CN1082792C - 膳食平衡的乳制品 - Google Patents
膳食平衡的乳制品 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1082792C CN1082792C CN97114801A CN97114801A CN1082792C CN 1082792 C CN1082792 C CN 1082792C CN 97114801 A CN97114801 A CN 97114801A CN 97114801 A CN97114801 A CN 97114801A CN 1082792 C CN1082792 C CN 1082792C
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- oil
- dairy products
- lipid
- breast
- acid
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Abstract
膳食平衡的乳制品,其脂质部分包括乳脂肪和所选择的油的混合物以便看到能以最佳生理比例提供必需脂肪酸的所有种类脂质间的平衡和调节脂肪酸的代谢。具有低的动脉粥样硬化形成指数和血栓形成指数的该产品特别适合于预防心血管疾病的危险。
Description
本发明涉及含有来源于乳的脂质和来源于植物的脂质混合物的膳食平衡的乳制品。
脂质,除了其作为能量来源的功能,在作为必需脂肪酸的来源的营养方面具有各种作用:
-作为对细胞结构和膜功能必不可少的化合物,
-作为参与许多生理系统如心血管系统的廿烷类代射产物的前体,
-作为血脂的调节剂。
对于食物脂质消耗的生理反映取决于在脂肪酸中这些脂质的组成。脂肪酸根据它们的结构,即根据碳链中双键的存在位置可被分为各种类型,n-9,n-6和n-3。每一类具有其特有的活性,但在代谢过程中,相互作用存在于各种类型之间。在控制血脂的情况下,应考虑以下几个准则:
-食物中饱和脂肪酸的摄入量因其对胆固醇和总脂质增加有影响以及对低密度脂蛋白(LDL)的胆固醇有影响,它们被认为是心血管疾病的危险因素之一。
-通过降低LDL的胆固醇,单不饱和和多不饱和脂肪酸对血脂产生了有益的影响。
对于多不饱和脂肪酸,下列准则应考虑到:
-多不饱和脂肪酸不应以太多的量消耗以便不会同样导致有益的高密度脂蛋白(HDL)的胆固醇的减少,以及不会增加与这些细胞水平的脂肪酸的过氧化反应有关的危险。
-在多不饱和脂肪酸中,应区分n-3类型的脂肪酸的特定的效果,例如α-亚麻酸(ALA)或其衍生物,廿碳五烯酸(EPA)和廿二碳六烯酸(DHA),它们对血液中的甘油三酯产生了有益的影响并降低了血小板凝结以及血栓形成的危险。
-连同通过物食物摄入的多不饱和脂肪酸一起,应考虑到在代谢过程中通过去饱和酶,n-6型脂肪酸和n-3型脂肪酸之间的竞争,该去饱和酶决定C20脂肪酸的形成,即具有生物活性的廿烷类的前体。
-在多不饱和脂肪酸中,生理活性根据碳链长度或不饱和度可不同。例如参考不饱和度为3的γ-亚麻酸,其对于血脂的控制比其它n-6类型的脂肪酸具有更显著的活性。对于n-3系列中的EPA和DHA也是一样的。
-多不饱和脂肪酸的食物摄取必须伴有充足的抗氧化剂的摄取,如生育酚以防止对动脉粥样硬化的形成有影响的LDLS的氧化改性。
根据FR-A-2667483,已知一真对有患心血管疾病危险的病人的乳奶油取代物,其中乳脂肪由玉未油和椰子油的混合物代替。
在GB-A-2273234中,描述了一种液体或粉状乳,目的是防止患心血管疾病的危险,其中由基本上含有单不饱和脂肪酸的植物脂肪取代乳脂肪。
本发明的目的是提供一种含基于由乳脂肪和植物油配成的组合物的脂质混合物的乳制品以便获得活性物质的最佳平衡以防止不平衡的代谢负载,特别是心血管疾病的危险,其感观特性接近乳的感观特性。
本发明的乳制品的特征在于它含有脂质,其中甘油三酯的脂肪酸含有,以重量计,20-40%主要来源于乳的饱和脂肪酸,35-60%单不饱和脂肪酸以及15-30%n-3类型和n-6类型的多不饱和脂肪酸和特征在于n-6类型脂肪酸与n-3类型脂肪酸的重量比为5∶1-10∶1。
本发明的乳制品的脂质组合物不仅考虑了必需脂肪酸的活性而且考虑了每种n-6类型必需脂肪酸的相互作用,例如亚油酸(LA)和其n-3类型的同系物如ALA,以及和其不饱和度>2的较高生物活性的衍生物的同系物。
此外,脂质部分含有富含油酸的油,该油酸对血脂有有益的影响并给予脂质混合物对于氧化和光氧化好的稳定性,防止活性氧化基团的形成。
满足该要求的所选择的油优选高油酸含量的菜籽油,Canola油(低芥酸菜籽油),橄榄油和杂交向日葵油和红花油,例如大于60wt%。亦可参考植物油如棕榈油的甘油三油酸酯,通过用溶剂或用表面活性剂分提干燥来分提植物油脂获得。
考虑到n-3类型脂肪酸的较高反应性,脂质部分亦含有一是比率的n-6和n-3类型的必需脂肪酸的油。
