CN101926997A - 血管紧张素ⅱ受体拮抗剂,特别是替米沙坦用于提高胰岛素敏感性的用途 - Google Patents
血管紧张素ⅱ受体拮抗剂,特别是替米沙坦用于提高胰岛素敏感性的用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101926997A CN101926997A CN2010102582634A CN201010258263A CN101926997A CN 101926997 A CN101926997 A CN 101926997A CN 2010102582634 A CN2010102582634 A CN 2010102582634A CN 201010258263 A CN201010258263 A CN 201010258263A CN 101926997 A CN101926997 A CN 101926997A
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Abstract
本发明涉及血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂用于治疗被诊断为2型真性糖尿病或怀疑有前驱糖尿病的人,用于预防糖尿病或用于治疗血压正常患者的代谢综合症和胰岛素抗性的用途。
Description
本申请是中国发明申请(发明名称:血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂,特别是替米沙坦用于提高胰岛素敏感性的用途;申请号:200480022096.6;申请日:2004年07月24日)的分案申请。
技术领域
背景技术
2型真性糖尿病是两种病理生理学现象的病征,即由胰腺β细胞的胰岛素的分泌减少和目标器官肝、骨骼肌肉系统和脂肪组织的胰岛素抗性。通常存在这两种成分的复合性病变。这疾病被诊断为空腹-高血糖症,即禁食10-12小时后血糖浓度超过125mg葡萄糖/dl血浆的极限值。通过噻唑烷二酮(格列酮Glitazone)物质类的化合物可以有效治疗明显的2型糖尿病。这些化合物改善循环的胰岛素的利用,因此使血糖值下降(胰岛素敏感剂)。同时,通过反馈机理,较高胰岛素量得到降低,从而减轻胰腺负担。诸如曲格列酮(Troglitazone)、洛斯格列酮(Rosiglitazone)或皮奥格列酮(Pioglitazone)等胰岛素敏感剂通过结合到称为PPAR-γ(过氧化物酶体增生剂活化的受体,Peroxisomal Proliferator Activated Receptor)的特定核受体上而发挥作用。这些作为转录控制剂影响一系列对葡萄糖代谢和脂质代谢有意义的基因。通过这些功能,诸如前列腺素或合成的噻唑烷二酮(格列酮)的PPAR-γ配体有助于治疗2型糖尿病。通过PPAR-γ配体使葡萄糖下降的主要机理是诱导脂肪细胞的分化。通过PPAR-γ配体引起的强化脂肪细胞分化和脂肪组织改型使得骨骼-肌肉系统的游离的脂肪酸改变或再分配为脂肪组织,从而提高了肌肉中的葡萄糖代谢。
由于在诊断时,例如每两个2型糖尿病患者表明都有一个冠心病症状,因此认为,复合性物质代谢异常中增加的糖尿病原因可以推测表现为一系列危险因素,如葡萄糖耐性紊乱、空腹血糖升高、胰岛素抗性、高血压、脂质障碍(Dyslipidamle)或躯体肥胖症。对于具有高甘油三酯血症和低HDL-胆固醇的患者而言,胰岛素抗性的普遍性 是特别明显的。称之为前驱2型糖尿病、代谢综合症、综合症X或胰岛素抗性综合症。在第一阶段,目标器官的胰岛素应答降低造成胰腺的胰岛素分泌升高,以便血糖水平保持在正常范围内。多年的过高或升高的胰岛素产量后,造成胰腺β细胞的胰岛素流出量不能进一步升高。从而开始病变的葡萄糖耐性阶段。生物体不再能足够快地吸收葡萄糖峰值。最终空腹血糖值持续较高,则表现为糖尿病。
WO95/06410公开了血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂用于治疗包括系统性自身免疫疾病的慢性炎症的用途。糖尿病是系统性自身免疫疾病众多实例之一。该自身免疫疾病属于1型真性糖尿病,大多出现在30岁以下年轻人中,其中,具有相应的遗传素质,在不同因素影响下,随着随后发生β-细胞异常而产生胰岛炎,结果胰腺更少地产生或不能产生胰岛素。2型真性糖尿病不被视为自身免疫疾病。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种药物,该药物既可以用于治疗明显的2型糖尿病,也可以用于治疗前驱糖尿病的复合性物质代谢异常的最初症状,因此能用于预防2型真性糖尿病。在本发明范围内,现在令人惊讶地发现,少数几种血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂及其盐除了已知的降低血压作用外,在细胞系统中还可以增强基因表达,已知该基因的转录受PPARγ受体控制。还公开了治疗和预防2型糖尿病、代谢综合症和胰岛素抗性的新治疗方法。为了保证可比较的条件,在本发明范围内,借助稳定转化(transormierten)的 细胞系(参见实施例2)观察并量化这种作用。在此涉及CHO-细胞,其是具有两种基因构型的转化结果。第一种构型编码由Photinus pyralis的荧光素酶基因(de Wet JR,Mol Cell Biol(1987)7:725),它是在具有五次重复酵母Gal4-结合位点(参见基因库-序列AF058756)的合成启动子控制下进行。第二种构型编码由人PPARγ2转录因子(参见基因库-序列U79012)的配体结合域以及酵母GAL4DNA结合域(氨基酸1-147;Sadowski I,Nucleic Acids Res(1989)17:7539)所组成的融合蛋白。
