 EP EP20010128630 patent/EP1211045B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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| CN114222655A (zh) * | 2019-08-08 | 2022-03-22 | 艾姆3D有限公司 | 挤出用于增材制造构件的纤维增强塑料材料的方法和挤出装置 |
| US12186975B2 (en) | 2019-08-08 | 2025-01-07 | Aim3D Gmbh | Method and extrusion apparatus for extrusion of fiber-reinforced plastic material for the additive manufacture of a component |
| CN114851499A (zh) * | 2022-05-23 | 2022-08-05 | 南京凯驰机械有限公司 | 一种锥形双螺杆挤出压片机节能机构 |
| CN114851499B (zh) * | 2022-05-23 | 2024-05-17 | 南京凯驰机械有限公司 | 一种锥形双螺杆挤出压片机节能机构 |
| CN115180224A (zh) * | 2022-07-18 | 2022-10-14 | 巩义市泛锐熠辉复合材料有限公司 | 一种片材纤维毡自动化浸渍、收片的装置及方法 |
| CN115180224B (zh) * | 2022-07-18 | 2023-08-08 | 巩义市泛锐熠辉复合材料有限公司 | 一种片材纤维毡自动化浸渍、收片的装置及方法 |
| CN118635303A (zh) * | 2024-08-16 | 2024-09-13 | 烟台大学 | 一种铝基复合材料型材热挤压装置及方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE50112366D1 (de) | 2007-05-31 |
| CN1226129C (zh) | 2005-11-09 |
| EP1211045A2 (de) | 2002-06-05 |
| US20020089082A1 (en) | 2002-07-11 |
| PT1211045E (pt) | 2007-07-27 |
| ATE359903T1 (de) | 2007-05-15 |
| DE10059525A1 (de) | 2002-06-06 |
| EP1211045A3 (de) | 2003-05-21 |
| US6776596B2 (en) | 2004-08-17 |
| EP1211045B1 (de) | 2007-04-18 |
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