富含n-6类型脂肪酸的油选自那些富含LA的油,优选含相对于总脂肪酸超过50wt%的该种脂肪酸的油,例如向日葵油、葡萄籽油、玉米油、小麦胚芽油、红花油和大豆油。
作为提供n-3类型脂肪酸的油,可参考那些含ALA的油,例如菜籽油,Canola油、大豆油、亚麻子油、黑加仑子油和那些提供EPA和DHA的油,例如,海洋生物油。
本发明的乳制品亦可含有少量其它的油,目的是为了例如改善其保存性能和引入生物活性抗氧化剂以防止细胞水平的过氧化反应,例如富含维生素E的谷物胚芽油。脂质混合物可另外含有天然富含非维生素抗氧化剂的油,例如芝麻油或米糠油或进一步地富含如生育三烯酚类如α-生育酚或γ-谷维素成份,它们对血液胆固醇的控制产生有益的影响。
根据它们各自脂肪酸组成。优选下列脂质混合物:
脂质 重量百分数 重量百分数
乳脂肪 30-40 优选40
富含油酸的Canola油 30-40 优选3-35
杂交向日葵油,
杂交红花油,
橄榄油或甘油三油
酸酯部分和它们的掺混物
向日葵油,玉米油 1-30 优选20-25
大豆油,葡萄籽油或红花油
亚麻子油 0-10
黑加仑子油
米糠油
芝麻油
小麦胚芽油
所有植物油一般经过精炼以便它们是稳定的,同时尽可能保留至少部分它们的不皂化物作为抗氧化剂。
它可另外含有脂溶的或使其脂溶的抗氧化剂,例如抗坏血酸或其酯之一,柠檬酸、卵磷脂,生育酚和任选地β-胡罗卜素。
本发明的乳制品可以是乳的形式或液体乳替代物的形式并含有1-4%的脂肪,优选大约2%的脂肪,其相当于半脱脂奶。
它相当于未加糖的或蒸发的浓缩奶。
它可优选用钙强化。
它可用维生素如维生素E、A、D、C、B6,B12、叶酸盐(folate)和微量元素如铁、镁和锌强化。
它的乳糖含量例如通过微过滤可被降低同时保持高含量的钙,微过滤在某些情况下对于减少对高血压有影响的某些矿物质如钠的含量是有利的。
最后,它可被加香,如通过加入风味剂增强乳的味道,如奶油风味剂和/或水果、肉桂风味剂、香草风味剂、巧克力或咖啡风味剂。
在这种液体形式中,它可优选已杀菌,超高温巴氏灭菌或巴氏灭菌并无菌包装或以高卫生状态包装在杀菌的包装材料中。
乳制品亦可以是粉状形式,如喷雾干燥的。
它亦可以是发酵乳或类似干酪的产品,特别是mozzarella型。
本发明的乳制品可用作生产稀奶油、冰淇淋、甜食、调味汁和一般生产任何基于乳的产品的原料。
本发明亦涉及一种制备上述液体乳制品的方法,其特征在于考虑到乳脂肪,将基于乳的原料标准化,来源于植物的脂质混入其中,任选地在乳化剂存在下以便获得乳液,将乳液预热,通过UHT热处理,均质,冷却并无菌包装。
本发明亦涉及一种制备上述粉末形式的乳制品,其特征在于考虑到乳脂肪,将基于乳的原料标准化,来源于植物的脂质混入其中,任选地在乳化剂存在下以便获得乳液,将乳液预热,然后通过蒸发浓缩,将浓缩物均质,然后喷雾干燥,任选地加入乳化剂如卵磷脂以制备速溶产品。
本发明亦涉及一种制备上述发酵的乳制品,其特征在于考虑到乳脂肪,将基于乳的原料标准化,将其巴氏灭菌,用一种或多种嗜热或嗜温乳酸酵素对其接种,将其发酵直至pH小于5,在巴氏灭菌前,将来源于植物的脂质混入发酵乳中或原料中,任选地将其加热,将其包装进包装容器中。
所用的基于乳的液体原料可通过标准化获得,即通过将各种来源于乳的各种组分重新组合。它可由全脂乳、部分或全部脱脂乳、稀奶油、无水乳脂肪、酪乳、乳清、脱盐至不同程度的乳清、乳清衍生物,特别是乳糖、乳糖水解物,乳清蛋白浓缩物,乳清的蛋白质分级部分,酪蛋白,酪蛋白分级部分和乳蛋白水解物,该类组分可以是粉末形式。
任意地,可以加非乳添加剂,特别是蛋白质和碳水化合物、维生素、矿物质,核苷酸、核苷、风味剂、着色剂、氨基酸和稳定剂。
通过乳化作用混入来源于植物的脂肪,优选在卵磷脂存在下,于大约50℃下激烈搅拌,例如在胶体磨中。
该方法的其它步骤可按常规方法进行。
下例实施例将说明本发明。在这些实施例中,百分数和份数是以重量计,除非有相反的说明。
实施例1-7
实施例1
对含3.95%脂肪和8.52%非脂肪固体的全脂乳及含0.05%脂肪和9%非脂肪固体的低脂乳单独在87℃下处理12秒进行巴氏灭菌。
然后将34 33kg全脂乳与0.509kg粉状脱脂乳(在适度的温度下干燥)和162.93kg低脂乳混合、冷却至15℃,然后将温度为50℃的1.26kgcanola油、0.9kg玉米油、72g卵磷脂(Topcithin 200(R))和1g维生素E的预混合物通过胶体磨混入该混合物中。在极式热交换器中加热至80℃之后,液体在141℃下通过UHT超高温灭菌2秒。冷却至78℃之后,用两段均质,在200bar下,然后在50bar下将其均质,冷却至4℃,将其包装在预先杀菌的砖式包装容器中,均质,冷却和灌装在无菌条件下进行。
实施例2
除了1.08kg canola油、0.72kg玉米油和0.36kg米糠油作为植物油,混入全脂乳、低脂乳和粉状脱脂乳的混合物中,步骤同实施例一样。