已知由用作抗糖尿病药的噻唑烷二酮(例如,洛斯格列酮)对PPARγ控制的基因转录进行诱导,并通过其结合到PPARγ受体上及其活化而起作用。本文所用的测试系统范围内,该作用可以对作为转化的细胞系的诱导的荧光素酶活性的作用进行量化。与预期相反,血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂对荧光素酶活性的诱导不是通过活性物质结合到受体PPARγ上实现的。该诱导对于活性物质替米沙坦而言是特别突出的。在不同测试系统中不能证实例如替米沙坦结合到PPARγ受体上。因此认为,当不存在高亲合性的合成PPARγ-配体时,通过血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂如替米沙坦引起提高辅因子蛋白对PPARγ的亲合性也还可以进行辅因子蛋白的补充。这导致由该辅因子介导的对受PPARγ受体控制的基因转录的活化。由于该基因的诱导与噻唑烷二酮的抗糖尿病作用有关,因此由此认为,通过血管紧张素11受体拮抗剂如替米沙坦诱导同一基因可以发挥可比较的抗糖尿病作用。因此该活性物质不仅适于治疗高血压,而且还适于治疗和预防2型真性糖尿病。
发现血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂及其盐的这种新治疗作用意味着其可以用于制备一种药物,该药物用于治疗被诊断为2型真性糖尿病或怀疑有前驱糖尿病的人,用于预防糖尿病或用于治疗血压正常患者的代谢综合症和胰岛素抗性。其特别适合于治疗和预防2型糖尿病和前驱2型糖尿病。包括治疗和预防代谢综合症、综合症X或胰岛素抗性综合症。对于本发明范围内待治疗的人而言,虽然前面主要介绍治疗或预防人类,但所使用的活性物质和活性物质组合物还可以相应地用于兽医学中的哺乳动物。
2型真性糖尿病表现为在空腹血糖值超过125mg葡萄糖/dl血浆,其中,测定血中葡萄糖值是医学常规分析的标准方法。如果进行葡萄糖耐性测试,则空腹摄入75g葡萄糖2小时后,糖尿病人的血糖值超过200mg葡萄糖/d1血浆。在葡萄糖耐性测试中,待测试的病人在禁食10-12小时后口服75g 葡萄糖,并立即检查摄入葡萄糖前以及摄入后1或2小时的血糖值。对于健康人,该血糖值在摄入前为60~110mg/dl血浆,摄入后1小时低于200mg/dl,2小时后低于140mg/dl。如果2小时后该值为140~200mg,则可视为葡萄糖耐性异常。
存在前驱糖尿病的特别明显标志是可被证实为胰岛素抗性。所以,若要保持葡萄糖同源平衡则所需胰岛素的量是其他人的2-3倍量,否则就会出现直接的病理现象。血糖正常-血胰岛素过多夹具(Clamp)-测试是最有效的确定胰岛素抗性的方法。在组合的胰岛素-葡萄糖-注输技术范围内测定胰岛素与葡萄糖的比例。如果葡萄糖摄取低于受试背景群体的25%,则说明有胰岛素抗性(WHO定义)。比该夹具-试验化费更低的是所谓的最小模型,该模型中,在静脉内葡萄糖耐性测试过程中,以确定的时间间隔测量血中胰岛素浓度和葡萄糖浓度,从而计算胰岛素抗性。另一种测定方法是数学HOMA模型。通过空腹血浆-葡萄糖和空腹胰岛素浓度计算胰岛素抗性。在这些方法范围内不能区分肝和外周的胰岛素抗性。这些方法很少适用于评价日常实际中的胰岛素抗性。在日常临床中,通常引入其他参数来评估胰岛素抗性。为此,优选引入例如患者的甘油三酯浓度,因为升高的甘油三酯水平与胰岛素抗性的存在是明显相关的。
实际中,为了简便起见,如果具有至少2种以下特征,则认为该人为胰岛素抗性:
1)超重或肥胖
2)高血压
3)血脂异常(血中总脂质含量改变)
4)至少有一个被诊断为葡萄糖耐性异常或2型糖尿病的近亲。
文中超重是指,身体质量指数(BMI)在25和30kg/m2之间,其中BMI以kg表示的体重与以米表示的身高平方的商。肥胖时,BMI大于30kg/m2。
从以上胰岛素抗性定义可以直接看出,如果确定患者特别是有高血压性状,则为了对其治疗,降血压剂是适合并有效的。现在本发明的结果是,有几种血管紧张素II受体抑制剂,其中尤其是替米沙坦,由于其PPAR-γ活化性质的优选是降血压剂,如果确定患者没有高血压而是血压正常时,其还适于治疗胰岛素抗性。因此可以使用替米沙坦治疗2型糖尿病人,同时用于治疗或支持性治疗血脂异常。常规剂量的替米沙坦起到明显减小 LDL-胆固醇、总胆固醇和/或甘油三酯的血浆值的作用。
由于胰岛素抗性被认为是引起血压逐渐升高的状况,所以可以用替米沙坦进行治疗,尽管血压值正常,则被视为预防高血压。
前驱糖尿病的类似标志是符合代谢综合症的条件,其主要特征是胰岛素抗性。按照ATP IHINCEP指南(Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program(NCEP)im Journal of the American Medical Association 285:2486-2497,2001),如果患者具有至少3种以下特征,则说明有代谢综合症:
1)腹部肥胖,定义为,男性腰围>40英寸或102cm,女性>35寸或94cm
2)甘油三酯值>150mg/dl
3)男性HDL-胆固醇值<40mg/dl
4)高血压>130/>85mm Hg
5)空腹血糖>110mg/dl
从该代谢综合症定义可以直接看出,如果确定患者特别是有高血压,则为了对其治疗,降血压剂是适合的。现在本发明的结果是,有几种血管紧张素II受体抑制剂,但尤其是替米沙坦,由于其PPAR-γ活化性质的优选是降血压剂,如果确定患者没有高血压时,其还适于治疗胰岛素抗性。由于代谢综合症也被认为是引起血压逐渐升高的状况,所以可以用替米沙坦进行治疗,尽管血压值正常,则同样可被视为预防高血压。
如果空腹血糖值超过最大正常值110mg葡萄糖/d1血浆,但不超过与糖尿病相关的极限值125mg葡萄糖/dl血浆,则也可怀疑有前驱糖尿病。前驱糖尿病另一标志是葡萄糖耐性异常,即,在葡萄糖耐性测试范围内,空腹摄入75g葡萄糖后2小时,血糖值为140-200mg葡萄糖/dl血浆。
