CN106038556A - 1‑(5,6‑二氯‑1h‑苯并[d]咪唑‑2‑基)‑1h‑吡唑‑4‑羧酸的葡甲胺盐制剂 - Google Patents
1‑(5,6‑二氯‑1h‑苯并[d]咪唑‑2‑基)‑1h‑吡唑‑4‑羧酸的葡甲胺盐制剂 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明描述了1‑(5,6‑二氯‑1H‑苯并[d]咪唑‑2‑基)‑1H‑吡唑‑4‑羧酸(化合物(1))的葡甲胺盐及其可药用制剂。此类化合物可用于药物组合物和由脯氨酰羟化酶活性介导的疾病状态、障碍和病症的治疗方法。
Description
本申请是申请日为2012年10月25日、申请号为201280052789.4、发明名称为“1-(5,6-二氯-1H-苯并[D]咪唑-2-基)-1H-吡唑-4-羧酸的葡甲胺盐制剂”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请是2012年10月25日提交的PCT申请PCT/US2012/061847的国家阶段,要求2011年10月25日提交的美国专利申请序列号61/551,395的优先权。
技术领域
本发明涉及1-(5,6-二氯-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-2-基)-1H-吡唑-4-羧酸的葡甲胺盐及相关制备方法。
背景技术
高度保守的氧、铁和2-氧代戊二酸依赖性脯氨酰羟化酶(PHD)通过低氧诱导因子(HIF)的翻译后修饰来介导细胞对低氧的响应(Ivan等人,2001年,Science《科学》,第292卷,第464-468页;Jaakkola等人,2001年,Science《科学》,第292卷,第468-472页)。在常氧条件下,PHD催化HIF中2个保守的脯氨酸残基的羟基化。由于PHD对氧的亲和力在氧的生理范围内,并且氧是修饰羟化HIF的必需辅助因子,因此当氧张力降低时PHD失活。这样,HIF在常氧条件下快速分解,但在低氧条件下或当PHD被抑制时在细胞中积累。
已描述了四种PHD同型:PHD1、PHD2、PHD3和PHD4(Epstein等人,2001年,Cell《细胞》,第107卷,第43-54页;Kaelin,2005年,Annu Rev Biochem.《生物化学年评》,第74卷,第115-128页;Schmid等人,2004年,J Cell Mol Med.《细胞与分子医学期刊》,第8卷,第423-431页。不同的同型都广泛表达,但却受到差异调控,并且在细胞对低氧的响应中具有独特的生理作用。有证据证明各种同型对三种不同的HIF-α亚型具有不同的选择性(Epstein等人,出处同上)。就细胞定位而言,PHD1主要定位在细胞核,PHD2主要定位在细胞质,而PHD3似乎在细胞质和细胞核中都存在(Metzen E等人,2003年,J Cell Sci.《细胞科学杂志》,第116卷第7期,第1319-1326页)。在常氧条件下,PHD2似乎是主要的HIF-α脯氨酰羟化酶(Ivan等人,2002年,Proc Natl Acad Sci.USA《美国国家科学院院刊》,第99卷第21期,第13459-13464页;Berra等人,2003年,EMBO J.《欧洲分子生物学组织杂志》,第22卷,第4082-4090页)。这三种同型具有高度的氨基酸同源性,并且酶的活性位点高度保守。
通过小分子对PHD酶活性的靶向破坏在氧感受和氧分布障碍的治疗中具有潜在实用性。例子包括但不限于:贫血;镰状细胞性贫血;周围血管性疾病;冠状动脉疾病;心力衰竭;保护组织免于在诸如心肌缺血、心肌梗塞和中风的病症中局部缺血;保存用于移植的器官;通过调节和/或恢复血流、氧输送和/或能量利用来治疗组织的局部缺血;加速创伤愈合,尤其是糖尿病和年老患者的创伤愈合;烧伤治疗;感染治疗;骨愈合和骨生长。另外,预期PHD的靶向破坏可用于治疗诸如糖尿病、肥胖症、溃疡性结肠炎、炎性肠疾病的代谢障碍以及诸如克罗恩病的相关障碍。(Recent Patents on Inflammation&AllergyDrugDiscovery《最新炎症与过敏症药物发现专利》,2009年,第3卷,第1-16页))。
已示出HIF是导致低氧条件下促红细胞生成素产生量增加的主要转录因子(Wang等人,1993年,出处同上)。虽然已证明用重组人促红细胞生成素治疗是治疗贫血的有效方法,但可预期小分子介导的PHD抑制可比用促红细胞生成素治疗有优势。具体地讲,其他HIF基因产物的功能为造血所必需的,对这些因子的调节能提高造血效率。对造血重要的HIF靶基因产物的例子包括:转铁蛋白(Rolfs等人,1997年,JBiol Chem.《生物化学杂志》,第272卷第32期,第20055-20062页)、转铁蛋白受体(Lok等人,1999年,J Biol Chem.《生物化学杂志》,第274卷第34期,第24147-24152页;Tacchini等人,1999年,J Biol Chem.《生物化学杂志》,第274卷第34期,第24142-24146页)和血浆铜蓝蛋白(Mukhopadhyay等人,2000年,JBiol Chem.《生物化学杂志》,第275卷第28期,第21048-21054页)。铁调素表达也被HIF所抑制(Peyssonnaux等人,2007年,J Clin Invest.《临床研究杂志》,第117卷第7期,第1926-1932页),已示出PHD的小分子抑制剂能减少铁调素产生量(Braliou等人,2008年,JHepatol.《肝脏病学杂志》,第48卷,第801-810页)。铁调素是造血所必需的铁的利用度的负调控因子,因此预期铁调素产生量的下降对贫血症的治疗有益。PHD抑制在与其他贫血症治疗法(包括补铁和/或外源促红细胞生成素)联合使用时也是有用的。对人群中自然发生的PHD2基因的突变的研究,为PHD抑制剂治疗贫血症的用途提供了进一步的证据。最近两份报告已示出,在PHD2基因中存在功能异常突变的患者表现出红血球增多现象增加和血液血红蛋白升高(Percy等人,2007年,PNAS《美国科学院院报》,第103卷第3期,第654-659页;Al-Sheikh等人,2008年,Blood Cells Mol Dis.《血细胞、分子和疾病》,第40卷,第160-165页)。另外,已在健康志愿者和慢性肾病患者中评估了小分子PHD抑制剂(美国专利申请No.US2006/0276477,2006年12月7日)。血浆促红细胞生成素以剂量依赖性方式增加,而慢性肾病患者中血液血红蛋白浓度增加。
HIF在低氧条件下的总积累支配着糖酵解作用的适应性上调,氧化磷酸化的下降导致过氧化氢和超氧化氢产生量下降,氧化磷酸化的最适化能保护细胞免受局部缺血损伤。因此,预期PHD抑制剂可用于器官和组织移植物的保存(Bernhardt等人,2007年,Methods Enzymol.《酶学方法》,第435卷,第221-245页)。虽然该有益效果可通过在收获器官以供移植之前先施用PHD抑制剂来实现,但在收获之后在储存(例如停搏液)中或在移植后将抑制剂施用给器官/组织也会有治疗效果。