实施例3
除了1.44kg canola油和1.08kg玉米油作为植物油,混入25.1kg全脂乳、171.8kg低脂乳和0.496kg粉状脱脂乳的混合物中,步骤同实施例一样。
实施例4
除了1.44kg canola油、0.72kg玉米油和0.36kg米糠油作为植物油,混入25.1kg全脂乳、171.8kg低脂乳和0.496kg粉状脱脂乳的混合物中,步骤同实施例一样。
实施例5
对含3.92%脂肪和8.58%非脂肪固体的全脂乳和含0.05%脂肪和9%的非脂肪固体的低脂乳单独在87℃下处理12秒进行巴氏灭菌。
然后将34 69kg全脂乳和160 26kg低脂乳混合,冷却至15℃,然后将升至50℃的具有高油酸含量的1.08kg杂交向日葵、1.08kg大豆油和1g维生素E通过胶体磨混入该混合物中。
杀菌的产品:
在板式交换器中加热至80℃之后,通过UHT在148℃下将液体杀菌5秒。冷却至78℃之后,在200bar下,然后,在50bar下对其进行两段均质,冷却至20℃并包装在预先杀菌的砖式包装容器中,均质、冷却和灌装在无菌条件下进行。
巴氏灭菌的产品
将液体在板式交换器中加热至72℃15秒,在200bar下,然后在50bar下进行两段均质,冷却至4℃,然后包装在砖式包装容器中。
实施例6
除了1.08kg高油酸含量的杂交向日葵油、0.9kg向日葵油和0.18kg亚麻子油作为植物油,混入全脂乳和标准化的低脂乳的混合物之外,步骤同实施例1一样。
实施例7
除了1.26kgcanola油、0.72kg玉米油和0.18kg黑加仑子油作为植物油,混入全脂乳和标准化的低脂乳的混物物中之外,步骤同实施例1一样。
下表给出了乳制品的脂质混合物的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸的百分数,n-6/n-3的比,以及动脉粥样硬化形成指数(IA)和血栓形成指数(IT)。IA和IT值由Ulbrict, T.V.L和Southgate,DA.T.,TheLancet,1991,338:985给出的定义计算得到。
| 实施例 | SFA(%) | MUFA(%) | PUFA(%) | n-6/n-3 | IA | IT |
| 1 | 34.1 | 42.1 | 23.8 | 7.72 | 0.52 | 0.67 |
| 2 | 34.9 | 41.6 | 23.5 | 8.39 | 0.54 | 0.71 |
| 3 | 28.2 | 44.2 | 27.6 | 8.2 | 0.39 | 0.52 |
| 4 | 28.8 | 45.3 | 25.9 | 7.39 | 0.4 | 0.53 |
| 5 | 35 | 42.9 | 22.1 | 9.88 | 0.53 | 0.73 |
| 6 | 34.3 | 40.5 | 25.2 | 7.17 | 0.51 | 0.66 |
| 7 | 33.8 | 41.2 | 25 | 6.18 | 0.52 | 0.63 |
作为比较,根据Ulbricht,T.V.L和Southgate,DAT,The Lancet,1991,338:985,乳脂肪具有高的IA和IT指数,分别为2.03和2.07。
实施例8
通过按实施例1-7的比例将脂肪和植物油混合物的混合物作为脂肪相,制备含10-30%脂肪的乳粉。
全脂乳和低脂乳的混合物标准化后,在板式交换器中将其预加热至80℃,在生产线中将植物油的混合物加至全脂乳和低脂乳的混合物中。巴氏灭菌热处理后,通过蒸发将混合物浓缩至50%干物质,均质,然后在适度条件下喷雾干燥。
或者,浓缩后加植物油。
实施例9
通过以实施例1-7的比例将乳脂肪和植物油的混合物的混合物用作脂肪相,制备含1-4%脂肪的发酵乳。
全脂乳和低脂乳的混合物标准化后,实施例1-7的植物油的预混合物混入该混合物中。在板式交换器中将全部组分巴氏灭菌,液体冷却至发酵温度,加入嗜热或嗜温乳酸酵素,进行培养直至pH小于5。
或者,植物油的预混合物在发酵后加入。
其后的灌装和封罐操作以常规方式进行。
实施例10-11
制备全脂和中等脂肪的发酵的和胶凝的乳,其富含原生物细菌(probioticbacteria),其中脂肪具有下列组成:
| 脂肪 | % |
| 乳脂肪 | 40 |
| Canola油 | 10 |
| 大豆油 | 16 |
| 富含油酸的杂交向日葵油 | 24 |
| 橄榄油 | 10 |
分别含30g/l(实施例10)和15g/l(实施例11)上述脂肪的89.3份乳与3.7份脱脂乳粉混合,混合物预热至70℃,在92℃下巴氏灭菌6分钟,已冷却至70℃之后,该混合物在300bar下进行一段均质。冷却至43℃之后,用2%普通的含嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌的发酵剂和用5%约氏乳杆菌(Lal,CNCMI-1227)培养该混合物。在罐中调节后,在38℃下进行发酵直至pH为4.6,然后冷却罐至6℃。