甘油三酯的血液值大于150mg/dl也可以认为存在前驱糖尿病。低的HDL-胆固醇血液值加强了这种怀疑。女性低于40mg/dl血浆的值,男性低于50mg/dl血浆的值被认为是太低。测定血中甘油三酯和HDL-胆固醇同样属于医学分析中的标准方法,并描述于例如:Thomas L(Hrsg.):Labor und Diagnose″,TH-Books Verlagsgesellschaft mbH,Frankfurt/Main,2000中。此外,如果空腹血糖值超过110mg葡萄糖/dl血浆,则更确定对前驱糖尿病的怀疑。如果测得的血液值在极限值范围内,则可以将腰围与臀围之比作为附加的辅助判断。若该比值女性超过0.8或者男性超过1,则表明需进行治 疗。
如果还必须治疗高血压,则特别指出,血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂可用于治疗糖尿病或可能的前驱糖尿病。如果收缩血压值超过140mm Hg并且舒张血压值超过90mm Hg,就是这种情形。如果一个病人已经患有明显糖尿病,现在推荐要将收缩血压值降到130mm Hg以下,并且将舒张血压值降到80mm Hg以下。为了达到上述值,视各自的具体情况,可以组合使用血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂与利尿剂或钙拮抗剂。术语“利尿剂“包括噻嗪或噻嗪类似物,如盐酸噻嗪(HCTZ)、氯哌酰胺、希帕酰胺或氯噻酮、醛固酮-拮抗剂,如螺内酯或依普利酮(Eplerenone),还有其他适合治疗高血压的利尿剂,如呋喃苯胺酸和苯吡磺苯酸(Piretanide),以及他们与阿米洛利(Amiloride)和三氨蝶啶(triamterene)组合使用。
本发明表明,对于因高血压而要治疗的人,如果需预防糖尿病发展或者治疗明显的糖尿病,则血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂如替米沙坦总是可取的。
所有高血压(继发性高血压)情况中只有10%可以确定可查明的原因,例如肾病。通过治疗并排除该原因,通常可以消除继发性高血压。但是所有情况的近90%是原发性高血压,还不知道其准确原因,因而不可能直接治愈。可以通过改变生活习惯和正确的治疗而减小高血压的负面影响。看来,不同的或共同出现的各种危险因素的协同作用导致高血压。特别是,观察到高血压与脂肪代谢和糖代谢异常同时出现的情形。这些异常最初经常是不明显的,但可以由甘油三酯和葡萄糖较高的血液值以及HDL-胆固醇较低的血液值而获悉。在发展阶段中,从逐渐增加的肥胖也有助于看出。这些异常可以由胰岛素抗性增加进行解释。胰岛素有效性越小,脂肪代谢和糖代谢就越混乱。所有这些异常的组合最终增加了患有糖尿病以及过早死于心脏病或血管病的可能性。
由此推测,世界范围内大约三分之一的成人其营养供应过量发生高血压以及脂肪和糖代谢异常一起出现的情形,并且该数量还在增加。因此需要一种药物,该药物在此情况下有助于在尽可能早期阶段延缓或停止所述物质代谢异常的发展,同时避免高血压的有害健康的影响。
本发明还公开一种药物,其不但可以用于治疗高血压,也可以用于治疗明显的2型糖尿病或者前驱糖尿病的复合性物质代谢异常的初期症状。因此,本发明还包括对因高血压受治疗的患者的糖尿病预防。因此,如果 存在前驱糖尿病的上述症状,则立刻使用合适的血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂如替米沙坦以控制血压,从而可以延缓或避免出现明显2型糖尿病。
在本发明范围内合适的血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂是这样的化合物,在体外测试(参见实施例1)中可以排除其结合到PPARγ配体结合域上,而在其细胞上,即,在加入稳定转化的PPARγ-报导子(reporter)细胞系到培养基中后,其激活同样稳定转染的荧光素酶基因的表达(参见实施例3)。
合适的血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂还显示
●在体外没有结合到人PPARγ受体的配体结合域上,但
●如果将其加入到稳定转化的PPARγ-报导子细胞系的培养基中,则诱导荧光素酶活性,该细胞系
a)表达一种由人PPARγ转录因子的配体结合域以及酵母GAL4DNA结合域组成的融合蛋白,并且
b)含有一种在五次重复的酵母Gal4-结合位点控制下的荧光素酶基因。
在实施例2中描述了这种PPARγ-报导子细胞系的制备。
如果在α筛选(Ullmann EF等人,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA(1994)91:5426-5430)中不能检测,则在体外没有结合到人PPARγ2受体配体结合域上。代替α筛选,还可以进行SPA-试验(Mukherjee R等人,J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol(2002)81:217-225)或NMR-试验(Johnson BA等人,J Mol Biol(2000)298:187-194)。通常这些方法没有一个可以检测结合到受体上。