预期PHD抑制剂能有效保存组织,使其免受局部缺血和/或低氧影响。这包括与特别是心绞痛、心肌局部缺血、中风、骨骼肌局部缺血有关的局部缺血/低氧。最近,已证明局部缺血预适应是一种依赖于HIF的现象(Cai等人,2008年,Cardiovasc Res.《心血管研究》,第77卷第3期,第463-470页)。虽然预适应的想法最为人所知的是预适应在心脏中的保护作用,但这个想法也可适用于其他组织,包括但不限于:肝脏、骨骼肌、肝脏、肺、肾脏、肠和大脑(Pasupathy等人,2005年,Endovasc Surg.《欧洲血管与血管内外科杂志》,第29卷,第106-115页;Mallick等人,2004年,Dig Dis Sci.《消化疾病与科学》,第49卷第9期,第1359-1377页)。在多个动物模型中已获得了PHD抑制和HIF升高对组织的保护作用的实验证据,包括:PHD1的种系敲除赋予了对骨骼肌免受局部缺血伤害的保护(Aragonés等人,2008年,NatGenet.《自然遗传学》,第40卷第2期,第170-180页),通过使用siRNA使PHD2沉默保护了心脏免受局部缺血伤害(Natarajan等人,2006年,Circ Res.《循环研究》,第98卷第1期,第133-140页),通过施用一氧化碳抑制PHD保护了心肌免受局部缺血损伤(Chin等人,2007年,ProcNatl Acad Sci.U.S.A.《美国国家科学院院刊》,第104卷第12期,第5109-5114页),大脑中低氧增加了对局部缺血的耐受(Bernaudin等人,2002年,JCereb BloodFlowMetab.《脑血流与代谢杂志》,第22卷第4期,第393-403页)。另外,PHD的小分子抑制剂在实验性中风模型中能保护大脑(Siddiq等人,2005年,J Biol Chem.《生物化学杂志》,第280卷第50期,第41732-41743页)。此外,已证明HIF上调能保护糖尿病小鼠(在这种小鼠中结局通常较差)的心脏(Natarajan等人,2008年,J Cardiovasc Pharmacol.《心血管药理杂志》,第51卷第2期,第178-187页)。这些组织保护作用在伯格病、雷诺病和手足发绀中也可观察到。
对通过线粒体中Kreb循环进行的有氧代谢依赖性下降,和对通过PHD抑制来产生的厌氧糖酵解的依赖性提高,这在常氧组织中可具有有益作用。要着重指出的是,还示出PHD抑制在常氧条件下能升高HIF。因此,PHD抑制会产生假低氧现象,相关情形是通过HIF引发低氧响应,但组织氧结合仍保持正常。预期由PHD抑制所产生的代谢变化还可为糖尿病、肥胖症和相关障碍(包括并存疾病)提供治疗范例。
总体而言,由PHD抑制所产生的一批基因表达变化减少了每单位葡萄糖所产生的能量数量,并且会刺激身体燃烧更多的脂肪以保持能量平衡。糖酵解增加的机理在上文已有讨论。其他的观察结果将低氧响应与预期对糖尿病和肥胖症治疗有益的作用关联起来。已示出低氧和低氧模拟物如去铁胺能防止脂肪细胞分化(Lin等人,2006年,J Biol Chem.《生物化学杂志》,第281卷第41期,第30678-30683页;Carrière等人,2004年,J Biol Chem.《生物化学杂志》,第279卷第39期,第40462-40469页)。在脂肪生成的初始阶段中抑制PHD活性,抑制了新的脂肪细胞的形成(Floyd等人,2007年,J Cell Biochem.《细胞生物化学杂志》,第101卷,第1545-1557页)。低氧、氯化钴和去铁胺升高了HIF并抑制了PPARγ2核激素受体转录(Yun等人,2002年,Dev Cell.《发育细胞》,第2卷,第331-341页)。由于PPARγ2是脂肪细胞分化的重要信号,预期PHD抑制可抑制脂肪细胞分化。这些作用被示出是通过HIF调控的基因DEC1/Stra13介导的(Yun等人,出处同上)。
已证明PHD的小分子抑制剂在糖尿病和肥胖症的动物模型中具有有益作用(国际专利申请公开No.WO2004/052284,2004年6月24日;WO2004/052285,2004年6月24日)。在小鼠膳食诱导肥胖症、db/db小鼠和Zucker fa/fa大鼠模型中证明的PHD抑制剂的作用有:血糖浓度下降、腹部脂肪垫和内脏脂肪垫中的脂肪量下降、血红蛋白A1c下降、血浆甘油三酯下降、体重下降,以及确立的疾病生物标记的变化,例如肾上腺髓质素和瘦素水平增加。瘦素是已知的HIF靶基因产物(Grosfeld等人,2002年,J Biol Chem.《生物化学杂志》,第277卷第45期,第42953-42957页)。参与脂肪细胞中的代谢的基因产物被证明是通过PHD抑制以HIF依赖性方式调控的(国际专利申请公开No.WO2004/052285,出处同上)。这些产物包括载脂蛋白A-IV、酰基CoA硫酯酶、肉毒碱乙酰转移酶和胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白(IGFBP)-1。
PHD抑制剂预期在治疗上可作为血管发生、血管新生和动脉生成的刺激剂使用。这些过程在局部缺血和/或低氧条件下建立或恢复对组织的血流和氧合(Semenza等人,2007年,J Cell Biochem.《细胞生物化学杂志》,第102卷,第840-847页;Semenza,2007年,ExpPhysiol.《实验生理学》,第92卷第6期,第988-991页)。在实验动物模型中和在人类中已示出身体锻炼能增加HIF-1和血管内皮生长因子(Gustafsson等人,2001年,Front Biosci.《生物科学前沿》,第6卷,第D75-89页),从而增加骨骼肌中的血管数量。VEGF是众所周知的HIF靶基因产物,其是血管新生的主要驱动因子(Liu等人,出处同上)。PHD抑制比其他血管生成疗法具有潜在的优势,因为它能以HIF依赖性方式刺激多种血管生长因子的控制表达,包括但不限于:胎盘生长因子(PLGF)、促血管生成素-1(ANGPT1)、促血管生成素-2(ANGPT2)、血小板衍生的生长因子β(PDGFB)(Carmeliet,2004年,J Intern Med.《内科学杂志》,第255卷,第538-561页;Kelly等人,2003年,Circ Res.《循环研究》,第93卷,第1074-10781页)和基质细胞衍生因子1(SDF-1)(Ceradini等人,2004年,Nat Med.《自然医学》,第10卷第8期,第858-864页)。相比于单独施用VEGF所产生的血管,在血管新生过程中促血管生成素-1的表达产生了抗渗漏血管(Thurston等人,1999年,Science《科学》,第286卷,第2511-2514页;Thurston等人,2000年,Nat Med.《自然医学》,第6卷第4期,第460-463页;Elson等人,2001年,Genes Dev.《基因和发育》,第15卷第19期,第2520-2532页)。已示出基质细胞衍生因子1(SDF-1)对于内皮祖细胞募集到组织损伤部位的过程是重要的。SDF-1表达增加了循环的CXCR4阳性祖细胞向局部缺血组织的黏附、迁移和归巢。此外,对局部缺血组织中SDF-1的抑制或者对循环的细胞上CXCR4的阻断防止了祖细胞向损伤部位的募集(Ceradini等人,2004年,出处同上;Ceradini等人,2005年,Trends Cardiovasc Med.《心血管医学趋势》,第15卷第2期,第57-63页)。重要的是,在老龄小鼠中内皮祖细胞向损伤部位的募集减少,而通过在伤口部位增加HIF进行干预可以对此进行矫正(Chang等人,2007年,Circulation《循环》,第116卷第24期,第2818-2829页)。PHD抑制所提供的优势不仅在于增加多种血管发生因子的表达,而且对这些因子在整个血管新生过程中的表达和内皮祖细胞向局部缺血组织的募集进行协调。
