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CN101138086A - 具有改良的接合和腐蚀特性的铜制接合线或超细线 - Google Patents

具有改良的接合和腐蚀特性的铜制接合线或超细线 Download PDF

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CN101138086A
CN101138086A CNA2006800075764A CN200680007576A CN101138086A CN 101138086 A CN101138086 A CN 101138086A CN A2006800075764 A CNA2006800075764 A CN A2006800075764A CN 200680007576 A CN200680007576 A CN 200680007576A CN 101138086 A CN101138086 A CN 101138086A
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wire
copper
bonding
gold
ultra
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CN101138086B (zh
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阿尔布雷希特·比朔夫
海因茨·弗德雷尔
卢茨·施雷普勒
弗兰克·克吕格尔
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Heraeus Deutschland GmbH and Co KG
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    • H01L2224/42Wire connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
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    • H01L2224/42Wire connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种表面富含金的铜制接合线或超细线,特别地,金的含量对应于最大50nm厚的外层。或者,所述接合线或超细线可以按照球-楔接合方法进行接合,其呈现铜的颜色,并且,其火焰球具有值为95的硬度(HVO.002)。为了制造所述接合线或超细线,可以在铜线上涂以金或铜-金合金外层,或将金引入铜线表面。所述接合线或超细线和半导体硅芯片接合在一起。

Description

具有改良的接合和腐蚀特性的铜制接合线或超细线
技术领域
本发明涉及一种将铜制接合线或超细线接合到半导体硅芯片上的球-楔接合方法、适用于半导体电连接的铜制超细线和接合线及其制造方法以及在半导体中的应用。
背景技术
按照G.G.Harman所著的“微电子器件中的线接合”(“Wire Bondingin Microelectronics”,McGraw-Hill 1997,pp.1-10,pp.67 ff and pp.203ff),在球-楔接合方法中,利用火焰球(又称为无空气球(Free-Air-Ball,FAB))将接合线或超细线接合到芯片上。
接合线是与诸如集成电路处理器或传感器等电子半导体元件进行连接的连接线。半导体元件具有所谓的接触垫(也可称为焊接片)。优选地,接合线在其一端具有球型加宽部,通过该加宽部将接合线或超细线压在接触垫上,并且在挤压的状态中,通常借助超声波(US)与接触垫焊接在一起。在通过超声波(US)进行压力安装之后,接合线或超细线的另一端优选地修平成楔形。由此获得的接合连接部称为针形或楔形接合部。
尽管金与铜和银相比具有较差的电气和机械特性,但是接合和超细线通常还是由金构成。其原因在于铜的锈蚀(氧化)特性使铜在短时间内丧失接合能力。为了避免锈蚀,可以在保护气体中存放铜制接合线。银与半导体工业中的很多操作过程和应用相干涉,因此避免使用银。