在WO 95/26188的7-18页详细列出血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂。此外血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂还描述在EP-A-253310、EP-A-323841、EP-A-324377、EP-A-420237、EP-A-443983、EP-A-459136、EP-A-475206、EP-A-502314、EP-A-504888、EP-A-514198、WO 91/14679、WO 93/20816、US 4355040和US 4880804中。经常提及的实施方式是沙坦类,如坎地沙坦(Candesartan)、艾扑沙坦(Eprosartan)、依贝沙坦(ibesartan)、氯沙坦(Losartan)、奥米沙坦(Olmesartan)、特索沙坦(Tasosartan)、替米沙坦(telmisartan)或缬沙坦(Valsartan)。作为在本发明范围内特别优选的是依贝沙坦、氯沙坦和替米沙坦。用替米沙坦及其盐明确可以达到最好效果。制得的给药剂型含有当量为20-200mg,优选20、40、80、120、160或200mg的活性物质游离酸。如果活性物质与HCTZ或氯噻酮组合,则给药剂型含有10-50mg,优选50、 25或12.5mg的利尿剂。
本发明范围内公开的各血管紧张素II拮抗剂的有利活性,就活性物质替米沙坦而言是特别突出的。组合使用血管紧张素II受体抑制剂与一种或多种其他治疗性活性物质看来是合适的或必须的,替米沙坦是优选的血管紧张素II受体抑制剂,因为其以单独的活性物质组合了具有降血压和代谢活性,例如抗糖尿病活性,还有助于预防糖尿病。由于该原因,由替米沙坦与诸如辛伐他汀(Simvastatin)或阿伐他汀(Atorvastatin)的HMG-Co A还原酶抑制剂所配制的活性物质组合物,在治疗心血管病、心肺病、肺病或肾病中,而且在治疗血脂异常、骨质疏松或阿尔茨海默病中,构成了一种重大的发展。替米沙坦与洛斯格列酮或皮奥格列酮或瑞格列奈(Repaglinide)或二甲双胍(Metformin)或DPP4抑制剂的活性物质组合物还适用于糖尿病治疗中。而且在用肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)抑制剂与钙拮抗剂如氨氯地平(Amlodipine)或硝苯地平(Nifedipine)或者醛固酮拮抗剂如螺内酯或依普利酮(eplerenone)组合治疗高血压时,必须视替米沙坦为优选的RAS抑制剂。与醛固酮拮抗剂如依普利酮的组合物用于治疗或预防心脏衰弱或心肌梗塞也是一种重大的发展。
除了高血压外,脂肪代谢异常(血脂异常)和真性糖尿病还意味着较高中风危险,所以替米沙坦还结合血小板-聚集抑制剂如氯吡格雷(Clopidogrel)或双嘧达莫(潘生丁,Dipyridamol),必要时另外组合乙酰水杨酸(ASA),是一种优选的组合搭配剂,特别用于预防中风。为此目的,可以以50~750mg,优选100~500mg,特别是200~450mg的剂量使用双嘧达莫。可以以10~200mg,优选25~100mg,特别是30~75mg的剂量使用ASA。
因此,本发明另一主题是药物组合物及其制备,该组合物包括与以下组合的替米沙坦或其一种盐
●氨氯地平或硝苯地平,
●依普利酮或螺内酯,
●辛伐他汀或阿伐他汀,
●洛斯格列酮或皮奥格列酮或瑞格列奈(Repaglinide)或二甲双胍,
●双嘧达莫或氯吡格雷,必要时组合乙酰水杨酸,
●磺酰脲,
●醛固酮拮抗剂,
●HMG-Co A还原酶抑制剂,
●DPP4抑制剂或
●血小板-聚集抑制剂。
该配制的活性物质组合物中通常添加有一种或多种配方助剂,例如,甘露糖醇、山梨糖醇、木糖醇、蔗糖、碳酸钙、磷酸钙、乳糖、交联羧甲基纤维素钠盐(纤维素羧基甲基醚钠盐,交联的)、交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、羟基乙酸淀粉钠、羟基丙基纤维素(低取代的)、玉米淀粉,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、乙烯吡咯烷酮与其他乙烯基衍生物的共聚物(Copovidone)、羟基丙基纤维素、羟基丙基甲基纤维素、微晶纤维素或淀粉、硬脂酸镁、硬脂基富马酸钠、滑石、羟基丙基甲基纤维素、羧基甲基纤维素、醋酸邻苯二甲酸纤维素、聚乙烯基乙酸酯、水、水/乙醇、水/甘油、水/山梨糖醇、水/聚乙二醇、丙二醇、鲸蜡基硬脂基醇、羧基甲基纤维素,或含脂肪的物质,例如硬脂或其合适的混合物,以常规的盖伦氏制剂,如片剂、糖衣剂、胶囊、粉末、悬浮液或栓剂进行加工。
片剂例如,通过混合一种或多种活性物质与一种或多种助剂,并且随后进行压制,而制得。该片剂还可以由多层组成。助剂的实例是
●惰性稀释剂,如甘露糖醇、山梨糖醇、木糖醇、蔗糖、碳酸钙、磷酸钙和乳糖;
●崩解剂,如交联羧甲基纤维素钠盐(纤维素羧基甲基醚钠盐,交联的)、交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、羟基乙酸淀粉钠、羟基丙基纤维素(低取代的)和玉米淀粉;
●粘合剂,如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、乙烯吡咯烷酮与其他乙烯基衍生物的共聚物(Copovidone)、羟基丙基纤维素、羟基丙基甲基纤维素、微晶纤维素或淀粉;
●润滑剂,如硬脂酸镁、硬脂基富马酸钠和滑石;
●用于实现存放目的的试剂,如羟基丙基甲基纤维素、羧基甲基纤维素、醋酸邻苯二甲酸纤维素和聚乙烯基乙酸酯;和
●药物允许的着色剂,如有色的铁氧化物。
阻断固酮可以降低具有明显心脏衰弱的患者的死亡率和发病率。因症状性心脏衰弱和左心室机能不全的患有心肌梗塞并采用ACE抑制剂、血管紧张素受体拮抗剂、利尿剂或β-阻断剂治疗的患者,可以表明,用选择性 醛固酮阻断剂依普利酮另外治疗可以增加其存活机会,并导致随后减少去医院(NEJM 348:1309-1321,2003)。在被研究的患者组中也包括(miterfasst)糖尿病患者,其虽然存在左心室机能不全,但没有症状性心脏衰弱,对于这组患者而言,心血管情形的危险与具有左心室机能不全和症状性心脏衰弱患者的危险同样大。鉴于此,所以本文公开的血管紧张素II受体阻断剂替米沙坦的抗糖尿病作用意味着,其与依普利酮组合在其后治疗心肌梗塞时特别对那些已经患有糖尿病以及有时有糖尿病性蛋白尿症,或者怀疑为前驱糖尿病的患者是必要的。因此本发明的主题还在于药物给药剂型,其中组合两种活性物质替米沙坦和依普利酮,例如当量为40-320mg,优选80或160mg的替米沙坦,和当量为20-200mg,优选25或50mg的依普利酮。一种优选的给药剂型是两层片剂。为了治疗这种同时具有血脂异常症状(例如高甘油三酯血症或高胆固醇血症)的患者,以常规剂量2.5-40mg,优选5、10、15、20、25、30、35或40mg的降脂剂诸如辛伐他汀或阿伐他汀的额外组合物常常是有意义的。替米沙坦、依普利酮和阿伐他汀或辛伐他汀的相应制剂例如可以制成三层片剂。特别是以D90粒径为25-400微米的微粉化形式使用活性物质依普利酮(参见WO 00/33847)。