PHD抑制剂还可用于促血管发生疗法。已证明在成体动物的非局部缺血组织中腺病毒介导的HIF过量表达能诱导血管新生(Kelly等人,2003年,Circ Res.《循环研究》,第93卷第11期,第1074-1081页),这提供了证据证明能升高HIF的疗法(如PHD抑制)会诱导血管新生。胎盘生长因子(PLGF)也是HIF靶基因,已示出它在局部缺血组织中的血管新生中起到关键作用(Carmeliet,2004年,J Intern Med.《国际医学杂志》,第255卷第5期,第538-561页;Luttun等人,2002年,Ann N Y Acad Sci.《纽约科学院年志》,第979卷,第80-93页)。在骨骼肌中(Pajusola等人,2005年,FASEB J.《美国实验生物学联合会会刊》,第19卷第10期,第1365-1367页;Vincent等人,2000年,Circulation《循环》,第102卷,第2255-2261页)和在心肌中(Shyu等人,2002年,Cardiovasc Res.《心血管研究》,第54卷,第576-583页),通过HIF过量表达,已证明了能升高HIF的疗法的强效促血管新生作用。内皮祖细胞被HIF靶基因SDF-1募集到局部缺血心肌,这也已得到证明(Abbott等人,2004年,Circulation《循环》,第110卷第21期,第3300-3305页)。因此,PHD抑制剂在组织局部缺血特别是肌肉局部缺血的情况中将很可能有效地刺激血管新生。由PHD抑制剂所产生的治疗性血管新生将很可能引起恢复流向组织的血流,从而改善诸如但不限于以下的疾病:心绞痛、心肌缺血和心肌梗塞、外周缺血疾病、跛行、胃溃疡和十二指肠溃疡、溃疡性结肠炎以及炎性肠疾病。
PHD和HIF在组织修复和再生(包括伤口和溃疡的愈合)中起到核心作用。最近的研究已证明,在老龄小鼠中的伤口部位所有三种PHD表达增加,导致HIF积累下降(Chang等人,出处同上)。因此,通过施用去铁胺升高老龄小鼠中的HIF,结果使伤口愈合程度提升恢复到了幼龄小鼠中观察到的水平。类似地,与非糖尿病的同胎仔鼠相比,在糖尿病小鼠模型中HIF升高受到了抑制(Mace等人,2007年,Wound Repair Regen.《创伤修复与再生》,第15卷第5期,第636-645页)。氯化钴(一种低氧模拟物)的局部施用或者缺乏氧依赖性降解结构域从而提供组成型活性形式的HIF的鼠HIF的过量表达,导致了伤口部位HIF增加,HIF靶基因如VEGF、Nos2和Hmox1的表达增加,以及伤口愈合加速。PHD抑制的有益效果并不限于皮肤,最近已证明PHD的小分子抑制剂在结肠炎的小鼠模型中提供益处(Robinson等人,2008年,Gastroenterology《肠胃病学》,第134卷第1期,第145-155页)。
总的来说,PHD抑制导致HIF积累很可能通过以下至少四种机制起作用,从而促使伤口的加速且更完全的愈合:1)保护受低氧和/或局部缺血危害的组织,2)刺激血管发生以建立或恢复流向伤口部位的适当血流,3)募集内皮祖细胞到伤口部位,4)刺激能特异性刺激愈合和再生的生长因子的释放。
由于PDGF是HIF基因靶标(Schultz等人,2006年,Am J Physiol Heart CircPhysiol.《美国生理学杂志:心脏与循环生理学》,第290卷第6期,第H2528-2534页;Yoshida等人,2006年,J Neurooncol.《神经肿瘤学杂志》,第76卷第1期,第13-21页),PHD抑制很可能增加内源TOGF的表达,并且所产生的有益效果与单独用PDGF所产生的有益效果相似或更好。在动物中进行的研究已证明,局部施用PDGF导致伤口DNA、蛋白质和羟脯氨酸含量增加;形成更厚的肉芽和表皮组织;以及伤口部位的细胞再增殖增加。PDGF可对新结缔组织形成的增强发挥局部作用。由于HIF介导的额外的组织保护作用和促血管发生作用,PHD抑制的有效性很可能大于PDGF所产生的有效性。
PHD抑制的有益效果不仅延伸到皮肤和结肠中的加速伤口愈合,而且延伸到包括但不限于胃肠溃疡、皮肤移植物置换、烧伤、慢性伤口和冻伤在内的其他组织损伤的愈合。
在体内低氧小生境中发现存在干细胞和祖细胞,低氧调控它们的分化和细胞命运(Simon等人,2008年,Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol.《自然综述:分子细胞生物学》,第9卷,第285-296页)。因此,PHD抑制剂可用于维持干细胞和祖细胞处于多能状态和用于驱动分化成为所需的细胞类型。干细胞可用于培养和扩增干细胞群体,并可保持细胞处于多能状态,同时将激素和其他因子施用给细胞可影响分化和细胞命运。
PHD抑制剂在干细胞和祖细胞治疗领域的又一个用途,涉及将PHD抑制剂用于调理这些细胞以使其能经受住向体内的植入过程和产生对身体的适当响应,从而使干细胞和祖细胞植入可行(Hu等人,2008年,J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.《美国心胸外科杂志》,第135卷第4期,第799-808页)。更具体地讲,PHD抑制剂可促进干细胞的整合,并且一旦干细胞整合时吸引适当的血液供应以维持干细胞。该血管形成也会起到将这些细胞释放的激素和其他因子携带到身体其他部位的作用。
PHD抑制剂还可用于治疗感染(Peyssonnaux等人,2005年,J Invest Dermatol.《研究性皮肤病学杂志》,第115卷第7期,第1806-1815页;Peyssonnaux等人,2008年,JInvest Dermatol.《研究性皮肤病学杂志》,2008年8月,第128卷第8期,第1964-1968页)。已证明HIF升高能增加吞噬细胞中和角质细胞中对感染的先天免疫应答。其中HIF升高的吞噬细胞显示出杀细菌活性提高、氧化氮产生量增加和导管素(cathelicidin)这种抗细菌肽的表达增加。这些效果也可用于治疗烧伤感染。
HIF也已被证明参与骨生长和愈合(Pfander D等人,2003年,J Cell Sci.《细胞科学期刊》,第116卷第Pt9期,第1819-1826页);Wang等人,2007年,J Clin Invest.《临床研究杂志》,第17卷第6期,第1616-1626页),因此可用于愈合或防止骨折。HIF刺激糖酵解以提供能量,以允许在低氧环境下合成骺软骨细胞的胞外基质。HIF还在驱动骨愈合过程中的VEGF的释放和血管新生中起作用。血管向生长中或愈合中的骨头内的生长可能是该过程中的限速步骤。
PHD的小分子抑制剂在文献中已有描述,这些小分子抑制剂包括但不限于咪唑并[1,2-a]吡啶衍生物(Warshakoon等人,2006年,Bioorg Med Chem Lett.《生物有机化学与医药化学通讯》,第16卷第21期,第5598-5601页))、取代的吡啶衍生物(Warshakoon等人,2006年,Bioorg Med Chem Lett.《生物有机化学与医药化学通讯》,第16卷第21期,第5616-5620页))、吡唑并吡啶(Warshakoon等人,2006年,Bioorg Med Chem Lett.《生物有机化学与医药化学通讯》,第16卷第21期,第5687-5690页))、二环杂芳族N取代甘氨酸衍生物(国际专利申请公开No.WO2007/103905,2007年9月13日)、基于喹啉的化合物(国际专利申请公开No.WO2007/070359,2007年6月21日)、嘧啶三酮N取代的甘氨酸衍生物(国际专利申请公开No.WO2007/150011,2007年12月27日)、取代的芳基或杂芳基酰胺化合物(美国专利申请公开No.US2007/0299086,2007年12月27日)和取代的4-羟基嘧啶-5-甲酰胺(国际专利申请公开No.WO2009/117269,2009年9月24日)。