为了相对于金线节省成本,US2003/0113574A1描述了具有金外层的银或钯线。铜-金合金的特征在于其硬度与两种金属相比大大提高。然而,这种硬度对于接合线来说是不合适的,因为可能会在将接合线或超细线压在半导体焊接片上时损坏半导体。在将铜线压在焊接片上的过程中,铜线上的金-铜合金可能导致在硅芯片中产生裂纹。
根据本发明,已经认识到,铜制接合线的表面上仅仅几个原子厚的金层可以确保良好的抗腐蚀性,而且不会使接合线或超细线的硬度增加并因此对其与硅芯片的接合产生负面影响。
发明内容
本发明的一个目的是,进一步改善将铜制接合线或超细线接合到半导体硅芯片上的球-楔接合方法。
本发明的另一个目的是制备特别适合的接合线或超细线。
根据本发明,通过将金溶解在铜线表面中来达到上述目的。可以认为在金和铜之间发生了相互扩散。
通过在表面包含有少量金的铜制接合线或超细线来达到本发明的目的,一方面,金的含量足以使接合线或超细线在存放时稳定,另一方面,线还足够软,使得在压向焊接片时不会破坏芯片。
此外,本发明提供了一种球-楔接合方法,借助此方法可以将铜制接合线或超细线接合到半导体硅芯片上,其中,在接合线或超细线的表面中具有金。
这里,无空气球不应该太硬,以免在将无空气球(FAB)压向芯片的过程中损坏芯片。
特别地,表面富含金的铜制接合线或超细线的火焰球具有低于95的硬度(HV0.002),优选地,低于0.85。
使硬的无空气球(FAB)的生成降至最低或抑制或阻止,以消除在压向焊接片时对芯片的破坏。如下的超细铜线适于该目的,即:在其表面中含有非常少的金,呈铜色并可利用球-楔接合方法进行接合。所述接合线可具有非常薄的金外层,但却完全能保证在超细线的表面除铜外还含有金。
与带外层的线相反,所述接合线不再存在内部相界。为了制造表面中的金浓度由内向外逐渐增加的铜线,在铜线表面涂敷金或铜-金合金的外层,并且外层溶解在铜线中。对此,合适的加工步骤是退火和拉拔,特别合适的是,两种加工步骤相互交替地执行多次。这样,使得两相的涂层系统转变为表面中具有浓度梯度的单相系统。
这些可辨认出铜颜色的超细线,特别是如下超细线:铜的色调比金的色调更强烈,或者,具有最大10nm厚的金外层,或者,在表面中包含铜-金合金,或者,其表面的金含量少于在接合线或超细线上形成小于50nm(特别地,小于20nm)层厚的金涂层时的金含量,都表现出足够小的硬度增加量,该硬度增加量是在结合线挤压向焊接片时可以承受的。
另一方面,用几乎不能感知的金量对线表面进行处理,可以使接合线或超细线具有存放稳定性。多种涂敷方法可以用于施加线表面的金涂层。
除了具有铜的良好的电气和机械特性外,根据本发明的接合线或超细线还具有存放稳定性,并且其无空气球(FAB)没有显著地变硬。因此,本发明涉及的是对表面进行处理的并在其表面含有金的铜接合线。本发明的接合线或超细线相对于金具有更好的铜所具有的电气和机械特性,并且相对于纯铜具有锈蚀稳定性,由此,现在可以制备更细的接合线。这一方面可以促进材料的节省,另一方面可以进一步减小半导体和处理器的尺寸。
本发明所述的接合线或超细线具有和纯铜几乎一样的导电率。
本发明所述的接合线或超细线的循环断裂力与最纯的或低杂质的铜线的循环断裂力相当。
在优选实施例中,金-铜合金表面具有金浓度在外侧达到最大的浓度梯度。这进一步促使金含量和硬度增加量减至最小,同时保持腐蚀稳定性。
为了制造本发明所述的线,可以采用将金或金-铜合金施加到铜线上的任何常规方法,在施加纯金的情况下,使金进入铜表面,只要在接合线或超细线的表面上或表面中保留极其微量的金即可。公知的热方法、电化学方法、机械方法或等离子方法都适于该目的。
在优选实施例中,用特别纯的金来构成直到15nm厚的,特别地,直到10nm厚的,并且最优选地,直到5nm厚的涂层。
可以按照现有的涂敷方法制造表面用金进行处理的抗腐蚀的接合线,特别地,要对表面的均匀性加以重视。本发明的优点是,接合线或超细线更细,同时其性能更好。因此,作为优选使用的是具有直径到100μm的接合线或超细线。只有直径在50μm以下的线才能获得非常高的质量改进,并且,如此细的接合线的很多应用还是第一次成为现实。
根据本发明,接合线可以这样制造,在用金进行处理的过程中,应使观察者看到比金的颜色更明显的铜的颜色。因此,铜接合线应该这样制备,即,虽然其表面包含金,但其颜色感觉更偏于铜的颜色而非金的颜色。
附图说明
下面将参考附图根据实例对本发明进行说明。
图1示出在空气中并在70℃温度下铜制接合线和具有涂层的铜制接合线的存放稳定性的比较;