二甲双胍是一种有效的抗糖尿病药,其主要作用是通过降低糖尿病人肝中过高的葡萄糖产量而实现的。在真性糖尿病的治疗观察中,HbAlc-值、一种血红蛋白B-链的非酶催甘油化的产物具有突出意义。由于其形成主要取决于血糖水平和红细胞寿命,所以“血糖记忆”的意义中HbAlc反映在过去4-6周的平均血糖水平。糖尿病患者,其HbAl c-值通过强化的糖尿病治疗得到持久良好调节(即在试样中<6.5%的总血红蛋白),在糖尿病性微血管病出现之前得到明显更好的保护。对于糖尿病人,二甲双胍单独可达到1.0-1.5%量级的HbAl c值的平均改善。该HbAl c值的的降低不是对所有糖尿病人都足以达到所希望的<6.5%目标范围,优选<6%的HbAlc。因此,为了增强二甲双胍的作用,需要采取另外治疗措施。
在本发明范围内令人惊讶地发现,替米沙坦起到PPAR-γ活化剂的作用。因此替米沙坦具有提高脂肪-、肌肉-和肝组织的胰岛素敏感性的潜力,由此可以使血糖下降。这使得替米沙坦成为抗糖尿病药如二甲双胍或瑞格列奈(促进从胰腺β细胞释放胰岛素)特别合适的组合搭配剂,因为其作用基于另外的作用原理,从而有利于增强该活性物质的作用方式。瑞格列奈和替米 沙坦的组合的制剂例如含有当量为0.25~5mg,优选0.25~2mg,特别优选0.5或1或2mg的瑞格列奈,和当量为40-320mg,优选80或160mg替米沙坦。
替米沙坦和二甲双胍的组合物特别适合肥胖的2型糖尿病人,因为,一方面,二甲双胍不同于另一种口服的抗糖尿病药,不引起体重增加,另一方面,替米沙坦降低胰岛素抗性是其最重要的特征,并是2型糖尿病人较高血糖水平的起因。对于多数肥胖的2型糖尿病人以及前驱糖尿病人而言,如果确定血压升高,其也属于代谢综合症的标准。对于该患者组,替米沙坦是一种优选的抗高血压药,其另一性质是作为胰岛素敏感剂与一种有效的抗糖尿病药如二甲双胍有利地一起起作用,以便同时并同样地治疗以下疾病的不同方面:2型糖尿病、前驱2型糖尿病或代谢综合症或胰岛素抗性。通过补充加入替米沙坦可以额外改善HbAlc值,达到等级0.25-2%,优选0.25-1%,特别优选0.25-0.5%。此外,改善HbAlc值小于总血红蛋白0.25%意味着对治疗2型糖尿病人是有意义的帮助;但目前不能进行测量。如UKPDS(United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study)研究表明,降低过高的血压和降血糖疗法一样也是有效的,从而降低2型糖尿病人后期并发症,如肾病、神经病、视网膜病,以及所有大血管 并发症。因此,提供的替米沙坦与二甲双胍的组合是一种对于降低或者甚至防止糖尿病的严重后果主要贡献。
二甲双胍和替米沙坦的组合制剂含有例如当量的450-900mg,优选500或850mg的二甲双胍,和当量的40-320mg,优选80或160mg的替米沙坦。二甲双胍盐酸盐有良好溶解性,可以毫无问题地与助剂如粘合剂和润滑剂进行配制。一种优选的给药剂型是两层片剂。以以下的量形成优选的活性物质量和助剂量的组合:
表1:具有80mg替米沙坦的片剂
表2:具有160mg替米沙坦的片剂
瑞格列奈和替米沙坦组合的制剂含有例如当量的0.25~5mg,优选0.25~2mg,特别优选0.5或1或2mg的瑞格列奈,和当量的40-320mg,优选80或160mg的替米沙坦。
具体实施方式
实施例:
实施例1:替米沙坦、氯沙坦和依贝沙坦在体外没有结合到PPARγ配体结合域上
在大肠杆菌中制备含有人PPARγ-配体结合域(LBD)的蛋白质,作为GST-融合蛋白,并用亲合性色谱法进行纯化。
经过在表达载体pGEX-4T-1(Amersham)中另外导入限制性切割位点BamH I和Xho I,亚克隆一DNA片段,其编码人PPARγ2-转录因子的氨基酸205-505(参见基因库-进入U79012),并控制片段的序列。在25℃下,用0.2mM IPTG诱导4小时后,在推荐用于pGEX载体的大肠杆菌-菌种BL21(DE3)中,进行融合蛋白的表达。诱导后紧接着使细菌沉淀,并在PBS、pH7.4中分批冷冻(weggefroren)。依French Press的说明,通过GSTrap-柱(Pharmacia)纯化溶解的GST-PPARγ-LBD-融合蛋白。加入20mM还原的谷胱甘肽进行洗脱。
通过HiTrap脱盐柱(Pharmacia)对GST-PPARγ-LBD-蛋白质分馏以除盐,用标准试验法测定蛋白质浓度。
在大肠杆菌中制备含有人RXRα-配体结合域(LBD)的蛋白质,作为Histag-融合蛋白,并用亲合性色谱法纯化。经过在表达载体pET28c(Novagen)中另外导入限制性切割位点BamH I和Not I,亚克隆一DNA片段,其编码人RXRα-转录因子的氨基酸220-461(参见基因库-进入NM_002957,nt729-1457),并控制片段的序列。在25℃下,用0.2mM IPTG诱导4小时后,在推荐用于pET载体的大肠杆菌-菌种BL21(DE3)中,进行融合蛋白的表达。表达后紧接着使细菌沉淀,并在PBS、pH7.4中分批冷冻。依French Press的说明,通过HiTrap螯合柱(Pharmacia)纯化溶解的His-RXRα-LBD-融合蛋白。通过500mM咪唑-步骤(stufe)进行洗脱。通过HiTrap脱盐柱(Pharmacia)对His-RXRα-LBD-蛋白质分馏进行除盐,用标准试验法测定蛋白质浓度。