发明内容
本发明涉及如本文所述定义的通用和优选实施例。根据下面的具体实施方式并结合附图,本发明的优选和示例性特征将显而易见。
在其许多实施例中,本发明涉及脯氨酰羟化酶(PHD)的抑制剂的新型盐,并且提供了治疗、预防、抑制或改善与PHD酶相关的一种或多种疾病障碍的方法。
更具体地讲,本发明涉及下式的化合物的葡甲胺盐:
以及制备或制造该化合物的相关方法。
在另一个实施例中,本发明涉及化合物(1)的葡甲胺盐的含水形式。
根据下面详细的讨论、方案、例子和权利要求,本发明的另外的实施例和优点将变得显而易见。
附图说明
图1示出了溶液中化合物(1)的饱和度的pH依赖性。
图2示出了化合物(1)的葡甲胺盐的PXRD数据。
图3示出了化合物(1)的葡甲胺盐的DSC、TGA和x射线数据。
图4示出了:(A)化合物(1)的葡甲胺盐的单晶结构;和(B)化合物(1)的葡甲胺盐的单晶的实验和模拟粉末图样。
图5示出了HIF1-α在暴露于化合物(1)的葡甲胺盐的制剂时的刺激百分比。
图6示出了在受伤小鼠中局部施用化合物(1)的葡甲胺盐的制剂后的血浆水平(全身负荷)。
图7示出了在施用化合物(1)的葡甲胺盐的制剂后使用弗朗茨扩散池(Franzdiffusion cell)得出的化合物(1)经过皮肤(人真皮)和人工膜的流量的相关性。
图8示出了施用化合物(1)的葡甲胺盐的制剂未引起刺激至引起非常低的刺激,如HET-CAM分析中测试。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及具有下式的化合物的新型盐:
其为脯氨酰羟化酶(PHD)的抑制剂,及其用于治疗、改善或抑制与脯氨酰羟化酶的调节相关的障碍和疾病的组合物。本发明还涉及制备此类化合物、其药物组合物、可药用盐、可药用前药和药物活性代谢物的方法。
A)术语
通过引用本文提供的以下定义、附图和示例性公开最全面地理解本发明。
术语“包括”、“含有”和“包含”在本文中以其开放的、非限制性的意义使用。
“施用”意指以药理学上有用的方式为患者提供药物。
“组合物”意指含有本发明化合物的产品(例如包含规定量的规定成分的产品,以及直接或间接通过此类规定量的规定成分的组合获得的任何产品)。
“化合物”或“药物”意指式(1)的化合物或其可药用形式。
“形式”意指一种或多种式(1)的化合物及其盐或水合物的各种异构体和混合物。术语“异构体”是指具有相同组成和分子量但物理性质和/或化学性质不同的化合物。此类物质具有相同数量和种类的原子但结构不同。结构差异可存在于构成(几何异构体)或存在于旋转偏振光平面的能力(立体异构体)。术语“立体异构体”是指构成相同但其原子在空间中的排列不同的异构体。对映体和非对映体是立体异构体,其中不对称取代的碳原子充当手性中心。术语“手性”是指与其镜像不可重合的分子,这意味着不存在对称轴和对称平面或对称中心。
术语“低氧”或“低氧障碍”是指提供在血液或供应给组织和器官的氧水平不足的病症。低氧障碍可通过多种机制发生,包括血液携氧能力不足的情况(即贫血),由心力衰竭或血管和/或动脉堵塞导致的流向组织和/或器官的血流不足的情况(即局部缺血),气压减小的情况(即在高海拔地区的高原病),或功能失调细胞不能正确利用氧的情况(即组织中毒性病症)。因此,本领域技术人员将容易理解到,本发明可用于治疗多种低氧病症,包括贫血、心力衰竭、冠状动脉疾病、血栓栓塞、中风、心绞痛等。
“患者”或“受试者”意指需要治疗介入的动物、优选地哺乳动物、更优选地人类。
“可药用”意指具有用于本发明的组合物或药物的制剂的足够纯度和质量的分子实体和组合物。由于人用(临床和非处方)和兽用两者等同地包含在本发明的范围内,因此制剂将包括人用或兽用组合物或药物。
“可药用赋形剂”是指无毒的、生物学上可耐受的,以及换句话讲在生物学上适于施用给受试者的物质,例如惰性物质,其被加入药物组合物或换句话讲用作溶媒、载体或稀释剂以有利于药剂的施用,并且与药剂相容。赋形剂的例子包括碳酸钙、磷酸钙、各种糖和各种淀粉、纤维素衍生物、明胶、植物油和聚乙二醇。
“可药用盐”意指本发明的化合物的酸或碱盐,其具有用于本发明的组合物或药物的制剂的足够的纯度和质量,并且具有耐受性和充分无毒,以用于药物制剂中。合适的可药用盐包括酸加成盐,其可例如通过将药物化合物与诸如盐酸、硫酸、富马酸、马来酸、琥珀酸、乙酸、苯甲酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、碳酸或磷酸之类的合适的可药用酸反应而形成。
术语“溶剂化物”意指通过此类化合物与一种或多种溶剂分子以溶液或以固体或晶体形式的相互作用或络合作用而形成的那些化合物。术语“水合物”意指溶剂化物,其中溶剂为水。
“治疗有效量”意指能在组织系统、动物或人体上引起研究人员、兽医、医生或其他临床医师正在寻求的生物或药物反应(包括所治疗疾病或障碍的症状的治疗缓解)的化合物的量。
如本文所用,除非另外指明,否则术语“治疗”意指逆转、缓解、抑制此类术语适用的障碍或病症或此类障碍或病症的一种或多种症状的过程,降低其严重性或对其进行预防。如本文所用,除非另外指明,术语“治疗”是指治疗行为。
B)化合物
本发明涉及式(1)的化合物的新型盐。具体地讲,本发明涉及式(1)的化合物的葡甲胺盐。一般而言,本发明涉及施用给需要治疗与脯氨酰羟化酶的调节相关的障碍和疾病的患者的所有化合物。
本发明的一些实施例包括此类化合物的水合物、溶剂化物或多晶型及其混合物,即便这些形式未在本说明书中明确陈述。优选地,式(1)的化合物或其可药用盐的一些实施例包括溶剂化物。更优选地,式(1)的化合物或其可药用盐的一些实施例包括水合物。
本发明的又一个实施例包括式(1)的化合物的晶体形式或者式(1)的化合物的可药用盐可作为共晶体获得。
在本发明的某些实施例中,式(1)的化合物以晶体形式获得。在其他实施例中,式(1)的化合物的晶体形式实质上为立方体。在其他实施例中,式(1)的化合物的可药用盐以晶体形式获得。在其他实施例中,式(1)的化合物以若干多晶型形式中的一种,作为晶体形式的混合物,作为多晶型形式或作为非晶态形式获得。在其他实施例中,式(1)的化合物在溶液中在一个或多个晶体形式和/或多晶型形式之间转换。
本发明的药物化合物还包括立体异构体的混合物,或各自纯的或基本上纯的异构体。例如,本发明化合物可任选地在含有任何一个取代基的碳原子处具有一个或多个不对称中心。因此,化合物可以对映异构体或非对映异构体或其混合物的形式存在。当本发明化合物含有双键时,本发明化合物可以几何异构体(顺式-化合物、反式-化合物)的形式存在,而当本发明化合物含有不饱和键如羰基时,则本发明化合物可以互变异构体形式存在,并且本发明化合物还包括这些异构体或其混合物。在制备本发明化合物的过程中可使用外消旋混合物、对映异构体或非对映异构体形式的起始化合物。当本发明化合物以非对映异构体或对映异构体的形式获得时,则它们可通过常规方法如色谱法或分级结晶法进行分离。此外,本发明化合物包括其分子内盐、水合物、溶剂化物或多型。合适的药物化合物为在穿透粘膜、真皮后或在口服的情况下在用唾液输送到胃肠道后发挥局部生理效应或全身效应的那些。