实施例12-13
与实施例10-11相同的脂肪混合物用于制备发酵的全脂和中等脂肪的类似Mozzarella的产品。
在该制备中,94.2份脱脂乳与3份脂肪混合物(实施例12)混合,相应地,96.6份脱脂乳与1.5份脂肪混合物(实施例13)混合,将混合物在70℃下预热,在50bar下均质,然后冷却至4℃。之后,在74℃下将混合物巴氏灭菌15秒,用基于嗜热链球菌的普通Mozzarella发酵剂培养,用凝乳酶凝固,在允许达到旋压点的干物质和温度的条件下切割凝块,并沥干,拉伸物料,形成morsel,通过将morsel浸在冷水中使mosel硬化,用与乳清的组成相近的液体组合物调节,然后装入防水的柔软袋子中。
Claims (14)
1、含有来源于乳的和植物的脂质混合物的膳食平衡乳制品,其特征在于它含有脂质,其中甘油三酯酸的脂肪酸包括,以重量计,20-40%的主要来源于乳的饱和脂肪酸,35-60%的单不饱和脂肪酸和15-30%的n-3类型和n-6类型的多不饱和脂肪酸和n-6类型脂肪酸与n-3类型脂肪酸的重量比为5∶1-10∶1,其中所述脂质部分以重量计含有30-40%的乳脂肪,30-40%的油,选自具有高的油酸含量的菜籽油、低芥酸菜子油、橄榄油、杂交向日葵油和杂交红花油以及棕榈油甘油三油酸酯,1-30%的选自向日葵油、玉米油、大豆油、葡萄籽油和红花油的油,0-10%的选自米糠油,亚麻子油、小麦胚芽油或芝麻油的油。
2、根据权利要求1的乳制品,其特征在于:其含有α-生育酚作为抗氧化剂。
3、根据权利要求1的乳制品,其特征在于:其被钙强化
4、根据权利要求1的乳制品,其特征在于:其被维生素E、A、D、C、B6、B12、叶酸盐和微量元素强化,
5.根据权利要求4的乳制品,其中所述微量元素铁、镁和锌。
6、根据权利要求1的乳制品,其特征在于:它是加香的。
7、根据权利要求1-6之一的乳制品,其特征在于:它是含1-4%的脂肪的乳的形式。
8.根据权利要求7的乳制品,其特征在于它含大约2%的脂肪。
9、根据权利要求7的乳制品,其特征在于:它经巴氏灭菌、超高温巴氏灭菌或杀菌和无菌包装。
10、根据权利要求1-6之一的乳制品,其特征在于:它是粉末形式。
11、根据权利要求1-6之一的乳制品,其特征在于:它是发酵乳
12、制备权利要求7的乳制品的方法,其特征在于:考虑到乳脂肪,对基于乳的原料标准化来源于植物的脂质混入其中,任选地在乳化剂存在下以便获得乳液,将乳液预热,通过UHT热处理、均质、冷却和无菌包装。
13、制备权利要求10的粉末形式的乳制品的方法,其特征在于:考虑到乳脂肪,对基于乳的原料标准化,来源于植物的脂质混入其中,任选地在乳化剂存在下以便获得乳液,将其预热,通过蒸发将乳液浓缩,然后将浓缩物均质、喷雾干燥,任选地加入卵磷脂以得到速溶产品。
14、制备权利要求11的乳制品的方法,其特征在于:考虑到乳脂肪,对基于乳的原料标准化,将其巴氏灭菌、用一种或多种嗜热或嗜温的乳酸酵素接种,进行发酵直至pH小于5,在巴氏灭菌之前将来源于植物的脂质混入发酵乳或原料中,任选地加热,将其包装在包装容器中。
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| EP96201794.3 | 1996-06-27 |
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| DK175144B1 (da) * | 1990-06-13 | 2004-06-14 | Sanchez Penate Jose Sa | Fremgangsmåde og apparat til fremstilling af et mejeriprodukt |
| FR2667483B1 (fr) * | 1990-10-03 | 1993-03-05 | Renard Fromageries Paul | Substitut de creme laitiere. |
| GB2273234B (en) * | 1992-12-11 | 1997-03-26 | Waterford Creamery Ltd | Dairy products |
| US5578334A (en) * | 1995-04-07 | 1996-11-26 | Brandeis University | Increasing the HDL level and the HDL/LDL ratio in human serum with fat blends |
-
1997