a)α筛选
α筛选-试验最初描述在Ullmann EF等人,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA(1994)91:5426-5430中。本实施例中按照Glickman JF等人,J Biomol Screen(2002)7:3-10的描述进行测量。试验-缓冲液是由25mM Hepes pH7.4、100mMNaCl、1mM DTT、0.1%Tween-20、0.1%BSA组成的。3nM GST-PPARγ-LBD-融合蛋白、15nM辅因子CBP的生物素化LXXLL-肽(相当于Mukherjee R等人,J Steroid Biochem Moi Biol(2002)81:217-225的218页公开的肽,与一种另外的N-终端的半胱氨酸),并在每种情况下,将10μg/ml的抗-GST-受体珠或链霉生素(Streptavidin-)供体珠(Applied Biosystems),在不同浓度的实验物质(在DMSO中)存在下的12.5μl总体积中,室温培养4小时。试验中的最终DMSO浓度为1%(v/v)。1%的DMSO溶液作为背景对比(NSB)。在Packard融合-测量仪上进行测量。
与洛斯格列酮不同,文献公开的、在LBD中结合的PPARγ-激动剂通过浓度渐增的替米沙坦、氯沙坦和依贝沙坦(浓度直到50μM),没有直接活化PPARγ-LBD,因此没有明显的LXXLL-肽的补充。
b)SPA-试验
在Mukherjee R等人,J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol(2002)81:217-225中描述了SPA-试验程序。试验缓冲液是由20mM Tris pH7.5、25mM KCl、10mMDTT和0.2%Triton X-100组成的。30nM GST-PPARγ-LBD-融合蛋白、30nMHis-RXRα-LBD、抗GST-抗体(1∶600,Amersham Pharmacia)、0.25mg蛋白质A SPA PVT抗体-结合珠(Amersham Pharmacia)、30nM3H-标记的洛斯格列酮,在100μl总体积中用实验化合物稀释液,室温培养5小时。
代替放射性的洛斯格列酮,加入10μM未标记的洛斯格列酮作为背景对比(NSB),加入所用的溶剂,如DMSO作为最大值(Bmax)以代替实验物质。
培养后紧接着将测试物在2000Upm的Hettich Universal 30Rf-离心机中离心5分钟,并在Packard TopCount NXT测量。
与直接的PPARγ-激动剂(结合在PPARγ-LBD上)不同,即使是很大过量的替米沙坦、氯沙坦或爱博沙坦,也没有发生从结合袋(tasche)的放射性洛斯格列酮的浓度依赖性排出。
c)NMR-试验
与直接的PPARγ-配体如洛斯格列酮不同,在有实验物质替米沙坦存在下测量PPARγ-LBD的15N TROSY-谱时,实验物质与结合袋中的氨基酸不发生交换作用。在有实验物质存在下,表明在具有与没有配体存在时结合袋的氨基酸同样定位。
实施例2:制备稳定转化的PPARγ-报导子(Reporter)细胞系
一种编码人PPARγ2-转录因子的氨基酸205-505(相当于基因库-序列 U79012的核苷酸703-1605)的DNA片段,经过另外引入的限制性切割位点BamH I和Hind III,而进入载体pFA-CMV(Stratagene)的多克隆位点,并验证序列。所得的质粒pFA-CMV/hPPARγ2-LBD在与Gal4DNA-结合域的相同读框中。编码PPARγ-LBD的N-终端,该质粒还编码新霉素抗性。
细胞系CHO-K1(ATCC CCL-61)与质粒pFA-CMV/hPPARγ2-LBD和pFR-Luc(Stratagene)共转染。在五次重复的酵母Gal4-结合位点的控制下,pFR-Luc编码荧光素酶基因。按照制造者说明,用脂转染胺2000进行转染。
转染后,在0.5mg/ml G-418存在下,在具有10%胎牛血清的培养基(Ham′s F12)中培养细胞。培养6天后细胞传代,在培养基中再保持10天。在显微镜下捡出得到的新霉素抗性的克隆体,分配在96-孔-板中并培养。得到含有质粒(如克隆号10、11、13等)的不同转化的细胞系,将其继续保留在培养基中。
通过PPARγ-激动剂如洛斯格列酮,研究细胞系的荧光素酶基因的可诱导性,并与由PPARγ-激动剂刺激升高的荧光素酶信号反应。
实施例3:替米沙坦、氯沙坦和依贝沙坦活化的细胞状的PPARγ
从实施例2的转化的克隆体11得到的CHO-K1细胞系接种在 96-孔-平底板中,密度为3×104细胞/200μl/孔,并在具有10%胎牛血清和0.5mg/ml G-418的Ham′s F-12培养基中培养过夜。24小时后换到没有加入G-418的培养基中。
用合适的溶剂如DMSO使实验物质达到所要求浓度的100倍,并用放在细胞培养板上的基质稀释到1∶100。用所用的溶剂如DMSO以同样浓度作为背景对比。
加入物质24小时后弃去上层清液 ,用150μl洗涤缓冲液(25mM Tricine、16.3mM MgSO4,pH7.8)洗涤细胞两次。洗涤步骤后,向每个测试物中加入有150μl荧光素酶试验缓冲液(25mM麦黄酮(Tricine)、0.5mM EDTA,0.54mM NaTPP、16.3mM Mg SO4、1.2mM ATP、0.05mM荧光素、56.8mM 2-巯基乙醇、0.1%Trition X-100,pH7.8)的50μl洗涤缓冲液。五分钟后在Packard TopCount NXT上测量发光度。对开始测量后最初10秒的相对荧光素酶单位(RLU)进行积分,得到荧光素酶-活性。