本发明还涉及式(1)的化合物的可药用盐和使用此类盐的方法。可药用盐是指化合物的游离酸或碱的盐,其是无毒的、生物学耐受的或换句话说在生物学上适于施用给受试者。一般来讲,参见S.M.Berge等人,“Pharmaceutical Salts”,J.Pharm.Sci.“药用盐”,《药物科学杂志》,1977年,第66卷,第1-19页)以及Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts,Properties,Selection,and Use《药用盐手册:特性、选择与应用》,2002年,Stahl和Wermuth编辑,Wiley-VCH and VHCA,苏黎世。优选的可药用盐是药理学上有效和适于与患者的组织接触而不具有不适当的毒性、刺激或过敏反应的那些。化合物可具有足够的酸性基团、足够的碱性基团或两种类型的官能团,并且因此与多种无机或有机碱及无机和有机酸反应,以形成可药用盐。可药用盐的例子包括硫酸盐、焦硫酸盐、硫酸氢盐、亚硫酸盐、亚硫酸氢盐、磷酸盐、磷酸一氢盐、磷酸二氢盐、偏磷酸盐、焦磷酸盐、氯化物、溴化物、碘化物、乙酸盐、丙酸盐、癸酸盐、辛酸盐、丙烯酸盐、甲酸盐、异丁酸盐、己酸盐、庚酸盐、丙炔酸盐、草酸盐、丙二酸盐、琥珀酸盐、辛二酸盐、癸二酸盐、富马酸盐、马来酸盐、丁炔-1,4-二酸盐、己炔-1,6-二酸盐、苯甲酸盐、氯代苯甲酸盐、甲基苯甲酸盐、二硝基苯甲酸盐、羟基苯甲酸盐、甲氧基苯甲酸盐、邻苯二甲酸盐、磺酸盐、二甲苯磺酸盐、苯乙酸盐、苯丙酸盐、苯丁酸盐、柠檬酸盐、乳酸盐、γ-羟丁酸盐、乙醇酸盐、酒石酸盐、甲磺酸盐、丙磺酸盐、萘-1-磺酸盐、萘-2-磺酸盐和扁桃酸盐。
在存在碱性氮的情况下,所需的可药用盐可通过本领域可用的任何合适方法制备,例如用无机酸处理该游离碱,所述无机酸例如是盐酸、氢溴酸、氢碘酸、高氯酸、硫酸、氨基磺酸、硝酸、硼酸、磷酸等,或者用有机酸处理该游离碱,所述有机酸例如乙酸、三氟乙酸、苯乙酸、丙酸、硬脂酸、乳酸、抗坏血酸、马来酸、羟基马来酸、苹果酸、帕莫酸、羟乙磺酸、琥珀酸、戊酸、富马酸、糖精酸、丙二酸、丙酮酸、草酸、乙醇酸、水杨酸、油酸、棕榈酸、月桂酸、吡喃糖苷基酸(如葡糖醛酸或半乳糖醛酸)、α-羟酸(如扁桃酸、柠檬酸或酒石酸)、氨基酸(如天冬氨酸或谷氨酸)、芳族酸(如苯甲酸、2-乙酰氧基苯甲酸、萘甲酸或肉桂酸)、磺酸(如月桂基磺酸、苯磺酸、2-萘磺酸、对甲苯璜酸、甲磺酸、乙磺酸、羟基乙磺酸、环己基磺酸)、诸如本文作为例子给出的那些酸的任何相容性混合物,以及根据本技术领域的普通技能水平被认为是等效物或可接受取代物的任何其他酸及其混合物。
在存在酸基团如羧酸或磺酸的情况下,所需的可药用盐可通过任何合适的方法制备,例如用无机或有机碱处理该游离酸,所述无机或有机碱例如胺(伯胺、仲胺或叔胺)、碱金属氢氧化物、碱土金属氢氧化物、诸如本文作为例子给出的那些碱的任何相容性混合物,以及根据本技术领域的普通技能水平被认为是等效物或可接受取代物的任何其他碱及其混合物。合适的盐的示例性例子包括衍生自下述物质的有机盐:氨基酸(例如甘氨酸和精氨酸)、氨、碳酸盐、碳酸氢盐、伯胺、仲胺、叔胺和环胺(例如苄胺、吡咯烷、哌啶、吗啉和哌嗪),以及衍生自下列物质的无机盐:钠、钙、钾、镁、锰、铁、铜、锌、铝和锂。代表性的有机或无机碱还包括苄星、氯普鲁卡因、胆碱、二乙醇胺、乙二胺、葡甲胺和普鲁卡因。
本发明还涉及化合物的可药用前药,以及使用此类可药用前药的治疗方法。术语“前药”意指指定化合物的前体,该前体在施用给受试者后,在体内通过诸如溶剂分解或酶解的化学或生理过程或在生理条件下生成化合物。“可药用前药”是无毒的、生物学上可耐受的,以及换句话讲在生物学上适于施用给受试者的前药。例如,在“Design ofProdrugs”“前药设计”,H.Bundgaard编辑,1985年,Elsevier中描述了用于选择和制备合适的前药衍生物的示例性工序。
附加类型的前药可例如通过将化合物的结构的游离羧基衍生为酰胺或烷基酯来制备。酰胺的例子包括衍生自氨、伯烷基胺和仲二烷基胺的那些。仲胺包括5元或6元杂环烷基或杂芳基环部分。酰胺的例子包括衍生自氨、烷基伯胺和二烷基胺的那些。本发明的酯的例子包括烷基酯、环烷基酯、苯酯和苯基烷基酯。优选的酯包括甲酯。还可以按照诸如Fleisher等人,Adv.Drug Delivery Rev.《药物递送进展综述》,1996年,第19卷,第115-130页中所述的那些工序,通过使用包括半琥珀酸酯、磷酸酯、二甲基氨基乙酸酯和磷酰氧基甲氧基羰基在内的基团使游离羟基衍生化来制备前药。羟基和氨基的氨基甲酸酯衍生物也可产生前药。羟基的碳酸酯衍生物、磺酸酯和硫酸酯也可以提供前药。将羟基衍生化为酰氧基甲醚和酰氧基乙醚,其中酰基可为任选被一个或多个醚、胺或羧酸官能团取代的烷基酯,或者其中酰基为如上所述的氨基酸酯,这也可用于产生前药。该类型的前药可如Greenwald等人,J.Med.Chem.《药物化学杂志》,1996年,第39卷第10期,第1938-1940页中所述制备。游离胺也可衍生化为酰胺、磺酰胺或膦酰胺。所有这些前药部分都可掺入包括醚、胺和羧酸官能团在内的基团。
本发明还涉及式(1)的化合物的药物活性代谢物,其也可用于本发明的方法中。“药物活性代谢物”意指该化合物或其盐的体内代谢的药理活性产物。化合物的前药和活性代谢物可使用本领域已知或可利用的常规技术进行确定。参见例如Bertolini等人,J.Med.Chem.《药物化学杂志》,1997年,第40卷,第2011-2016页;Shan等人,J.Pharm.Sci.《制药科学杂志》,1997年,第86卷第7期,第765-767页;Bagshawe,Drug Dev.Res.《药物开发研究》,1995年,第34卷,第220-230页);Bodor,Adv.DrugRes.《药物研究进展》,1984年,第13卷,第224-331页);Bundgaard,Design of Prodrugs,《前药设计》,1985年,爱思唯尔出版社);以及Larsen,Design and Application ofProdrugs,“前药的设计与应用”,《药物设计与开发》,1991年,Krogsgaard-Larsen等人编辑,哈伍德学术出版社)。
C)药物组合物
在本发明的具体实施例中,式(1)的化合物的盐更具体地讲葡甲胺盐单独使用或者与一种或多种附加成分组合使用来配制药物组合物。药物组合物包含有效量的至少一种根据本发明的化合物。
本公开还提供了包含本文所述的化合物或衍生物以及可药用载体、赋形剂和稀释剂中的一种或多种的组合物(包括药物组合物)。在本发明的某些实施例中,组合物还可包含微量的润湿剂或乳化剂或pH缓冲剂。在具体实施例中,药物组合物对于施用给人类是药学上可接受的。在某些实施例中,药物组合物包含治疗有效量或预防有效量的本文所述的化合物或衍生物。可通过标准临床技术确定本发明的化合物或衍生物将治疗有效或预防有效的量。示例性的有效量在以下部分中更详细地描述。在本发明的某些实施例中,组合物还可含有稳定剂。稳定剂为降低化合物(1)的组合物的化学降解速率的化合物。合适的稳定剂包括但不限于抗氧化剂,如抗坏血酸、pH缓冲剂或盐缓冲剂。
药物组合物可为适于施用给受试者(优选地人类受试者)的任何形式。在某些实施例中,组合物为溶液、悬浮液、乳液、片剂、丸剂、胶囊剂、散剂和缓释制剂的形式。组合物还可为特定单位剂型。单位剂型的例子包括但不限于:片剂;胶囊片;胶囊剂,例如软弹性明胶胶囊剂;扁囊剂;糖锭剂;锭剂;分散剂;栓剂;膏剂;泥罨剂(巴布膏);糊剂;散剂;敷料剂;霜剂;膏药剂;溶液;贴剂;喷雾剂(如鼻喷雾剂或吸入剂);凝胶剂;适于口服或粘膜施用给患者的液体剂型,包括悬浮剂(如含水或不含水液体悬浮剂、水包油型乳液或油包水型乳液)、溶液剂和酏剂;适于肠胃外施用给受试者的液体剂型;以及无菌固体(例如结晶固体或非晶态固体),其可被重构以提供适于肠胃外施用给受试者的液体剂型。