图2示出在标准条件下图1所示接合线的抗腐蚀性;
图3是没有涂层和有涂层的铜制接合线的剪切力的比较图;
图4是根据本发明的接合线或超细线在芯片上的接合片的示意图;
图5是在接合片断裂之后图4所示芯片的示意图;
图6作为比较示出在焊球接合后带有受损芯片的接合片;
图7作为比较示出在接合片断裂后的受损芯片。
比较实施例
如图1和图2所示,纯铜线由于腐蚀而丧失接合能力。
图3示出,在现有技术中,有涂层的铜线的剪切力23是小的,其原因在于芯片的破损28。在断裂过程中,即使在很小的剪切力23作用下破损芯片28也会断裂。图6示出损坏芯片的接合片28。
图7示出在断裂过程之后带有受损接合片28的芯片。从图7可以看出,在受损接合片28从芯片上剪断之后,芯片的表面31破裂。
实例1:
从图1和图2可以看出,根据本发明的带有14nm金涂层的铜制接合线或超细线1具有腐蚀稳定性,并且具有与纯金或纯铜制成的接合线相当的循环断裂力(loop shear-off force,Loop-Abreisskraft)。由此,根据本发明的接合线与纯铜线4相比具有腐蚀稳定性,并且与金制接合线相比具有改善的导电性和稳定性。在本发明的方式中,可以从如下两种可能性中进行选择,即:制成合金,或者在铜线上涂金,其中,金-铜合金增加的硬度在接合过程中不起作用,因此,在将接合线或超细线压在芯片上时不会损坏待接合的芯片29。
尽管金-铜合金被认为是硬的,但是,为接合过程而设置的球21尽管存在腐蚀保护也保持软的状态。
实例2:
对具有99.995%纯度的铜线进行电解镀。铜线的输出直径是250μm。
通过反复拉拔将涂金线拉制成厚度为25μm的线。在随后的退火处理中,将线设定为断裂负载为13cN,而获得的断裂延伸率为14%(“软状态”)。为了阻止刚拉拔的线氧化,将绕线在聚乙烯(PE)保护膜中进行真空焊接。
如果金没有向铜中扩散(或者铜没有向金中扩散),这里使用的线具有20nm厚度的涂层。扩散使相界变得模糊,所以涂层厚度只是针对虚拟的外层,该外层因为发生扩散而并非真正存在。如此获得的线呈现铜的颜色。因此,在对本发明进行描述时,不使用金外层或涂层的表述,而是使用富金表面的表述。
实例3:
对上述接合线20进行敞开式存放,并在预定的时间段之后,按照ASTM,100 Barr Harbor Drive,West Conshohocken,Pennsylvania19428-2959和G.G.Harman,“Wire Bonding in Microelectronics”,McGraw-Hill 1997,pp.67ff)进行接合试验。
接合条件如下:
球-楔接合装置(ESEC 3088)具有如下接合参数:
a)焊球端(Impact 2000;Force 3000;Time 32;US 80)和
b)焊楔端(Impact 300;Force 1500;Time 30;US 20)
数字表示接合装置的参数。
使用如下基板:
1.镀金的Cu-Sn6基板
2.喷铝的硅芯片
图1示出线圈的断裂力。可以借助拉伸测试仪(DAGE BT 22)通过所谓的Hook试验(参见文献:MIL STD 883F,June 18,2004,Microcircuits,Method 2011.7)来测定断裂力。
图1中的曲线图示出如下线的耐存放性相当,即:涂层厚度为14nm的涂金铜制接合线或超细线1(作为含大量金的接合线)、涂层厚度为200nm的涂金铜制接合线或超细线2、以及涂层厚度为1μm的涂钯铜制接合线或超细线3。相反,没有涂层的铜制接合线或超细线4的可接合性在三天内就降低到零(拉力=0)。图中示出拉力(cN)与在空气中在70℃温度下的存放时间的关系。
实例4:
在接合状态中(在实例1中描述的接合条件下)对上述涂金铜制接合线实施压力煮蒸存放处理(PCT)(参见文献:JEDEC(EIA)Solid StateProducts Engineering council,2500 Wilson Blvd.,Arlington,VA22201;EIAS-IC-121-18 and G.G.Harman“Wire Bonding inMicroelectronics”,McGraw-Hill 1997,pp.67ff)
(条件:121℃,2 bar,蒸馏水)
如实例1中所述,将带涂层的铜线与含有大量金的线和纯铜线进行比较研究。