- 1997-06-04 TW TW086107686A patent/TW360501B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-06-05 IL IL12100997A patent/IL121009A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-06-06 ZA ZA9705039A patent/ZA975039B/xx unknown
- 1997-06-17 NO NO19972794A patent/NO318376B1/no unknown
- 1997-06-18 CA CA002208817A patent/CA2208817C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-06-19 ES ES97201868T patent/ES2214588T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-06-19 EP EP97201868A patent/EP0815735B1/fr not_active Revoked
- 1997-06-19 DE DE69728000T patent/DE69728000T2/de not_active Revoked
- 1997-06-19 DK DK97201868T patent/DK0815735T3/da active
- 1997-06-19 PT PT97201868T patent/PT815735E/pt unknown
- 1997-06-19 AT AT97201868T patent/ATE261250T1/de active
- 1997-06-23 NZ NZ328149A patent/NZ328149A/xx unknown
- 1997-06-25 PL PL97320773A patent/PL186241B1/pl not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-06-25 RU RU97111555/13A patent/RU2183068C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-06-25 TR TR97/00537A patent/TR199700537A3/tr unknown
- 1997-06-25 AU AU26840/97A patent/AU731947B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1997-06-26 JP JP9170594A patent/JPH1052222A/ja active Pending
- 1997-06-26 MX MX9704813A patent/MX9704813A/es unknown
- 1997-06-26 CZ CZ19972023A patent/CZ295641B6/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-06-27 US US08/884,366 patent/US5962062A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-06-27 AR ARP970102871A patent/AR007660A1/es unknown
- 1997-06-27 KR KR1019970028207A patent/KR100553508B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-06-27 CN CN97114801A patent/CN1082792C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-06-27 BR BR9703742A patent/BR9703742A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-06-27 HU HU9701108A patent/HUP9701108A3/hu unknown
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2154121A (en) * | 1984-02-16 | 1985-09-04 | Balfour Mfg | Skimmed milk product |
| CN1108893A (zh) * | 1993-08-20 | 1995-09-27 | 雀巢制品公司 | 预期用作食物或用于食品的类脂组合物 |
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