在具体实施例中,受试者是诸如牛、马、羊、猪、家禽、猫、狗、小鼠、大鼠、兔或豚鼠的哺乳动物。在优选的实施例中,受试者是人类。优选地,药物组合物适于兽类和/或人类施用。根据该实施例,术语“可药用”意指经联邦或州政府管理机构批准或列入美国药典或其他公认的药典以用于动物,更具体地讲用于人类。
用于组合物中的合适的药物载体是无菌液体,例如水和油,包括石油、动物、植物或合成来源的那些。在具体实施例中,油是花生油、大豆油、矿物油或芝麻油。当静脉内施用药物组合物时,水是优选的载体。盐水溶液和右旋糖水溶液以及甘油溶液也可用作液体载体,尤其是用于可注射溶液。合适的药物载体的其他例子为本领域已知,例如Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences《雷氏药学大全》,1990年,第18版,Mack出版,宾夕法尼亚州伊斯顿中所述。
用于组合物中的合适的赋形剂包括淀粉、葡萄糖、乳糖、蔗糖、明胶、麦芽、稻米、面粉、白垩、硅胶、硬脂酸钠、单硬脂酸甘油酯、滑石、氯化钠、脱脂奶粉、甘油、丙烯、二醇、水和乙醇。具体赋形剂是否适于掺入到药物组合物中取决于本领域熟知的多种因素,包括但不限于施用途径和组合物中的具体活性成分。
包含本文所述的化合物或衍生物或其可药用盐和溶剂化物的药物组合物被配制为与预期施用途径相容。制剂优选地用于局部施用,但可通过其他方式施用,例如通过吸入或吹入(经口或经鼻)施用、真皮内施用、口腔施用、皮下施用、含服施用、肠胃外施用、经阴道或直肠施用。优选地,组合物还被配制成在储存和输送过程中为化合物提供增强的化学稳定性。制剂可以是冻干制剂或液体制剂。
D)施用
本文所述的化合物或衍生物或其可药用盐优选地作为组合物的组分施用,该组合物任选地包含可药用载体。化合物或衍生物优选地通过口服施用。另一种优选的施用方法是通过局部施用化合物或衍生物。
在某些实施例中,化合物或衍生物通过任何其他常规途径施用,例如通过经皮肤、上皮或皮肤粘膜内层(例如(表皮)真皮、口腔粘膜、直肠和肠粘膜)吸收。施用方法包括但不限于通过吸入或局部(尤其是对于耳、鼻、眼或皮肤)的肠胃外施用、真皮内施用、肌肉内施用、腹膜内施用、静脉内施用、皮下施用、鼻内施用、硬膜外施用、口腔施用、舌下施用、鼻内施用、大脑内施用、阴道内施用、经皮施用、直肠施用。在大多数情况下,施用将导致化合物或衍生物释放到血流中。在优选的实施例中,化合物或衍生物通过口腔递送。
此外,本发明涉及使用本文所述的化合物治疗受试者的方法,所述受试者被诊断有或罹患由脯氨酰羟化酶介导的疾病、障碍或病症,例如:贫血、血管障碍、代谢障碍和伤口愈合。
在优选的实施例中,本发明的化合物可用于治疗或预防贫血,包括治疗与以下疾病有关的贫血病症:慢性肾病、多囊性肾病、再生障碍性贫血、自身免疫性溶血性贫血、骨髓移植贫血、丘-施二氏综合征、布-戴二氏贫血、范可尼贫血、费尔蒂综合征、移植物抗宿主病、造血干细胞移植、溶血性尿毒综合征、骨髓增生异常综合征、夜间阵发性血红蛋白尿症、骨髓纤维化、各类血细胞减少症、纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血、过敏性紫癜、原始细胞增多性难治性贫血、类风湿性关节炎、施瓦茨曼(Shwachman)综合征、镰形细胞病、重型地中海贫血、轻型地中海贫血、血小板减少性紫癜、进行外科手术的贫血症或非贫血症患者、创伤相关或次生的贫血症、铁粒幼细胞贫血、其他治疗次生的贫血,所述其他治疗包括:治疗HIV的逆转录酶抑制剂、皮质类固醇激素、含环状顺铂或不含顺铂的化疗药物、长春花生物碱、有丝分裂抑制剂、拓扑异构酶II抑制剂、蒽环类抗生素、烷基化剂,特别是炎症、衰老和/或慢性疾病次生的贫血。PHD抑制还可用于治疗贫血的症状,包括慢性疲劳、脸色苍白和头晕。
在另一个优选的实施例中,本发明的分子可用于治疗或预防代谢障碍的疾病,包括但不限于糖尿病和肥胖症。在另一个优选的实施例中,本发明的分子可用于治疗或预防血管障碍。这些障碍包括但不限于低氧或伤口愈合相关的疾病,其需要促血管发生介导因子来进行血管发生、血管生成和动脉生成。
在根据本发明的治疗方法中,将有效量的根据本发明的药剂施用给罹患或诊断有此类疾病、障碍或病症的受试者。“有效量”意指足以通常在需要对指定疾病、障碍或病症进行这种治疗的患者中产生所需的治疗或预防益处的量或剂量。本发明化合物的有效量或剂量可通过常规方法确定,例如建模、剂量递增研究或临床试验,和通过考虑常规因素来确定,如施用或药物递送的方式或途径,化合物的药代动力学,疾病、障碍或病症的严重程度和病程,受试者之前进行和现在进行的疗法,受试者的健康状况和对药物的响应,以及治疗医师的判断。剂量的例子在这样的范围内:约0.001至约200mg化合物/kg受试者体重/天,优选约0.05至100mg/kg/天、或约1至35mg/kg/天,并采用单一剂量单位或分开剂量单位的形式(例如每日两次、每日三次、每日四次)。对于70kg的人,合适剂量的示例性范围为约0.05至约7g/天或约0.2至约2.5g/天。
口服片剂可包含与可药用赋形剂混合的根据本发明的化合物,所述赋形剂例如为惰性稀释剂、崩解剂、粘合剂、润滑剂、甜味剂、矫味剂、着色剂和防腐剂。合适的惰性填料包括碳酸钠和碳酸钙、磷酸钠和磷酸钙、乳糖、淀粉、糖、葡萄糖、甲基纤维素、硬脂酸镁、甘露糖醇、山梨糖醇等。示例性液体口服赋形剂包括乙醇、甘油、水等。淀粉、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、羟基乙酸淀粉钠、微晶纤维素和海藻酸是合适的崩解剂。粘合剂可包括淀粉和明胶。润滑剂如果存在的话可以是硬脂酸镁、硬脂酸或滑石。如果需要,片剂可用诸如单硬脂酸甘油酯或二硬脂酸甘油酯的材料进行包衣,以延迟在胃肠道中的吸收,或者可用肠溶衣进行包衣。
用于口服施用的胶囊剂包括硬明胶胶囊剂或软明胶胶囊剂。为制备硬明胶胶囊,可将本发明化合物与固体、半固体或液体稀释剂混合。软明胶胶囊剂可通过将本发明化合物与水、油(例如花生油或橄榄油)、液体石蜡、短链脂肪酸的单甘油酯和二甘油酯的混合物、聚乙二醇400或丙二醇混合来制备。
口服施用的液体可以为悬浮剂、溶液、乳剂或糖浆剂的形式,或者可以干燥产品形式呈现,供临用前用水或其他合适的溶媒进行重构。这种液体组合物可任选含有:可药用赋形剂如悬浮剂(例如山梨糖醇、甲基纤维素、海藻酸钠、明胶、羟乙基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、硬脂酸铝凝胶等);非水溶媒,例如油(例如杏仁油或分级椰子油)、丙二醇、乙醇或水;防腐剂(例如对羟基苯甲酸甲酯或对羟基苯甲酸丙酯或山梨酸);湿润剂,例如卵磷脂;以及如果需要的话,还有矫味剂或着色剂。
本发明的活性剂还可通过非口服途径施用。例如,组合物可配制成栓剂供经直肠施用。对于肠胃外施用的使用,包括静脉内注射途径、肌肉内注射途径、腹膜内途径或皮下注射途径,本发明的化合物可以在无菌水溶液或悬浮剂中提供,并缓冲至适当的PH和等渗性或者在肠胃外可接受的油中提供。合适的含水溶媒包括林格氏溶液和等渗氯化钠。这类形式将以单位剂量形式呈现,例如安瓿或一次性注射装置,以多剂量形式呈现,如可从中抽取适当剂量的小瓶,或者以可用于制备可注射制剂的固体形式或预浓缩物形式呈现。示例性的输注剂量的范围可在约1至1000μg/kg/分钟化合物的范围内,与药用载体在数分钟至数天的时间范围内混合。