在经过预定的时间间隔后,取出试件出并借助上述DAGE拉伸测试仪进行Hook试验。
图2示出与涂层很厚的涂金或涂钯线相比较的断裂力值图(拉力单位是cN)。
很清楚,涂层厚度为14nm的涂金铜制接合线或超细线1和涂层更厚的涂金铜制接合线或超细线2以及涂钯铜制接合线或超细线3的抗腐蚀性相当。与没有涂层的铜制接合线或超细线4相比,这些线的抗腐蚀性很强。
实例5:
在同样的接合条件下(参见实例1),将上述线20的火焰球(FAB)24、25接合在喷铝芯片29上。图4示出了接合到芯片上的接合线或超细线。
剪切力23和通过REM示出的断裂形成揭示了线的状况对于芯片中硅材料的破损28的影响(易成坑性)。
图3的柱状图示出,涂层厚度为14nm的涂金铜制接合线1的高剪切力与含有大量金的铜制接合线或超细线5、涂钯铜制接合线或超细线3以及没有涂层的铜制接合线或超细线4相当。相反,涂有很厚金层27的铜接合线2表现出与硅芯片的破裂28相关的较低的剪切力23。借助REM以及EDX一起来实施破裂位置的定位。后者清楚地示出了基板侧的硅断裂面(参见图4-7中的示意)。
上述断裂方式的原因在于,由于溶解金而导致FAB 25的硬度增加,这种硬度增加导致在芯片的硅材料中产生破裂28的趋势增大(参见图6)。后续的剪切试验在芯片中产生裂缝扩展并在硅材料中产生断裂31(参见图7)。
与此形成对照,具有薄金涂层的铜接合线26(V9)示出了在焊球24和硅材料29(在喷铝区域中)之间的界面中发生的分离。在图5中示出这一点。各实例的总体结果列在表1中。
表1:可靠性标准
 铜接合线的涂层(涂层厚度)  接合前的耐存放性  线圈防腐蚀性(PCT试验)  焊球可接合性(表示塌陷断  裂风险)
 剪切力  断裂方式  硬度
 没有涂层  (一)  (-)  (++)  焊球剪切  低
 钯(1μm)  (+)  (+)  (+)  焊球剪切  低
 金(200nm)  (++)  (++)  (一)  焊球提起(硅材料中的断裂)  高
 金(14nm)  (+)  (+)  (++)  焊球提起  中

Claims (13)

1.一种铜制接合线或超细线,其特征在于,在所述接合线或超细线的表面中富含金。
2.一种在表面中富含金的铜制接合线或超细线,其特征在于,所述接合线或超细线可以按照球-楔接合方法进行接合。
3.一种在表面中富含金的铜制接合线或超细线,所述金的含量与如下含量对应,即:当将所述金在所述线上均匀地形成外层时,所述外层的厚度最大为50nm,特别地,最大为20nm厚。
4.按照权利要求1至3的任一项所述的接合线或超细线,其特征在于,所述接合线或超细线呈现铜的颜色。
5.按照上面权利要求的任一项所述的接合线或超细线,其特征在于,处于接合状态并在随后的超过500h的压力煮蒸试验(PCT)中,直径为25μm的接合线或超细线能承受大于10cN的循环断裂力。
6.按照上面权利要求的任一项所述的接合线或超细线,其特征在于,所述接合线或超细线的表面的金浓度从外向内逐渐减少。
7.按照上面权利要求的任一项所述的接合线或超细线,其特征在于,所述接合线的表面是其唯一的相界。
8.一种铜制接合线或超细线的火焰球,在所述接合线或超细线的表面中富含金,其特征在于,按照HVO.002所述火焰球具有小于95的硬度。
9.一种将铜制接合线或超细线接合到半导体硅芯片上的球-楔接合方法,其特征在于,在所述铜制接合线或超细线的表面中富含金。
10.一种制造铜制接合线或超细线的方法,其特征在于,用金对铜线的表面进行处理,以改进所述接合线或超细线的抗腐蚀性。
11.按照权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于,在铜线上具有金或金-铜合金的外层,或者使金进入铜线的表面。
12.按照权利要求9至11的任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,使金以微小量施加到铜线的表面上或者进入铜线的表面中,以至还可以辨认出所述接合线或超细线中铜的颜色。
13.按照权利要求1至9的任一项所述、或按照权利要求10至12所述方法制造的接合线或超细线的应用,其特征在于,在对大气影响不作保护的情况下,所述接合线或超细线能够保存100小时以上。
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