血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂替米沙坦,能够特别强地活化PPARγ-报导子细胞系中的PPARγ-途径。通过其他的血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂如氯沙坦和依贝沙坦,仅在较高测试浓度并产生较小程度的活化。
实施例4:用3T3-L1脂肪细胞和PC12W细胞的试验
在具有10%胎牛血清(FBS)的DMEM(Dulbecco′s改性的eagle培养基)中培养3T3-L1老鼠-前驱 脂肪细胞。在有5%FBS和10%马血清的DMEM中培养PC12W细胞。两种情况下培养基都含有1%青霉素/链霉素。
细胞汇合后2-3天通过加入一种分化溶液而诱导脂肪细胞进行分化。该分化溶液含有
1μmol/L地塞米松,
0.5mmol/L 3-异丁基-1-甲基黄嘌呤,
1.67μmol/L胰岛素,和
10%FBS。
为了比较,还用另外含有替米沙坦的分化溶液诱导分化。48小时(2天)后,该培养基用含有10%的FBS和1.67μmol/L胰岛素或者10%的FBS和1.67μmol/L胰岛素和替米沙坦的DMEM代替。然后在其进行最后分析(4天)前,再刺激细胞48小时。
3T3-L1脂肪细胞中的脂质累积
用PBS洗涤细胞,并用3.7%浓度的甲醛溶液固定2分钟。固定后,在室温下,用0.5%的油Red-O在用水以3∶2稀释的异丙醇中的储备溶液使细胞着色1小时。洗涤后在光学显微镜下研究该细胞。
10μmol/L替米沙坦引起脂质累积增加,这通过用油Red-O增强着色可以看到。还通过替米沙坦促进3T3-L1脂肪细胞的分化。
刺激3T3-L1细胞中的aP2表达
采用用于实时(Echtzeit)PCR的ABI7000序列检测(Detetions)系统进行RNA分离、逆转录作用和基因表达的量化(描述于Janke等人,Diabetes 51:1699-707,2002中)。用于实时PCR的内源控制由普通基因(Haushaltsgene)18S rRNA和次黄嘌呤鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶(hprt)构成。
观察到的诱导取决于所用替米沙坦的浓度。10μmol/L替米沙坦以约3.1±0.3倍(p<0.01)刺激3T3-L1细胞中脂肪基因的标记基因脂肪蛋白2(aP2)的表达。与之相比,浓度为10μmol/L的PPARγ配体皮奥格列酮以约4.5±1倍(p<0.01)刺激aP2表达,。
转录-报道子试验
为了研究替米沙坦诱导脂肪是否是PPARγ活性刺激的结果,转染实验是用PPRE(PPAR应答元素)-报道子构型进行。瞬时(transiente)转染和所用的荧光素酶试验描述在Kintscher等人,Circ Res.91:e35-44,2002中。在有1μg(对于3T3-L1细胞)或50ng(对于PC12W细胞)报道子构型、PPARγ2和RXRα表达载体以及10ng Renilla荧光素酶报道子控制载体存在下,用脂转染胺(Lipofectamine)2000(Invitrogen)转染3T3-L1脂肪细胞(4天)或PC12W细胞。所述报道子构型是3xAcyl-CoA氧化酶PPAR应答元素(PPRE)与Tk-荧光素酶的融合。使用的PPARγ2和RXRα表达载体相当于在Elbrecht等人,Biochem Biophys Res Com 224:431-437,1996和Joseph等人,J Biol Chem277(13):11019-11025,2002中描述的载体。所述荧光素酶报道子控制载体是质粒pRL-CMV(Promega)。4小时后该转染培养基以具有10%FBS的DMEM所代替,其还含有替米沙坦、皮奥格列酮或载体DMSO。24小时后测量荧光素酶活性。
用10μmol/L替米沙坦处理3T3-L1脂肪细胞,导致对PPARγ的转录活性的诱导,约3.4±0.9倍(p<0.05),作为对比,10μmol/L皮奥格列酮的诱导约为5.2±1.1倍。
PC12W细胞是AT1-受体-缺失。PPARγ2和其杂二聚体搭配剂RXRα在PC12W细胞中过量表达,并测量在有10μmol/L替米沙坦或皮奥格列酮存在或不存在下依赖于PPARγ的转录。由于PC12W细胞不表达PPARγ,所以在没有外源PPARγ2/RXRα存在的情况下,测量不到PPARγ活性的调节。但是,在过表达PPARγ2/RXRα杂二聚体后,替米沙坦也以1.9±0.4倍(p<0.05)诱导在AT1-受体-缺失的PC12W细胞的PPARγ活性。与此相比,皮奥格列酮以4.2±1.4倍(p<0.01)诱导PPARγ活性。这表明,PPARγ活性的活化是通过替米沙坦独立于AT1-受体的阻断而发生。
数据还表明,为刺激PPARγ活性所必需的替米沙坦浓度,在用替米沙坦治疗高血压的患者的血浆中可以得到。这意味着,用替米沙坦治疗高血压还可以另外改善胰岛素敏感性,这对血糖水平起到正面作用。
实施例5:制剂实施例
片剂1
通过将替米沙坦钠盐与助剂和硬脂酸镁直接压制,得到以下组合物的 片剂:
片剂2
通过将替米沙坦钠盐与助剂和硬脂酸镁直接压制,得到以下组合物的片剂:
片剂3
盐酸噻嗪化物、替米沙坦钠盐、山梨糖醇和红色铁氧化物在自由落体混合器(“Free Fall Blender”)中混合,通过0.8mm筛子进行筛分,加入硬脂酸镁后,在自由落体混合器中加工成粉末状的混合物。
然后用合适的压片机(如Korsch EKO或Fette P1200)将活性物质和助剂的组合物压制成片剂。制得具有以下组合物的片剂,其中,每片含有的替米沙坦钠盐的量相当于80mg替米沙坦游离酸。
| 组份 | mg/片 | % |
| 替米沙坦钠盐 | 83,417 | 13,903 |
| 盐酸噻嗪化物 | 12,500 | 2,083 |
| 山梨糖醇 | 494,483 | 82,414 |
[0136]
| 红色铁氧化物 | 0,600 | 0,100 |