就局部施用而言,化合物可以与药用载体以约0.1%至约10%的药物与溶媒的浓度混合在一起。例子包括洗剂、霜剂、膏剂等等,并且可通过已知的方法配制。另一种施用本发明化合物的方式可采用贴剂来实现透皮递送。
进行盐选择评价,以确定具有最适于开发的性质的化合物(1)的盐。被视为对选择过程重要的标准是结晶度,重结晶过程的形式再现性,加速条件下的化学和物理稳定性以及支持原料药和药品开发的充分溶解性。
在实施例中,化合物被配制为适于施用给需要该化合物的患者的剂型。用于制备药物和载体颗粒的方法和设备公开于Pharmaceutical Sciences,Remington《药物科学》,Remington,1985年,第17版,第1585-1594页;Chemical Engineers Handbook,Perry《化学工程师手册》,Perry,1984年,第6版,第21-13至21-19页(1984);Parrot等人,1974年,J.Pharm.Sci.《药物科学杂志》,第61卷第6期,第813-829页;以及Hixon等人,1990年,Chem.Engineering《化学工程》,第94-103页中。
根据治疗适应症和所需的施用周期,如每12小时、每24小时等,掺入本发明的剂型中的化合物的量通常可在组合物的约10重量%至约90重量%变化。根椐所需待施用的化合物的剂量,可施用一种或多种剂型。根据制剂,化合物将优选地为乙酸盐的形式或游离碱形式。
另外,本发明还涉及上文所述用于人类或非人类动物体的治疗或诊断方法中的药物组合物或药物剂型。
本发明还涉及用于制造供需要治疗的哺乳动物口服的药物剂型的药物组合物,其特征在于所述剂型可在一天中任何时间施用,与所述哺乳动物摄入的食物无关。
本发明还涉及人类或非人类动物体的治疗或诊断方法,该方法包括对所述主体施用治疗或诊断有效剂量的本文所述的药物组合物。
本发明还涉及适于商业销售的药物包装,所述药物包装包括容器、如本文所述的剂型并带有所述包装书写物,所述包装书写物不限于剂型可与食物同时施用还是不与食物同时施用。
以下制剂实例仅为示例性的并不旨在以任何方式限制本发明的范围。
实例
制备化合物(1)的5种型式,即游离酸、钠盐、钾盐、氨基丁三醇盐和葡甲胺盐,并且它们的物理性质和可制造性潜能引导了化合物的优选形式的选择。
E)实例
合成为获得以下实例中所述的化合物及其相应的分析数据,除非另外指明,否则遵循以下实验和分析方案。除非另外说明,否则在室温(rt)下磁力搅拌反应混合物,溶液通常在诸如Na2SO4或MgSO4的干燥剂上“干燥”,并且混合物、溶液和提取物通常在旋转蒸发器上进行减压“浓缩”。
数据分析设置
使用默克(Merck)硅胶60F2542.5cm×7.5cm 250μm或5.0cm×10.0cm250μm预涂覆的硅胶板进行薄层色谱法(TLC)。使用具有20cm×4cm浓缩区的EM Science硅胶60F25420cm×20cm 0.5mm预涂覆的板进行制备型薄层色谱。
除非另外说明,否则在硅胶(SiO2)上用己烷/乙酸乙酯洗脱进行正相快速柱色谱法(FCC),而在具有菲罗门月神(Phenomenex Luna)C18(5μm,4.6×150mm)柱的惠普(HewlettPackard)HPLC系列1100上进行反相HPLC,在λ=230、254和280nm处以10%至99%乙腈/水(0.05%三氟乙酸)的梯度和1毫升/分钟的流速进行检测5.0分钟。作为另外一种选择,在运行Gilson Unipoint LC软件的吉尔森(Gilson)自动HPLC系统上进行制备型HPLC纯化,在λ=220nm处进行紫外峰检测,配有反相YMC-PackODS-A(5μm,30×250mm)柱;流动相梯度为10-99%乙腈/水(0.05%三氟乙酸),持续15-20分钟,并且流速为10-20毫升/分钟。
除非另外指明,否则在配有ESI/APCI正和负多模式电离源的安捷伦(Agilent)系列1100MSD上获得质谱(MS),并且在布鲁克(Bruker)型DRX光谱仪上获得核磁共振(NMR)谱,其1H NMR数据示出四甲基硅烷参照物的低场化学位移(以ppm为单位)(表观多重性,耦合常数J(以Hz为单位),积分)。
实例1:1-(5,6-二氯-1H-苯并咪唑-2-基)-1H-吡唑-4-羧酸(化合物(1))的游离酸
方法A:
通过使用2,5,6-三氯-1H-苯并咪唑和1H-吡唑-4-羧酸来制备化合物(1)的游离酸。MS(ESI/CI):对于C11H6Cl2N4O2计算的质量为297.1;质荷比实测值为296.0[M-H]-。1HNMR(500MHz,DMSO-d6):14.18-12.52(br s,2H),8.89(d,J=0.5Hz,1H),8.31(d,J=0.5Hz,1H),7.80(s,2H)。
方法B:
步骤A:5,6-二氯-1,3-二氢-苯并咪唑-2-酮:向4,5-二氯-苯-1,2-二胺(25g,0.14mol)在干燥的DMF(200mL)中的溶液加入固体形式的CDI(23g,0.14mol)。将反应溶液在室温下搅拌1小时,然后加入水(500mL)。通过过滤收集沉淀的固体,用水洗涤,彻底干燥,以得到标题化合物(26.0g,90%)。粗产物在以下反应中使用,无需进一步纯化。
步骤B:2,5,6-三氯-1H-苯并咪唑:将彻底干燥的5,6-二氯-1,3-二氢-苯并咪唑-2-酮(28.4g,0.14mol)混悬于POCl3(75mL)中。将反应溶液加热至回流温度并持续3小时,然后冷却至室温。将溶液缓慢倒入碎冰/水(1.5L),同时充分搅拌。用NaOH将溶液中和至pH=7.0。通过过滤收集沉淀的固体,用水洗涤,并干燥,以得到标题化合物(27.9g,90%)。粗产物在以下反应中使用,无需进一步纯化。
步骤C:1-(5,6-二氯-1-二甲胺基磺酰基-1H-苯并咪唑-2-基)-1H-吡唑-4-羧酸乙酯。将2,5,6-三氯-1H-苯并咪唑2(27.6g,0.125mol)溶解于干燥DMF(200mL)中,然后加入K2CO3(20.7g,0.15mol)和二甲胺基磺酰氯(17.9g,0.125mol)。将反应混合物在室温下搅拌16小时。HPLC分析显示2,5,6-三氯-苯并咪唑-1-磺酸二甲基酰胺完全形成。在相同反应釜中,在不分离2,5,6-三氯-苯并咪唑-1-磺酸二甲基酰胺的情况下,加入1H-吡唑-4-羧酸乙酯(17.5g,0.125mol)和K2CO3(20.7g,0.15mol)。将反应混合物在70℃下搅拌4小时,并在反应溶液仍然温热的时候加入水(500mL)。将反应溶液冷却至室温。通过过滤收集沉淀的固体,用水洗涤,并干燥。粗产物在以下反应中使用,无需进一步纯化。
步骤D:1-(5,6-二氯-1H-苯并咪唑-2-基)-1H-吡唑-4-羧酸。将粗制的1-(5,6-二氯-1-二甲胺基磺酰基-1H-苯并咪唑-2-基)-1H-吡唑-4-羧酸乙酯溶解于THF(125mL)中,加入LiOH·H2O(21g,0.5mol)的水溶液(250mL)。将反应混合物在回流温度下搅拌2小时并冷却至室温。加入浓HCl以调节pH至2.0。通过过滤收集沉淀的固体,用水洗涤并干燥。将固体在热EtOAc(1L)中磨碎。在冷却至室温并过滤后,获得黄褐色固体形式的式(I)的化合物(18.5g,50%)。MS[M+H]+实测值为297.0。1H NMR(500MHz,DMSO-d6):13.71(s,1H),12.99(s,1H),8.90(s,1H),8.32(s,1H),7.94(s,1H),7.67(s,1H)。
6.0g每批的化合物(1)的游离酸的热性质、晶体性质、表观纯度和水分吸收汇总于表1中。化合物(1)的饱和度数据示于图1中。
表1
a分解
实例2:化合物(1)的钾盐
通过在回流温度下将游离酸(55g,1.7mol)混悬于EtOH(1.5L)中,并在5分钟内逐滴加入K2CO3(12.79g,0.85mol)的20mL水溶液来制备1-(5,6-二氯-1H-苯并咪唑-2-基)-1H-吡唑-4-羧酸的钾盐。需要强力机械搅拌来确保适当搅动。将混悬液在回流温度下搅拌8小时,然后在5小时内冷却至室温。通过过滤收集沉淀的固体,并用100mL水然后用EtOH快速洗涤。获得白色固体状钾盐(38g,65%)。随后,浓缩母液并重复一次上述过程,从而得到第二批钾盐(13g,22%)。MS[M+H]+=297.0。1H NMR(500MHz,DMSO-d6):8.65(s,1H),7.96(s,1H),7.57(s,2H)。
通过上述再浆化方法制备的钾盐为非吸湿性的并且与通过PXRD和热分析观察到的不良结晶水合物一致。通过DSC观察到化合物(1)的钾盐的2个较宽的吸热峰,它们可分别与脱水事件和熔化/分解相关(表2)。
表2
d分解
实例3:化合物(1)的钠盐
化合物(1)的钠盐是不良结晶的含水固体,如通过PXRD和热分析所示。DSC显示出2个较宽的吸热峰;第一事件与失水(通过TGA测得为约9%)相关,而第二吸热峰由盐的熔化/分解导致。以与用于制备钾盐(浆化方法)的方法类似的方法制备钠盐。
实例4:化合物(1)的氨基丁三醇盐的结晶工序
迄今为止已制得两种形式的氨基丁三醇盐。第一形式通过化合物(1)和氨基丁三醇在含水乙醇(14%水)中的浆液获得。虽然不是盐,但该物理混合物并非要寻求的。第二形式由包含过量的抗衡离子的含水后处理(aqueous workup)制得。该形式为水合盐,据观察该水合盐具有比钾盐更低的表观水溶性。该化合物还表现出较弱的体性质。
实例5:化合物(1)的葡甲胺盐的结晶工序
在微热后在含水甲醇(12%水)中制备化合物(1)的游离酸和1.2摩尔当量的葡甲胺的澄清溶液(30mg/mL)。在存在晶种的情况下室温搅拌或在存在或不存在晶种的情况下冷藏始终导致葡甲胺盐结晶,该葡甲胺盐通过过滤收集。使用该方法制备2g一批的盐。将上述过程中的溶剂组合物改为含水乙醇,并由PDMS API SM开发组用于制备8.7kg GMP级材料以支持进入首次人体试验和首次人体试验研究。
化合物(1)的葡甲胺盐的热性质、晶体性质和表观纯度汇总于表3中。图2和3示出了化合物(1)的葡甲胺盐的盐体性质,分别包括PXRD数据和DSC、TGA和x射线数据。单晶数据证明化合物(1)的葡甲胺盐为二水合物,其模拟粉末图样与如图4A和4B中所示实验粉末图样具有极好的一致性。据观察,与化合物(1)的游离酸或钾盐相比,化合物(1)的葡甲胺盐具有改善的体性质、溶解性和提高的可加工性。
表3
实例6:化合物(1)的葡甲胺盐的局部用制剂
用于开发化合物(1)的葡甲胺盐的局部用制剂的材料和赋形剂列于表4中。
表4
*由于赋形剂的热可逆性在5℃下溶解
表5列出了化合物(1)的葡甲胺盐的选择制剂在储存4周后表现的物理和化学稳定性结果。
表5:
*在小瓶中观察到沉淀
HPLC分析显示,6种制剂组合物在所研究的储存条件下的化学稳定性维持4周。基于泊洛沙姆的制剂(实验4)的质量平衡的表观损失归因于化合物(1)的游离酸在40℃下沉淀并且未降解。在40℃下,聚合物降解,这导致乙酸、醛类形成,同时粘度丧失并且pH下降。所得酸性环境导致化合物(1)的不可溶游离酸沉淀以及制剂变色。泊洛沙姆(或lutrol)的不稳定性为已知的并且已公开于Erlandsson,B.,2002,Polym.Degrad.and Stab.,78:571-575(Erlandsson,B.,2002年,《聚合物降解和稳定性》,第78卷,第571-575页)中。在室温下存储或冷藏的样品中未观察到这种降解。
化合物(1)的葡甲胺盐的制剂的溶解性筛查的结果示于表6中。所研究的10种溶媒中的4种,即1%Na-CMC(实验1)、1%卡波姆941(实验2)、1%卡波姆934P(实验3)和20%HP-β-CD(实验4)不满足10mg/mL(游离酸当量)的目标溶解性标准或者对海拉细胞有毒。1%MC溶媒对于含有2%MC的产品不具有显著的优势。在实验5和7-11中,化合物(1)的葡甲胺盐在可接受的pH范围(6-8.5)内是充分溶解的。
表6:
*制剂对海拉细胞有毒
F)生物学实例
HIF1-α的细胞测定
将海拉细胞(美国维吉尼亚州马纳萨斯的美国典型培养物保藏中心(ATCC,Manassas,VA))以20,000个细胞/孔接种在96孔板中,每孔具有100μl的DMEM,其中含有10%胎牛血清、1%非必需氨基酸、50IU/mL的青霉素和50μg/mL的链霉素(所有细胞培养试剂均得自加利福尼亚州卡尔斯班的英杰公司(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA))。接种后24小时,将培养基更换为不含10%胎牛血清的100μl的DMEM,加入每种化合物的1.1μl储备溶液并温育6小时。所有化合物均以100μM的最终化合物浓度测试。移除上清液并在55μl含有蛋白酶抑制剂的MSD裂解缓冲液中裂解细胞。然后将50μl细胞裂解液转移到封闭的MSD人HIF-1α检测板(马里兰州盖瑟斯堡MSD公司(Meso-Scale Discovery,Gaithersburg,MD),根据制造商方案),并在轨道式振荡器上在室温下温育2小时。在PBS中洗涤3次后,加入25μl的20nM抗HIF1α检测抗体,并在轨道式振荡器上在室温下温育1小时。在PBS中洗涤3次后,加入150μl的1X读板缓冲液,然后在MSDSECTOR仪器上进行读板。通过确定在存在100μM化合物的情况下相对于测定对照化合物7-[(4-氯-苯基)-(5-甲基-异噁唑-3-基氨基)-甲基]-喹啉-8-醇的HIF刺激的百分比,对数据进行分析。化合物(1)的葡甲胺盐的该生物学数据示于图5中。
化合物(1)的葡甲胺盐的制剂的附加生物学数据示于图6至8中。
尽管上述说明书教导了本发明的原理,以示例为目的提供了实例,但应该理解本发明的实施涵盖落入所附的权利要求及它们的等同形式的范围内的所有通常的变型形式、改变形式和/或修改形式。
Claims (6)
1.一种制剂,包含1-(5,6-二氯-1H-苯并[d]咪唑-2-基)-1H-吡唑-4-羧酸的葡甲胺盐。
2.一种下式的化合物,
其为葡甲胺盐的形式。
3.一种药物组合物,包含根据权利要求2所述的化合物和可药用赋形剂。
4.根据权利要求1所述的制剂,其中所述葡甲胺盐为二水合物的形式。
5.一种局部用膏剂,包含根据权利要求1所述的制剂。
6.根据权利要求2所述的化合物,其中所述葡甲胺盐为二水合物。
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| CN104053439B (zh) * | 2011-10-25 | 2016-08-24 | 詹森药业有限公司 | 1-(5,6-二氯-1h-苯并[d]咪唑-2-基)-1h-吡唑-4-羧酸的葡甲胺盐制剂 |
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