| 硬脂酸镁 | 9,000 | 1,500 |
| 总计 | 600,000 | 100,000 |
在30分钟搅拌(75rpm)后,三批片剂的替米沙坦钠盐溶解在900ml 0.1M磷酸盐缓冲液pH7.5中分别达到92±1.5%、96±1.8%或100±1.0%。30分钟后,在900ml 0.1M HCl(100rpm)中盐酸噻嗪化物溶解达69±6.3%、72±2.1%或78±1.8%。
Claims (20)
1.血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂或其盐中之一的用途,它用于制备一种药物,该药物用于治疗被诊断为2型真性糖尿病或怀疑有前驱糖尿病的病人,用于预防糖尿病或用于治疗血压正常患者的代谢综合症和胰岛素抗性。
2.根据权利要求1的用途,其特征在于,待治疗的病人的空腹血糖值超过125mg葡萄糖/dl血浆。
3.根据权利要求1的用途,其特征在于,待治疗的病人的空腹血糖值为110-125mg葡萄糖/dl血浆。
4.根据权利要求1的用途,其特征在于,待治疗的病人在空腹摄入75g葡萄糖后2小时,测得的血糖值超过200mg葡萄糖/dl血浆。
5.根据权利要求1的用途,其特征在于,待治疗的病人空腹摄入75g葡萄糖后2小时,测得的血糖值为140-200mg葡萄糖/dl血浆。
6.根据权利要求1的用途,其特征在于,待治疗的病人的甘油三酯血液值超过150mg/dl。
7.根据权利要求6的用途,其特征在于,待治疗的病人的HDL血液值,女性低于40mg/dl血浆,男性低于50mg/dl血浆。
8.根据权利要求6和7的用途,其特征在于,待治疗的病人的空腹血糖值超过110mg葡萄糖/dl血浆。
9.根据权利要求1-8的用途,其特征在于,待治疗的病人的收缩血压值超过140mm Hg并且舒张血压值超过90mm Hg。
10.根据权利要求1、2和4的用途,其特征在于,待治疗的病人的收缩血压值超过130mm Hg并且舒张血压值超过80mm Hg。
11.根据权利要求1-10的用途,其特征在于,待治疗的病人的腰围与臀围之比,女性超过0.8或者男性超过1。
12.根据权利要求1的用途,其特征在于,该血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂具有以下性质:在加入稳定转化的PPARγ-报导子细胞系到培养基中后,其活化稳定转染的荧光素酶基因的表达,而没有在体外结合到PPARγ配体结合域上。
13.根据权利要求12的用途,其特征在于,该血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂在体外没有显示结合到人PPARγ受体的配体结合域上,而如果将它加入到稳定转化的细胞系的培养基中后,该血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂导致诱导荧光素酶活性,该细胞系表达一种由人PPARγ转录因子的配体结合域以及酵母GAL4DNA结合域组成的融合蛋白,并且含有一种在五次重复的酵母Gal4-结合位点控制下的荧光素酶基因。
14.根据权利要求1的用途,其特征在于,该血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂是活性物质替米沙坦。
15.根据权利要求1的用途,其特征在于,该药物的给药剂型含有20-200mg替米沙坦。
16.根据权利要求1的用途,其特征在于,该血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂与利尿剂组合。
17.根据权利要求16的用途,其特征在于,该药物的给药剂型含有10-50mgHCTZ或氯噻酮。
18.用于治疗被诊断为2型真性糖尿病或怀疑有前驱糖尿病的人、用于预防糖尿病或治疗血压正常患者的代谢综合症和胰岛素抗性的方法,其特征在于,用一种含有血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂的药物给药。
19.根据权利要求18的方法,其特征在于,该血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂是活性物质替米沙坦。
20.含有替米沙坦和以下物质的药物组合物,:
a)氨氯地平或硝苯地平,
b)依普利酮或螺内酯,
c)辛伐他汀或阿伐他汀,
d)洛斯格列酮或皮奥格列酮或瑞格列奈或二甲双胍,
e)双嘧达莫或氯吡格雷,必要时组合乙酰水杨酸,
f)醛固酮拮抗剂,
g)HMG-Co A还原酶抑制剂,
h)DPP4抑制剂,
i)磺酰脲或
j)血小板-聚集抑制剂。
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10335027A DE10335027A1 (de) | 2003-07-31 | 2003-07-31 | Verwendung von Angiotensin II Rezeptor Antagonisten |
| DE10335027.6 | 2003-07-31 | ||
| DE10346260A DE10346260A1 (de) | 2003-07-31 | 2003-10-06 | Verwendung von Angiotensin II Rezeptor Antagonisten |
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- 2004-07-24 HU HUE09160568A patent/HUE027274T2/en unknown
- 2004-07-24 PL PL04763484T patent/PL1651213T5/pl unknown
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